./ 


A  History  of 

Cleveland  and  Its  Environs 

The  Heart  of  New  Connecticut 

By 
ELROY  McKENDREE  AVERY 


VOLUME  I 
HISTORICAL 


ILLUSTRATED 


THE  LEWIS  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

CHICAGO    AND    NEW    YORK 
1918 


COPTEIOHT,    1918 
BY 

ELEOY  McKENDREE  AVEBY 


PREFACE 


Ever  since  my  coming,  in  the  sumiuer  of  1871,  to  what  is  now  the 
City  of  Cleveland,  I  have  been,  from  force  of  early  habit,  accumulating 
matter  relating  to  the  history  of  Cleveland  and  its  environs.  These 
accumulations  include  books,  pamphlets,  magazines,  newspaper  clip- 
pings, etc. ;  among  these  are  histories,  atlases,  etc.,  of  the  city,  the 
county,  and  the  Reserve,  the  Annah  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Associa- 
tion, the  Tracts  of  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society,  city  direc- 
tories, blue  books,  and  annual  summaries  of  municipal  doings.  All 
of  these,  together  with  my  personal  recollections  and  the  contribu- 
tions that  I  solicited  from  many  per.sons,  I  have  combined  as  well  as 
I  could  in  this  historical  volume  of  Cleveland  and  Its  Environs. 

As  a  matter  of  fairness  to  myself,  I  cheerfully  state  that  I  have 
made  free  use  of  the  labors  of  others  who,  in  advance  of  me,  have 
trodden  the  path  of  Western  Reserve  historj'.  In  the  preparation  of 
the  early  chapters  of  this  volume,  I  had  Colonel  Whittlesey's  Early 
History  of  Clevela)id  and  Mr.  Kennedy's  History  of  Cleveland  almost 
constantly  at  my  elbow,  with  Mr.  Orth's  History  of  Cleveland,  the 
Annals  and  the  Tracts  previously  mentioned  within  easy  reach,  and 
with  the  files  of  the  Magazine  of  Western  History  easily  accessible. 
I  have  found  Mr.  Kennedy's  work  especially  helpful  and,  if  at  any 
point  I  have  failed  to  make  acknowledgment  of  matter  quoted  there- 
from, I  hope  that  this  may  be  held  as  adequate  atonement.  It  is 
proper,  however,  to  suggest  that  as  Mr.  Kennedy  and  I  were  continu- 
ally dipping  our  buckets  into  the  same  wells  of  information,  identity 
of  matter  is  not  conclusive  proof  of  plagiarism.  In  a  few  cases,  I  have 
corrected  errors  in  works  that  I  have  utilized ;  to  these  corrections,  I 
possibly  added  errors  of  my  own.  I  hope  that  such  errors  of  mine 
have  not  exceeded  the  percentage  permissible  to  everybody  in  every 
walk  of  life. 

For  the  sake  of  the  reader,  I  have  made  very  sparing  use  of  foot- 
notes,* and,  for  my  own  sake,  I  respectfully  call  attention  to  the  fact 


*  Such  notes  are  necessary  in  some  writings  (like  law  text  books),  but  they 
are  frequently  more  confusing  than  helpful  to  readers  of  volumes  like  this.  They 
cannot  conscientiously  ignore  the  foot-notes  but,  if  they  stop  to  read  them,  the 
continuity  of  the  story  is  interrupted.  Even  this  foot-note  is  suggestive  of  the 
injunction  of  the  school  master  to  his  pupils,  to  never  split  an  infinitve  or  use 
a  preposition  to  end  a  sentence  with. 

iii 


13S7598 


iv  PREFACE 

that  the  initial  paragraph  of  this  preface  did  not  begin  with  the 
"perpendicular  pronoun."  Having  accomplished  so  much  in  defer- 
ence to  the  dicta  of  a  certain  class  of  critics,  I  am  inclined  to  insist 
upon  my  right  to  say  "  I "  instead  of  "  we  "  whenever  I  desire  to  do  so. 

It  is,  also,  only  fair  to  myseK  to  say  that,  in  many  cases,  unifonnity 
in  tj-pographical  style,  and  certain  rhetorical  desiderata  (such  as  "the 
unity  of  the  paragraph")  have  been  subordinated  to  the  conservation 
of  space  and  matter  demanded  by  war  conditions. 

To  the  manj-  who  have  lent  a  helping  hand  (they  are  too  numerous 
for  individual  mention),  I  hereby  tender  my  assurances  of  grateful 
appreciation.  I  must,  however,  make  specific  mention  of  the  assist- 
ance given  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Cutler,  the  general  historian  of  the  Lewis 
Publishing  Company.  To  enable  me  to  complete  the  work  on  schedule 
time,  he  came  from  Chicago  to  Cleveland  and,  for  several  weeks,  was 
my  genial  and  able  a.ssistant.  Some  of  the  later  chapters  of  this  vol- 
ume were  written  by  him. 


Cleveland,  November  1,  1918. 


Contents 


CHAPTER  I 

IN  OLD  CONNECTICUT 

Early  Events  ix  Southern  New  England — Royal  Land 
Grants — Connecticut  Cedes  Most  op  Her  Western  Lands 
— Sale  of  Western  Reserve  to  Connecticut  Land  Company 
— Persontstel  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Company 1 

CHAPTER  II 

THE  QUEST  OF  THE  PROMISED  LAND 

Cleaveland  Buys  Indian  Land  Clmms — At  the  Port  of  Inde- 
pendence— "Stow  Castle" — ExplorjVTIons  of  the  New 
Land — The  Founding  of  Clevelaito — The  Township  op 
Euclid — Exit  General  Cleaveland — Seth  Pease,  Principal 
Surveyor — Arrival  op  Judge  Kingsbury 12 

CHAPTER  III 

IN  NEW  CONNECTICUT 

Lorenzo  Carter  Arrives — Cleveland  a  General  Hospital — 
Industrial  Birth — Cleveland  and  Ohio  in  1800 36 

CHAPTER  IV 

THE  PIONEERS 

Historic  Conservatism — Pioneer  Education  and  Religion — 
The  Coming  of  Samuel  Huntington — Major  Spafford's 
Resurvey    53 


vi  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  V 

EOUNDING  OUT  THE  FIRST  DECADE 

First  Justices  of  the  Pkvce — Le.\ding  Business  Men — The 
hocAL.  Militia — Clouded  Titles  to  Indian  Lands — Early 
Mails  and  Postmasters — Beginning  of  Cleveland's  Second 
Decade — Nathan  Perry  Comes 62 

CHAPTER  VI 

GETTING  SETTLED 

Nathan  Perry,  Jr. — Cleveland  and  Huron  Highway — Amos 
Spafford  and  Stanley  Griswold — Levi  Johnson — Creation 
OF  Cuyahoga  County — First  Tanneries — Pioneer  Legal 
Matters — Dr.  David  Long — Clevelanders  of  1811-12 — Kel- 
ley  's  Island  75 

CHAPTER  VII 

"CLEVELAND  CITY"  BECOMES  A  VILLAGE 

The  War  of  1812  at  Cleveland — The  First  Murder  and  Execu- 
tion— Capt.  Stanton  Sholes  at  Cleveland — Cleveland 
Village  Incorporated    91 

CHAPTER  VIII 

FIVE  YEARS  OF  VILLAGE  LIFE 

First  Village  Legislation — Notable  Arrivals  of  1816 — First 
Church  Finally  Organized — Kelley's  L.vrge  Stone  House 
— Cleveland's  First  Bank  and  Bankers — First  School- 
house  Built  in  Clevel.\nd — Reuben  Wood — "  Walk-in-tiie- 
Water"  Makes  Cleveland — Cleveland  Herald  Founded.  .   100 

CHAPTER  IX 

A  GOOD  BEGINNING  AND  A  BAD  ENDING 

First  Presbyterian  Church — Old  Stone  Chuiich — A  Pioneer 
Bridge  Subscription — John  W.  Willey — The  Cleveland 
Academy — Rufus  P.  Spalding — The  Second  Courthouse — 
George  Worthington" — Various  Impro\t5ments  and  Hap- 
penings— The  (Cleveland  Advertiser  Appears 126 


CONTENTS  vu 

CHAPTER  X 

GROWTH  OF  MIND  AND  BODY 

The  Fugitive  Slave  Law— Local  Anti-Slavery  Sentiment— 
FiKST  Baptist  Church— Black  Hawk  and  John  Stair — 
FiRK  AND  Water— Thomas  Bolton— First  Western  Loco- 
motive Works 1"*" 

CHAPTER  XI 

THE  CANAL  AND  THE  CHARTER 

William  Bingham— William  A.  Otis— Moses  Kelley— The 
C/isAi^  Era — "Boom"  Following  the  Building  op  the 
CjVNAl    


162 


CHAPTER  XII 

THE  CITY  OF  CLEVELAND  AND  THE  CITY  OF  OHIO 

Improvements  in  Cleveland  and  Ohio  City— The  Bridge  War 

Ohio  City's  First  Election— Mayors  op  the  Two  Cities — 

In  the  City  of  Cleveland — City  Council  First  Meets- 
First  Board  of  School  Managers l^l 

CHAPTER  XIII 

THE  YEAR  OF  THE  FIRST  DIRECTORY 

Council  Approved  City  Directory — Churches  in  1837 — Court- 
house Described — Associations  and  Institutions  of  1837 — 
Financlvl  Institutions — Newspapers — Industries  and  Rail- 
roads— Cleveland  Harbor — Leading  Cleveland  Hotels — 
Stage  Lines — Judges  op  the  Court  op  Common  Pleas — Gov- 
ernment Officials — Arrival  and  Departure  op  the  Mails — 
Rates  of  Postage — An  Ordinance  to  Provide  for  the  Es- 

T.VBLISHMENT    OP    CoMMON    SCHOOLS ARRIVAL   OF    THE    PaNIC 

of  1837 — Ohio  Railroad  Put  to  Rest. 184 


viii  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  XIV 

THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE  RAILWAY  ERA 

Dr.  Jared  p.  Kirtlaxd — Municipal,  Officials  op  1839-40 — City 
Record  of  1840-45 — Young  IMen's  Literary  Association  Or- 
ganized— Municipal  IVL\tters,  1846-48 — Railway  Construc- 
tion— Water  Works  Suggested — Plymouth  Congrega- 
tional Church — The  C.  C.  &  C.  Enters  Cleveland — Cleve- 
land &  ilAHONiNG  Railroad  Completed 205 

CHAPTER  XV 

THE  UNION  OF  CLEVELAND  AND  OHIO  CITY 

Municipal  Water  Supply — The  Cleveland  of  1853 — Ohio  City 
OF  1853 — Destructive  Fires — The  Canal  Bank  Closes  Its 
Doors — Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Organized.  . . .  220 

CHAPTER  XVI 

ON  THE  WAY  TO  CIVIL  WAR 

The  Mayors  of  Cleveland — Municipal  Improvements— The 
Courthouse  op  1885— Oberlin-Wellington  Rescue  Cases — 
The  Hanging  of  John  Brown — Journeys  op  the  Perry 
Monument — Capture  and  Return  of  the  Slave  Lucy — 
Lincoln  Visits  Cleveland  233 

CHAPTER  XVII 

AN  ERA  OF  REMARKABLE  DEVELOPMENT 

Cleveland's  Trade — Commerce  and  Manufactures,  1865 — 
Leading  Shipbuilding  Port — New  Passenger  Depot — Edu- 
cational and  Charitable — Founding  of  Cuyahoga  County 
Agricultural  Society — A  Projected  City  Hall — Cleve- 
land Work  House  and  House  of  Correction — East  Cleve- 
land Annexed — Organization  of  Cuyahoga  County  Medi- 
cal Society — Origin  of  the  Cleveland  Humane  Society — 
Legal  Matters  op  Moment — Newburo  ViijLage  Annexed — 
The  Panic  of  1873 — Improvement  of  Water  Supply — 
Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union — Harbor  of  Refuge 
Constructed — Hotels  and  Amusement  Halls — The  Old 
City  Hall 247 


CONTENTS  ix 

CHAPTER  XVIII 

ROUNDING  OUT  THE  FIRST  CENTURY 

The  First  High  Level  Bridge — The  Early  Settlers'  Associa- 
tion— Leonard  Case,  Jr. — Cleveland  Music  Hall — James 
A.  Garfield — Fi/)od  and  Firk — The  "Blinkey"  Morgan 
Affair — Second  High  Level  Bridge — Largest  Shipbltildixo 
Center  in  the  Country  (1890) — Municipal-Federal  Plan 
Adopted — Regulating  the  Price  op  Gas — Cleveland 
Wealth  of  1891 — Revolutionary  Descendants — Historical 
Society  and  Chamber  of  Commerce — The  Soldiers'  and 
Sailors'  Monument — Convention  of  Christian  Endeavorers 
■  — The  Cleveland  Postoffice — Cleveland's  Centennial 
Anniversary    268 

CHAPTER  XIX 

THE  CENTENNIAL  YEAR 

Celebration  of  Cleveland's  Centennial — To  the  Women  of 
1996— To  Women  Unborn  289 

CHAPTER  XX 

THE  METROPOLIS  OF  OHIO 

War  Emergency  Committees,  D.  A.  K. — Clevelanders  Off  for 
Cuba — Mayors  McKisson  and  Farley — Re.\l  Queen  City  op 
THE  Lowt;r  Lakes — The  Mayor  Johnson  Era — Struggle 
FOR  3-Cent  Street  R.ulway  Fare — The  Tayler  FuiVNCHisE  , 
— Natural  Gas,  Street  Names,  Etc. — Belt  Line  Railway 
Not  Electrified — Moses  Cleaveland's  Burial  Place 310 

CHAPTER  XXI 

THE  SIXTH  CITY 

County  Centennial  Celebration — Home  Rule  Charter 
Framed — Centennial  Celebration  op  Perry's  Victory — 
Niagara  Day — Perry  Day — Children's  and  Women's  Day 


CONTENTS 

— Conclusion  of  the  Celebration — Mayor  Baker  Enters 
THE  Wilson  Cabinet — First  City  in  American  Spirit — 
Cleveland  as  a  Twentieth  Century  Pioneer — Increases 
OF  Ten  YE.VRS 332 


CHAPTER  XXII 

THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  CLEVELAND 

Under  the  Board  op  School  Managers — Colored  Children — 
First  Plea  for  High  School — The  Schools  in  1845 — 
Cleveland's  First  High  School— Greater  Interest  in  the 
Public  Schools — Under  the  Board  op  Education — The 
Mayflower  School — West  High  School — First  Elected 
Board  op  Education — The  Public  Schools,  1859-62 — An- 
drew J.  RicKOPP — Public  School  Record  for  1867-72 — East 
Cleveland  Schools  Annexed — Much  of  Newburg  Town- 
ship Annexed — Tax  Levy  for  Building  Schools  Incre.\sed 
— Superintendent  Hinsd.vle's  Administration — Manual 
Training  School  Opened — Government  of  Schools  Reor- 
ganized— Columbus  Day  Observed — The  Schools  Under 
Superintendent  Draper — Expansion  of  School  System — 
First  Woman  Elected  to  Public  Office  in  Ohio — Many 
School  Buildings  Erected — Conclusion  of  Superintendent 
Jones'  Term — William  H.  Elson's  Record — The  Educa- 
tional Commission — Superintendent  Frank  E.  Spaulding 
— Present  School  Organization — High  Schools — Junior 
High  Schools — Elementary  Schools — Special  Schools..  341 


CHAPTER  XXIIl 

OTHER  EDUCATIONAL   INSTITUTIONS 

Western  Reserve  University — Case  School  of  Applied  Science 
— The  University  School — St.  Ignatius  College — Catholic 
Schools — The  Western  Reserve  Histohicai,  Society — The 
Cleveland  I'tdlic  Library— The  Early  Settlers'  Associa- 
tion   395 


CONTENTS  xi 

CHAPTER  XXIV 

STORY  OF  THE  CORPORATION'S  DEVELOPMENT 

A  City  ok  the  Skcond  Class — Water  Supply  and  Protection 
Against  Fire — Trials  of  the  Public  Markets — Growth  op 
Fire  and  Police  Departments  During  the  Civil  War — 
The  First  Waterworks — The  Tunnel  and  Works  of  1870- 
74 — General  Municipal  Code  op  1870 — Home  Rule  op  the 
Police  Department — ^Iunicipal  Government  by  Boards — 
Trial  of  the  Federal  Form — Decadal  Expansion  of  Police, 
Fire  and  Water  Departments — The  Great  Tunnel  and 
iloDERN  Water  System  of  Today — Series  of  Casualties — 
The  W^aterworks  as  Completed — The  Filtration  Plant 
and  Other  Works — The  Baldwin  Reservoir — Miles  -and 
Valuation  of  Water  Works — Zones  and  Are.v  op  Supply — 
Progress  of  the  Fire  Department — Adoption  of  the  Fed- 
eral Form  op  Government — Charters  Unconstitutional 
— Home  Rule  Agitation — The  Fire  Department  Up  to  Date 
— Methods  Are  Changed — Motor  Tractors  Bought — Pres-  ' 
ent  Fire  and  Police  Divisions — Department  op  Public 
Service — Department  op  Parks  and  Public  Property — De- 
partment OF  Public  Welfare — Department  op  Public 
Safety — Department  of  Finance — Department  of  Public 
Utilities  •. 429 

CHAPTER  XXV 

MUNICIPAL  MEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION 

The  Streets  of  Old  Cleveland — Expansion  in  All  Directions 
— The  Bridges  and  Viaducts — Getting  the  East  and  the 
West  Sides  Together — First  Permanent  Bridge  Across 
the  Cuyahoga — Other  Bridges  at  the  Strategic  Point — 
Direct  Communication  with  Ohio  City — A  Bridge  Story  of 
Mystery — Other  Cleveland  Bridges — Walworth  Run  Via- 
duct— High-Level  Bridge  Demanded — Building  of  Old  Su- 
perior Street  Viaduct — Formal  Dedication  op  First  High- 
Level  Bridge — Greater  Viaduct  for  Greater  Cleveland — 
Centr.vl  Viaduct — Kingsbury  Run  Improvements — Brook- 
lyn-Brighton  Connection  with  the  Southwest — Other 


xii  CONTENTS 

Bridges  and  Vl\ducts — Proposed  Lorain-Huron  Bridge — 
Street  Car  and  Interurban  Service — The  Advent  op 
Electricity — Grand  Consolidation  and  Expansion — The 
Connections  Outside  of  Cleveland — The  Public  Square 
AND  the  Grand  Group  Plan — Origin  op  the  Group  Plan 
of  Public  Buildings — Group  Plan  Commission  Appointed 
AND  Plan  Accepted — Building  Sites  Purchased — The  Fed- 

ERAL.  OR  POSTOFFICE  BuiLDING ThE  CoUNTY  BuILDING ThE 

Municipal  Hall — The  City  Planning  Commission 449 


CHAPTER  XXVI 

PARKS  AND  MARKETS 

Recreation  Parks — Old  Clinton  Park — Changes  in  Park 
AL^nagement — ^Franklin  Circle — Early  Attempts  to 
Pound  East  Cleveland  Parks — Three  City  Parks  Pro- 
posed— Miles  Park,  Newburg — The  Old  South  Side  Park — 
•  Lake  View  Park — Gordon  Park — Wade  Park — Fairview 
Park — The  Cleveland  Park  Plan  Adopted — Edgewater 
Park — Brookside  Park — Garfield  Park — Ambler  Parkway 
Connection — Shaker  Heights  Park — The  Rockefeller 
Parks — Other  Connecting  Boulevards — "Washington  Park 
— -Parks  in  the  Making — The  Parks  Truly  Popularized — 
The  Parks  Statistically  Considered — The  City  Market 
Houses 474 

CHAPTER  XXVII 

BENCH  AND  BAR  OF  CLEVELAND 

Justices  of  the  Peace — James  Kingsbury — Lorenzo  Carter 
Breaches  tjie  Peace — Samuel  Huntington — When  Justice 
Was  Young — Dr.  Samuel  Underihll — George  Hoadley,  the 
Elder — John  Bare  and  Other  Leading  Early  Justices — 
The  Court  of  Common  Pleas — First  Court,  a  Strong  Body 
— First  Cases  Before  Court — Daniel  in  the  Lion's  Den — 
Alfred  Kelley  First  Appears  as  Prosecutor — First  Civil 
Jury  Trial — First  Session  op  Supreme  Court  in  Cleve- 
land— Alfred  Kelley,  the  First  Active  Lawyer — Court 


CONTENTS  xiii 

Business  During  First  Four  Ye^vrs — Leonard  Case,  Sr. — 
Various  Presiding  Judges  op  the  Court — Harvey  Rice — 
Brilliant,  Eloquent  and  Versatile  Sherlock  J.  Andrews 
— John  W.  Allen — Mayor  John  W.  Willey — Henry  B. 
Payne  —  Samuel  Cowles  —  Samuel  Starkweather  and 
Horace  Foote — During  the  Civil  War  Period — Relief  from 
Over-Crowded  Docket— Samuel  B.  Prentiss — Robert  F. 
Paine — President  Garfield's  Significant  Compliment — 
Superior  Court  Established — Court  Aboijshed  as  Insuf- 
ficient— Seneca  0.  Griswold — William  E.  Sherwood — ■ 
Now  Twelve  Common  Ple^vs  Judges — The  Probate  Court 
and  Judge  Tilden — Henry  Clay  White — The  Circuit 
Court — Charles  C.  Baldwin — John  C.  Hale — The  Munici- 
pal, OR  Police  Court — Col.  0.  J.  Hodge — Bankruptcy 
Courts  and  Registers — The  Insolvency  and  Juvenile 
Court — Clevelanders  as  Judges  op  the  Higher  Courts — 
Chief  Justice  and  Governor  Wood — Rupus  P.  Ranney — 
Franklin  J.  Dickman — John  H.  Clarke— United  States 
Court  for  the  Northern  Ohio  District — Hiram  V.  Will- 
son — President  Gabpield  and  His  Sons — John  Hay,  Diplo- 
mat, Statesman  and  Scholar — Nevstton  Diehl  Baker — 
Called  to  the  United  States  Senate — Judge  and  Governor 
Huntington — Myron  T.  Herrick — Governors  Loosely  Iden- 
tified WITH  Cleveland — Lawyer  Congressmen  from  Cleve- 
land— Rupus  P.  Spalding — Richard  C.  Parsons — The 
Cleveland  Bar  Association — Law  Library  Association — 
The  Cbowell  Law  School — The  Cleveland  Law  College 
— The  Franklin  T.  Backus  Law  School — The  Cleveland 
Law  School — Some  op  the  Early  Practitioners 494 

CHAPTER  XXVIII 

PHYSICIANS  AND  THEIR  INSTITUTIONS 

First  Physician  in  Cleveland — First  Physician  of  Cleveland 
— Ple.\sing  Tales — Other  Pioneer  Physicians  op  Cleveland 
— Nineteenth  Medical  District  Society — First  Prominent 
Homeopathic  Physician  —  Organization  op  Cleveland 
Mewcvl  College — College  op  Physicians  and  Surgeons — 
Academy  op  Medicine — The  Medical  Library — Cleveland 
School  op  Pharmacy — The  Pioneer  Homeopaths — The 
Homeopathic  Institutions— Cleveland  Hospitals — A  Few 
Representative  Physicians 539 


xiv  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  XXIX 
POLITICAL.  PHILOSOPHICAL,  SOCIAL  AND  RELIGIOUS 

Social  Work  and  Writings — Academy  of  Natural  Science  and 
Its  Founders — Dr.  John  S.  Newberry — Dr.  Theodore  D. 
Garlick — Dr.  Elisha  Sterling — Pioneer  in  Lake  Superior 
Mineral  Regions — Professors  Morley  and  Michelson — Dr. 
Cady  Staley — Professors  Charles  S.  Howe  and  John  N.- 
Stockwell — Worcester  R.  Warner  and  Ambrose  Swasey — 
Charles  F.  Brush 553 


CHAPTER  XXX 

ART  AND  ARTISTS  IN  CLEVELAND 

Music  and  Musicians — Cleveland  Vocal  Society  and  School 
of  Music — Bringing  Music  to  the  Masses — Composers  of 
Music — The  Old  Bohemians  op  Cleveland — Cleveland 
School  op  Art — The  Art  Museum — Early  Cleveland 
Painters — Sculptors  Matzen  and  Niehaus — Clara  Morris 
as  a  Cleveland  Girl 561 


CHAPTER  XXXI 

AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  INSTITUTIONS 

First  Literary  Societies  and  Lyceums — Dickens  Hits  Cleve- 
land Jingoism — The  Ark  and  the  Arkites — The  Western 
Reserve  Historical  Society — The  LmiiARiF^s— Contriuutors 
to  General  Literature — Benjamin  P.  Tayu)r — Constance 
Fenimore  Woolson- — Sarah  K.  Bolton — Edmund  Vance 
Cooke — Cleveland  Lawyers  as  Authors — Educational  and 
Historical — Colonel  Wiu-itlesby  and  Judge  Baldwin — 
Identified  with  the  Western  Reserve  University — Harvey 
Rice — Samuel  P.  Orth — James  H.  Kennedy — Leading  Edu- 
cators as  Writers 568 


CONTENTS  XV 

CHAPTER  XXXII 

NEWSPAPERS  AND  THEIR  BUILDERS 

First  Newspaper  Not  a  Sitccess — ('leveland  Herald  and  Eben 
D.  Howe— JosiAH  A.  Harris— A.  W.  Fairbanks— Division  of 
the  Herald — Founding  ok  the  Plain  Dealer — Quaint, 
Lov.ujle  "Artemus  Ward" — Benjamin  F.  Taylor— The 
West  Side  Produces  Newspai-ers — Young  Edwin  Cowles 
Introduced — Joseph  Medill  and  Edwin  Cowles  Associated 
—Becomes  the  Leader  Under  Cowles — Edwin  Cowles, 
Premier  Clevei^and  Journalist — Evening  News  Founded — 
John  C.  Covert — The  Present  Cleveland  News — Cleve- 
land Press  and  the  Scripps-McRae  League — Cleveland 
Newspaper  Field,  as  a  Whole 582 

CHAPTER  XXXIII 

RELIGIOUS,  DENOMINATIONAL,  ETC. 

Distinctive  Religious  Bodies — Trinity  Episcopal  Church  op 
Cle\'eland  —  The  Presbyterians  —  The  Congregational 
Churches — Methodist  Organizations — A  Summary  op 
Methodism — Baptist  Activities — Disciples  op  Christ,  or 
Christians — United  Presbyterians — Lutheran  Churches 
• — Evangelical  Organizations — German  Baptists  and  Meth- 
odists— The  Unitarian  and  Christian  Scientists — Catholi- 
cism IN  Cleveland — The  Diocese  op  Cleveland — First 
Bishop  op  Cleveland — Homes  and  Convents — Bishop  Gil- 
mour's  Administr.\tion — Last  Administrative  Acts — Ap- 
pointment OF  Rev.  Ignatius  Horstmann  —  Apostolic 
Mission  Organized — Golden  Jubilee  Observed — Death  of 
Bishop  Horstmann — Bishop  Horstmann 's  Successor  and 
Associates — German  Catholic  Churches  of  East  and  West 
Sides — Irish  Catholics — Other  Catholic  Churches  in 
Cleveland  —  Jew^ish  Congregations  —  Making  Christian 
American  Citizens — Institutional  or  Community  Churches 
— Cleveland's  Foreign  Groups  in  Figures — The  Work  of 
the  Federated  Churches — Growth  Shown  in  Figures — 
Charit.vble  and  Benevolent  Institutions — Cleveland  As- 
sociated Charities — The  Children's  Fresh  Air  Camp — 
Other  Institutions — The  Homes  for  the  De.\d — Social 
Development  in  Cleveland — The  Cleveland  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association — The  Great  War — The  Last  Year's 
Record — The  Young  Women  's  Christian  Association  ....  595 


xvi  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  XXXIV 

MILITARY  AND  WAR  MATTERS 

Capts.  Lorenzo  Carter  and  Nathaniel  Doan — Cleveland  in 
THE  War  of  1812 — Mexican  War  Organizations — Cleve- 
land Grays  and  Cleveland  Light  Artillery — First  Ohio 
Light  Artillery — Company  D,  First  Ohio  Volunteer  In- 
fantry (Cleveland  Grays) — Other  Commands  in  Which 
Cleveland  Men  Served — Toll  of  Death  and  Maimed — 
Women's  Relief  Work — Originality  of  Civil  War  Cam- 
paigns— From  the  Civil  War  to  the  War  with  Spain — The 
Spanish-American  War — Military  Organization  When  the 
World  War  Opened — Training  School  for  Civilians — 
Reckless  Americanism — Pen  Picture  of  Cleveland's  Mili- 
tary Service — Prominent  War  Civilians — Big  Work  in 
Gener.yl — Individual  Home  Woricers — First  Army  Unit  to 
go  Abroad — Lakeside  Base  Hospital — First  University 
War  Unit — Consolidation  of  War  Funds — The  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
War  Work — Facts  About  the  Victory  Chest  Campaign — 
Speclvl  Contributions  from  the  Foreign  Sections — In- 
vestments in  Government  Securities — Municipal  War 
Work — A  Hint  of  the  Women's  War  Work 654 

CHAPTER  XXXV 

TRADE,  COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY 

The  Ante-Canal  Period — The  Decade  1827-37 — The  Worth- 
INGTON  Interests — Industrial  and  Ornamental — Origin  of 
Two  Great  Iron  Industries — Three  Good  Banks — Stabiliz- 
ing Cleveland's  Finances — Other  Early  Banks  op  Sta- 
bility— Panic  of  1857  "Gets"  but  One  Cleveland  Bank — 
Cleveland  Industries  op  1840  and  1860— Iron  and  Steel 
Industries  Up  to  the  Civil  War — Mining  and  Handling 
Iron  Ore — Marcus  A.  Hanna  in  Business — Cleveland 
Clearing  House  Association — The  Cleveland  Federal  Re- 
serve Bank — Coal  Mining  and  Trade — Oils  and  Paints 
— The  Carbon  Industry — Manufacture  of  Auto  Acces- 
sories— Increase  in  Manufactured  Products,  1904-14 — Fi- 
nances and  Commerce  Since  1876 — Comparative  Summary, 
1907-17 — The  Chamber  of  Commerce — Official  Roster, 
1848-1918 — The  Chamber  op  Industry — The  Standard  Oil 
Company — The  Canal  Period  in  Clevet.and's  History....  688 


Index 


Abbey,  Henry  G.,  I,  371,  400,  571 
Abbev,  Seth  A.,  I.,  139,  244,  518 
Abbott  &  Jenkins,  III,  14 
Abbott,  David,  I.  64 
Abbott.  II.  P.  A..  I.  5!)0 
Abbott,  Russell  B..    Ill,    14 
Abbott,  Williird.  Ill,   160 
Aborn,  Frank  H.,  I,  :U>3.  364,  375 
Atademy  Building  (illustration),  I,  131 
Academy  of  Medicine,  I,  258,  544 
Academy  of  Music,    I,    265;     (illustra- 
tion)  264 
Academy  of  Natural  Science,  I,  555 
Ackerman,  .loseph  N.,  II,  450 
Acklev.  Horace  A.,  I,  543 
AckleV.  H.  C,  I,  230 
Acklev,  .lolin  A..  I,  98 
Acme  Machinery  Company,  II,  433 
Adams,  Asacl,  I,  74.  341 
Adams,  Asael,  Jr.,  Ill,  185 
Adams  Bag  Company.  111,191 
Adams.   Charles   E..  "l,   677,   680,   709; 

II.  24 

Adams.  George  D.,  Ill,  185 

Adams.  Jarvis  M..  I,  533 

Adams.  K.  K.  \V..  I.  545 

Addams.  George  S..  I,  521 

Addison.  Hiram  M.  (Father),  (por- 
trait, I,  269;   287.  291,  426,  427»,  624 

Addison  .hinior  high  school,  I,  365,  386 

Adelbcrt  College  of  Western  Reserve 
University.  271,  398;  College  Cam- 
pus (illustration).  397;  Main  Build- 
ing  (illustration).  396 

Admire.   E.  K..  I.  711;   III,  392 

Admire.  .Tames  K.,  III.  394 

Admire.  Philomene  E..  Ill,  393 

Agnew.  William.  III.  27 

Aiken,  Samuel  C,  I,  129,  231;  (por- 
trait). 600 

Ajax  Manufacturing  Company,  II,  71 

Akers,  John  M..  HI,  458 

Akers.  William    .J..    I.    287,    346,    581; 

III.  456 

Akron,  Bedford    &    Cleveland    road.    I. 

464 
Albl,  Edward  J..  II,  261 
Albl,  Michael,  II.  260 


Alburn,  Cary  R.,  Ill,  257 

Alburn,  John  A.,  I,  723;   II,  406 

Alden,  Charles  E.,  II.  33 

Alden.  Knapp   &  Magee,  II,   33 

Aldricli.  C.  .1.,  I,  544 

Alexander,  Isabelle,  I,  315 

Alexander.   W.    D.    B.,   II,   503 

Allen.   Albert    M.,   Ill,    179 

Allen.   Dndlev  P..  I,   544;    II,  124 

Allen,  John  R..  II,  40 

Allen,  John    W.,   I,    100,    107,    136,    143, 

179.    202,    209,    212,    426,    506,    529*, 

568,  585 
Allen.  Luther.  I,  709 
Allen.  Xehemiah.  I,   149,   202 
Allen.  William  F.,  Jr.,  I,  708,  710 
Allison,  Robert,  I,  702 
All-steel  boats,  II,   470 
AUyne,  E.  E.,  I,  710 
Almira  school.  I,  388 
Along  the  Canal   (illustration),  I,  480 
Alpers,    William   C,   III,   514 
"Ambitious"  educational  attempt,  I,  74 
Ambler,  Martha  B.,  I,  487 
Ambler  Parkway,  I,  487,  490 
Ambler,  William  E.,  II,  316 
Ambler- Woodland    Hills    Boulevard,    I, 

490 
American  Civic  Reform  Union,  The,  II, 

462 
American      Foundry     and     Equipment 

Company,   II,   557 
American      Multigraph     Company,     II, 

303;   III,  106 
"American  Notes"    (Dickens),  I,  569 
American  Pharmaceutical    Association, 

III,  514 
American  Protective  League,  I,  681 
American  Shipbuilding    Company,    III, 

61 
American  Steel  and  Wire  Company,  I, 

691,  694 
Ames,  C.   E.,   I.   657 
Amnion,  John   H.,  II,   113 
Amnion,  Mary  J.,  TI,  113 
Anderson,  A."D..  Ill,  416 
Anderson,  Newton  M.,  I,  403 
Anderson,  P.,  I,  710 


*  Whenever  a  *  appears  after  a  numeral   in   this  index,  it   indicates  that  a 
biography  of  the  subject  will  be  found  on  that  page,  in  Vol.  I. 


XVII 


xvm 


INDEX 


Anderson,  Valerius  D.,  Ill,  414 

Anderson,  V.  D.  Company,  III,  415 

Andrews,  Benjamin,  I,  205,  583 

Andrews,  Earl  J..  II,  363 

Andrews,  Frank  T.,  HI,  236 

Andrews,  L.   F.  W..  I,   542 

Andrews,  Samuel,   I,   700 

Andrews.  Sherlock  J.,  I,  107:  (portrait) 
135;  136*.  ISl,  250.  368,  506,  509,  529, 
532,  555,  568 

Angier  House,  I,  118 

"Annals"  (of  the  Early  Settlers'  As- 
sociation), I,  58,  87,  114,  119,  132, 
133,  141,  145,  154,  220,  428,  452 

Annexations  to  the  original  village, 
1829-1917  (map),  I,  256;  257 

Annunciation  (French)  church,  I,  614 

Anshe  Chesed  congregation,  I,  615 

Anti-slavery  sentiment   (local),  I,  149 

Anti-Tuberculosis  League,  I,  624 

Apex  Electrical  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, in,  305 

Applegarth.  H.  C.  I,  55.   153 

Apthorp,  Henry,  II,  154 

Architectural  League  of  America,  I, 
467 

Archwood  church,  I,  601 

Archwood  Congregational  Cliurch,  I, 
126 

Arc  light.  III,  258 

Ark    (The),    555,   570 

Arkites  (illustration),  I,  570;   571 

Arms,  C.  C,  I,  544 

Armstrong,  George   E.,   I,   258 

Armstrong,  William  W.,  I,  275,  586 

Arndt.  Charles   F..  I,  446 

Arnold,   Caroline  T.,  II,  479 

Arnold,  Ceorge,  I,  500 

Arnold,  (ieorge   J.,    Ill,   224 

Arrivals  of  1816,  I,  102 

Artemus  Ward  (see  Charles  F.  Browne) 

Arter,  Frank  A.,  II,  66 

Arter,  Sherman,   I.   438;    II,   448 

Arter,  Theodore,   II,   447 

Art  gallery  ojiened,  1,  337 

Art  (ilass "Company,  111.  342 

Art  iluseum,   \V!id'e   I'ark,   I,  482 

Artists,  1,  5(i:i 

Arthur,   Alfred,   i,  561 

Associated  Charities  of  Cleveland.  I, 
250,    630,   632;    III,   229 

Astronomy,  II,  551 

Astrup,  W.  C,  1,  713 

Asylum   for  the  Insane,  I,  547 

Atlas  Bolt  &  Screw  Company,  II.  431 

Atwatcr,   Amzi,  I.  26,  27,  36 

Atwatcr   (Amzi)  .Journal,  I,  36,  39 

Alwater,  Caleb,  I,  7 

Austin,  Eliphalct,  I,  51,  202 

Auto  aeccsHoriea,  I,  702 

"Autobiography  of  n  Pioneer  Printer" 
(Howe).  I.  121 

AiMoiMoliile  center,  1,  338 


Automobile  club,  I,  702 
Automobile  industry,  III,   474 
Auxiliary  No.   40,  National  Red  Cross 

Society.  I,  313 
Avery,  Elrov  M.,  I,  139,  278,  279,  282, 

283,  328,  329,  365,  368,  380,  382,  417, 

578,  624;  IH.  565 
Averv,  Mrs.  Elroy  M.,  I,  290,  296,  306. 
'       310,  314,  328,  364,  365,  376,  425;  lU, 

566 

Babcock,  Brenton  D.,  I,  233 
Babcock,  Mrs.  P.  H.,  I,  282 
Babcock,  P.  H.,  I,  412 
Babies'  Dispensary  and  Hospital  Asso- 
ciation, I,  634 
Bacher.  Otto,  I,  563 
Backowski,  Josejjh  S.,  II,  254 
Backus,  Franklin  T.   (portrait),  I.  162; 

163,  337,  230,  337,  413,  533,  534*,  535 
Backus,  William,  I,  658 
Backus,  William  V,  11,  162 
Bacon,  Helen,   I,   685 
Bacon,  Ralph,    I,    26 
Badger,  Joseph,  I,  56.  61,  604 
Badin,  Stephen,  I,  607 
Baer,  George   P.,  I,   447 
Baehr,  Herman  C,  I,  233,  332,  711,  713; 

111.   194 
Bailey  Company,    II,    190;    department 

store.  III,  77 
Bailev,  Eugene  R.,  Ill,  330 
Bailey.  Henry  T..  I.  565;   II,  398 
Baker,  A.  R..  I,  544 
Baker,  Edward   M.,  Ill,   553 
Baker,  Elbert  H.,  I,  283,  587;  II,  150 
liaker.  Newton  D.,  I,  233,  333,  335,  337, 

3S0;     portrait,    441;     442,    472,    480, 

536*,  671 
Baldwin.  Arthur  1).,  11,   166 
Baldwin.  Charles  C,  I,  411,  414,   514*; 

portrait.  515;  573,  678 
Baldwin.   Dudley,   I,  283 
Ualdwin,   D.  C.."l,  414 
Baldwin.   ICdwanl.  I,  ISO,  184,  198,  207, 

56S 
Baldwin.  Oliver  P.,  I,  184 
Baldwin,  Xorman  A.,  I,  658 
Italdwin.   Norman  C.,  I,  139,    177,    178, 

305,  308 
Baldwin   reservoir,  I,  438 
Baldwin,  S,    Prentiss,   I,   417 
Baldwin,  Samuel  S.,  I,  81 
Ualdwin,   William,   I.   542 
Hull,    Webb  C.,   II,  117 
Ball.   Wi'bb  C.   Company.   The.   II,   117, 

II'.) 
Ballard  (John)   &  Company,  1,  693 
liancroft,  (ieorge.   I,   114.  342 
Bands.  1,  563 
Bangs.  F.  C.  I.  378,  484 
Bank   Note   (illustration).   1.   Ill 
liaid<    of  Cli'velaiid.   1,   lilO.  691 


INDEX 


XIX 


Bank  of  Cleveland  Note    (reproduction 

of),  I,  191 
Bank  of  Commerce,    I.    692 
Hank  street.  1868    (illustration),  I,  264 
Hanker,  Newton  S.,  II,  542 
Hankrnptey   courts,   I,   519 
lianks    and    bankers,    first,    I,    109;    in 

1837,   190;   in    1848,  211;  Canal  Rank 

closes   its   doors    (18541,   229;    (nu)d- 

ern)   II,  475;   tirst  of  Cleveland,  111, 

330 
Baptist  Home  of  Northern  Ohio,  11.  393 
Baptists,   I,   604 
Barber,  Gershoni   JI.,   I.  200.   510,   532, 

660 
Barber,  .Tosiah,    I,   107,    149,    159,    173, 

177,   179.   197,  205 
Barkwill  seliool,  I,  388 
Barnes,  Louis,  II,  239 
Barnett,  C.  A.,  I,  384 
Barnett,  James,  I,    136,   250,   275,   287, 

317,    624,    630;     portrait,    631;     657, 

690 
Barnett,  Melancthon.  I,  136,  205,  211 
Barnum,  P.  T.,  1.  265 
Barr.  F.  H.,  I,  546 
Barr.  .John.   1.   224,   351,   412,   499,   517, 

518.  568.  572 
Barris,  Mrs.  W.  H.,  I,  310 
Barron,  Amos  N.,  I,  710 
Barstow,  D„  I,  205 
Barstow,  H.  N..  I,  178 
Bartlett.  C.  0.,  &  Snow  Company,  III, 

326,  391 
Bartlett.  .Joseph.   T,   658 
Bartlett,  .losepli  B.,  I,  198,  227 
Bartlett,  Samuel  C.  I,  395 
Bartley,  Mordecai,   I,  151 
Baskiii,  Frank  S.,  II,  204 
Baskin.  Roland  A.,  II,  175 
Bastille  Day,  I.  684 
Bates.  Albert   H..  II.   240 
Bates.  Theodore  M.,  I,  278,  280 
Bathriek,   Harry  A.,  I,  394 
Battell,   Philip, "l,  200,  344 
Battey,  h.  M.  H..  I.  635 
Bauder.  Walter  S..  I,   662 
Baxter,  Edwin,  II,  71 
Beach.  Clifton   B..   I.   531 
Beardslev.  A.   C,  I,  220 
Beardsley,  David  H.,  I,  128,  138,  412 
Beardslev,  Joseph  C.  I,  662 
Beattle,  H.  W.,  11,  68 
Beattie.  William  D.,  I,  353,  355,  555 
Beck.  .Iiihann    H.,   I,   563 
Beck.  Robert    1...  II.  59 
Beekerman.   Henry  A..  II,  373 
Beckwith.   David  "H..  I.  546 
Beckwith,  Mrs.   D.   H.,   I,   311 
Beckwith,  S.  R.,  I,  546 
Beehe,   \Vm.   B.,  I,   447 
Beeman.  E.  E.,  I,  278 
Begges,  A.  J.,  I,  709,  710 


Bclilen,  Clifford,   I,  210 
r.clden,  Ceorge  W.,  I,  238 
lii-lden,   Silas,  I,  345 
ISell,  Alexander  G.,  II,  353 
11.11.  Augustus  W.,  II.  290 
li.llaniv.  George  A.,  I,  632 
Hellows.   Charles  C,  II.  273 
licit   Line   Railway,  I,  328;   II,  237 
KcMian,  Anson   \\'.,  II.  64 
It. man,  Lamar  T.,  I,  44fi;   II,  64 
Bench   and   Bar.   I.   449-538;    early   law 
suits    (1808),    80;    court    of   common 
pleas    organized,    80;     pioneer    legal 
matters,     82;     Rufus    P.    Spalding's 
recollections     (1823),     132;     Thomas 
Bolton,   157;   Moses  KcUey.   166;   the 
.-..uvtliouse     of     1885.    234;     Oberlin- 
Wellington    rescue    cases,    236;    case 
and    trial    .)f    the    slave    Lucy,    243; 
Cleveland    Bar   Association,   260;    su- 
perior  court  created,   260;   "Blinkey" 
Morgan  tragedy  and  trial,  275 
"Bench  and  Bar  of  Cleveland"  (Kenne- 
dy),  I,   494 
"Bench    and    Bar   of    Cleveland"    (Wal- 
lace),  I,   80 
Benedict,  George  A.,  I,  208,  210,  221 
Benham,  Charles  K.,  I,  713;  III.  454 
Benjamin  Rose  Institute,  The,  III,  11 
Benko.ski,  C.  J.,   II,  280 
I'ennett.  .lohn  A.,  I,  444.  544,  658 
Bentlev.  (  harles   S.,   II.  416 
Benton",   Elbert  J.,  I.  414.  417 
Benton,  Horace,  I,  355,  357,  635 
Benton,  J.   J.,   I,   247 
Benton,  L.    A.,    I,    244 
Benton,  L.  W.,  I,  178 
Bi'nton,  Stephen,  I,  26 
B.nton,  William,  I,   177 
B.rea,  II,  298 
Bergcr,  Julia  A.,  I,  366 
Bernet,  John  J..  Ill,  552 
Bernsteen,  Abraham  E..  II,  223 
Bcrnstecn.  M.  L..  II,  238 
Bernstein.  Ale.x..  I.  446.  447 
Bernstein,  Joseph  M.,  11,  358 
Bernstein,  Maurice,  II,   144 
Best  Foundry  Company,  II,   495 
Bethel  Associated  Charities,  I,  624,  630 
Bethel  Union,  I,  250 
Hcthl.  hi'in  Congregational  church,  I,  601 
Bctz,   F.   H..   I.   446 
Beverlin.  John,   I,    179,   213 
Bicknell,   Warren,   II,  188 
Biiyclc     Parade,    Cleveland    Centennial 

('illustration),  I,  297 
Bierce,  Sarah  E.,  I,  289,  306 
Biggar,  H.  F.,  I.  546,   551* 
Biggs,  Charles   L.,  IT,   417 
Big  Son,  I,  65 

Bingham,  C.  W..  I.  402.  417 
Bingham,  Flavel   W„   I,   179,   211,  213, 
214.  513 


xs. 


INDEX 


Bingham,  William,    (portrait),  I,   163; 

164*,  251.  258,  414 
Binyon.  E.  A.,  I,  532 
Birinvi,  Louis  K.,  Ill,  272 
Bisho'p.  Jesse  P.,  I,  508,  532 
Bishop,  Robert  H.,  Jr.,  I.  682 
Bissell.  Clarence  R..  II,   180 
Black   Hawk.  I.   154 
Black.  Herman,  III,  190 
Black,  Louis,  I,  278;    II,  190 
Black,  Jlorris  A.,  I,  472,  709;   III,   190 
Blackett,  Howard,  II,  67 
Blair,  Elizabeth,  I,  290,  306 
Blair,  George  H.,  I,  546 
Blair,  Henry,  I,  205 
Blair,  John,  I,  124 
Blakeslee,  Frank,  III,  34,  35 
Blakeslee,  Frank  R.,  Ill,  35 
Blakeslee,  John  Robert,  II,  77 
Blakeslee,  John  RoUin,  II,  71 
Blakeslee,  Raymond   F.,   II,   469 
Blandin,  E.  J.,  I,  511 
Blann,  Josephine,  II,  114 
Blatt,  J.  M.,  I,  711 
Blee,  Robert,  I,  233.  484 
Bliss,  Stoughton,  I,  571 
Bloch,  Joseph  C,  II.   48 
Bloomfield.    Sol,    III,   440 
Blue,  Ralph,  II,   264 
Blvth,  L.  W.,  I,  669 
Blythe,  Walter,  I,  254 
Board    of    Education    created,    I,    353; 

elected,  357 
Board  of  Elections  authorized,  I,  275 
Board  of   Fire  Commissioners,  I,  433 
Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  I,  213 
Board  of  Health,   first,   I,   101 
Board  of  Park  Commissioners  created, 

I,  477 
Board  of  School  Managers  appointed,  I, 

344 
Board  of  Trade,  I,  247,  283,  708 
Bciardman,  Elijah,  I,  7 

Boardman,  W.  J.,  I,  532 

BolT,  F.  M.,  I,  614 

Bohemians  in  Cleveland,  I,  630 

Bohm,  Max,  I,  563,  565 

Bole,  F.  J.,  I,  280 

Bole,  J.   K.,  I,  278 

Bolles,  Henry,  I,  141,  585 

Bolles,  James  A.,  I,  598 

B(dt,  Ridiard  A.,  II,  272 

Bolton,  (liester  C,  I,  669 

Bolton,  C.  E.,  I,  637 

Bolton.    Sarah    K.    (portrait),    I,    574* 

Bolton   school,   I,   365,   388 

Bolton.  TlioniaB,  I,  157*;  portrait,  158; 
210.  .108 

Boltz,  Frederick  W.,  Ill,  63 

Bomberger,  J.  H.,  I,  623 

Bond,  8cth  M.,  HI,  462 

Bonds,  City,  II,   444 

Bone,  J.  If.  A.,  I,  412,   585 


Book  store,  first,  I,  116 

Boughton,  Frank  M.,  Ill,  199 

Beughton,  J.  B.,  I,  586 

Boulevard  school,  I,  388 

Bourke,  John   T.,   Ill,  252 

Bourne,    Edward    G.,    I,    395,    579 

Bourne,  Henrv  E..  I.  579 

Bowditch.  E.  W.,  I,  484 

Bower.  Edward,   III,  42 

Boyd,  William  H.,  II,  40 

Bovden,  Ebenezer,   I,   597 

Boyle,  John  J.,  I,  448;  II,  330 

Boyle,  P.   C,  I.   714 

Boys'  school.  I,  388 

Brace,  Jonathan,  I,  8 

Bradburn.  Charles.  I,  346,  347,  350,  353, 

354,    355,   357,   366 
Bradburn,  George,  I,  589 
Bradford,  Mary  S..  I.  289,  306 
Bradley,  Alva,  I,  400.  710;  II,  426 
Bradley,  Dan  F.,  I,  336,  662,  711 
Bradley,  Morris  A.,  II,  428 
Bradstreet,  S.  J.,  I,  129 

Brady,  Francis  A.,  Ill,  235 

Brady,  Francis  M.,  Ill,  494 

Brady,  Harry  S.,  Ill,  236 

Brainard,  Asa,  I,  173 

Brainard,  Enos,   I,   173 

Brainard,  John,  I,  545 

Brainard,  Mrs.  H.,  I,  189 

Brainard,  Ozias,  1,  173 

Brainard,  Scth,  I,  603 

Brainard,  Silas,    I,  265 

Brainard,  Stephen,  I,  173 

Brainard,   \^■arren,   I,   173 

Brainard.  William.  I,  603 

Brainard's  Hall,   1.   265 

Brainard's  Opera  House,  I,  265 

Brainerd,  Charles  W.,  Ill,  152 

Brainerd,  Jesse  K.,  Ill,  151 

Brainerd,  Mrs.  Charles  \V.,  Ill,  152 

Bramley,   Matthew  F.,  I,  713;    III,  463 

Blanch  high  schools  organized,  1,  369 

Brand,  Carl   W..  III.   374 

Brand.  Fred  P..  II,  457 

Branson,  Charles  F.,  Ill,  139 

Braund.  Tiuney  H.,  I,  446 

Bravton,  II.   F.,   I,   151,   259 

Breck,  Charles   A.,   I,   598 

Brcitenstein,  Joseph   C,   III,   399 

Brenner,  Charles,  II,  172 

Brethren  Congregation,  I,  606 

Brett,    William    II..    1,   423,    (portrait) 
424;  425*;  II.  241 

Brewer,  A.  T.,  I.  417 

Brewer,  Clara  T..  I.  376,  384 

Brickcr,  Robert  11.,  II.  157 

Bridges.  I,  268,  276;    second  high  level 
bridge,  276;  and  viaducts,  451-61 

Bridge  War   (1833),  I,  174 

Hrier  Ilill  mines,  I,  698 

Briggs,  .lames  A..  I.  317,   351,  355 

Briggs,  Lansing,  I,  545 


INDEX 


XXI 


Hri{;t;s,  Sam,  I.  251,  414 

Brigliam.  Louise,  I,  554 

Brinsmade,   Allen   T.,   I.   268 

Britton    Iron   &    Steel  Company,   I.   694 

Broadway  market,  I,  491 
Broiidwav  Methodist  Kpiscopal  ehurcli, 
I, .618' 

Broadway  Play  Ground,  I,  490 

Broadway  soluiol,  I,  388 

Broekott."  Blutord  W.,  IT,  53 

Brookway.  A.   \V.,  I.  231 
■Brodie,  Warren   .T.,   II,   124 

Bronson,  Edward,  I,  178,  205 

Brooklyn.  I,  75,  98,   17,'),  174,  285 

BrooklynBriffhton   bridge,   I,   460 

Buioklyn    Heights    Cemetery    Associa- 
tion," III,   262 

Biooklyn  lee  Company,  The.  II,  518 

Brooklyn   Memorial   Methodist   Episco- 
pal church,  I,  603 

Brooklyn   schools  annexed,  I.   376 

Brooklyn  Street  Railway,  I,  461 

Brooklyn  township  organized,  I,  173 

Brooks".  Stratton  D.,  I,  378 

Brookside  Park,  I,  486,  490 

Brotherhood  of  Railway  Trainmen,  III, 
176 

Brown,  A.   C,  I,  404 

Brown,  Alexander  E.,  Ill,  533 

Brown  Auto  Carriage  Co.,  Ill,  300 

Brown,  Charles  F.,  I,  573 

Brown,  Ephraim,   II,   413 

Bro\vn,  Ethan   A.,   I.   503 

Brown,   Fayette,   II,   416 

Brown,  Harvey   H.,   II,   414 

Brown   Hoisting   Machinery    Company, 
III,   533 

Brown,  .John,  I,  241 

Brown.  John   W.,  I,   105,  598 

Browne.  Charles  F..  I,  573,  586,  588 

Bro\vnell.  Ahner  C.  I.  179.  220,  224 

Brownell  junior  high  school,  I,  386 

Brownell  school,  I,  388 

Biownell  Street  school,  I,  353 

Brudno,  Ezra  S.,  I,  576 

Brunner,  Arnold  W..   I,  467,  470 

Brunner,  .John.  I,  453 

Brush,  Charles    F..    I.    267,    435,    559», 
56.5.   701.  709;    11.  19;    III,  258 

Brush   electric  arc  light,  II,  19 

Brush  Electric  Company,  I,  267;   II,  20 

Brush,  Irene,  HI,  11 

Brusstar.   Benjamin   F.,   II.   464 

Bryant.  David  T,  43,  47,  65 

Bryant.  Oilman,  I.  38 

Bryant.  Whitman.  I.  43.  47 

Bryant's  distillery.  I.  65 

Bryce.  Catherine  T.,  I.  384 

Buck.  Ilorenco.    I,   607 

Bucket  shop  law  in  Ohio,  HI,  48 

Buckeye  House  (illustration),  I,  38;  11, 
148" 

Buckeye  Tavern.  I,  39 


Bucklen,  H.  E.,  Ill,  543 

Buckler,  Ernest   C,  HI,  380 

Buckle"y.  Hugh.  Jr.,  HI,  452 

Buel,  J.  C,  I,  412,  414 

lUillalo  Company,  I,   174 

Builalo  road,  I,  449 

Buhrer  school,  I,  388 

Buhrer,  Stephen,   I,  233,   253,  268 

Huick  Automobile  Company,  II,  441 

liulklf'v  Boulevard,   I,   490 

Bulkley,  Cliarles  H.,  I,  484 

Bulkley,  Robert  J.,  I,  404,  671;  m, 
499 

Bull,  James,  I,  8 

Bunts,  Frank  E.,  I,  312,  544,  662;  III, 
550 

Burdiek,  James,  I,  658 

Burdick,  Russell  E.,  I,  662 

Bureau  of  Ideas,  Complaints  and  Sug- 
gestions, HI,  525 

Burgess,  Howard  H..  I.  279;   II,  234 

Burgess,  Oliver,  II,  233 

Burgess,  Solon,  I,  287 

Burk,  Sylvanus,  I,  70 

Burke,  E.  S.,  Jr..  I.  417,  710 

Burke,  Mrs.  E.  S.,  I,  687 

Burke,  Stevenson,  I,  532,  535,  565,  699; 
HI,  417 

Burke  Ten  Per  Cent  Bill,  TI,  258 

Burke,  Vernon   H.,  II,  257 

Burnham.   Daniel  H.,  I,  467 

Burnham,  Thomas.  I,  151.  179,  214,215 

Burr.  Timothy.  I.  7 

Burrell.  Edward  P.,  Ill,  515 

Burridge,  Carlyle  L..  I,  662 

Burritt,  Alfred  H.,  I,  545 

Burrows.  Francis  A.,  I,  177,  178,  179, 
210 

Burrows.  George  H.,  H,  41 

Burton,   Elijah.  I,  542 

Burton.  Erasmus  D.,  I,  258,  544 

Burton  Law,  II,  26 

Burton,  Theodore   E.,  I,  527*;   II,  24 

Burton,  William,  I.   178,   205 

Bury,  Richard,  I,  597 

Bushnell,  Asa  S.,  J,  289,  291,  292 

Bnshnell.   Simeon.   I.  238 

Bushnell,  Thomas  H.,  I.  521 

Bvisiness  men  of  Cleveland  (1802),  1,65 

Bustard.  William  W.,  IH.  69 

Butts,  Bolivar,  I.  287,  291 

Cadwallader,  Starr,   T,   685;    II,   156 
Cadwell,  Darius,  I,  511 
CagAvin.  Thomas   P.,   IH,  366 
Cain.  Frank  C.  II.  54 
Caine.  Frank  C,  HL  60 
Caldwell.  Hugh  .J.,  I,  514,  517 
Caldwell,  John,   I,   7,   8 
Caldwell,  Perry  D..  HI,  246 
Calhoun,  Patrick,  I,  488 
Callaghan,  Thomas  E.,  I,  520,  521 
Calvary  cemetery,  I,  611 


XXll 


INDEX 


Calvary  Evangelical  church,  I,  619 

Calvert,  Henry  il..  Ill,  57 

Calvert,  Robert,  III,  55 

Campbell.  Alexander,  I,  65 

Campbell.  O.  B.,  I,  544 

Camp  ilo-ses   Cleaveland,  I,   291 

Camp  Perry-Payne,  Cleveland  Centen- 
nial (illustration)  I,  300 

Canal  Bank,  I,  692 

Canal  Bank  of  Cleveland,  I,  229 

Canal  "boom,''   I,   169 

Canal  period  in  Cleveland's  history,  I, 
723-27 

Candv  business.  Ill,   167 

Canfield,  Horace,  I,  180,  184,  200 

Canfield.  Lee,   I,   157 

Cantield.  Martha  A.,  IH,  47 

Canniff.  William  H.,  Ill,   117 

Canterbury  Pilgrimage,  I,  328 

Capture  and  return  of  the  slave  Lucy, 
I,    243 

Carbon   industry,  I,  700 

Card,  George   W.,   I,   542 

Carlisle,  Robert  H.,  Ill,  101 

Carnegie,  Andrew,  I,  419 

Caron,  John  J.,  I,  532 

Carpenter.  Alfred   G.,  II,   471 

carpenter,  Robert  F.,  II,  472 

Carran.   Kdward   F.,   Ill,   182 

Carran,  Lewis  C,  II,  365 

Carran,  Robert,  II,  364 

Carrere,  John  M..   I,  467 

Car  Rider's  Car,  The,  II,  107,  108 

t  arson,  OUie  G.,  I,  384 

Carter,  Alonzo,  I,  98,  171,  173 

Carter,  Lorenzo,  I,  36;  (portrait),  37; 
52.  54,  61,  67,  68,  69,  75,  77,  98,  171, 
495,  496,  655,  689 

Carter's  log  house  in  ISOl,  III,  90 

Cartter,   David  K.,  I,  537 

Cartwright,  A.  A.,  HI,  248 

Case  Avenue  Independent  Lutheran 
church,  I,  605 

Case  Block,  I,  266 

Case,  Eckstein,  I,  400 

Case,  Frank   C,  I,   711 

Case,  Leonard,  Jr.,  1,  100,  103,  109,  (por- 
trait) 112;  113.  114,  116,  157,  205, 
271,  398,  414,  568,   571,  615;    III,  477 

Case,  Leonard,  Sr.,  I,  398,  504*;  III, 
328 

Case  Library,   II,   219;    III,   478 

Case  school,  I,  388 

Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  1,  271, 
398;  Main  Building  (illustration), 
399;   488;   III,  280.  477,  478 

Case,  William,  I,  179,  313,  214.  315, 
216,  350,  555,  570*,  571 

Case   (Woodland)    school,   I,   388 

CuHS,  Lewis,   I,  93 

C'asHcls,  John  L.,  I,  555,  556 

CasHclH,  J.  ]>ang,  I,  543,  695 

CasHidv,  Janu-s  T..  I,  416;   II,  293 


Castle,  William  B.,  I,  179,  226,  227, 
233;     (portrait)    234;    414,    415,    417 

Caswell,  J.  H.,  I,  380 

Cathan.  Oirson,  I,  100 

Cathcart,  Wallace  H.,  I,  414;  II,  564 

Catholic  cemeteries,  I,  628 

Catholic  Church  of  Cleveland,  The,  II, 
S9 

Catholic  schools,  I,  410 

"Catholic  Universe,"  I,  594,  611;  III, 
205 

Catholics,  L   607;   II,   89 

Caunter,   Aaron,  I,   446 

Cecil  Savings  and  Loan  Association, 
in,  335 

Cemeteries,    I,    636 

Centaur  Lake  and  Museum  of  Art  (il- 
lustration), I,  482 

Centaur   Pond,   I,   483 

Centennial  Anniversary  celebration,  I, 
287,  289-309 

Centennial  Arch    (illustration),  I,  295 

Centennial  Commission  of  Cleveland, 
II,  43 

Centennial  floral  exposition,  I,  300 

Centennial  Log  Cabin  (illustration),  I, 
392 

Centennial  Year,  I,  389 

Center   Street   Bridge,    I,   455 

Central  Armory,  I,  663;  (illustration), 
664 

Central  High  school.  I,  357,  366,  367 

Central  Highway,  III,  91 

Central   Institut'e,  III.  291 

Central  junior   high   school.  I,   387,  365 

Central  Manual  'Iraining  school,  I,  386 

Central   market,    I,    334.    491 

Central  school.  I,  365,  386,  388 

Central  Senior  high  school,  I,  365 

Central  viaduct.  I.  459 

Central   viaduct  casualty   (1895),  I,  287 

(  luulwick.  Cassic.  II,  337 

thamljerlain,  Philo.  I,  350.  709 

Cliamberlin.  Charles   D.,   IT.    131 

Cl]aml)er  of  Commerce.  I,  383,  634 

Champ.  Jose|)]i    H.,   Ill,   307 

Cliauipion.  Henry  3d.  I,  7,  8 

(  hampion,  Roiben.  I,   107 

Champion  Machine  &  Forging  Com- 
pany,  III,  349 

Chamn.iey.  Mrs.  William  P..  I,  653 

Cluindler."  F.  C,  III,   470 

Chandler,  Geo.    H.,    II,    264 

Clian<ller  Jlotor  Company,  The.  111.  470 

Chapek.  .1.   \'..  I,  711 

(hapin.  Ilernuui  M..  1.  333.  350.  413 

(  liapman,  (ieorgc  L..  I,  105,   178 

Cliapmiin.  George  T..  1,  533 

Chapman.  Nathan.  J,   18.  36 

Charitable  and  benevolent  institutions, 
I.  623-53 

Charities    (see   (liinitable   and    lirnevo- 

lelll      InstilMtioMs) 


INDEX 


XXlll 


C'liarities  Clearing  House.  I,  fi:iO 
Charity    Hospital    Modical    College,    I, 

544 
Charity  Hospital  (St.  Vincent's),  I,  547 
Chase,' Charles  W'.,  I.  289 
Chase.  Jlrs.  Cliarles  W..  I,  290,  306 
Chase.   T.   R.,    I,  412,   414 
Chase,  William   \V.,   II.   535 
Chesnutt.  Charles  W.,  I,  577;  II,  IGG 
Chesterfield  school.  I,  388 
Children's  Aid   Societj'.  I.   623 
Children's    and     Women's    Day,    Perry 

Centennial   Celebration,   I,  336 
Children's  Fresh  Air  Camp,  I,  634,  633 
Childs.  Herriok,  I,  305 
Childs.  Oscar  A.,  I.  255 
Chisholm,  Alvah  .S.,  I,  414,  417,  710 
Chisholm,  Bruce,  III,  157 
Chisholm,  Henry,  I,  267,  691,  694*;  II, 

504 
Chisholm  Jones  &  Co..  I.  691 
Chisholm.  Jlrs.   Henry  A.,   I,   554 
Chisholm,  Stewart  H..  II.  503 
Chisholm.  Wilson   B.,  Ill,  156 
Cholera    (epidemic  of   1832),  I,  143 
Christ   Evangelical  Lutheran  church,  I, 

605 
Christ    Methodist    Episcopal    <liiircli,    I, 

602 
Christian,  Charles  H.,  til,  406 
Christian       Endeavorers'     Convention 

(18941,   I,   285 
Cliristianizing  American  citizens,  I,  616 
Christians  (see  Disciples  of  Christ) 
Christian  Scientists.   I,  606,  607 
Church  Home,  I.   598 
Church,  J.  A.,  HI,  323 
Ch  irch,  ,1.  A.,  Box  Company,  III.  323 
Church  of  Christ.  Scientist    (see  Chris- 
tian Scientists) 
Church  of  the  Immaculate  Conception, 

I.  614      - 
Church    of    the    Unity    (Unitarian).    I, 

606 
Church    of    Women's    War    Committee 

(Federated  Churches),  I.  622 
Churches,  first.  T,  103;  of  1837.  180; 
Trinity  E|)iscopHl('hurch  of  Cleveland, 
595:thc  Presbyterians.  599;  the  Con- 
gregational churches,  601 ;  Methodist 
organizations.  601;  Baptist  activi- 
ties. 604 ;  Christian  churches.  605 ; 
United  Presbyterians,  605;  Lutheran 
churches.  605;  Evangelical  organiza- 
tions, 606;  German  Baptists  and 
Methodists.  606;  Unitarians  and 
Christian  Scientists,  606:  Catholi- 
cism in  Cleveland.  607;  Diocese  of 
Cleveland.  607;  first  bishop  of  Cleve- 
land. 608;  homes  and  convents,  609; 
Bishop  fiilmour's  administration. 
610;  appointment  of  Rev.  Ignatius  F. 
Horstniann,    612;    Apostolic    Mission 


or^'anized,  612;  German  Catholic 
cliurchcs,  614;  Irish  Catholics,  614; 
■lewish  congregations,  615;  making 
Christian  American  citizens,  616;  In- 
stitutioiuil  or  Connnunity  churches, 
617;  work  of  the  Federated  Churches, 
631;   growth  shown   in   figures,  033 

(  luircliill,  Mrs.  S.  P.,  I,  389,  316 

t  liurchill.  S.    P.,    I,   635 

Circuit   court,   1.   514 

Cin'uit  Rider,   II,   234,   :i70 

Citizens  Savings  and  Trust  Company, 
The,  III,  30 

City  Bank,  I.  693 

City  Bank  of  Cleveland,   I,   693 

City  cemetery.  I,   636 

City  directories,  I,  175,  184;  (1837- 
1918),  186 

City  dii-ectory  (1837)  (illustration),  I, 
l"85 

City  (iuards,  I,  656 

City  halls,  1,  354,  266,  337;  perspective 
of  City  Hall  that  was  not  built,  254; 
projected  (1870),  353;  1875  (illustra- 
tion). 365;  Of  Today  (illustration), 
430 

City  Hall  Bill,  II,  258 

City  Hos]iital,  1,  546,  547,  548,  549 

City  Hospital  Association.   I,   546 

City  market.  I,  308 

City  markets   (1837),  I.  300 

City  Planning  Commission,   I,   472 

"City  Planning  Progress,"  I,  473 

Civii  jury   trial,   first,  I,  503 

Civil  war  organizations,  I.  657 

(lark  &   Rockefeller.  I,  699 

Clark,  Aaron.   I,   197 

(lark,  Ansel  A.,  I,  375 

Clark  Avenue  Savings  Bank  Company, 
in.   384 

Clark  Avenue  viaduct.  I,  461 

Clark,  Bela  B.,  I,  542 

Clark,  David,   I,   47,   65,  71 

t  lark.     Edmund,  I,  157,  193,  210 

Clark,  Eugene,  I,  659 

Clark,  Harold,  I,  684 

Clark.  Harold  T..  I.  666,   687 

(lark,  J.  H..  L  710 

Clark.  James  S..  I.  107,  151,  452,  568 

Clark.  Mervin,  I,   660 

Clark  school,  I,  388 

Clark,  Thomas,  I,   660 

Clark.  William  J.,  II,  456 

Clark,  W.  J.,  I,  336 

Clarke,  James  S.,  I,  157 

Clarke,  .John  H..  I.   336,  523* 

Clarke.  .1.  F..  I.  638 

Clarke,  J.   W.,   I,    637 

Clarke.  Norris  J.,  Ill,  75 

Classen.  Edward.  I,  545 

Cleaveland  or  Cleveland.   I,  30 

{  leaveland.  Camden,  I,  51 


XSIV 


INDEX 


"Cleaveland  Gazette  and  Commercial 
Register."  I,  116;  reproduction  of 
first  number,  117;  120 

Cleaveland  graves  at  Canterbury,  I,  339 

'•Cleaveland  Herald,"  reproduction  of 
first  number,  I,  123 

Cleaveland,  Moses,  I,  8;  (portrait)  9; 
10*,   15,  IT,  39,  30,  31 

Cleaveland   (Jloses)  Journal,  I,  16 

Cleaveland  (Moses)  Memorial  at  Can- 
terbury   (illustration).  J,  330 

Cleaveland  (Moses)  Statue  (illustra- 
tion), I,  370,  427 

Cleaveland  Pier  Company,  I,  104 

Cleaveland  Surveying  Party  (1796),  I, 
17-32 

Cleaveland  Township  elections  (1803), 
I,  63 

Cleaveland's  (Moses)  Commission,  I,  13 

Clegg,  Robert  I.,  I,  384 

Clerk,  F.  E.,  I,  384 

Cleveland,  founded,  I,  32;  second  sea- 
son, 41 ;  village  and  "suburbs" 
(1797),  41;  in  1797-98,  43;  (1800), 
45;  clouded  land  titles,  50;  taverns 
licensed  (1802),  61;  postal  receipts 
(1806,  1918),  70;  Griswold  letter, 
1809,  78;  first  active  lawyer,  85; 
becomes  a  village,  91;  in  1813  (Capt. 
Stanton  Sholes),  96;  in  1814  (map), 
97,  98;  village  incorporated,  98;  in 
1816,  102;  first  bank  and  bankers, 
109;  schools  (1821-22),  130;  in  1833 
(illustration),  152;  3  55;  in  1835,  159; 
mayors  of  city,  179;  new  charter, 
179;  first  annual  election,  180;  first 
council  meeting,  180;  first  common 
free  school,  182;  commerce  in  1836- 
37,  195:  hotels  in  1837,  197;  munici- 
pal oflficials  of  1839-40,  207;  election 
of  1840,  208;  officials,  1841-45,  309; 
municipal  matters  (1846-48),  212; 
water  works  suggested  (1849),  214; 
municipal  officers  (1850),  215;  mu- 
nicipal officers  (1851),  216;  Fourth 
Ward  added  (1851).  216;  municiiial 
officers  (1853),  220;  early  water  sup- 
ply. 220;  development  of  water 
works,  231;  in  1853,  232;  (map) 
223;  First  board  of  water  works 
commissioners,  224;  1853  (illustra- 
tion), 235;  West  Side  water  works, 
226;  consolidated  with  Ohio  City, 
237;  mayors,  1855-1916,  233;  early 
municipal  halls,  233;  water  works 
(1856),  234;  trade,  commerce  and 
manufactures  (1865),  347;  Hoard  of 
Police  Commissioners  created,  250; 
annexations  to  the  original  village, 
1829-1917  (map).  256;  as  shijibuild- 
ing  center  (1890),  276;  municijial- 
federal  plan  adopted,  277;  municipal 
ofTlcialH    (1890),  278;   wealth  in   1891, 


281;  postoffice,  286;  Cleveland  in  epi- 
tome,    337 ;     as    Twentieth    century 
pioneer,    339;    story   of   the   corpora- 
tion's development,  429-48;  park  sys- 
tem   (map),   475;    foreign  groups,  I, 
630;    military    organizations    of    the 
present,  667;   war  fluids,  675;   indus- 
tries of   1840  and  1860,  693  ;  chartered 
as  a  village,  II,  11;  iron  manufactur- 
ing center.  III,  2;  first  malleable  iron 
foundry,    7;    federal    reserve    banks, 
25;    Iron    City,    40;    waterworks    de- 
partment. Ill;   first  bank,  330;   first 
charter     for     natiomal     bank,     383 
Clevelanders  of  1811-12,  I,  87 
L  leveland  Academy,  I,  130,  341 
Cleveland  Academy  of  Medicine,  I,  258 
Cleveland  Academy  of  Natural  Science, 

I,  207 
"Cleveland  Advertiser"  (reproduction  of 

first  number),  I,  140;  585 
Cleveland  and  Environs  in  1835  (map), 

I.   160 
Cleveland  and  Huron  Highway,  I,  76 
Cleveland    and    Marquette    Iron    Com- 
pany, I,  226 
Cleveland  Anti-slavery  Society,  I,  151, 

189 
Cleveland  Apostolate,  I,  613 
Cleveland  Architectiual  Club,  I,  466 
Cleveland  Armature  Works,  HI,  67 
Cleveland  Associated  Charities.  1,  624 
Cleveland  Athletic  Club,  II.  33 
Cleveland  Automobile  School  Company, 

The,  II,   467 
Cleveland  Bar  Association,  I,   360,   531 
Cleveland  Baseball  Companj'.  II.  349 
Cleveland  Brass   and    Copper    Mill,    II, 

305 
Cleveland  Centennial :  Wheelmen's  Day, 
I,  396;  Women's  Day,  296;  Early 
Settlers'  Day,  298;  Western  Reserve 
Day,  398;  Perry's  Victory  Day,  303; 
To"  the  Women  of  1996,  306 
Cleveland    Chamber    of    Commerce,    I, 

383.  706 
Cleveland  Chamber  of  Industry,  I,  710- 

14 
Cleveland  City  Hosiiital,  I,  351 
Cleveland    City    Lodge,    Free    and    Ac- 
cepted Masons,  I,  310 
Cleveland    City    Railway   Company.    I, 

463 
Cleveland   City  Temperance  Society,  I, 

189 
Cleveliuul   Clearing   House   Association, 

I,  697 
Cleveland-ClifTs  Iron  Comjiany.  I,  696 
Cleveland,  Columbus  &  Cincinnati  Rail- 
road Comiinnv,  chartered,  I,  182,  194; 
enters  Cleveland    (1851).  217 
(  levcliuid  Company,   I,    592 


INDEX 


XXV 


Cleveland  Congregational  City  Mission- 
ary Society,  I,  601 
Cleveland  Conservatory  of  Music.  T,  5G2 
Cleveland  Council  of  \\'(>uuii,  II,  541 
Clevolniid  Kast  liij;li  school,  I,  304 
Cleveland    IMoctiic    Illuminating    Com- 
pany. The,  III,  258 
Cleveland    Klectric   Railway    Company, 

I,  320.  321.  463 
"Cleveland   Evening  News."  III.  45 
Cleveland  Federal  Reserve  Bank.  I.  698 
Cleveland    Federation    for   C'Juuity    and 

riiilantlu'opy,  I.  638 
Cleveland  Federation  of  I.alxir.  111.  5():'> 
Cleveland    Female    Orphan    Asylum.    I, 

189 
Cleveland  Female  Seminary.  I.  190 
Cleveland   First   Troup,   I,   268 
Cleveland  Foundation,  II,  214 
CIe\t'land  free  school,  I,  188 
Cleveland  from  Courthouse,  1834  (illus- 
tration), I,  156 
Cleveland's    First    School-liouse    (illus- 
tration),  I,   115 
Cleveland  Galvanizing  Works  Company, 

III,   137 
Cleveland    Cas   Light    and    Coke    Com- 
pany, I,  213 
Cleveland  Catling  Gun  Battery,  I,  268 
Cleveland  Gravs,  I,   656,   657,  658,   667, 

669 
Cleveland,  Grover,  I,  294 
Cleveland    harlwr.   first    improvements, 
1825.    I,    135;    second    appropriation, 
138;  "in   1837.   194;    harbor  of  refuge 
constructed.  262 
Cleveland  Heights,   II.   54 
"Cleveland  Herald"  founded.  I.  131,  583 
Cleveland    High    School    of    Commerce, 

m,   539 
Cleveland  Hippodrome,  III,  202 
Cleveland  Home  of  the  Oil  King  (illus- 
tration). I.  715 
Cleveland  Hotel.  I,  265 
Cleveland   Humane  Society,  I.  259 
Cleveland   in  1800   (illustration),  I.  46 
"Cleveland   in   1824"    (Rice),  I,  133 
Cleveland  Insurance  Company,  I,  190 
Cleveland  Iron  Company,  I,   690,   696; 

ni,  41 
Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company.  T.  691. 

696;    III.   2 
Cleveland,   James   D.,   I.   159,   351,   400. 

413.  500.   519,   .533,   586 
Cleveland  Law  College.  I.  533 
Cleveland  Law  Library.  I.  251;  III,  105 
Cleveland  Law   Library  Association,   I, 

611 
Cleveland  Law  School,  I,  534 
"Cleveland  Leader."  I,  589-93 
Cleveland  I^eader  Company,  I,  591 
Cleveland   Library   Association,   I.   211, 
411,  570 


Cleveland  Light   Artillery,  I.  656.  657 

Cleveland   Lyceum,  I.  568 

Cleveland   Macaroni  Company,  The,  III, 

261,  404 
Cleveland   Maternal  Association.   I.   189 
Cleveland  Medical  Association  1.  544 
Cleveland   Medical  College.  I.  543.  546 
Cleveland  Jledical  Library   Association, 

I.  545 

Cleveland  Medical  School.  I.  398 
Cleveland   Milling  Company.   Ill,  211 
"Cleveland   Morning  Leader."  Ill,  45 
Cleveland  Mozart   Society,  I.  189 
Cleveland  Music  Hall.  I,   271 
Cleveland    Museum    of    Art    in    Wade 

Park   (illustration),  I.  564 
Cleveland  National  Bank.  II,  39 
"Cleveland  News."  I.  592;   II,  31 
Cleveland.     Painesville     &,     Ashtabula 

Railroad.  I,  214 
Cleveland.  Painesville  &  Kastern  Rail- 
way. I,  464 
Cleve"land  Park   Plan,   I.   483 
"Cleveland  Plain  Dealer."  I.  584-89 
Cleveland  Preparatory  School,  II,  198 
"Cleveland   Press,"  1.592;    II.  224 
Cleveland   Protestant  Orphanage,  I,  633 
Cleveland   Provision   Company.   III.  403 
Cleveland  Public   Library,   I,   250.   417; 

H.  241;    IIL  197 
Cleveland    Railway    Company.    I.    323, 

334 
Cleveland    Railway    Supply    Company, 

II.  307 

Cleveland    Reading   Room    Association, 

I,  188 
Cleveland  Real  Estate  Board,  II,  104 
Cleveland  Rolling  Mill  Company.  I.  694 
Cleveland   School  of  Art,  I.  563;    (illus- 
tration). 564 
Cleveland  School  of  Music,  I,  563 
Cleveland  School  of  Pharmacy.  I.  545 
Cleveland  Seating  Company.  II.  204 
Cleveland  Society    for    tlie    Prevention 

of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  I.  259 
Cleveland  Sorosis.  II,  313 
Cleveland  State  Hospital.  I.  547         ' 
"Cleveland   .Sunday  Leader."  Ill,   45 
Cleveland   Symj)hony  Orchestra.  I,  562 
Cleveland   Tanning  Company.  III.  277 
Cleveland  Telegraph   Supply   Company, 

I,  267 
Cleveland  Telephone  Company,  The,  II, 

352 
Cleveland   Township     of     Trumbull 

County,  I.  53 
Cleveland  Trolley  Supply  Company,  II, 

395 
Cleveland  Trust  Company.  Ill,  97 
Cleveland  Vocal  Society,  I,  561 
Cleveland  War  Council,  I,  678 


XXVI 


INDEX 


Cleveland,  Warren  &  Pittsburgl]  liail- 
road  Company,  chartered,  I,  183,  19^, 
205 

Cleveland  Water  Company,  incorpo- 
rated,  I,   153,  221 

Cleveland  Welfare   Federation,  I,   630 

'•Cleveland  Whig,"  I,  583 

•'Cleveland  Women,"  I,  594 

Cleveland  \\'orkhouse  and  House  of 
Correction   (1871),  I,  254 

Cleveland  Worm  and  Gear  Company, 
II,  529 

Cleveland  &  Bedford  Railroad  Com- 
pany, I,  194 

Cleveland  &  Buffalo  Transit  Company, 
II,  425 

Cleveland  &  Eastern  Railway  Com- 
pany, I,  464 

Cleveland  &  Mahoning  Railroad  Com- 
])an}'  completed,  I,  218 

Cleveland  &  Newburg  Railroad  Com- 
Danv,  I,  194,  461 

Cleveland  &  Pittsburgh  Railroad,  I,  218 

Cleveland  &  Southwestern  Traction 
Company,  I,  464 

Cleveland  &  Toledo  Railroad,  I,  213 

Cliffs  and  bridges  at  Brookside  (illus- 
tration), I,  486 

Clinton,   DeWitt,   I,   168,   169 

Clinton  Park,   I,  255,  471,  490 

Clouded  Land  Titles,  I,  50 

Clouded  titles  to  Indian  lands,  I,  68 

Clum,  Alfred,  I,  446;  III,  44 

Coal,  first  put  on  Cleveland  market,  I, 
698 

Coates,  W.  R.,  I,  713 

Cobb.  Ahira,  III,  52 

Cobb,  G.  W.,  I,  638 

Cobb,  Lester  A.,  Ill,  53 

Codv,  Darwin  D.,  II,  388 

Cody,  Henry  B.,  Ill,  46 

Cody,  Lindus.  HI,  48 

Coe,"  aiarles  W.,  I,  708,  710 

Coe,  Eben  S.,  I,  660 

Coe,  S.  S.,  I,  708,  710 

Cdfrm,  I.  Vincent,  I.  292,  293 

Collinbcrry,  .James  M.,  I,  236,  456,  508 

Coit.   Daniel  L.,  I,  7 

Colahan,   Thomas.   I.   184,  205 

Cole.  W.  B..  I.  446 

College  for  Women.  Western  Reserve 
University,   I,  398 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  I, 
544 

(■(■ll.'t.  .loshiia.  T,  507 

(ollinwood  ((Bienville  Annex)  school,  I, 
:is6 

(■(illinwood  .lunior  high   school,  I,  387 
(■(.lliiiwond   school,   T,   388 
Colonnade   Company,   The.   Ill,   449 
('oluml)ia  Savings  and  Loan  Company, 

nr,   316 
(■(ihimbia  school,  I,  388 


Columbus  Day  in  the  public  schools,  I, 

374 
Columbus  Street   (1833),  I,  174;  451 
Columbus  Street    bridge.    I,    175,    452, 

453;   (illustration),  176 
Colwell.  Joseph,  I,  710 
Commerce  and  manufactures  (1865),  I, 

247 
Commercial  arc  lighting.  I.  701 
Commercial  Bank  Check   (illustration), 

I,  111 
Commercial  Bank  of  Lake  Erie,  I,  109, 

190,    689,   692 
Commercial  electricity.  I.   701 
Commercial  National" Bank.  II,  28,  29 
Comnu'rcial  National    Bank    of    Cleve- 
land,  II.   383 
Common  pleas   court,   I,   503,   504,   507, 

508,  510,  511,  512 
Common     schools     (1836)     created    by 

ordinance.  I.  341 
Common      School      System     of      Ohio, 

father  of,  II,  558 
Community  churches,   I,   617 
Comparative  summary,  1907-17,  I,  706- 

10 
Conger,  James  L.,  1,  568 
Conger,  James  W.,  II,  123 
Congregational  churches,  I,  601 
Congregationalists,   I.    599 
Conklin,  Edward,  I.  177,  178 
Connecticut,  I,  1-11 
Connecticut  Land  Company,  I,  6,  7,  8, 

30.  31,  42,  44,  171 
Connecticut  Western  Reserve,  I,  6 
Connecticut  Western     Reserve      (1796) 

(Map),  I,  27 
Council,  Thomas  F.,  I,  447 
Convention  hall,  largest  in  the  United 

States,  III,  460 
Convents,   I,    609 
Cook,  E.  P..  I,  635 
Cook,  Otis  R.,  HI.  68 
Cook,  Samuel,  I,  156,  184 
Cooke,  Edmund  V.,  I,  575* 
Cooking      school     department     opened 

(1887).    I.   372 
Cooley,  Harris  R..  I.  255,  633 
Cooley.  Lathrop,  I,  291 
Coon.  John,  I,  571 
Cooper,  Silas  H.  L.,  II,  474 
Cooi)er  S])ring  Company,  II,  300 
Copeland,  Mark  A.,  H,  366 
Corlett.  Alvah    R..   T,   446;    II,   210 
Corlett,  Harriet   E.,   I,  384 
Corlett.  John  F.,  II.  410 
Corlett  school,   I,  388 
Corlett,  Spencer  D.,  II,  231 
Corlett,  William  T.,  I,  544,  550* 
Corner,  Horace  B.,  I,  414 
Corning.  Henry  W.,  I,  663;   III,  465 
Corning,  Warren  IL,  III,  463 


INDEX 


XXVll 


Corporal  punishment  in  sdiools  abol- 
ished  (1886),  I,  3G'J 

"Corporate  Birth  and  Growth  of  Cleve- 
land" (Griswold),  I,  23 

Corrigan,  James,   I,  699 

Couch,  J.  S.,  I,  505 

Coulton.  Geo.  A.,  I,  710 

Counts.  A.   Frank.   Ill,  249 

County   Huiklin-.   1,   470 

County  centennial   celebration,  I,  333 

County  Courthouse,  present  (illustra- 
tion), I,  495 

Comity  Inlirmary  at  Warrensville  (il- 
lustration)  I.  548 

Court-house  addition  of  1875,  I,  235 

Court-house  of  1885,  I,  234;  (illustra- 
tion) 235 

Court  of  Common  Pleas,  I,  organized, 
80;  in  1837, 197;  500 

Court  of  insolvency,   I,   520 

Courts   (See  Bench  and  Bar) 

Covert,  .John  C,  1.  287,  591 

Cowan,  William.  I,  224 

Cowins.  Hattie  J.  A.,  II.  116 

Cowles,  Edwin,  I,  589;    (portrait),  590* 

Cowles,  Kdwin  M.,  I,  542,  545 

Cowles.  J.  G.  W.,  I,  290,  391,  290,  380, 
488,   709 

Cowles,  Samuel,  I,  128,  149,  189,  300, 
344,  507 

Cowles,  Solomon,  T,  7 

Cox,  J.  D..  Sr.,  Ill,  535 

Cox,  Jacob  D.,  Sr.,  Ill,  535 

Cox,  John  H.,  I.  713 

Cox,  Kenvon,  III.  536 

Coy.  Walter  A.,  II,  270 

Cozad.  Homer   D..   Ill,  463 

Crackel.  M.  U.,  I.  644 

Cragin.  Raymond  T.,  II,  155 

CraifT,  Georpe  L..  II.  62 

Cramer.  Charles  F.,  I,  662 

Craw,  James  A.,  I,  444 

Craw.  William  V.,  I.  180 

Crawford,  John.  I,  602 

Crawford,  J.  M..  I.  446 

Crawford,  Willard.  I,  210 

Creij;hton.   William  R.,   I,  659 

Crehore.  .John  D.,  I,  413 

Crile,  George  W.,  549*,  672,  673;  III. 
516 

Critehfield.  Lvman  R.,  I,  260,  532 

Crittenden,  S.  W.,  I.  188,   189,  570 

Croatians  in  Cleveland.   I.   620 

Crobau<,'h,  Frank   L.,  11.  208 

Crobaugh.  S.  Chester,   II,  208 

Cross,  D.  W..  I,  414,  571 

Crosser,  Robert,  I,  531 

Crotty,  Arthur   B.,  II,  181 

Crouse.  J.   Robert,   I,   671 

Crowell,  Benedict.  I,  670 

Crowell,  .John.  I.  533 

Crowell  Law  School,  I,  533 

Crura,  Phelps,  III,  557 


Crum,  Mrs.   X.   X.,  I,  310,  312 
Crura,  X.  X.,  I,  710 
Cukr,  h.  C,  I,  447 
Cull.   Ihmiel   B.,  I,  447;   III,  59 
Cummer   Products  Company,  II,  483 
Cuniminfis,  Herbert   C.,   II,   209 
Cummins,  Clyde  R.,  II,  179 
"Cumulative    Index    to    Periodicals,"    !, 

423 
Cunningham,  E.  W.,  I,  447 
C\irren,  Robert  G.,  Ill,  550 
Curtis,  A.  H.,  I,  205 
Curtis,  .lames  A.,  II,  56 
Curtis,  Laura  M.,  I,  366 
Curtis.  Mat  toon  M.,  I,  336,  553* 
Curtis,  Monroe,  III,  558 
Ciirtiss,  Ansel  B.,  II,   58 
Curtiss.  .].   M..  I,  484,  711 
(  urtiss,  Lee  C,  II,  65 
Curtiss,  S.  H.,  I,  414 
Citshing.   Erastus,  I,  543 
Gushing.  H.  K.,  I,  544 
Cushing.  William   E.,  I,   402;    III,   552 
Cutler,  H.  G.,  I,  429,  654 
Cutter,  Orlando.  I,  118,  689 
Cuyahoga  Agricultural   Society,  I,   315 
Cuyahoga  and   Muskingum   Navigation 

Lottery,  I,  75 
Cuyahoga  Antislavery   Society,  I,   189 
Cuyahoga  County  Agricultural  Society, 

L   251 
Cuyahoga  County  Antislavery  Society, 

I,  151 
Cuyahoga  County  Colonization  Society, 

I,  149 
Cuyahoga  County  created,  I,  80 
Cuyahoga  County    .Juvenile     Court,    I, 

633 
Cuvahoga  County  Homeopathic  Society, 

i,  546 
Cuvahoga  County   Medical    Society,    I, 

258,    544 
Cuvahoga  County  Soldiers'  and  Sailors' 

Monument,  I,  383 
Cuvahoga  River  Scene  (illustration),  I, 

705 
Cuyahoga  Savings    &    I,oan    Company, 

III.  156 
Cuyahoga  Spring  Company,  HI,  159 
Cuyahoga  Steam  Furnace  Company,  I, 

i59,  691 

'■Daily  Forest  City,"  I,  589 
Dangler,  D.   Edward,   HI,   549 
Daoust,  Edward  C,  II,  137 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution, 

Western  Reserve  Chapter,  I,  282 
Davenport.  John,   I,   3* 
David,  Edward,  II,  320 
David.  Joseph.  II,  218 
Davidson.  Charles  A.,  L   278,  279,  280, 

484 
Davies,  Arthur  S.,  H,  189 


XXVlll 


INDEX 


Davies,  Daniel  R.,  II,  433 

Davies,  George  C,  I,  189 

Davies,  I.   R.,  II,  213 

Davies,  Sydney  A.,  II,  341 

Davis,  Emma  C,  I,  375 

Davis.  George  C,  I,  570 

Davis;  Harry  L.,  I,  333,  337,  445,  680, 
684;    n,    316 

Davis,  Llewellyn  R.,  I,  660 

Davis,  Seth.   I,  597 

Davis,  William  E.,  I,  447;   III,  145 

Dawning  school,  I,  388 

Day,  Frank  S.,  II,  374 

Day,  Lewis  W.,  I,  362,  363,  371 

Day,  Luther,  II,  97 

Day,  William,  I,  348 

Day,  William  L.,  II,  120 

Day,  William  R.,  I,  534;   II,  96 

Day.  Wilson  M.,  I,  287,  388,  289,  436, 
7*09 

Daylight  saving.  III,  211 

Dayton.  Bloomfield  H.,  Ill,  338 

Dean.  William,  I,  68 

DeCumbe,  J.  William.  Ill,  355 

Deibel,  Harry  L..  11,  436 

Delamater.  John   I.  543 

Dellenbaugh,  Frank  E.,  II,  47 

Dempsey,  James  H.,  Ill,  549 

Denison,  Amos,  I,   533 

Denison  sc}iool,  I,   388 

Dennis,  R.  B.,  I,  355,  357,  589 

Dental  School,  Western  Reserve  Uni- 
versity, I,  398 

Dentist,  first.  I,  163 

Destructive  fires,  I,  228 

Detention  Hospital,   I,   549 

Detroit  Avenue  .Savings  and  Banking 
Company,  III,  223 

Detroit  Junior  high  school,  I,  387 

Detroit  Road,  I,  77 

Detroit  school,  I,  388 

Detroit  street,  I,   451 

Detroit  surrender,  news  of,  at  Cleve- 
land,  I,   91 

Dcutach,  Ignatz  W.,  II,  246 

Deutseh,  Louis  A.,  I,  447 

Deutscli.  Sigmund  J.,  II,   346 

Devercaux,  J.   F.,   I.   669 

Devereau.v,   S.  H.,  I,  660 

Devcreux.  J.  H.,  I,  400 

Devney.  Richard    K.,    II,   261 

Devitt,  .lames    ().,    III.    70 

Do  Witt.   Elijah.    L   542 

DeWoIf.  B.  A.,  I.  709 

DeWolf,  Homer   B.,   I,   532 

Dexter,  .lohn  H.,  I,  677 

Dibble,  Lewis.  I,  114 

Dick  Belt,  III,  272 

I^ick  a)mpany.   Ill,   272 

Dick,  R.  &  J.;  Ltd.,  III.  372 

Dickens,  Cliarles,  I,  569 

Dickenson,  John,   III,   523 

Dickenson,  John  Sr.,  Ill,  533 


Dickinson,  James  W..   I.   435.   442.  444 
Dickman.  Franklin  J.,  I,  531.  532* 
Dietz,  William  G.,  I,  417;  III,  234 
Dike  school,   I,  389 
Dille,  Asa,    I,    81 
Dille,  Charles   W.,   II,   337 
Dille,  Lewis,  I,   93 
Hille,  Lewis  R.,  I,  149 
Dillon,  John,   I,   608:    II.   89 
Oilworth.  Charles   M.,  Ill,  379 
Diocese  of  Cleveland,    II,    91 
Directories  183"7  and  1918,  L  186 
Directory,  first  of  Cleveland   (1837),  I, 

137 
Directory  of  Cleveland  and  Ohio  City, 

(reproduction  of  title  page),  I,  185 
Disciples  of  Christ.   I,   604 
Dissette,  Edward  W.,  II,   355 
Dissette,  Mrs.  T.  K.,  I,  390,  306 
Dissette.  Thomas  K..  I,  511;   II,  43,  355 
Di  Teulada.  Orazio  S.,  III.  288 
Division  of  parks  and   public  grounds. 

I,    477 
Doan    Brook.    Gordon    Park     (illustra- 
tion), I,  480 
Doan  Famil}',   III,   90 
Doan.  John,  I,   54.   58 
Doan,  Nathaniel,  I,  43,  60,   63,  67,  70, 

77,   81,  655 
Doan,  Sarah,  I,  47.  74.  341 
Doan  school,   I,  365,  389 
Doan,  Seth.  I,  109 
Dean,  Timothy.  I,  58,  60,  63,  64,  75,  80, 

105,  496.  500 
Doan.  William   H.,  I,   371,  373,   634 
Doan's  Corners,  I.  43;  III,  90 
Doan's  Corners    Congregational    church 

(illustration),  I,  137 
Dockstader,  C.   J.,   I,   637 
Dockstader,  Nicholas,  1,  138*,  179,  180, 

184.   194.  305.  308 
Doctors    (see    physicians) 
Dodge,  Charles   R.,    Ill,    36 
Dodge  Family.   Ill,   90 
Dodge,   Fred  B.,  I,  663 
Dodge,  George   C,   I,   205.   436;    III,   91 
Dodge,  Henry   IL,   I,    198 
Dodge,  Henry  W.,  I.  345 
Dodge,  Lewis,   I,   545 
Dodge.  Sanuiel,    I,    71  ;    III,    00 
Dodge.   Samuel  D.,  HI.  91 
Dodge.  W.   H.,   1,   593:   III.   531 
Dodge,  Wilson  S.,  I,   287 
Docrller,  Samuel,    I,    448 
Dolman,  John.  I,  660 
Donulu'v,  .lames  H..  I,  565 
Donalu-y,  .lohn   H.,  I,   ,589 
DoMahcV.  Mary   D.,   I.   5S0 
Donnelly,  John   J.,    II,  363 
Donnelly.  William  E..   II,  303 
Dorcas  Society,    11.    114 
Doty,  Oiarles'  K.,  Ill,  471 
Doty,  Edward  W.,  I,  317,  710 


INDEX 


XXIX 


\ 


Doulileilny,  Cluiilos.  I.   059 
Dovir  Fill'  Brick  ('om|iiiiiy,  II,  399 
Uuwliii^',  (■('orgc    T.,   I,    554 
Draper,  Andrew  S.,  I,  373,  375 
DullVy.  Hernnrd  T.,   II,   350 
l)u.\li"pulin,  Frmik,   I,   599.   023 
Dunlin m  sihool,  I,  305,   389 
Dunmore,  Walter   T..    111.   55-1 
Diitton.  Bettie  A.,   111.  129 
Diitton,  C.  F.,  I,  303,  544 

Eagle  school,   I,   389 

'Early  History  of  t'leveland"  (W'liiUle- 

sey"),  I,  32,  34,  148 
'"Early   History  of   the   Cleveland    I'lib 

lie  Schools"   (Spanjiler) ,  I,  115 
Early  law  suits   (1808),  I,  80 
Early  mails,  I,  71 
Early   parks,  I.   355 
Early   physicians,  II,  381 
Early  postmasters,  I,  70 
Early  Settlers'  Association,  I.   430 
Early  Settlers'    Association     of    Cuya- 
hoga County.  I,  209;   11.  558 
Early  Settlers  at  the  Log  Cabin.  Cen- 
tennial Celebration    (illustration),  I, 
299 
Early  Settlers'  Dav,  Cleveland  Centen- 
nial, I,  298 
East  Boulevard  school,  I,  389 
East  Clark    (Collin wood)    school,  I,  389 
East  Cleveland  annexed,   I,  258 
East  Cleveland  and   Kinsman   lines,   I, 

461 
East  Cleveland    Central    school     (illus- 
tration). I.  303 
East  Cleveland  Hospital,  III.  299 
East   Cleveland    Railway    Comjianv,    I, 

241 
East  Cleveland  schools   (1872),  I,  363; 

(1918),  I,  305 
East  Cleveland    Street    Railroad    Com- 
pany, I,  463 
East  Denison  school,  I,  389 
East  End  Community  House,  I,  619 
East  High  school,  I,  357 
East  High  school  (old),  I,  365 
East  junior  high  school,  I,  387;    (new) 

365 
East  lladison   school,  I,   365,   389 
East    Ohio    Gas    Company's    Building 

(illustration),  I,  327 
East  school,  I,  386 

East   (new)    Senior  High  School.   I,  365 
East   Technical  High   School    (illustra- 
tion), I,  385,  386 
East  Thirty-fifth  street  viaduct,  I,  460 
East  37th  and  East  38th  Play  (Jround, 

I,  490 
East  39th  Play  Ground,  I,  490 
Easterbrook  Coal  Company,  III,  312 
Easterbrook.  George.    III.    311 
Eastman,  Linda  A.,  I,  425;  III,  197 


Eaton,  Charles  A.,  11,  446 

Eaton,  Cyrus  S.,  II,   447 

Eaton,  .Joseph  0.,  Ill,  168 

Ebcrliard  Manufacturing  Coni|)any,  II, 
393 

Eberling,  Charles   M.,   111.  8 

Fberling,  Ruth  M.,   HI,  8 

I'Aonomy  Building  &  Loan  Company, 
II.  346 

Kddy  Koad  IIos])ital.  I,  549 

Edgcrton.  \V.  P..  1.  533 

IMgewatcr   Park.  I,  484,  490 

l-.dgewater  Park  Entrance  (illustra- 
tion i.  I,  485 

i:(li.-.cin.  Thomas  A.,  Ill,  358 

liiliiicindson,  (ieorge  II..  Ill,  468 

Education.  II,   193 

Educational  Conference,  Cleveland  Cen- 
tennial, I,  303 

Edwanls.  Albert,  I,  658 

Kilwanls,  Clarence  R.,  I,  668* 

Edwards,  .John   S.,  I,  504 

ICdwards,  Pierpoint,  I.  8 

Edwards.  Ralph  W..  I,  447,  533 

Edwards.  Hodolphus,  I,  38,  60,  70,  80, 
98.  495,  497 

Edwards,  Ruth  A.,  I,  629 

Edwards  William,   I,   253,   709 

ICells,  Dan  P.,  I,  414,  635 

Eclls  Family,   III,  :i00 

Eells.  Howard  P.,  Ill,  301 

Eells,  Mrs.  Dan  P..  I,  653 

lOlirbar.  Alois  L.,  III.  222 

Ehrkc,  Charles  W.,  III.  405 

Eicliliorn,  Charles  H..  IH,  88 

I'Milcn.  .John  A..  II,   120 

i:idredge.  A.  C,  I.  384 

Eldridge,  David,  I,  36,  50 

Kldridge,  Moses  A.,  I,   305 

Electricity,  introduction  into  cities,  11, 
417 

Electric  Railway  Improvement  C\)in- 
pany.   III,  374 

Electrocution,  first  in  Cuyahoga 
county.  III,  48 

Eliza  .Jennings  Home,  I,  049 

Elliott,  Charles  R.,  Ill,  391 

Elliott,  Harvey  E.,  II,  138 

Ellison,  Henry  C,  I,  317,  710;  III,  83 

Ellsler.  .lohn  A.,  I,  205 

Ellsworth,  David  V.,  Ill,  111 

I'llson.  William   H..  I.  378 

Elwell,  J.  J.,  1,  393,  533,  600 

lOly,  (Jcorgc   H.,  I,  696 

Ely.  Heman.  I.  53,  202 

]',mergency  Hospital,   I,   549 

Emerson.  Frank  A.,  I,  389 

lOmerson,  Henry   I.,   11,  106 

Emerson,  Hcnrj'  .J.,   I,  531 

lunerson,  Oliver  F.,  I,  578* 

Emerson.   Sam   W.,   III.   443 

Empire  junior  high  school.   I,  387 

Kmpire  school   (illustration),  I,  387 


XXX 


INDEX 


Enamel  Products  Company,  III.  303 

Kngeln  Electric  Company,  HI,  103 

Engeln.  Henry  P..  Ill,  103 

Engeln  Self  "Contained  Tankless  Air 
and  Vacuum  Pump,  III.  103 

Englander,  Arthur  L.,  Ill,   112 

English  Evangelical  Lutheran  Emman- 
uel church,  I,  605 

Episcopal  City  Mission.  I.  621 

Epworth  Jlemorial  church,  I,  602 

Erie  and  Ohio  Canal,  I.  166-170 

Erie  Canal,  I,  168;  II,  27 

Erlanger,  III,  544 

Erlanger,  A.  L.,  Ill,  544 

Erlanger.  Mitchell  L..  Ill,  545 

Ernst  &  Ernst,  II,  400 

Ernst,  A.  C„  II,  399 

Ernst,  Theodore  C,  II,  509 

Erwin,  John,  I,  350 

lOrwin,  William,  I,  69 

Eshelman,  Oriel  D.,  II,  203 

Estep,  Charles  J.,  I,  512;  III,  109 

Estep,  E.   .J.,   I,   533 

Estv,  Louis  J.,  II,  155 

Euclid  avenue,  I,  44U,  451 ;    II,   104 

Euclid  Avenue  Baptist  Church.  II,  446; 
III,  69 

Euclid  avenue  Business  Section  look- 
ing West  (illustration),  I,  463 

Euclid  Avenue  Church  of  Christ,  I,  605 

Euclid  Avenue  Congregational  Church, 
I,  126,  601 

Euclid  Avenue  Opera  House,  I,  265 

Euclid  Beach,  I,  476 

Euclid  Beach  Park,  II,  167 

Euclid  (  C  o  1 1  a  m  e  r  )  Presbyterian 
Church.  I,  126;    (illustration),  137 

Euclid  Heights  Residences  (illustra- 
tion), L  451 

Euclid  Park  school.  I,  389 

liuclid  Road,  I,  449 

Euclid  township,  I,  28 

Evangelical  Association,  I.  (JOG;   II,  36!) 

Evangelical  churches,    I,   606 

Evangelical  l^utheran  Trinity,  I,  605 

I'.vangelical  ilagazine,   II,   371 

Evans,  livron   11..  Ill,  476 

Evans.  Peter  P..  Ill,  313 

"Evening  Leader,"  I,  591 

'•Evening  News,"  I,  591;   HE  45 

Everett,  Azariah,  1,  351,  255,  484 

Everett,  Ilenrv  A„  II,  508 

Everett,  Sylvester  T..   Ill,   174 

Ewers,  .Tames  E.,  II,  276 

Ewing,  Frank  H.,  II,  81 

Kwing,  Roseoe  M,,  11,  168 

Exline  Company,  HI.  378 

Exline,  D.  V.,  ill,  377 

Fackler,  .Tohn    D..   I,   531 
Factory  Building  Company,  II,  236 
FnirlmnkH.  A.  W'..  I,  584 
Fairchild,  Egbert  N.,  Ill,  210 
Fairchild,  .lames  II.,   1,  337 


Fairchild.  J.  C,  I,  194 

Fairmount  Junior  High  school,  I,  365, 

387 
Fairvievv  Park  and  Play  Ground,  I,  490 
Fairview    (Reservoir)    Park,  I,  483 
Fancher,  Elvadore  R.,   Ill,  549 
fanning,  M.  A.,  I,  669 
Farinacci,  Antonio  T.,  Ill,  400 
Farley,  Ira  C,  III,  9 
Farley,  John  H.,  I,  233.  316 
Farmer,  Lydia  H.,  I.  398 
Farntield.  John  C,  I,  378 
Farnsworth,  F.  M.,  I,  713 
Farnsworth.  George  B.,  I,  603 
Farnsworth,  H.  M..  I,  473,  710,  713 
Farrell.  Thomas  S..  I,   447;   II.   401 
Farrelly,  John  P.,   I,  614;   II.  90 
Fast   Stage   Line    (reproduction  of  ad- 
vertisement), I,  196 
Faulhaber,  Frank  J..  Ill,  492 
Faulhaber,  F.  \'.,  I,  711 
Faulhaber,  George,  III,  225 
Fav,  William  IL,  L  713:  III,  114 
Fay,  W,  H.  Company,  The.  Ill,  115 
Feazel,  Ernest  A.,   Ill,   105 
Federal    (postoffice)    building,    I,    470; 

completed,  333;    (illustration),  468 
lederal  Food    Administration    Bureau, 

I,   682 
Federal  form    of    city    government,    I, 

434,  439 
Federal  Plan,  II,  312 
I'ederal  Reserve     Bank     of     Cleveland, 

in,  549 
Federal  Reserve   Banks,  III,   25 
Federal  school   plan   introduced    (1892), 

I,  372 
I'ederal  street,  I,  450 
Federated    Churches    of    Cleveland,    I, 

616,   621 
Fciss,   Paul  L.,  I,  fiSO,  710 
I'cis,   Mrs.  G.  Leonard,  I,  635 
l''eneslra   i)atcnts.   III,   308 
I'enian  raid.  Ill,  56 
Fenn,  Serano  P.,  I,  637,  643;   ([lortrait) 

643;   III,  104 
Fenner,   Charles   W.,   III.   110 
I'Viining.   Karl.   11,  343 
I'rrencik,  John    A,,   11,   338 
Kcrencik,  .lohn  P,.  II,  339 
l''ergus(>n,  Archie   N.,   HI,    16 
I'erguson,  Charles  II.,  III.  446 
Ferguson,  C.  11.  Company,  111.  447 
I'erguson.  Richard,  111,  305 
Ferris  Shoe  (\)mpany,  11.  449 
j.'crry  (up  and  Screw'  Company,  III,  213 
I'erry,  Thomas,   III.   213 
I'ert'ig.  Frank  J..  III.  58 
l''evcr  and  ague   (1798).  1,  43 
l''i(ht,   Fred   W„   HI,  267 
Field,  Hurry   IL,   III,   483 
I'ifteenlh      Regiment,     Ohio     National 

(Juard,  I,  268 


INDEX 


•X^X^X^ 


Fiftli  Oliio  Infantry  in  tlie  Stadium  at 
El  I'aso.  Texas   (ilhistratioii),  1,  6tj3 

riltratioii  ))laiit,  I,  437 

I'iiianee  di'iiartmeiit,  1,  447 

Kiiumcial   pro;,'r('ss,   1S87-1917,  I,  70C 

KiiicIli'V.   WaltiT  T..  ni,  2,S4 

Fiiilcv",   William  F..  II,  453 

I  in  III' V,  .lames   U..  I.   198,  208 

Kinury.  J.  R.  I,  347 

Fire  and    jiolioe   divisions,   I,   445 

Fire  boat,   first,    I,   435 

Fire  department  organized,  I,  155; 
(paid)  organized.  247;  431,  433,  435, 
439,   443-5 

Fire  Lands,   I,   6,    69 

Fire  Lands    (see  SutVercrs'  Lands) 

Fire  of  18S3,   1,  374 

Fires,  L  228;  destructive,  435 

Fires  always  waitinf;  for  the  Lumber 
District  "(illustration),  L  443 

First  City  in  American  Spirit,  L  337 

First  Things  and  Events — Maps,  I,  23; 
Cleveland  cemetery,  36;  Cleveland 
wedding,  37;  mill,  43;  distillery 
(1800),  47;  election  in  the  Reserve, 
52;  lawyer  (Samuel  Huntington), 
57;  town  meeting  for  Cleveland.  60; 
Cleveland  school,  61;  frame  houses, 
61;  .Justices  of  the  Peace,  64;  mur- 
der, 65;  postmaster,  70;  tanneries, 
81;  Courthouse  (illustration),  93; 
courthouse  and  jail,  94;  murder  and 
execution,  94:  village  legislation, 
100;  board  of  health,  101;  fire 
engine,  101;  church  organized,  105; 
banks  and  bankers,  109;  school- 
house  in  Cleveland.  115;  frame  ware- 
house, 116;  printing  press,  116; 
book-store,  116 ;  Methodist  church, 
118;  Presbyterian  church,  126;  Con- 
gregational church,  126;  directory  of 
Cleveland  (1837),  137,  175,  184; 
Baptist  church  (illustration),  153; 
Western  locomotive  works,  159; 
manufacturing  corporation,  159; 
dentist,  163;  city  directory  (1837), 
137,  175.  184;  Catholic  Church  (illus- 
tration), 187;  telegram  received, 
213:  municipal  water  works,  224; 
iron  ore  received  (water  works),  226; 
report  of  Cleveland  Board  of  Trade, 
347;  iron  ship,  250;  Board  of  Park 
Commissioners,  255 :  high  level 
bridge  (IS7S).  268;  woman  lawyer, 
275;  woman  elected  to  public  office 
in  Ohio,  376;  fire  boat,  435;  high 
level  bridge  dedicated,  4.57;  electric 
street  car.  462;  civil  jury  trial,  303; 
I'niversity  war  unit,  674;  locomotive 
manufactured  in  the  West,  691;  coal 
put  on  Cleveland  market,  698; 
American-built  gasoline  automobile, 
702;  village  election.  II,  11;  resident 


attorney,  11;  bank  in  Cleveland,  13; 
carriage,  12;  train  on  the  Cleveland, 
Columbus  &  t:ineinnati,  13;  electric 
motor  street  car,  20;  permanent 
Catholic  (lunch,  89;  steam  brick 
plant.  123;  fnime  building,  146;  ship 
launched  at  Cleveland.  146;  court 
liouse  and  jail,  147;  steamer,  "Knter- 
prise,''  148;  telephone  office,  352; 
electrocution  in  Cuyahoga  county, 
III,  48;  frame  barn,  91;  town  meet- 
ing, 91 ;  charter  for  a  Cleveland  na- 
tional bank,  383 
]''irst  Congregational  church,  I,  601 

First  Methodist   Kjiiscoiial   churches,   1, 

603 
First  Ohio   Light   Artillery,   I,   657 
First  National  Bank,  I,  690 
First   Presbyterian   church,   I,   600 

Fischley,  Alfred  P.,  HI.  393 

Fish,  C'harles  L.,  11,   83 

Fish,  Ebenezer,  I,  173.  603 

Fish,  F.   Stillman,   III,   159 

I'ish,  ,Iohn.  II,  282 

Fish,  .Julia  A.,  II.   84 

Fish,  Moses,  I,  173,   603 

Fisher  Brothers  Company,  III,  407 

Fisher,  Charles  C,  III,  179 

F'isher,  (ieorge  E.,  Ill,   499 

Fisher,  John  F.,  I,  602 

Fisher,  Manning  F.,  I,  713;  III,  407 

Fitch.  Jabez  W.,  I,  259,  524 

Fitch,  Sarah.  I,  653 

Fitzgerald,  .John   R.,  I.  500 

I'itzGerald,  William  S.,  I,  445,  447;   IT, 
78 

Fitzpatrick.  Clarence  J.,  Ill,   300 

I'itzpatrick,   David,  II,  529 

Fitzsimons,  Thomas  G.,  Ill,  401 

Five  Points,   II,   177 

"Flag,  The,"  II,  129 

Flag  Presentation     to    Volunteers     for 
Cuba  (illustration),  I,  316 

Flag  raising.  Cleveland  Day,  II,  366 

Flagler.  Henry  M.,  I,  247,  714 

Fleharty,  .John  L.,  Ill,  384 

Fleming.  Mrs.  .J.  N.,  I,  687 

Fliedner.  Helen  M..  I,  384 

Flint,  Edward  S.,  I,  233,  657 

Flood  of  1883,  I,  274 

h'loyd,  Raymond  G.,  Ill,  547 

Focrstner,  .John  A..    Ill,  470 

Fogg.  William  P.,  I.  250,  357,  412,  414 

T'olsom,  Ezekiel,  I,  177,  178 

Ft  Isom.  Oilman.  I.  216 

Folsom,  Samuel  W.,  Ill,  79 

Foote,  Asa.  I,   178 

Foote.  A.    Ward.  II.   396 

I'oote-Burt  Company.  II,  396 

Foote,  Herschel,  I,  116 

Foote,  Horace,  T,  508 

Foote,  .John  A.,  L  151,  208,  317,  345 

Foraker,  .James  B.,   I.  466 


XXXll 


INDEX 


Foran.  JIartin  A.,  I.  336,  512*,  537, 
554;    II,   270 

Forbes.  Alexander.  I,  362.  366,  368 

Force,  Clayton  H..  HI,  279 

Force.  C.  (J.,  I.  456 

Ford,  H.  Clark,  I,  601 

Ford.  J.  M.,  I,  691 

Ford,  Lewis  W..  1,  532 

Ford,  Simpson  S..  I,  511;   II.  343 

Forest  City  House,  I,  265  (1876,  illus- 
tration), 266 

P'orest  City  Lyceum,  I.  569 

Forest  City  Oyster  Company.  II,  373 

Forest  City  Park,   I,  489 

Forest  CMty  Railway   Company,   I,   320 

Forest  City  Savings  and  Trust  Com- 
pany, III,  314 

Foiest  economist.  Ill,   541 

Forest  Hill  Parkway,  I.  490 

Forman,  Jonathan  C.,  Ill,  563 

Forsch,  Lawrence  H.,  IH.  495 

Forster,  C.  A.,  II.  451 

Fortnightly  Musical  Club.  I.  563 

Forty-sixth  street   market.  I,  491 

Foster,  Allen   M.,  Ill,  490 

Foster.  Arthur  B..  Ill,  89 

Foster  Bolt  and  Nut  Company,  III.  490 

Foster,  C.  H.,  Ill,  303 

Foster,  Hanna,  I,  296 

Foster,  James  H..  Ill,  371 

Foster.  William  L.,   Ill,   86 

Four  Minute  Men,  I,  683 

Fourth  of  July    (1800),  I,  48 

Fourth  of  July    (1802),  I,    60 

Fowler  school."  I.  389 

Fox,  Mrs.  E.  A.,  I,  364 

Francics,  William  E.,  III.  429 

Francis,  John    11.,    III.    388 

Franklin  Circle,   I,  451,  477.  490 

Iranklin  Circle  Church  of  Christ,  1,  604 

I'ranklin  House,  I,  212  (1825  illustra- 
tion)  I,  103 

I'raiiklii)  Thomas  Backus  Law  School, 
Western  Reserve  University,  1,  398, 
534 

"Frankfort  Street  Handl)ill."  I,  5U3 

ITantz,  Clarence  G.,  Ill,  304 

Traser,  Archibald  R.,  111.  398 

I'raser,  Mrs.  (;.  O.,  1,  311 

Frayer,  Roland  F„  II,  538 

Frazec,  Henry,  I,  662 

Frederick,  J.   M.  H.,  I,  379 

Freenuin,  J.,  I,  178 

Fieeman,  J.   F.,   I,   710 

Vr nan,  Silas  C,  I,  107.  597 

lice   School,  I,  344 

Frccsp,  Andrew,  I,  115,  349,  359; 
(portrait)    354 

Kreiberger,   Isadore  F.,   HI,  97 

Freight  movement,  1894.  1904,  1917,  I, 
705 

French,  Henry  S..  II,  355 

French.  Jolin'l!.,   1,  414 


Friebolin.  Carl  D.,  I,  520;   II,  235 

Fritzsche,  Alfred  L.,  II,  228 

Fritzsche,  Henry  E.,  Ill,   196 

Fruit  land  school,  I,  389 

Fry.  James  A.,  II,  394 

Fugitive  slave  law,  I,  149 

Fuller.   Benjamin  D.,  III.  219 

Fuller.  Clifford  W..  I.  062;   II.  220 

Fuller,  Horace  A.,  111.  108 

Fuller.  Hubert  B.,  I,  329,  577;   III,  471 

Fuller,  Jeptha  L..  Ill,  110 

Fuller,  Joel   H..   Ill,   133 

Fuller.  Ralph  L.,  I,  709 

Fuller,  Samuel  A.,  Ill,  39 

Fuller.  Simeon,  I,  197 

Fuller,  William,  III,  133 

Fullerton   school,  I,  389 

Fulton  Foundry   &    Machine  Company, 

U,  398 
Fulton.  John  C.  I,  662 
Furst.  Edward  \V.,  III.  520 
Futch,  William   E.,  II.  441 

Gabriel    Manufacturing    Company,    HI, 

303 
Gage,  Benjamin  A.,  II.  211 
Gahn.  H.  C,   I,  447 
Gallagher.  Michael.  I,  234.   518 
Gallup  Farm.  II,  215 
Gammel.  Karl.  Ill,  361 
Gammel,  R.  E.,  I,  380 
Gammeter.  Harry  C.  III.  106 
Gandola,  Attilio  D.,  II,  563 
Gandola  Brothers     M  o  n  u  m  e  n  t    and 

Architectural   Works,  II,  563 
Ganson,  George  H.,  II.  398 
Garber.  Aaron.   11,   285 
(.'ardner,  Burt  M.,  II,  445 
(ianlner.  George    W.,    I,    233,    709;    II, 

44:; 

Gardner,  S.  S.,  I,  710 

(Jarlield.  Harry    A.,    I,    288.    329,    414, 

535.    709 
Garfield,  James    A.,    I,    55,    372*,    509, 

524,   604;    III.   14S 
Garfield.  James  R.,  I,  417,  525 
Carlicld   Memorial   (illustration),  1,  373 
(Garfield  Jlemorial  Fund.  III.  13 
Garfield    Monunu'ut    Interior    (ilustra- 

tion),  I,  273 
Garfield  Park,  I.  487,  490 
Garfield  Savings    Bank,    If,    409,    533; 

III.  463 
Garfield,  'J'homaa,  I.   004 
(.arfield's  signilicnni  compliment,  I,  509 
(iarlick,  Ahel  R.,  I,  689 
Garlick.  Theodore   D.,  I,  556* 
(iarretson.  (Jeorge  A..  I.  315;   CMi*,  710 
liurrelt,  George  M.,  11.  402 
(■arry.  Thomas  II.,   II.   56 
(;ary.  Marco  B..  II.  375 
(Jury,  Marco   W..  II.  376 
(■'as  ordinance,   I.   379 


INDEX 


XXXlll 


fJas,  reduction  in  cost.  II,  310 

(;as  works  built    (1849),  I.  215 

(iasoline  Automobile,  first  AmiTican- 
built,   r,  702 

(Jates,  Alvin    S..    Til,    367 

(iates.  Clark  S.,  I,  657 

(.Hwne.  V.    v..    I.   436 

(.awiie,  Tluiinas   L.,  II.   429 

(iawne.  William  J.,  III.  339 

iJaylord.  Allen.   I,   72.   568 

liaylord.   Mrs.   L.  C.,  I.   189 

(iaylord.  William.  I.  116 

"tiazette  and  (.'ommcrcial  Register,"'  I, 
582 

(iear.  CTiarles,  I,  105 

(Jefline.  Krnest  L..  II.  532 

(iegenheimer.  Albert.   III.   411 

tjeiselman.  William  E..  III.  376 

(Jeneral  I^ducation    Board.   II.   8 

Cent  Vending  Machine  Company,  II, 
308 

Gent,  William.  II.  308 

Centsch,  Charles.  I.   380 

■c;eographv  of  Cleveland"'  (Gregory),  I, 
21 

Oeometrie  Stamping  Company.  HI,  282 

(ierman-American  Savings  Bank  Com- 
pany. III.  209 

German  Baptists,  I.  606 

German  Catholics,  I,  614 

(German  Hospital,  I,  548 

German   Methodists,  I,  606 

I  German   schools    (1870),  I,  362 

German  Society  of  ("leveland,  I,  189 

Getzien.   Gustave.   III.   495 

(iibbons.  John   W..  I.   278 

Gibbs,  Harley  B..  HI,  105 

Gibson.  Charles  D..  II,  461 

Gibson-Homans  Company.  Ill,  253 

Giddings.  .Joshua  R..  I.   53 

Giddings  school.  I.  365,  389 

(iilbert,  Augustus.   I.  80.   500 

Gilbert,  H.   Ellsworth,   III,   358 

Gilbert.  Levi.  I.  302 

Gilbert   school.   I,  389 

I  ilbert.  Stephen,   I,   39,   52 

Gilchrist.  H.  L..  I.  673 

Gill.  John.  I,  216,  352;   III,  81 

(iill.  John  T.,  Ill,  81 

Gill.  Kermode    F..    IR.    371 

Gillen.  Mark  J..  Ill,  491 

Gillett.  Harry.   Ill,   72 

(Jilmour.  Richard,  T,  405,  610,  612;  II, 
90 

Girl.  Christian.  I.  671;   II.  199 

Gladstone  Klementary  School,  I,  394 

Glasier.  .Jessie  C,  I,  589 

Gleason.  William  J..  I,  275,  285 

i;lenville  Hospital,   I.   549 

Glenville  racing  track.  I,  252 

Glenville  school.  T.  386 

Glick.  Harry  F..  IT.  220 

<;lidden  Company,  The,  II,  494 


(Jlobe  Iron   Works,  III,  251 

(ilobe  Theater.  I.  265 

(iloyd.  .lames   R.,   HI.    78 

God'dard.  Calvin.  I.  660 

Goddard.  George  S.,  I,  329 

(iodiiian.  Charles  A.,  11.  483 

(Jodman.  John  X..  II.  483 

Goff.   Frederick    H..    I,    671.    680,    710; 
HI.  427 

Gold.  Benjamin,  I,  67 

(Joldeii    jubilee    of    Catholic    diocese,   TT 
613 

Goldhamer.  A.    K..    II.   202 

Goldsword.  .Tames.    III.   468 

(ioUiiiar,  Fred  G..  II.  469 

Goodman.  Alfred   T..  I.  412.  414,  572 

(ioodiiian.   .Max    P..   II,   288 

Goodrich  .Social  Settlement,  II,  157 

Goodspeed.  W.   F.,   I,   268 

(iordon   Park.  I.   479,  490 

(iordon   school,   I,    389 

Gordon,  William,   I.  336,   531;    Til,   467 

Gordon.    William    J..    I.    414.    474.    479, 
612.   691 

Gormsen.  .Tames,    II,   374 

(ioshorn.  William  S..  I,  244 

Gott,  Frank  B..  I,  512;   III,  73 

Gottdiener.  Henry.  Ill,  321 

Gottwald.  F.  C.  I.  563,  565 

Goulder.   Harvey    D.,    I,    329,    335,    336, 
709;    II.  44 

Goulder.  Robert  F.,  Sr.,  II,  465 

Government  odicials  in  1837,  I.  198 

Government   pier.   II,   148 

Grabien.  Fred,  II.  43 

Grace  Episcopal  Church,  II,  326 

Ciraduate  School.  Western  Reserve  Uni- 
versity, I,  398 

firain  trade,  1894.  1904.  1917.  I.  704 

Grand  Armj'  of  the  Republic  (National 
Encampment   1901).   I,   317 

"Grand  old  lady  of  the  public  schools," 
HI,  129 

Granger.  Gideon.  Jr..  I.  7 

•  Granger's  Hill.  I.  171 

(irannis.  John   C.   I.   260.   532 

(Irannis.  -loseph  S..  II,  193 

Grant,  .Tohn,  III,  295 

Grant.  John  C,  296 

Grant-Lees  Gear  Company.  HI,  305 

(;rant.  Roderick  D.,  Ill,  556 

Grasselli.  Caesar  A..  I,  414,  417,  529 

Grasselli   CTiemical   Company,   II,    105; 
HI,  499 

Grasselli.  Thomas  S..  H.  104 

Graves.  Forrest  A..  Ill,  315 

(iraves.  Noah,  I,  143 

Grav,  Admiral  N.,  I,  585 

Gray.  J.  W.,  I,  585.  586 

Grays  Armory,  T,  663 

Great    Atlantic   and    Pacific   Tea    Com- 
pany. TIL  428 

Grebe"  Henrv.  IIT.  86 


XXXIV 


INDEX 


Green,  David   E.,   II,   382 
Green,  John  P.,  I,  500 
Green,  Virginia  D.,  I,  3"6,  384 
Greene,  Edward  B.,  Ill,  358 
Greene,  Thomas  E.,  H,  40d 
Greene,  William  B.,  HI.  1^6 
Greenlund,  W.  A.,  I,  j380 
Greenough,  M.  S.,  I,  TOO 
Gree",  Albert  S.,  11,  463 
Gre?S,  Frank  M.,  I,   623;   III,  403 
Grelory,  W.  M.,  I,  21 
Gribben.  William,  I,  635 
Grief,  William,  I,  710 
(.ries,  Moses  J.,  I,  291,  302,  336 
(iriese,  Clarence  E.,  H,  439 
Griese,  David  C,  III,  410 
Griese,  George  G.,  II,  438 
Griess,  Justin,  HI,  483 
Grieve.  Edmond,   III.   191 
Griffin,  Mrs.  H.  A.,  I,  290,  306 
Griffith,  David,  I,  1T9,  213,  227 

Griffith,  J.  Fremont.  Ill,  421 

Griffiths.  Edwin  S.,  II.  338 

Grinnell    Automatic    Sjjnnkler,    11,    ~-» 

Griswold,  A.  M.,  I,  586 

Griswold,  .Seneca    O..    I.    23,    130,    lo., 
238,   260,    510*,    532 

Griswold,  Solomon,  I,  7 

Griswold.  Stanley,  I.  77*,  526 

Griswold,  Sylvanus.  I,  8 

Grittner.  John  H..  Ill,  342 

Groff,  Henry  R.,  I,  709 

Groll,  George   C,   H,   399 

Grombacher,  H.,  I,  711 

Groot.  George  A.,  II,  406 

Gross,  Emma  E.,  II,  284 

Grossenbacher.  Otto,  III,  312 

(irossman.  George,  I,  563 

Group  Plan  Commission.  I.  467 

Croup  Plan  of  public  buildings,  I,  465- 

72-    II,  480;   HI,   158,  241,   507 
Group   Plan    of    public   buildings    (dia- 
gram). I,  469 
(iuarantco  Title  &  Trust  Comi)any,  III, 

71 
Guardian    Savings    &   Trust    Company, 

IT,  17 
Guenther,  Felix,  II,  465  ,     ,      . 

Guide     Motor     Lamp     Manufacturing 

Comjjany,  H,  305 
Guilbert,  W.  D..  I,  289 
Guilford,  Miss  L.  T.,  I,  302 
Gun,  Anna,   I,   IB,   42 
Gun.  Elijah,  I,  18,  33,  34.  74.  452 
(;undry,  John  M.,  HI,  319 


Haag,  Henry  C,  IH,  54 

llaber,  David   C,  HI,  213 

Ilackenberg.  Harvey  E.,  I,  713;   lll,lo4 

Hacket.  .lames,  I,  26 

Hadden,    Alexander.    T.    438.    448,    514; 

HI,   125 
Ifaeflinger,  Henry  A.,  HI,  315 


Hafemeister.  Fred  C,  HI,  250 
Hafley,  George  C,  H,  419 
Hahn",  Aaron,  I,  531 
Hahn,  Emil  P.,  Ill,  80 
Hahn  Manufacturing  Company,  HI,  80 
Hale,  Cleveland  C.  HI.  451 
Hale,  E.  B.,  I,  400;  HI.  451 
Hale,  E.  V.,  I,  414 
Hale,  .John   C,  I,   517*;   IH,   504 
Hale,  Willis  B.,  HI,  376 
Hall.  Alfred,  I,  184,   205 
Hall.  Francis  W..  II,  131 
Hall.  Lvman  W.,  I,  589 
Hall.  William  B.,  I,  26 
Halle  Brothers   Company,   HI,   234 
Halle,  Carl,  HI,  299 
Halle,  Samuel  H..  HI.  233 
Halle  school.  I.  389 
Haller.  Jacob,   HI,  343 
Hallock,  Henry,  HI,  94 
Hamann.   Carl   A..   I,    544;    HI.    52, 
Hamilton,  E.  T.,  I,  511.  533 
Hamilton.  Harry  L.,  HI.  490 
Hamilton.  James.  I.  26 
Hamrael.  ilonte  C.  HI.  224 
Hammil.  Susannah.  I,  74 
Hampton.  Harry  H..  HI.  469  ^ 

Ilanderson,   Henry   E.,   I.   544,    550 
Handrick,  Franklin  A.,  II,  423 
Handrick,  Gertrude   M.,   II.   423 
Ilandv,   Truman   P.    (portrait).   I,   HO; 
114,    143.    189.    317,    298,    347,    348, 
353^  400,   689*,   692 
Hanging  of  John  Brown,  I,  241 
Hanna,  D.  R.,  I,  593 
Hanna,  Gustave  H.,  HI,  395 
Hanna.  Howard  M..  Jr..  HI,  506 
Hanna.  Leonard  C.  II,  53 
Hanna  Leonard  C.  Jr..  IH.  500 
Hanna.  JIarcus  A.,  I,  265,  697*;  II,  53, 

408;    HI,    195 
Hanna,  Mrs,  M.  A.,  T,  290 
Hanna   (M.    A-)    &    Company,    I,    69.; 

Ill,   500,  506 
Hanrattv,  Edward  .L,  I.  448 ;  11,294 
Hansen,' Fred  E.,  IH,  94 
Hansen,  George  C,  H,  145 
Hansen     Manufacturing  Company,  HI, 

94 
Harbaugh,  Aaron  G.,  II.  381 
Harbaugh.  George  E.,  H,  382 
Harbor    of    Cleveland    (1837)     (map    of 

|)lans),   I,   172 
Iliirbor  of  refuge  constructed,  I,  26~ 
Hiirdic.  William  M.,  UK   ^>>~ 
Harding,  J.  H..  I,  151 
Hare,  William  A.,  IH,  405 
Harkness,  S.  V.,  T.  714 
Harmon,  Frank  S.,  IH,  87 
Harmon   school,  1,  389 
Harper.  P..    I.   302 
Harper,   William,    H.   374 
Huriinglou.   Benjamin.   I,   205,  210 


INDEX 


XXXV 


Harrington     Electrical     Company,    III, 

an 

Harrington,  William  t'.,  Ill,  317 

Harris  C'alorilic   Company,   11,   302 

Harris,  Charles  L.,  Ill,  2iH 

Harris.  John,  I,  542;   II,  302 

Harris,  John  K.,  Ill,  116 

Harris,  Josiah  A.,  1,  179,  208,  213,  349, 

383,  584 
Harris,   \V.  H.,  I,  268 
Harrison,  Ceorgc   L.,   Ill,   279 
Harrison,  Henry  T.,  II,  349 
Harrison,  •!.    Frank,   II,  431 
Harron,  .liilia  S.,   1.  417 
Hart,  Albert  B.,  I,  579* 
Hart,  George  F.,  I,  713;   IT,  2G0 
Hart,  George  V.,  HI.  3.-)0 
Hart,  J.  Wayne.  Ill,  503 
Hart,  Seth,  I,  32,  37 
Hart,  William  I,  7 
Hartness,    William,    I.   213 
llarty,  William  M.,  II.  300 
Ilart/ell,  -lonas,   1.   604 
Harvard  (irove  cemetery,  I,  628 
Harvard  school,  I,  389 
Harvey,  H.,  I,  710 
Harvey,  Mervin  C,  II,  441 
Harvev  Kice  Monnment,  I.  134 
Haseail.  (ieorge  C,  III,  99 
Hasial!  Paint  Company,  III,  116 
Has<Todt.  E.  I!.,  I,  448" 
Haserodt,  I'anl  M.,  Ill,  397 
Haserot,  Francis  H.,  Ill,  362 
Haserot,  S.  F.,  I,  288 
Hasse,  Otto  A..  II,  301 
Hatcher,  Samuel,  I,  447 
Hatfield,  Frank,  I,  380 
Hathaway.  Asahel,    I,   7 
Hauseman,  ICarl  F.,  Ill,  308 
Hausheer,   I.oiiis,   111,   165 
Havens,  .\Iunson,  1.  329.  671.  680,  710 
Havlicek.  .John,  1.  279 
Hawken   .'iciiool.   II,   422 
Hawkins.  Richard  R..  II.  359 
Hawley,  David  R.,  Ill,  289 
Hawley,  Davis,  III,   156 
Hawley,  Ezekiel,  I,  37 
Hawley,  Joseph  R.,  I,  293 
Hay,  John,  I,   523* 
Haydcn.  Anson.   I,  182,  344 
Haydcn,  Chester.    I,    533 
Hayden.  Warren  G.,  I,  680 
Hayden,  Warren  S..  I,  414,  709 
Hayden.  William,  I.  604 
Havdn.  Hiram  C,   I,   600* 
Haves,  Lester,  I,  357;   II,  539 
Haves,  Philip   C.  I,   659 
Haves,  Rutherford   B..  I,  414,  659 
Haves,  Webb  C.  I,  288,  417,  662 
Hayne,  C.  C.  F.,  I,  412 
Haynes,  George  R.,  II,  417 
Hays,  Eugene  K.,  Ill,  122 
Hays,  Joseph,   III,   119 


Hays,  Louis    H.,    Ill,    123 

ihnward,  George  L.,  I,  660 

Havward,  .Nelson,  I,  179,  210 

Hayward,  W.  H.,  I,  657 

Hazeldell   school,   1,   389,    (illustration) 

390 
Hazen,   William  B.,  I,  659 
lleald,  .lohn   C.  11,  333 
Healy.  John    I,   604 
ll.'anl.  Charles  W.,  I,  555 
Ilealli.  Charles  E.,  II,  563 
llclircw  cemeteries,  I,  628 
llihrew   llilief  Association,  I,  616 
Heckler   Karl,  111,  347 
lleckman,  Ijouis,  I,  658 
Hecne,  .lohn   E.,  I,  603 
lleideloir,  William  L.,  II,  524 
Ilcil.  K.  C.  I,  713 
Heina,   Edwin,  II,   536 
Heinsohn,  Edwin  I.,  Ill,  490 
Heisley,  .lohn  W.,  I,  2.''>8,  260,  511,  531, 

5,32  ■ 
Helm,  Edwin   JI.,   Ill,  98 
Helper.  Moses,  II,  224 
Hemler,  Frank  J.,  III.  355 
Henderson,  John   M,,   I,   532,   536,   542; 

II,  141 
Hender.son,  Seth  S.,   I.   198 
Henn.  Albert   W..   Ill,   107 
Henn.  Edwin  C.  I.  710;   111,  394 
Henry.  Frederick  A..  I.  517,  622 
HenrV,   Peter  J.,  I,  448 
Henry,  William  R.,  I,  193 
Hepburn,  Morris,  I,  180 
"Herald  and  Gazette,"  I,  584 
Herkonier,  Herman,  I,  563 
Herkomer,  John,   I,    563 
Herr.  Donald  D.,  II,  448 
Herr.  Milton   J..   III.   527 
Ilerrick.  O.  E.,  I.  532 
Herrick,  H.   J.,  I,  544,   638 
Herrick,  John  F.,  I,  531,  535*,  659 
Ilerrick,  Jlyron    T.,    I.    457.    528*,    677, 

680,  684,"  709,  710;    U,  25;   III,  560 
Ilerrick.   Parmley  W.,  I,  671 
Herrick,  R.  R.,  T,  233,  278 
Uerron.  .Tames  H.,  Ill,  43 
Hertel,  Henry,  III,  169 
Hessenmueller,  Edward,  I,  500,  519 
Hessenmueller,  E.  L.,  I,  711 
Heward.  Thomas  A.,  III.  165 
Hewitt.  Isaac   L..   I,   355 
Heydler,  William,  I,  562 
Hickok,  Laurens   P.,   I,   395 
Hickox,  C.  V.  J.,  I,  583 
Hickox.  Carlos  I.,  I,  596 
Hickox,  Charles,  I.  699,  709;  II,  99 
Hickox,  Charles  G..  11,  100 
Hickox,  Irene   P.,    I,    125 
Hickox.  Milo  H..  I.  139 
Hickox.  "Uncle"'    Abrani    (portrait),    I, 

76;    689 
Hickox,  Wilson  B..  Ill,  510 


XXXVl 


INDEX 


Hicks  school,  I.  390 
Higbee  Companv.  Ill,  85 
Higbee,  Edwin   C.,   II,  94 
High-level  bridges.  I,  45G-59;   first  ded- 
icated),     457;      new      (illustration), 
458 
High  pressure  water  system,  I,  442 
High  School  building  "(1851),  I,  353 
High  School,  suggested    (1844),  I,  347; 

opposed,  I.  350;  first,  I,  349-51 
High  School  of  Commerce,  I,  386;  East 

branch,  I,  386 
Higlev.  Warren,  I,  366 
Hill,  "diaries  K.,  III.  534 
Hill,  thristopher    E..    I.    177.    178,   205, 

210.  211,  213,  216,  220,  226,  227 
Hill.  Hosea  E..  Ill,  277 
Hill,  Harry  N.,  Ill,  277 
Hill,  James,   I,   444 
Hill.  Louis   E.,  Ill,   344 
Hill.  William  H..  T,  205 
Killer.  Frank   B.,  Ill,   337 
Hilliard.  Richard  I.  100,  131",  157,  180, 

207,  212.  224 
Hills.  .James   S..   I,   656 
Himes,  I.  X..  I,  544 
Hinchliffe.  .James  R..  Ill,  77 
Hinckley,  Isaac,  I,   173 
Hinds,  Calvin  J.,  II,  269 
Hinkcl.  Mathias   .J..   Ill,   97 
Hinman.   Wilbur  F.,  1,  660 
Hinsdale,    Burke    A..    I,    55,    302,    360; 

(portrait)    370;    579 
Hipp,  .John   C  III,   160 
Hiram  House,  I,  632 
Hird.  Urbane  W.,  Ill,  79 
Hirker,  Charles,  I,  350 
Hirt,  John  M.,  I,  711 
"History  of   Cleveland"'    (Kennedy),   1, 

22,  34,  57,  92,  340 
-History  of  Cleveland"    (Orth),   1,   159. 

175,  246,  380,  382 
"History   of    Cievelimd    Schools    in    the 
Xinctecnth  Century"   (Aki'rsI,  1.  346 
"llistorv  of  Cuyahoga  County"    (.Iiihn- 

son|,"l,  31,  41.  173 
"History  of  the  United  States  and  Its 

IVopfe"   (Avery).  I,  98,  119,  146 
'•History  of  the  Western  Reserve"  (Up- 
ton)."!.  14 
Hitchcock.  Mrs.  P.  M..  I.  290 
Hitchcock.  Peter,  1.  94.  504.  506 
(litclicock.    Hcuhcn,   I.   400 
lloadlcy.  f;eorge.  I,   139,   179,  212,  348, 

497,  "498* 
Hoadliy,  George,  Jr.,  I,  529 
Hoag.  ileorpe   B.,   II,   442 
Hoak.  Harry  O.,  Ill,  .'jSl 
Hoard,   Ilarrv   H.,   III.   8 
Ilobbie,  JanicH   (J..   Ill,  290 
Mot>bH.  Caleb   S.,   IT.   86 
Hobbs.   Marv    E..    II.    86 
HobbH,  IVrry  1..,  II,  84 


Hodell,  Fred  C.  III.  137 

Hodell.  Henry   H.,   III.   137 

Hodell.  Howard   H..  Ill,   137 

Hodge  bill,  I,  434 

Hodge.  Mrs.  0.  J.,  I.  290,  306,  310 

Hodge,  Orlando  J.,  I,  224,  259,  414,  427, 

434.    518,   519 
Hodge  school.  I,  390 
Hoehn.  Henry.  I,  275 
Hoffman   Bronze  &  Aluminum  Casting 

Company.  III.  92 
Hoffman.  "Earl  M.,  II,  496 
Hoffman   Ice  Cream  &.  Dairy  Company, 

The.  II.  496 
Hoffman,  R.  L.,  IT,  496 
Hoffman,  Robert.  I.  446 
Hoffman.  Robert  S..  III.  92 
Hogen.   Frank  tJ.,   I.  384;   III,  70 
Hogsett.  Thomas   H.,  II,   1S9 
Holbrook,  Daniel   I,   7,  31 
Holden.  E.  B..  I,  637 
Holden  Liberty  E..  I.  283,  289,  291,  293, 
:;39,  364,  412.  414,  436.  584,  586,  587, 
709 
Holden,  Jlrs.  Liberty  E.,  I,  483 
Hole,  Warren   W.,  I,   602 
Holland.  Henry.  II,  395 
Hollaway.  J.  F.,  I.  456 
Hollev.  John  M.,  I,  17,  27 

Holl.'y.  Jlilton.  I,  26 

Hollev's    (John   M.)    Journal,   I.   14,   15, 
26  " 

Holmes,  Uriel,  .Jr..  I,  7 

Holy  Name  church  I,  614 

Hoiiians,  Albert  H.,  Ill,  253 

Home  for  Aged  Protestant  Women,  I, 
649 

Home  for  Aged  Women.  T.  649 

Home  Rule  charter  framed.  I.  333 

Home  Rule  government.   I.  440 

lloMU'opathic  College  for  Women.  1,546 

llomcopatliic  Hospital  College,  T,  546 

lliinicopiitliic   institutions,    I,    545 

lloTiicopalhic  jihysicians,   T,   551 

llomeo]iaths.    I.    545 

Hook.  Arthur  ('..  III.  100 

Hopkins.  Benjamin   F..   II.   343 

Hopkins.   David  H..   II.  198 

Hopkins,  Evan  H..  II,  168 

Hopkins,  W.  R..  I.  336 

llopkinson.     A.  G.  (portrait),  I,  356 

llopkinson.  Alan  .S..  II.  390 

Hii]ikiii>on.  .lohn.  I,  604 

Hopp.  L.  v..  I.  545 

llopwiiod.  Erie  C,  I,  588;   II,  440 

ll.irn.  Joseph.  III.   135 

Horn.  ().scar  J.,  II,  372 

Horn,  William.  I,  606:  II.  369 

Ilorsburgh   Forge  Co.,  III.  420 

llorsburgli.   Robert,  HI.  420 

H.irstMiann.  Ignatius  F.,  1,  612,  613;  II, 
90 

llorvath,  Mi<hael  H.,  Ill,  269 


INDEX 


XXXVll 


Hosford.  Harry  W.,  II,  429 

HosmtT,  F.  ],.".  1,  006,  607 

Hosmcr.  (k-or^f  W..  I,  606 

Hospitals.  T.  546.  6:t,') 

Hotel  (.'levolaiid.  H.  22 

Hotpl  ytatler    of    Clpvcland.    Tlit>.    III. 

365;   formal  opeiiin<;.  III.  366 
Houck.  G.  F.,  I,  554 
Hough,  U.  W.,  I,  664 
Hough   School.  I.  365.  390 
House,  Allan  C,  HI,  51 
House.  J.  Arthur.  I.  710;  II,  277 
House  of  the  (iood  Shepherd,  I,  623 
Housum,  B.  W.,  I.  671 
Houtz,  Olia  A..  I.  364 
Hovev.  Miss  Frank  C  I,  364 
Howard.  John  .T.,  II,  394 
••How  Did  Vou  Die?"  (Cooke),  I,  576 
Howe,  Charles  S..  I,  380,  400,  558»,  709; 

III,  280 
Howe,  Eben  D.,  I,  131,  583 
Howe,  Frederick   C,  I,  553* 
Howland,  .loseph,  I,  7 
Howland,  Paul  I.  531,  662,  710 
Hoynesite,  III,  527 
Hoynes  Safety    Powder   Company,   III, 

528 
Hovnes,  \V.  J.,  IH.  528 
Hovt,  Charles,  I,   159 
Hovt,  Colgate.  II.  516 
Hovt,  Daniel  ().,  I.   545 
Hovt,  Elton.  II,  516 
Hoyt.  Ceorge.  I.  586 
Hovt,  .lames  H.,  I,  293;  H,  515 
Hovt,  .lames  M.,  I,  630;  II,  514   . 
Hub.  .John  C,  ,Tr..  Ill,  101 
Hubbard.  Addison  T..  MI,  312 
Hubbard.  Nehemiah.  .Jr.,  I,  7 
Hubbeil.  Oliver  S.,  Ill,  265 
Hubbv.   Leander  M.,  I.  212,  220 
Hubef,  William  E..  HI,  274 
Hubert  V,   (Jeorge.    Ill,    139 
Hubert'v,  Peter,  HI,  139 
Huck  School,  I,  390 
Hudson,  Arthur  J.,  H,  206 
Hudson,  David,  I,  47 
Hudson,  W.  N.,  I,  412 
Huggins,  Blanche.  I.  364 
Hughes.  Arthur.  I,  710 
Hughes,  Ernest.  Ill,  227 
Hughes  Provision  Companv,  III,  228 
Hughes,  Sam  T..  HI.  358  " 
Hughes.  William.  I.  713 
Hulett  Car  Dumper  Machine,  III,  131 
Hulett  George  H.,  HI,  130 
Hulett.  Ralph   M.,  II,  267 
Hull,  .lohn    B..    H.    419 
Hulligan,  William  H.,  I,  275 
Humphrev.  Dudlev  S..  Ill,  331 
Humphrey.  Van  R.,  I,  197 
Hungarian   Bene  Jeshurum,  I,  616 
Hungarians  in  Cleveland,  I,  620 
Hungerford,  Florence  A.,  I,  384 


Hunt,  Chester  W.,  Ill,  303 
Hunt.   Edward   P..  HI,  177 
Hunt,  Marv  R.,  HI,  178 
jhuit.   Xatl'ian.  I.  453 
Hunt.  William  H.,  II,  456 
lluntiufiton,  (ieorge  C,  I,  205 
Huntington,  .John,  I,  258,  505;  II,  8 
Huntington,  Mrs.  John.  I,  290 
Huntington.  Sanuiel.   I,   47,   48,   57,   61, 

03,  68,  72,  74,  75,  496,  503,  521,  527", 

689 
Huntington   (Samuel)  diary,  I,  48 
llurd.  .lov  .S..  Ill,  247 
llurlbut.   11.  B.,  I,  565 
Hurllmt.  John  E.,  I,  258 
Huron   Road  Hospital,  I,  549 
Hussev,  Richard,  I.   568 
Huston,  Arthur  J.,  Ill,  441 
llutchings.   Samuel,  I,  129 
Hutcliins.  John  ('.,  I,  511,  519;  II,  57 
Hutchinson.  Hubbard  C,  II,  383 
Hutson   Coal   Company,   III,  87 
Hvatt,  Harrv  C,  I.  446 
Hvde,  Arthur  G.,  II,  247 
Hvde,  Elisha,  I,  7 
Hyde.  Wilbur  H..  Ill,  297 
llvdraulic  Pressed  .Steel  Company,  HI, 

'371 
Hvre,  Alonzo  E.,  I,  713 
Hyre,  Sarah  E.,  I,  376,  384 

Ice  Plant  Ordinance,  III,  460 

Ideal  Tire  and  Rubber  Company,  The, 
II,  189,  212 

Illustrations  (see  also  Maps  and  Por- 
traits) :  Moses  Cleaveland's  Com- 
mission, I,  13;  The  Buckeye  House, 
38;  Cleveland  in  1800,  46;  Judge 
Kingsbury's  House.  71;  First  Court- 
house. 93;  Franklin  House,  1825, 
103;  Old  Trinity  Church.  1828-29; 
106;  .St.  .John's  Clmrch,  1828-29,  107; 
Alfred  Kelley's  Home.  109;  Commer- 
cial Bank  C^heck.  Ill;  Bank  Note, 
111;  Shinplasters,  113;  Cleveland's 
First  Schoolhouse,  115;  First  Num- 
ber of  the  "Cleaveland  Gazette 
and  Commercial  Register."  117; 
Walk-in-the-Watcr.  120;  A  Present 
Day  JIamnioth  of  the  Lake,  121; 
First  Number  of  the  "Cleaveland 
Herald,"  122;  Old  Weddell  House, 
124;  Euclid  (Collamer)  Presbyterian 
Church,  127;  Doan's  Corners  Congre- 
gational Church,  127;  Old  Stone 
Church.  128;  The  Academy  Building, 
131;  Harvev  Rice  Monument.  134; 
The  Second  Courthouse,  1828-1858, 
137;  First  Number  of  the  "Cleveland 

Advertiser."  140:  Runaway  Slave  Ad- 
vertisement, 150;  Cleveland  in  1833, 
152:  First  Baptist  Church,  153; 
Cleveland     from     Court     House     in 


xxxvm 


INDEX 


1834,  156;  Columbus  Street  Bridge, 
176;  Directory  of  Cleveland  and 
Ohio  City.  185;  First  Catholic 
Church,  187;  Western  Reserve  Real 
Estate  Association  Notes,  191;  Bank 
of  Cleveland  Xote,  191;  'The  Cleve- 
land Liberalist,"  192;  Ohio  Canal 
Packets  and  Fast  Stage  Line,  196; 
First  Number  of  the  "Cleaveland  Ga- 
zette and  Commercial  Register."  117; 
Ohio  Railroad  Company  Notes,  203; 
Home  of  Doctor  Kirtland,  207; 
Stoekley's  Pier.  215;  Cleveland  in 
1853,  225;  New  England  House,  238; 
Northrop  and  Spangler  Block.  231; 
Strickland  Block,  232;  The  Court- 
house in  1885.  235;  The  Perry  Monu- 
ment. 243;  Superior  Street  in  1865, 
248;  Northern  Ohio  Fair  Grounds, 
252;  A  City  Hall  that  Was  Not 
Built,  254;  The  Old  Workhouse.  255; 
The 'Old  Union  Clubhouse.  259;  On 
the  Lake  Front.  263 ;  Bank  Street, 
1868.  264;  Academy  of  Music,  264; 
Forest  City  Hall,  1875,  265;  City 
House,  1876,  266;  Moses  Cleaveland 
Statue,  370;  Garfield  Memorial,  272; 
Interior  of  Garfield  Monument.  273; 
Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Monument, 
284;  Old  Postoffice,  286;  Centennial 
Log  Cabin,  292;  Centennial  Arcli, 
295;  Bicycle  Parade,  297;  Wheel- 
men's Day  Crowd,  397;  Early  Set- 
tlers at  the  Log  Cabin,  398;  Camp 
Perry-Payne,  300;  Pioneer  Parade, 
301;  Put-in-Bay  Memorial,  303; 
Perry  Day  Parade,  304;  Flag  Pres- 
entation to  Volunteers  for  Cuba, 
316;  Tom  Johnson  Statue  in  the 
Public  Square,  319;  East  Ohio  Gas 
Company's  Building,  327;  Moses 
Cleaveland's  Memorial  at  Canter- 
bury, 330;  The  Day  Before  the 
Launching,  335;  Tlie  Niagara  Enter- 
ing Cleveland  Harbor,  336;  Prospect 
School,  345;  West  High  School,  359; 
East  Cleveland  Central  School.  363; 
New  Central  High  School,  307;  East 
Technical  High  .School,  385;  West 
Technical  Higli  School.  3S5;  Empire 
School.  387;  llazcldell  School,  390; 
The  Main  Building,  Adelbert  College, 
390;  Adelbert  College  Campus.  397; 
Main  Building  of  the  Case  School 
of  Applied  .Science,  399;  The  Uni- 
versity .School  Building.  403;  St. 
Ignatius  College  Building.  406; 
Western  Reserve  HiHtorical  Society's 
Building  on  the  T'ublic  .'8<|uare.  4 111; 
Historical  Society  Building  of  To- 
day, 416;  Library  liuilding  of  1879. 
41 H;  Elevation  of  the  Coming  Pub- 
lic   Library     Building,     420;     I'ublic 


Branch  Libraries,  423;  The  City  Hall 
of  Today.  430;  Fires  Always  Wait- 
ing for  the  Lumber  District,  443; 
Public  Square,  Showing  Superior  and 
Euclid  Avenues,  450;  Residences  on 
Euclid  Heights.  451;  The  New  High 
Level  Bridge,  458;  Superior  Avenue, 
Looking  East  from  the  Square.  463; 
Euclid  Avenue  Business  Section 
Looking  West,  463 ;  Rocky  River 
Bridge  and  Its  Concrete  Span.  464; 
The  Federal  Building.  468;  Doan 
Brook,  Gordon  Park,  480;  Along  the 
Canal,  480;  Centaur  Lake  and  Mu- 
seum of  Art,  482;  Entrance  to  Edge- 
water  Park,  485;  Municipal  Bath 
House.  485:  Cliffs  and  Bridges  at 
Brookside,  486;  West  Side  Municipal 
Market  House.  492;  Present  County 
Courthouse.  495;  St.  Alexis  Hospital. 
547;  County  Infirmary  at  Warrens- 
ville.  548;  "  Saengerfest  Hall.  563; 
Cleveland  Museum  of  Art  in  Wade 
Park.  564;  The  Cleveland  School  of 
Art.  564:  The  Arkites.  570;  Trinity 
Cathedral.  599:  In  Lake  View  Cem"- 
etery.  Showing  the  Garfield  Memorial, 
627;  Perkins  Block,  637;  Northwest 
Corner  of  Superior  Avenue  and  Sen- 
eca Street,  638 ;  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building 
(1875),  639;  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building  on 
Euclid  Avenue  and  East  Fourth 
Street,  640;  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building 
(1891),  641;  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building 
(19J8),  645;  Naval  Recruits  in  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  Building,  646:  Y.  W.  C.  A. 
Building  (1918).  650;  Dining  Room 
of  the  Y.  W.  C.  A..  651;  Slimmer 
Camji  of  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  f.52:  Fifth 
Ohio  Infantry  in  the  .Stadium  at  El 
Paso.  Texas.  663;  Central  Armory, 
664;  Lakeside  Hospital  (War  Unit 
No.  4),  673;  Iron  Ore  Docks  of  the 
Present,  695;  The  Union  Club  House, 
703;  Cuyahoga  River  Scene.  705; 
(Cleveland  Home  of  the  Oil  King.  715; 
The  Koikcfcller  and  Andrews  Build- 
ing, 717;  .Standard  Oil  Works  in 
Cleveland.  I.  721. 
Iiulcpendent  Monteliore    Shelter   Home, 

1.  616 
Independent      Protestant      Evangelical 

Church.  I.  005 
Indian   land  claims.  I.  15,  69,  171 
"Indian  Trails"  (Whittlesey).  I,  171 
Indian   Treaty.  I.  69 
Industrial   Welfare  tympany,  III.  182 
Inihistries   (see  also  Manufactures):   In 
1837.  1.   193;   of  Cuyahoga  county  in 
1840.  209:  of  1840  and  1860.  693." 
Ingersoll.  Alvan   V..   I.  530;    II.   337 
Ingersoll.  .lonathan  E..  II,  336 
Ingham.  Mary  B..  I,  383,  389,  296,  306 


INDEX 


XXXIX 


Tiisiahnm,  Timothy,  I,  208 
Iiiitintivc  ami  ri'lcrcnduiii.  III,  271 
Insolvi'iicy  ami  juvenile  court,  I,  520 
liiter-dcnoniiiiational  exchange  of  pas- 
tors. I,  633 
Interstate  Foundry  Co.,  III.  290 
Interurban  .service   (see   Street  Cars) 
Investment   Securities  Company.  II,  385 
Investors  Mortgage  Conipanv,  The,  11, 

209 
Ireland,  Joseph,  I,  413 
Ireland.  Mrs.  Robert  L..  I,  625;  HI,  384 
Irelanil.  Robert  L..  Ill,  384 
Irish  Catholics,  I,  614 
Iron,  in,  40;   first  shipment.  III.  41 
Iron  and  steel  industries  (1890),  I,  377 
Iron  city  of  the  country.  III.  40 
Iron   ind'ustries  (1865). "l,  348 
Iron  manufacturing  center.  Ill,  2 
Iron  Ore  Docks  of   the  Present    (illus- 
tration), I,  695 
Iron  ore,    first    received,    I,    226;    trade 
(1865),   247;    traffic,   376;    commerce, 
338;    movements    (1876,   1896,  1917), 
704. 
Iron  ship,  first,  I,  250 
Iron   steamer.  III,  38 
"Iron  Trade  Review,"  I,  693 
Irving  .Street  Society,  I,  601 
Irwin.  Robert  B..  I.  384,  394 
Irwin.  William  W.,  I,  503 
Italian  Hall,  I,  265 
Italians  in  Cleveland,  I,  630 

Jackson,  B.  W.,  I,  378,  380 

Jackson  Iron  Company,  II.  415 

Jackson.  James  F..  I." 633;   III.  328 

Jacobi,  Stella  Ml.  Haves.  II,  540 

JafTa,  Eva  L.,  Ill,  353 

Jaglinski,  Joseph    P.,   HI,   45 

James,  David  R..  HI,  412 

James.  Henrv   .M..   1.   362.  363 

Jamieson,  Frank  T..  Ill,  291 

Janes,  Edwin   H.,   HI,   399 

Janes,  Julius  F.,  II.  131 

Jared,  I^uis  W.,  IH,  453 

Jasienski,  John   F.,   II,  411 

Jeavons,  Albert  N.,  11,  435 

Jeavons,  William  R.,  Ill,  489 

Jefferson  avenue  bridge,  I,  455 

Jefferson  Park,  490 

Jenkins,  J.  Verne.  Ill,  14 

Jenkins.  W.  0..  I.   544 

Jennings  Avenue  Evangelical  church,  I, 
606 

.Tennings,  David  .T.,  HI.  17 

Jennings,  John   G.,  I,  710,  711;    III,  33 

Jennings  Sanitary  Milk  Bottle  Com- 
pany, The.  IH,  'l7 

Jerka."  Joseph   P..  HI.  155 

Jerome.   Frank  J..   Ill,  38 

Jewett,  Cyrus  A.,  III.  93 

Jewett,  John  H.,  Ill,  272 


.lewish  congregations.  I,  615 

.Icwish  Orphan   Asvluni.  1,  616,  633 

■Mcwish   World,"  11,   386 

.lohns,  S.  CD.,  Ill,  361 

.Johnson,   Crisfield,  I,  31 

.lohnson,  Frank  D.,  IH,  51 

Johnson,  George  C,  HI,  301 

Johnson,  H.  H.,  I,  709 

.lohnson,  Henrv  J.,  II,  482 

.lolmson,  John'F..  IH,  440 

.Iohns(m.  Levi.  I.  78»,  (portrait)  79;  94, 

98.    120,    504;    II,    146 
.lohnson,  Levi  A.,  H,  149 
.lohnson,  L.  D..  I.  208 
Johnson.   M.  B..  I,  677 
J(.hnson,  Mayor,  era.  I,  317-31 
.Johnson,  Philander  L..  II,   149 
.lohnson.  Robert  C,  I,  7 
.lohnson,  Russell  V..  1,  447 
.lohnson,  Samuel  W.,  I,  8 
.Johnson,  Tom  L.,  I,  333,  317,  318,  339, 

380.  440.  442.  489;  II,  479;  III,  461 
•lohnston.  .lames.  I,  7 
J(,nes.  Asa   W.,   I.  289 
.lones  Avenue  Congregational  church,  I, 

601 
Jones,  Dave  R.,  HI.  333 
Jones,  G.  J..  I.  546 
Jones,  George  W..  Ill,  383 
.Jones,  Howard  G.,  Ill,  98 
Jones,  J.  D.,  I,  544 
Jones,  J.  Horace  HI.  310 
Jones,  J.  Powell,  I.  384 
Jones,  James  M..  I,  260,  510,  511,  532 
Jones,  John,  I.  333 
.Jones,  Louis  H..  I,   303.   376,  378 
Jones.  Norton   T.,  HI,   377 
.Jones,  Paul  D.,  H,   357 
.Jones.  R.  G..  I.  384 
.Jones,  Ralph  J..  HI,  344 
Jones,  Robert   F.,   I,  378 
Jones,  .Samuel,   I.  70,  94 
.Jones.  Thomas.  .Jr..  I.  258 
Joseph.  Emil,  I,  425 
Joseph,  Isaac,  II,  322 
Joseph,  Moritz.  II.  321 
.Joyce.  Adrian  D..  II.  494 
Judd.  Bernard  A.,  IIL  317 
Judd.  J.  Frank,  .Jr.,  HI,  197 
.Judd,  William,  I,  7 
.Judges   (see  Bench  and  Bar) 
Juncker.  H.  D.,  I,  608 
.Junction  Railroad,  I,  313 
Junior  high  schools,  I,  383 
Justh,  Louis  G.,  II,  438 
.lustices  of  the  Peace,  I,  494 
Juvenile  court,  I,  520,  536 

Kaiser,  Peter  H.,  I.  532,  536' 
Kalina,  Procop  V.,  HI,  335 
Kalish,  Abram  A..  Ill,  129 
Kalsch,  .John,  Jr.,  Ill,  446 
Karaerer,  Edwin   A.,  II,  526 


xl 


INDEX 


Kane.  \V.  A.,  I,  410 

■Kant  Krack"  products,  III,  43 

Kassiilker,   Paul   G.,  II.   161 

Kaufman,  Albert   H..  III.  321 

Kavanagh.  Francis  B..  Ill,  480 

Kayler.  George   W.,   II,   563 

Kaynee  Company,  The,  III,  134 

Kean,  .Jeflerson  R..  I,   673 

Kearns,  ilichael  F..  III.  419 

Keating.  Michael  C.  III.  413 

Kedslie,  F.  T.,  I,  713 

Keeler,  Harriet  L.,  I,  344,  363,  379,  581" 

Keenan,  Joseph  B.,  11,  377 

Keep.  John,  I,  139 

.Keese.  Philip  H.,  Ill,  378 

Keffer,  John,  III,  296 

Keiser,  Forrest  E.,  Ill,  283 

Keith,  Myron  R.,  I,  520 

Keller,  Henrv  G.,   I,  565 

Kellev.  Alfred  I.  81,  85*,  (portrait)  86; 

91.' 92,  94,  98,  100,  108,  109,  110,  157, 

168,  212,  314,  317,  501,  502.  503,  504, 

692:   II.   11 
Kellev  art  galleries.  I.  565 
KelleV,  Daniel.  I,  100;   II.  10 
Kellev.   Uatus.   I.   89*.    149 
"Kelley  Family  History."  I.  108 
Kelley".  Hermo'n  A.,  I.  90;  II,  9 
Kelley,  Horace,  II.  8 
Kellev,  Irad.   I,   568 
Kelley,  Madison,  I,  141,  346,  348.  585 
Kellev,  Moses,   I,   157,   163,   166*,    (por- 

tra'it)    167;    208 
Kelley-Perkins  Play  Ground,  I,  491 
Kellev,  Samuel  W.!  I,  550* ;  III,  389 
KelleV.  Thomas,  I,   157,   565 
Kelley,  Thomas  M.,  I,  568 
Kellev's    (Alfred)    Home    (illustration). 

I.   109 
Kelley's  Island.  I.  89;   TI.  9 
Kellev's   large  stone  house,  I,  108 
Kellman.  John.    Ill,   337 
Kellogg,  David,   I,   74 
Kellv.  Daniel,   I,   55 
Kelly.  Frank  A,  II,  340 
Kellv,  Frank  H.,  I,  519 
Kelly.  John   T..  II.  213 
Kelly  Springfield  Tiro  Company,  III,  60 
Kcls'cv.    Lorenzo  A..   I,   179,  213 
Kendill  Mrs.  F.  A..  I,  372,  290,  310 
Kendrick.   0.  C,  I,  364 
Keniian.  ('.  I.,.,  311 
Kennard  House,  I.  341 ;   II,  154 
Kennard's  school,  I,  390 
Kennedy,  diaries  K..  I.  425,  587,  592 
Kennedy,  James,  I,  592 
Kennedy,  James  H.,   I,   580* 
Kennedy,  Thomas  M.,  I.  511,  512;    III. 

514 
Kenney.   William  A..  I.  446 
Kentucky  reservoir  abandoned,  I.  435 
Kentucky   school,  I,  390;   III.  129 
Kentucky   Street  school.  I.  356 
Kerns,  Theodore    I..   II.   ."i.'ll 


Kerr.  Clarence  V.,  III.  137 

Kerr.  Levi.   I.   400 

Kerruish,  Sheldon  Q.,  II,  161 

Kerruish,   William   S.,  I,  428;    H,   160 

Keyes.  M.  J.,  I,  336 

Kiefer,  Henry,  I,  711 

Kilbourne,  George,  I.  74 

Kilbv.  Daniel  J.,   Ill,   389 

Kilby,  .Joseph   F.,   Ill,   388 

Kilbv  JIanufacturing  Conipanv.  111,388 

Kimball.   Anna    W..    111.    365  " 

Kimball.  Jlrs.  S.  H.,  I,  563 

Kimberly.  Robert  L.,  I,  659 

Kimniel,"  Daniel  D..  III.  115 

King,  Albert  E.,  Ill,  176 

King.  David,  I,  7 

King,  Ebenezer,  Jr.,  I,  7 

King  Iron  Bridge  Company,  I,  459 

King.  John  A.,  II,  556 

King,  Ralph.  I,  415.  417 

Kingsbury.  James.  I.  33.  43,  51.  60,  63, 

(portra'it)    64:   67,  74,  75,  98,  495 
Kingsbury  Run  Park,  I,  489,  491 
Kingsbury  Run   viaduct,  I,  460 
Kingsbury's  House   (illustration),  I,  71 
Kingsland,  ,T.  S..  I,  412 
Kingsley,  Charles  W.,  Ill,  237 
Kingsley,  George  T.,  I,  188 
Kingsley,  Henry  C,  I,  555 
Kingsley.  Herbert  B..  III.  64 
Kingsley.  Hiram   F..  III.  64 
Kinney."  Frank   A.,   Ill,  430 
Kinney,  (ieorge  W.,  I,  288,  709.  710 
Kinsman   school,  I.   390 
Kinsman  street.  I.  450 
Kinsnutn  Street   Railway   Company,   I, 

341 
Kirby,  Ephraim.  I.  7.  8 
Kirk",  (ieorge.  I.  180,  184.  305 
Kirkpatrick.  John  H..  11.  501 
Kirtland.  Jared  P.   (portrait),  I,  306*; 

504.  543.  555 
Kirtland   (.Tared    P.)     Home     (illustra- 
tion). I.  207 
Kirtland  Society  of  Natural  Science,  I, 

555 
Kirtland.  Turhand.  I,  44.  51.  75 
Kirtland    (Turliaiul)  letters,  I,  44 
Kiser.   Samuel   K..  I.  593 
Kissani.  Wilmot  H.,  Ill,  385 
Kitchen,  Mrs.  H.  W.,  I.  311 
Kittredge.  Lewis  IT.,  HI,  30 
Klaus.  Fred  R..  ITT.  404 
Klaw  &   Krlanger,  HI,  545 
Kleinman,  S.  TI..  Ill,  268 
Klemm.  Louis  R..  I.  362 
Kline,  Mrs.  Virgil  I'.,  I,  310 
Kline.  Virgil  P..  I,  260,  532,  533,  536*; 

II.  13 
Kling.  John  A.,  1,  671 
Kling.  Louis  A.,  TIT.  44.'> 
KloBsen.   Harry  J..  ITT,  19S 
Klumph,    Arcli,    T,    684,    685,    710;    11, 

481 


INDEX 


xli 


Kimpp,  TIarry  B.,  II,  530 

Knight,  Thomas  A.,  Ill,  81 

Knights  of  Columbus,  I,  625 

Knirk.  Curl  F.,  HI.  295 

Knowlton,  \V.  A.,  I,  544 

Koch      &      BacrwaUlc      Mauufiicturiiig 

Company.  HI.  318 
Koch,  Frocl  C.  Ill,  218 
Koch,  George  H.,  I,  710 
Koch,  George  D.,  II,  54fi 
Koch,  George    D.   &    Son   Company,    11. 

546 
Koebler.  William.  HI.  180 
Koelliker.  Goijrge  1'..  II,  35" 
Kohn,  Joseph,  III,  460 
Kohn,  iSolomon.  HI,  459 
Kolbe,   George  .\..  I.  500 
Komlos,  Emerv  H.,  HI.  529 
Kortan,   K.hvanl  .1..  Ill,  .440 
Kramer,  Samuel  K..  I,  448 
Kraus,  Alexander  S.,  II.  351 
Kraus.  J.  R..  I,  710 
Krause,  Frank  S.,  Ill,  524 
Krause,   Lester  L..  III.   170 
Krauss,  Herman  D..  Ill,  348 
Kreps,  John  E.,  Ill,  324 
Kroehle,  Albert  K..  III.  487 
Kroehle.   Paul   E.,  IH.  135, 
KroU,  Herman  K..  HI,  424 
Krug,  Joseph,  I,  375 
Knise,  Alfred  C,  III,  336 
Kuhlman,  G.  C.  Car  Company,  III,  445 
Kujaw  ski.  Leon  A..  II,  245 
Kundt/.,  Theodor.  III.  406 
Kundtz,  Theodor.  Company,  III,  407 
Kysela,  Frank,  HI,  181 
Kyscla,  Joseph  A..  HI.  181 
K.  &  M.  Brass  and  Aluminum  Castings 

Company,  III,  441 

Lafayette,  coach,  II.  356 

Laganke.  Charles  F.,  Ill,  74 

Lake  Erie    Builders    Supply   Company, 

in,  155 
Lake  Erie   Telegraph   Company,  I,  213 
Lake  Front  (illustration),  I.  263 
Lake  Front  litisation.  II.  83 
Lake  Front  Park.  I,  491 
Lake  Shore  Banking  &  Trust  Company, 

III,  320 
Lake  Shore  Moving  and  Storage  Com- 
pany. Ill,  343 
Lakeside  Base  Hospital  Unit.  I,  672 
Lakeside  Hospital,  I,  471,  548 
Lakeside  Hospital  Unit,  III,  536 
Lakeside  Hospital    (War    Unit   No.   4) 

(illustration),  I,  073 
I^ke  (Watterson  Relief)  school,  I,  390 
Lake  Superior  ore,  first  cargo  of,  IH,  2 
Lake  View  Cemetery  (showing  Garfield 
Memorial)  (illustration),  I.  627,  628 
Lake  View  Park.  I.  255.  479,  491 
Lakewood  Engineering  Company,  III, 
375,  555 


Lakewood   Hospital,  I,  549 

Lamb.  Daniel  H..  I,  179,  211,  212     . 

l.an\oreaux,  Fred  M.,  HI,  430 

Lamson,  Alfred  W.,  I,  511 

Lamson.   Isaac  P..  I.  710 

Land.  Alfred  D..  Ill,  423 

Land  speculation  in  183:!-35.  I,  157 

Lander.   Frank  K.,  I,  458 

l.andon.  Charles  N..  H,  498 

LandoM,  Joseph,  I.  20,  28,  32,  39 

Lanilon   school,  I,  390 

l.,ane.  Edwin  G.,  I,  662 

Lang.  Charles  F..  Ill,  375 

Lang.  Lawrence  H.,  HI,  303 

Langston,  Charles.  I.  238 

Lanza.   Louis  R.,  11.  356 

Lapp.  Charles  W.,  I.  713 

Laronge.  Joseph,  IH,  351 

Laronge,  Joseph,  Real  Estate  Company, 
HI.  351 

Latinu'r.  Howard.  III.  475 

Latimer.  Jay  E..  III.  553 

Laub.  Jacob,  HI.  369 

Lanb.  .lacob.  Baking  Company,  III,  369 

Law   Department,  I.  445 

Law  Library  Association,  I,  532 

Lawn   school,  I,  390 

Lawrence,  A.  G.,  I,  519 

Lawrence,  F.  D.,  I.  713 

Lawrence,  James,  II,  82 

Lawrence,  James  H.,  Ill,  65 

Lawrence.  Keith,  11.  83 

Lawyers    (see  Bench  and  Bar) 

Lazarus.  Myron  E..  Ill,  63 

Leader  Brass  Foundry  &  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  III,  267 

Leader  Printing  Company  (The).  I,  591 

Leading  shipbuilding  port,  I,  249 

LeBel,  John  D..  Ill,  522 

LeBlond,  C.  H.,  II,  519 

Lee,  Mrs.  H.  J.,  I,  282,  311 

Leech.  William  P..  I.  592 

Lefkowitz.  Isador.  IH,  427 

Leggett.   Mortimer   D..   I,   535* 

Lehr,   Adam.   I.   563 

Leibel.  Jonas.  HI.  437 

I.einard.  H.  0..  II,  483 

Leland,  C.  P..  I,  258 

Lemen.  Tom.  I, -205 

Lemperly.  Charles  M.,  Ill,  363 

Leonard.  Bishop.  I.  402 

Leonard,  William  A.,  I,  290,  554,  596, 
598 

Leopold,  A.  F.,  I,  710 

Lester,  S.  F.,  I.  709 

Leutner.  Winfred  G..  Ill,  556 

Leuty.  Demaline,  I.  710 

Levi."  Max.  IH,  209 

Levine.  Manuel,  I,  512 

Levison.  Emanuel,  III,  416 

Lewis,  Alfred  H..  II,  133 

Lewis.  Claude  C,  III,  287 

Lewis,  E.  H.,  I,  217 


xlii 


INDEX 


Lewis  Family,  11,  132 

Lewis,  George  W.,  L  709 

Lewis,  Irving  J.,  II,  134 

Lewis  Jewelry  Company.  Ill,  2S8 

Lewis.  Milford,   III.   425 

Lewis,  Robert  E.,  I,   642,  643,   677 

Lewis,  Sanford  ,J.,  I.  213,  220,  226,  227 

Lewis,  Tracy  H.,  11,  135 

Lewis,  William  E.,  II,  132,  135 

Liberty  loans.  I,   679 

Liberty  Trucks,  II,  205 

Libraries.   I.   572 

Library  Building  of  1879   (illustration), 

I,  4i8 
Library  Park,  I,  489,  491 
Library  school.   Western   Reserve   Uni- 
versity. I,  398 
Liebich,  Arthur  K.  A.,  I,  663 
Lieghlev.  Per  Lee  A.,  I,  532;   III,  47 
Liggett",  Clarence  V.,  II,  842 
Light  Horse  Troops,  I,  656 
Light  house  built,  I,  138 
Lighthouse  street  bridge,  I,  454 
Lincoln  Fire    Pioof   Storage   Company, 

III,  475 
Lincoln  high   school  building,  I,  377 
Lincoln  junior  high  school,  I,  387 
Lincoln   school,  I,  386,  391 
Lincoln  Square,  I,   478,   491 
Lincoln  visits  Cleveland,  I,  345 
Lind,  James  L..  I,  446 
Linden.   Hugo,   I,   545 
Lindcrman,  J.  C.  W.,  I,  605 
Lindsay,  Hamilton  L.,  III.  481 
Lingenfelter.  Horace  D.,  HI,  113 
l.ippincott.   Gideon   W„   HI,   497 
Lister,  Walter  S.,  II,  301 
Litluumians  in  Cleveland,  I,  631 
Little,  Bascom,   I.    669,   709 
Little.  Mrs.  George  W.,  I.  382 
Little   Sisters   of   the    Poor    (Homo   for 

the  Aged),  I,  610 
Live  stock  trade  (1865),  I,  248 
Loan  sharks.  II,  159 
Local   militia.  I.   66 
Locher,   Milton  L..  II,  200 
Locke.   David  R.,  I.  586 
Locomotive  Engineers'  Mutual  Life  and 

Accident    Ins\irance    Association.    II, 

442 
Locomotive,   first   maiiut'aclurcil    in    the 

West.  I,  691 
Locomotive  works,  first  western,  I,  159 
Loeb,  Louis,  I,  563 
Loftus.  Donald   A.,  HI,  408 
Logan,   Andrew,   I,    116 
Logue,  Joseph  T.,  I,  511 
Long.  Clement,  I,  395 
Long,   David,   J,   83* ;    portrait  84;    90, 

urn,  109,  136.  151,  251,  539,  542;  II, 

321 
U)iiK,  Mrs.  Dr.,  T,  656 
Long.  Theodore   T..  HI.   103 


Longwood  High  School  of  Commerce,  I, 

394 
Longwood  school,  I,  391 
Loomis,  Elias,  I,  395 
Loomis,   Henry   T.,  II,   476 
Loomis,  Leroy  H.,  II,  477 
Loomis,  Luther,  I,  7 
Loomis,  Walter  H..  HI.  398 
Lorain  &  Cleveland  Railway,  I,  465 
Loran-Huron  bridge  proposed,  I,  461 
Lord.  Richard.    I,    159,    173,    177,    178, 

179.  210,  311 
Lord.  Samuel  P.,  I.  8,  75,  171,  173 
Lorenz,  Carl,  I,  435 
Lougee.  William  S.,  II,  30 
Love,  William.  I.  7 
Lower,  William  E.,  Ill,  509 
Lowry,  Hugh  F.,  Ill,  513 
Loyola  high  school,  I,  409 
Luce.  Frank  W.,  I.  602;   HI,  300 
Ludlow,  Arthur  C,  I,  378 
Luetkemeyer  Company,  The,  III,  505 
Luetkemeyer,  Edmund  H.,  HI,  505 
Lxietkemever,  Gustave  W.,  HI,  333 
Luhr.  John  H.,  I,  614 
Lukens,  Mrs.   O.   A.,   I,   364 
Luna  Park,  I,  476 
Lutherans,   I.  •  605 
Lyceum  Theatre,  II,  560 
Lyke,  Fred  J.,  HI.  370 
Lyman.  William,  I,  7 
Lynch,  Charles  P.,  HI.  496 
Lynch.  Clara  E.,  I,  394 
Lynch,  Frank.  I,  660 
Lynch.  John  S..  II.  387 
Lynch,  \'ictor  C,  II,  387 
Lyon,  Richard  T.,  I,  348,  708,  709,  710 
Lyons.  .loseph  H.,  HI,  345 
Lyster,  William  N.,  I,  597 
Lyttle,  George  II.,  HI,  270 

Al.  &   M.  Cninpany.  111.  301 

:\lacCabe.  Julius  'P.    B.,   1,   300 

Madi.   Henry  L..  II,  455 

:Macourek,  Frank  S.,  H,  514 

Mahcr,   Thomas   K..   Ill,    138 

Slail  coaches.  H.  414 

-Mails  lu  1S37,  r,  198 

Main  Building,  Adelbert  College  (illus- 
tration).   1,    396 

^lain  street  .bridge,  I.  455 

Malleable  iron  foundry,  first  in  Cleve- 
land. 111.   7 

.Mallorv.    Itonnie   L.,  TIL  339 

Malloy.   M.  C.  1.  379,  280 

Malm'    Rudolf  A.,  HI,  410 

Malone.  Mrs.  M.  J.,  I,  310 

Mammoth  of  the  Lake  (illustration),  1, 
121 

Alanak,  Frank  C,  III,  349 

Alanehester,  C,  E.,  T.  305 

:\Ianchester.  Daniel    W.,   f,  383,   414 

:\lanheim,  Samuel   W.,  Ill,  307 


INDEX 


xliii 


Mmislield,  J.  C,  I,  446 

.MiiiitiT.   X.  H.,  I,   542 

Miuiual  training  school  opened  (188G), 
I.   372 

Mamifiu'tnres,   1904-14.  ].  70;i 

.Mamitiuturiii^  I'oiporation,  lirst  in 
I'levelanil,   I,   159 

:Many,  Frank  B.,  III.  I(i4 

iiaps:  iSoutlu'in  New  Kiij;lan(l,  1,  2; 
The  Location  of  New  Conneotieut,  4; 
SpaH'ord's  Clevehind  (17U0).  24;iSeth 
Pease  Clevehind  (1796),  24;  Connec- 
ticut Western  Keserve  (1796),  27; 
Windham  I  Conn.)  County  hy  Town- 
ships, 29;  Oliio  Counties  in  ISOO,  49; 
Trumbull.  County  of,  1800,  51 ; 
Spafford's  Cleveland  (1801),  59; 
Cleaveland  in  1814,  97;  Cleveland 
and  Environs  in  ISaS.  IflO;  The  Sec- 
ond Plans  for  Cleveland  Harbor 
(1837),  172;  Cleveland  in  1853,  223; 
Annexations  to  the  Original  Village, 
1S29-1917,  25fi;  Diagram  of  Grou]) 
Plan  of  Public  Buildings,  469;  The 
Cleveland   Park   Svstem,   475 

Marble.  Henry  D..  III.  87 

Marine  tonnage   (1892),  I,  283 

Marion  Play  Grouiul,  I,  491 

Marion   school,  1,  391 

-Markets,     I,  430.  491 

Marquette  Iron  Company,  1,  696 

Marshall,  George  F.,  I,  287 

Marshall.  George  JI.,  I,   586 

ilarshall,  George  T.,  I,  217 

.Marshall.  Isaac  H..  JI,  87 

ilarshall.  J.  D..  I,  446 

Martin,  Daniel.  I,  709 

ilartin.  Earl  E.,  I,  593;  III,  531 

Martin,  Franklin,  I.  686.  687 

Martin,  George  F.,  Ill,  498 

Martin.  .John  T..  I.  447;   HI,  111 

Martin  Luther  National  Slovak 
church.  I.  619 

Martin.  Thomas,  I,  607 

Marty,  Albert  H..  III.  281 

Marvin,  Charles  A.,  II,  140 

Marvin.  Francis  R.,  II,  140 

Marvin,  Ulysses  L.,  II,  139 

Maska.  A.  E..  I.  446 

Maskell,  R.  T.,  III.  189 

Mason.  James.  I.  260.  533 

Mason.  Owen  M.,  III.  510 

Massillon  coal  district.  I,  699 

Masten,  Blanche  C.  II,  379 

Masten.  Frank  S.,  II,  378 

.Masters.  Irvine  U..  I.  233 

Maternitv  Hospital,  I.  549 

Mather,  Flora  S.,  I,  624 

Mather,  Mrs.  Samuel.  1.  313,  314 

Mather,  Samuel,  I.  402,  436,  677,  710; 
UI,  1 

Mather,  Samuel  H.,  I,  353,  354,  357,  635 

Mather,  Samuel,  Jr.,  I,  7,  8 


Mather,   .^^amnel  L.,  I,  598,   691 
Mather.    Samuel    L.,    HI,    543 
Jlatlicr.   Samuel    W.,  Ill,   275 
.Mather.  Thos.,  I,  12 
Mather,  Wm.  (J.,  I,  417,  472 
Matthew  Smith  Tea,  Coll'ec  &  Grocery 

Company,  HI.  428 
Mathews.  James  A.,  II,  229 
Matzen,  Herman  N.,  I,  566 
Mauldin,  James  L.,  Ill,  66 
Maxa.  Lewis,  HI,  431 
May.  I).  Todd.  HI,  135 
Mayflower  School,  I,  354,  391 
Maynard.  AUeyne,  I,  357,  571 
Mayor's  Advisory    War   Committee,   I, 

680 
Mayor  Johnson  era,  I,  317-31 
Mayor's  War  Advisory  Board,  I,  676 
ilciiane.  Alexander,  I,  384 
:\IcBride.  Herbert,  III,  519 
McBride,  John  H.,  I,  402;   III,  518 
McBride,   Leander,  IH,  546 
McBride,  Malcolm  L.,  I,  402,  671 
McCashen,  James  F.,  HI,  326 
McCausland.  Benjamin  W.,  HI,  172 
McClure,  Joseph  C,  III,  334 
McClure,  Samuel  G.,  I.  289 
McClure.  Walter,  II.  106 
McConnell,  George  T.,  I,  662 
McConnell.  William.  I,  506 
McCormack,  Frank  W.,  HI,  214 
McCormick,  C.  W.,  1,  380 
McCornack,  Walter  R.,  I,  384 
McCowatt.  Walter  R.,  I,  599 
McCrea,  James  B.,  Ill,  188 
McDole.  Nathan  K.,  I.  220.  226,  227 
McDonald.  Roy  A.,  HI,  62 
McElroy.  James,  I,  597 
McFadden.  James  A.,  II,  500 
:McFadden.  Wayne  S.,  Ill,  133 
.Mc(iattin.  Alexander,  I,  623 
McGannon.  William  H.,  I,  447,  519;  III, 

141 
McGee,  John  B.,  I,  552 
McGeorge.  Ernest.  II,  520 
McGcorge.  John.  II,  520 
McGlu'ei  Edward  W..  II,  142 
McGorray,  J.  V.,  I,  711 
McGowai'i.  F.  S.,  I,  648 
McGrath.  John.  H,  484 
McHenry,  James,  I,  380 
Mcllratli,  Benson,  HI,  537 
Mcllvaine,  Cliarles  P.,  I,  597 
Mcintosh,  Alexander,  II,  16 
Mclntosli.    Donald.   I,   541,    542 
Mcintosh.  George  T.,  I,  709;   II,  17 
Mclntosli.  Henry  P.,  H,  17 
Mcintosh.  Henry  P.,  Jr.,  II,  18 
Mclntvre.   Seward  B.,  HI,  409 
Mclsaac,  Frederick  H..  Ill,  220 
McKay.  Edward  C,  11,  348 
McKay.  George  A.,  II,  346 
McKav.  George  R.,  II,  384 


xliv 


INDEX 


JIcKay,  Robert  H.,  11,  178 
McKearnev,  William  A.,  1,  60,  ;  HI.  206 
McKee.  Henry  H.,  II,  o33 
McKenney,  Patrick  J..  I,  2.8,  280 
MeKinlev,  William,    I,    293,    294,    466, 

659:    II,  25 
McKinneV.  Henry,  I,  511 
McKinney.  Price,  I,  417 
McKisson,  Robert   E.,  1,  233,   263,  288, 

•>89    291,  292,  303,  316,  435 
McLaren,  William  EI,  586,  598 
McLaiichlan,  Mrs.  William,  I,  313,  314 
McLaughlin,  Peter,  I,  608 
AIcLean,  David,  I,  711 
McLean,  John  C,  IH,  300 
McLean.  John,  I,  505 
McLean.  William,  I.  129,  131 
McMahon,  Walter,  I,  447 
McManus,  Thomas  J.,  I.  428 
McMaster,  Harry  W.,  HI,  266 
McMath,  J.  H.,  I,  511 
McMichael,  Stanley  L.,  II,. 79 
McMorris,  William  H.,  II,  334 
McNairy,  Amos  B.,  I,  709 
McNamara,  Andrew  J.,  Hi.  -^o^ 
McNamara,  William  J.,  Ill,  67 
McNaughton,  William  E.,  II,  239 
McNultv  Bros.  Co.,  Ill,  237 
McQuigg,  John  R.,  I,  662.  669';  III,  515 
Meacham,  Roland  T..  II,  48 
Meade,  Franklin  B..  I,  467;  III,  507 
Meat  curing  by  electricity,  111-67 
Mechanical  Rubber  Company,  The,  HI, 

405 
Meckes.  John,  I,  710 
Medill,  Joseph.  1,  589 
Meier,  Louis.  I,  713 
Melaragno.  Olindo  G.,  HI,  318 
Mellen,  Lucius  F.,  I,  128,  302,  624,  635 
Melodeon   Hall.  I,  265 
"Memorial   Record  of  Cuyahoga   Coun- 
ty." I.  10 
Memorial  school.  T,  391 
'Memphis  schoiil,  1,  391 
Mendclson,  Albert,  111,  134 
Memielssohn  Singing  Society,  1,  501 
Menning,  Joseph,  I,  448;  III,  36b 
Menompsy,  I,  65 

Mercantile  National  Bank,  I,  689 
Merchant,  Ahaz.  I,  118.  194,  450,  452 
Merchant's  Bank,  I,  C93 
Merchants'  Bank  of  Cleveland,  I,  692 
Merchant,  Silas,  I,  118,  353 _ 
Merrell.  George  B.,  Ill,  346 
Merriam,  C.  J.,  I,  657 
Merriam,  Joseph  B..  I,  635.  639 
Merrick.  Frank  J.,  HI.  171 
Mersum,  Mrs.  George  B.,  I,  220 
Merville,  Ernest  E.,  II,  477 
Merwin,  David,  I,  104 
Merwin,  George  B.,  1,  116.  181,  184 
Merwin,  Mrs.  Noble  H.,  I.  55 
Merwin,  Noble  H.,  I,  103,  104 


Metal  Shop    Manufacturing    Company, 

HI.  353 
Metcalf,  C.  S.,  I.  447 
Methodist  Centenary,  I,  603 
Methodist  church,  first,  I,  118 
Methodist  organizations,  I,  601 
Metropolitan  police    system    organized, 

I.  250 
Mexican  war,  I,  656 
Meyer,  Edward  S.,  I.  278 
MeVer  school,  I,  391 
Meyer,  William,  I,  247 
Meyer,  William  L.,  I,  713 
Michael,  A.  J..  I,  484 
Michell,  Frank  A.,  HI.  555 
Michell.  Samuel  B.,  II,  496  _ 
Michelson,  Albert  A.,  I,  557"  • 
Milan  State  Road,  I,  77 
Miles  and  valuation  of  water  works,  1, 

438 
Miles,  Erastus,  I,  109 
Miles  Park,  I,  491 
Miles  Park  Methodist  Episcopal  church, 

I,  602 
]Miles  Park,  Newburg,  I.  478 
Miles  Park  Presbyterian  church,  1,  600 
Miles  Park   school,  I,   391 
Miles  school,  I,  391 
Miles,  Theodore,  I,  568 
Milford  school,  1,  391 
Milford,  William,  I,  194.  208,  707,  708 
Military  organizations  effected   (1877), 

I.  268 
Milk  bottle,  sanitary,   III.   17 
Mill  school.  I,  391 
Millar,  J.  Hamilton,  II,  524 
Miller.  Albin   J.,   II,  543 
Miller,  Asher,  I,  7 
Miller,  Bernard,  I,   713 
Miller.  Burt   A..  II,  200 
Miller,  t'harles   H.,   I,   711 
Miller.  Charles  R.,  I,  337;   HI,  18 
:Miller,  Cloyd  W.,  Ill,  136 
Miller,  George  II.,  HI,  173 
Miller.  Hervey  E.,  II,  297 
Miller,  Josejih  K.,  I,  184 
Miller.  Otto,     1.   680 
Miller,  Pliny,  II,  537 
Miller.  Sampson   II..  H,  319 
Miller,  T.  Clarke.  I,  544 
MillerWells     Lumber     Company.    The, 

III,   130 
Milligan,  John  R,,  HI.  23 
Mills.  Bert  F..  HI,  519 
Alills.  Charles  A.,  I,  601 
Jlills,  David  W.,  HI,  1K4 
iAIills.  Joshua  A..  I.  179,   ISO,   181,   181, 

2(>.-).   207,   210,    543,    543 
Alinderliout,  Christ,  II,  530 
Miner.  Daniel.  I,  502 
Miner.  George  G.,  I.  660 
Miskell.  James  T.,  I,  713 
Mitchell,  William   R..   III.  465 


INDEX 


xlv 


Mizor.  Conrad,  I,   562 

Mizpah  ooiigregatioii.  I.  018 

Mock.   Ralph    D..   III.  372 

Madt'in  J^lcthods  Si'liool  L'oiinianv,  II. 
436 

Modoc  Park   (Franklin  Circle).  I.  477 

Mohrnian.   Edwin   JI..  III.   338 

Holder,  Henry  M..  II.  493 

Moldovan.  Dion.  Ill,  439 

Monks.  Thomas  E.,  II.  39 

Monks.  Zerah   C,  II,  38 

Monroe,  James,  III,   LW 

Monroe,  William  M..  III.  153 

Monson.  Hugh  J..  It.  203 

Monumental   Park.  I.  491 

Mocmey.  M.   P..   1.  680 

Moore,   Edward  W..  III.   159 

Moore.  Edward  Y.,  Ill,  214 

Moran.  Francis  T.,  I,  336,  711 

Moran,  George  F.,  I.  592 

Moran.  Joseph  W.,  III.  361 

Morgan.  Charles.  I,  276 

Morgan,  (^ifford  J..  III.  3S0 

.Morgan.  Elias.   I.   7 

Morgan.  Cilbcrt    E..   II,   299 

Morgan.   Isham  A..  I.  88.  92 

Morgan.   Robert    D..   II.    175 

Morgan.  Robert    M..   I.    513 

Morgan.  Victor.  I.  593:   II.  224 

Morgan,   Y.  L.,  I.  87,  604 

Morgan,  Y'elverton  P..  I,  598 

Morganthaler.  H.  ^V.,  I,  662 

Morison,  David,  I.  278;    III,  201 

Moritz,   Albert.    T,   446 

Morley,  Charles  11..  HI.  272 

Morlev.  Jlrs.  Edward  \V..  1.  563 

Morley.  William    E..   I.   557 

"Morning  Leader."  Cleveland,  III,   45 

Morrill,  Cordon   N.,  Ill,  536 

Morris,  Clara.  I.  566* 

Morris  Coal  Company.   TI,  274 

Mofrow.  James   B.,    T.   592 

Morrow.  Thomas   D.,   Ill,   211 

Morse.  Aaron   P.,   I.   331 

Morse.  Frank  H.,  I.  709;   111.  511 

Morton.  W.  A..  I.  224 

Mosel,  Joseph  H..  III.  269 

Moses,  Augustus  L..  II,  186 

Moses,  Charles  W.,  II,  186 

Moses  Cleaveland  .Statue  (illustration), 
I.   370:    427.    466 

Moses  Cleaveland's  Memorial  at  Can- 
terbury  (illustration).   1.330 

Moses.  Louis  A..  II.   187 

Moses.  Nelson.    II.    185 

Mosher.  C.  F..  I,  593 

Motor-drawn  fire  apparatus.  I.  444 

Moulton.  Edwin   F..  I.  375.  378 

Moulton  school.  I.  391 

Mound  school,  I,  391 

Blount  Sinai  Hospital.  I.  616 

Mowe.  .John  V.,  III.  75 

Mower,  Samuel.  I,  603 


.Moylan.  David.  I.  447 

Mt."  Pleasant  school,  I.  391 

Mmkley.' Henry    C,   I.    375 

.Mueller.   Ernst  W.,  II,  546 

Miieller.   William  C.   II.  429 

.Muhlhauser,   Frank.  Ill,  421 

■Muhlhauser,  Frederick.  III.  420 

.Miilholland.  Harry   H.,  II.  490 

.MuUigraph,   III,   106 

Municijial  hath  house,  Edgewater  Park 

I.  485;    (illustration)    486 
Municipal  Code  of  1870,  I,  432 
Municipal  c(nirt.    I,    517 

Muiiirlpal  government  by  boards.  I.  433 
.M\inici|ml  halls.  I.  333.  470 
.Municipal  markets.  111.  460 
Municipal  ollicials  of  1839-40,  I,  207 
Municipal  Traction    Company,    I,    320, 

321 
Municipal  war  work.   1.   680 
Municipal  water  works,  first.  I.  234 
Munson.  Titus  V..   I.  26 
Murdock.  Marion.  I.  306.  607 
Murphv.   Edmund  A..  I.  713;  III,  381 
Murphy.  John   G..   Ill,  402 
JIurray.  Ebenezer.   I.   77 
Murray.  Harvey,  I.  92 
Murray  Hill  school.  1.  391 
Murray.  John  E..  III.  231 
Murray.  William  P..  Ill,  35 
Museum  of  Art,  IT,  8 
Music.   I.   561 
Musical  composers,  I.  503 
.Musicians,  I,  561 
Mussun.  William  (i..  III.  532 
Mustcrole   Company,    III.   173 
Muth.   W.   F.,   Ill,   193 
Myers.  Walter  C.   III.   438 
Myers.  Walter  E..  II.  143 
Mygatt.  George,  I,  412 

"Xasby"  (see  David  R.  Locke) 

Xash.  Atigustus.  I.  643 

Xash.   William   F.,  111.   401 

National  Acme  Comi)anj%  III.  107,  4(>5 

National   .Armv.  first  death  in.  II.  227 

Nat  onal  Bank  Act  of  1863.  11.  12 

National  Rronze  &  Aluminum  Foundry 

Company.  Ill,  193 
National  Carbon  Company.  Ill,  154 
N^ational  City  Bank,  II,  137 
National  Commercial    Bank,    The,    II, 

194 
National  Conservation  Commission,  lit, 

542 
National  ^ilalleable  Castings  Company, 

II,  59.  292 

National  Railroad  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation, I,  638 

National  Red  Cross  Society,  Auxiliary 
No.  40.  I,  313 

National  Tool  Company.  II,  195 

Native  trees.  II,  146 


xlvi 


INDEX 


Natural   gas,   I,   326 

Nau,  Carl  H.,  Ill,  264 

Naval  Recruits  in  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building 
(illustration).  I.  646 

Neal,  Arthur  W.,  Ill,  132 

Jfeal,  Clarence  J.,  I,  447,  713 

Xeal  Fireproof  Storage  Company,  III, 
132 

Xeal  Institute.  Ill,  283 

Needs.  Samuel  H..  II,  368 

Netr.  Clifford  A.,  II,  80 

Neff.  Edward  W.   S..  II.  79 

Neff.  Elizabeth  H.,  I,  554;   III,  146 

Neff',  Frank  H..  III.   131 

Neff,  Horace.  II,  247 

Netr,  Mrs.  W.  B..  I,  200,  306,  554 

Neff,  William  A.,  I,  258 

Neff',  William   B.,  I.   511,   512;   III,  146 

Xelan,  Charles,  I,  593 

Nelson,  Andrew  E.,  Ill,  238 

Nesper,  Arthur  E.,  Ill,  161 

Nettleship,  George  M..  Ill,  292 

Neuberger,  Jno..   I.   713 

Nevin.  Edwin  H..  I.  601 

New-,  Harry.  III.  54 

Newark-Trent  Play  Ground.  I.  491 

Newberry,  Henry,  I,  693,  698 

Newberry,  John  S.,  I,  231,  555'*,  636; 
II,  295 

Newberry.  Roger.  I,  8 

Newberry.  Spencer  B..  II,  296 

Newburg.  I,  69,  98;  in  1806,  72;  vil- 
lage annexed,  260 

Nowburg  Literary  Society,  I,  568 

New  Central  High  school  building 
(1878),  I.  367.   (illustration)   367 

New  City  Hall.  II.  20 

New  Connecticut   (map).  I,  4,  36-52 

Newell,  Charles  E.,  II,  381 

Newell.  Clarence  L..  II,  396 

New-ell,  Harry  F..  II,   396 

Newell.  Lyman  0.,  I,  446;  III.  486 

New  England  House  (illustration),  I, 
228 

Ncwhall,  Walter  S.,  Ill,  20 

New  High  Level  Bridge  (illustration), 
I,  458 

Newman.  Arthur  R..  II.  291 

Newman,  Charles  IL,  II,  379 

Newman,  Edward   E.,  II,  432 

Newman.  Samuel,  I,  477;   III,  263 

Newman,  Thomas   F.,   II.   425 

New  passenger  depot,  I,  249 

"News  and  Herald."  I.  591 

Newsboys'  and  Bootblacks'  Home,  I, 
639 

Newspapers.  I.  116.  498,  583;  "Cleavc- 
land  (fazettc  and  Commercial  Regis- 
ter." 116.  120;  "Cleveland  Herald" 
founded.  121;  "Cleveland  Advertiser" 
appears,  141:  in  1837,190;  firsl  news- 
paper not  a  Buccess,  582;   "Cleveland 


Herald"  and  Eben  D.  Howe,  583; 
'Cleveland  Plain  Dealer,"  584-89;  The 
west  side  produces  newspaper,  589; 
Young  Edwin  Cowles  introduced, 
589:  Edwin  Cowles.  premier  Cleve- 
land journalist.  590;  the  present 
"Cleveland  News,"  592;  "Cleveland 
Press"  and  Seripps-McRae  League, 
592;  Cleveland  newspaper  tield  as  a 
whole,   594 

Newton.  Thomas  G..  HI.  26 

Newton.  William  H.,  I,  212,  213.  214, 
216 

Niagara  Day.  Perry  Centennial  cele- 
bration. I. "334 

Niagara  Entering  Cleveland  Harbor 
(illustration).   I.   336 

Niagara.  The  Da.y  Before  the  Launch- 
ing  (illustration).  I,  335 

Nichols.  William  M.,  II,  380 

Nicholson.  Ezra,  HI,  512 

Nicholson.  E.  Louis.  Ill,  512 

Nicholson  Ship  Log  Manufacturing 
Company,   III.  512 

Niedzwiedzki,  Henry  DuL.,  II,  231 

Niehaus.   Carl.  I.   566 

Nierath.  John  C,  III.  58 

Nierman.  Robert  G.,  III.  538 

Nineteenth  Medical  District  Society,  I, 
543 

Noble.  Henry  L..  I,  107,  180.  184 

Noble.  Louis   E..   II.   439 

Nock.  Charles  H.,  II,  432 

Noll.  Edward  A..  I.  662;   II,  195 

Norbcrg,  Rudolph   C,  II,  445 

Nord.  Herman  J..  II.  316 

Normal  High   school.   I,  365 

Normal  school.   I.   366.  384 

Norrington.  Ralph  M..  II.  375 

Norris,  Harry  M..  II.  380 

Norris.  W.   W.,  I,  446 

North.  Clare  C,  II,  207 

North  Congregational   church.   I.   618 

Xorth    Doan  school.  I,  391 

North  Electric  Company,  II,  560 

North  Highway  (St.  Clair  street),  I, 
450 

North   Presbyterian  church.  I,  619 

North  Royal'ton.    III.   193 

Northern  Ohio  Fair  Association.  T.  251 

Northern  Ohio  Fair  Grounds  (illustra- 
tion),  I,    252 

Northern  Ohio  Traction  system,  I,  464 

Northrop  &  Spangler  Hlock  (illustra- 
tion).  1.  231 

Norton.  David  Z..  I.  402.  417;  III,  20 

Norton,  Elisha.  T.   65,  70 

Norton,  (leorgic  L..  I.  565 

Norton,   .Minor  G..  I.  289 

Nottingham  school,  I,  391 

Xoville.   lli^nry.   II,   373 

Nunn,  Isidor  C,  III,  233 


INDEX 


xlvii 


Nunn,  John  I.,  I;  278,  280 

Nunn,  John  I.,  Company,  III,  234 

Nutt,  Willard  L.,  Ill,  217 

Oatman,  W.  G.,  1,  189,  570 

OberlinWt'llington  rescue  cases,  I,  236- 
41 

O'Brien,  Charles  C.  Ill,  84 

O'Brien  Hoisting  &  Contractin;;  Com- 
pany,  111.   84 

O'Brien,  .lolm,   II,  2f..5 

O'Brien.  John   E.,  Ill,  84 

O'Brien,  1».   C,   I.   378,   280 

Observation   school,  I,  365 

Observation  (Normal  Training)  school, 
I,  391 

O'Connor,  James  P.  A.,  Ill,  366 

O'Dwyer,  Patrick,  I,  608 

Ograiii.   Edward   N.,  I,  662 

"Ohio  American,"   I,  589 

Ohio  and  Cleveland  cities  incorporated, 
I,   170 

Ohio  Association  of  Remedial  Loan 
Men,  II,  346 

Ohio  becomes  a  state,  T,  63 

Ohio  Building  and  Loan  Company,  III, 
84 

Ohio  Business  College,  III,  394 

Ohio  Canal.  IL  11,  13;  III,  40 

Ohio  Canal  T'ackets  (reproduction  of 
advertisement  I,  I,   196 

Ohio  City,  I,  174.  205;  first  election 
(1836),  177:  mayors  of,  179;  elec- 
tion of  1839,  208;  election  of  1840. 
208:  officials,  1841-45.  310;  Munici- 
pal matters  (1846-48),  212;  Munici- 
pal officers  (1851),  215;  municipal 
officers  (1851),  316:  municipal  offi- 
cers 1852,  320:  in  1853.  236;  annexed-, 
227;  school-houses   (1854),  355 

■'Ohio   City    Argus,"   I,    589 

nliio  Counties  in  1800   (map),  I,  49 

Ohio  Mutual  Savings  &  Loan  Com- 
pany,   III,    84 

Ohio  National  Guard,  I.  368 

Ohio  National  Guard  Jlilitary  Train- 
ing .School  for  Civilians,  I.  664 

Ohio   Provision    Company.   Ill,   188 

Ohio  Railroad  Company  Notes  (repro- 
duction  of),  I.   303 

Ohio  Kailroad  put  to  rest,  I,  202 

Ohio  Rubber  Company,  III,  94 

Ohio  .State  Bar  Association,  first  presi- 
dent, II,  554 

Oils  and  paints,  I,  699 

Oil   refining,  I,  700 

Old   Bohemians.  I.   563 

Old   Postoffice   (illustration).  I.  286 

Old  Stone  church.  I,  126:  burned.  I. 
236:  (illustration)  128,  600;  U,  561; 
III.   104 

Old  Trinity  Church,  1828-29  (illustra- 
tion), I,  106 


Old   I'nion   Clubhouse    (illustration),  I, 

259 
Old  Weddell    House     (illustration),    I, 

124 
Old  workhouse   (illustration),  I,  355 
olds.  Charles  H.,  Ill,  4 
Oliver.   Raymond  B.,  II,  403 
Oliustcad.   Frederick  L.,  I,  467 
Olmsted.  Aaron,  I,  8 
Olnev.  Charles,  I,  565 
OIncy.  Charles  F.,  I.  383,  467 
Olstyii.  Stanley  J.,  II.  450 
O'.Mic   murder  trial,  I,  94 
O'Mic  sequel.  I,  541 
One  Hundred    Fifth    street    market,   I, 

491 
Ong,  Walter  C,  II.  60 
Oppenheim,  Leo,  II,  320 
Oram,  John  S.,  II.  305 
Oram.  Oscar  T.,  II,  306 
Orange  Avciuie  Play  Ground,  I,  491 
Orchard  school,  I,  393 
Ordinance  to  establish  common  schools, 

I,  300 

Ore,  fiist  cargo  of  Lake  Superior,  III, 
2 

O'Reilly,  Thomas  C,  II,  91 

O'Rourke  Engineering  Company,  I,  458 

Orphan  Asylums,  U,  262 

Orth,  Samuel  P.,  I,  383,  580" 

Osborn,  Prank  C,  III,  554 

Osborn,  Henry  C,  II,  303 

Osborn,  Mrs.  H.  W.,  I,  311 

Osborne,  Archibald  L.,  II,  435 

Osmun,  George.  L  211,  312,  216,  217 

Otis  &  Company,  II,  31 

Otis,  Charles  A..  I,  233,  592,  671,  680, 
694,  709;  II,  31 

Otis,  Charles  A.,  Sr.,  H,  29 

Otis  Steel  Company,  I,  691;  II,  29 

Otis,  William  A.. 'l.  163,  164*;  (por- 
trait)   165;    237,    691,   693;    II,   27 

Otis,  W.  F.,  I,  709 

Oul  Building  and  Loan  Association,  HI, 
349 

"Our  Young  Men,"  I,  641 

Outhwaite  school,  I,  393 

Overbeke,  Edward   A..  Ill,  210 

Overseership  of  the  poor  not  wanted,  I, 
102 

Oviatt,  Luther  M„  I,  359 

Owen  Tire  &  Rubber  Company,  III,  107 

Owen,  William  C,  III,  106 

Pach,  Oscar,  III,  32 

Pack.  Charles  L.,  I.  329,  709;  III,  541 

Packard-Cleveland  Motor  Company,  II, 

451 
Packard,  J.  W.,  Ill,  474 
Paddock.  Martin  L.,  I.  658 
Paddock,  Thomas  S..  I.  657,  658 
Paid   fire  department   organized,  I,   247 
Paine,  Charles  A.,  I,  710;  II,  137 


xlviii 


INDEX 


Paine,  Charles  C,  I,  202 

Paine,  Charles  W.,  II,  1G4 

Paine,  Edward.  I,  29,  52,  62,  688 

Paine,  Jewett,  I,  583 

Paine,  Robert  F.,  I,  53,  509.  593 

Painter,  Mrs.  Kenvon  V..  I,  313,  314 

Painter,  W.  11..  I,"  603     ' 

Painters,  I,  565 

Paints,  I,  699 

Palmer,  C.  W..  I,  244,  456 

Palmer,  J.  D.,  I.  247 

Palmer,  William    P..   I.   246.   414,   415. 

417;  III.  5 
Palmers-DeMooy     Foundry     Company, 

III.  187 
Panic   of   1837.  I.   201;   11,   11,  12;   III, 

39:  of  1857.  I.  236;  of  1873.  I.  261 
Pankhurst.  John  F..  I.  484;  UI.  251 
Pardee,  James  T..  I.  453 
Park   Commissioners,   first    board  of,  I. 

255 
Parker.  Charles.  I.  26 
Parkman.  Robert  B.,  I.  504 
Parks,  I,  474-91;  popularized,  489;  sta- 
tistically considered,  490 
Parks  and  public  property  department, 

I,  446 
Parks,  Horace  F.,  II,  228 
Parks,  Leonard  B.,  II,  227 
Parks.  Sheldon.  II.  227 
Parkwood  school.  I.  392 
Parmely,  Benjamin,  I.  447 
Parsons,  Ernest  P..  III.  42 
Parsons,  Fred  W.,  III.  23 
Parsons.  Richard    C,    I.    227.   262.    287, 

427.  530',  584 
Passenger  depot.  I.  249 
Paton.  .James  L..  III.  316 
I'aton.   Robert  W..  II.  434 
Paton.  Willis  U.,  HI,  78 
Patterson,  Charles  A..  II.  298 
Patterson.  William  D.,  I.  255 
Paul.  Hosea.  I,  448;  II,  92 
Payne  avenue,  I.  450 
Payne,    Henry    B.,    I.    141*;     (portrait) 

142;  181,  212,  217,  224,  258,  350,  400, 

507,   527,    531 
Paviie,  Nathan  !>.,  I.  233,  357 
Payne,  Oliver  11..  1,  659 
Pearl  school,  I,  392 
Pearson,  A.  J..  I,  512 
Pearson,  Eleanor  McK.  R.,  III.  447 
Pease,  Calvin,  I,  504,  505 
Pease  Map  of  Cleveland  (1796),  I,  24 
Pease,  Setli.    I.    12,   17,   32,   26,   28,   31. 

40 
Pease   (Setlil  Journal.  I.  32,  40 
Pease   (Seth)    Survey  of  1797,  I,  31-33 
Pease,  Sheldon,  I.  157 
Peck  EnKraving  Company.  HI.  413 
Peck,   Eugene  C,  II,  425" 
Peck,   Frank  A..  II.  307 
Peck,  John  A.,  Ill,  412 


Peck.  Joseph  H.,  I.  643 

Peckham,  George  G.  G.,  II,  440 

Peek,  Allen  B.,  Ill,  343 

Peerless  Motor  Car  Company,  HI, '31 

Peet,  David,  I,  143 

Peet.  Lewis,  I,  568 

Pelton,  Frederick  W.,  I,  233 

Pelton  Park.  I.  479 

Pelton.  Thirsa,  I.  479 

Penfield.   Rose.   HI.   448 

Penfield.  Suela.  HI.  448 

Pennewell.  C.  E..  I,  533 

Pennock,  Alvin  C  III,  558 

Pennsylvania  Rubber  &  Supply  Com- 
pany, III.  160 

Percy.  Frank  E.,  HI.  322 

Perfection  Spring  Company,  II,  199 

Perkins  Block  (illustration).  I,  637 

Perkins,  Douglas.  I,  414,  417 

Perkins.  Emma.  I,  376 

Perkins.  Emma  M..  HI,  195 

Perkins.  Edwin  R..  I,  412;   HI.  15 

Perkins,  Edwin  R,,  Jr.,  III.  16 

Perkins.  I^noch.  I.  8 

Perkins.  Harry  B.,  HI.  359 

Perkins.  Henry  B..  I.  414.  624 

Perkins.  .Jacob  B..  I.  291.  414.  417 

Perkins.  Joseph  1,  400,  412,  572 

Perkins,  Simon.  I,  93 

Permanent  Products  Company,  HI,  227 

Perrin.  John  W..  II,  219 

Perrine,  William  E..  II.  283 

Perry  Centennial  celebration.  I,  334 

Perry  Centennial  parade.  1,  337 

Perry.  Commodore,  II,  147 

Perry  Day,  Centennial  celebration,  I, 
335 

Perry  Day  Parade,  Cleveland  Centen- 
nial   (illustration).   I.   304 

Perry,  Horace,  1.  98.  100 

Perry,  Louis  A..  II,  142 

Perry  Monument,  I,  242,  465;  (illus- 
tration), 243 

Perry,  Nathan,  I,  18,  72;  (portrait)  73; 
SO.  103.   129.  478,  500.  501,  089 

Perry.  Nathan.  Jr..  I,  75* 

Perry,  Oliver.  I.  317 

Perry  statue,  I.  481 

Perry  Victory  Centennial  Commission, 
Hi,  554 

Perry's  Corners.  I.  689 

Perry's  Victory  Day,  Cleveland  Cen- 
tennial. I.  302 

Peters.  Frederick  W..  III.  6 

Peters,  Harry  A.,  I.  402;  11.  430 

Peterson.   Er'win   A..  I.  384 

IVttee.  Ceorge  1)..  1.  403 

I'ettee.  Harold  F..  Ill,  58 

Pettibone.   Arthur  D.,  HI.  339 

Phare.  William  G..  II,  222 

I'lielps.  .Icsse.  1.  73 

I'lielps.  Oliver.  I.  7,  8 

I'lielps.   Samuel  W.,  I,  504 

Phillips,   Frank  C.  1,  448 


INDEX 


xlix 


riiillips,  Oorpe  L..  I,  511,  512 

I'liilliiis.  Kegiimid  G.  A..  111.  74 

Phyllis  Wlicatlfv  Home  11,  393 

Phvsiiians.  1.  5:i9-4;i 

I'iiitt.  .Joliii  H.,  1,  293 

I'Kkiimls.  lU'iirv  S.,  I.  402;   III,  215 

riikaiuls,  J.  D."  I.  710 

I'iikaiuls,  .Tames,   III,   216 

I'iikaiuls,  .lav  M.,  III.  216 

Pierce,  Robert  B.,  Ill,  77 

Pierce,  Stephen  L.,  I,  710;  II,  449 

Pike  road,  II,  116 

Pilgrim  Congregational   ihurcli,    I,   601, 
619 

Pinkerton.  F..  I.  591 

Pinkett,  William  .!„  II,  307 

Pinnev,  Edwin  J.,  II.  376 

Pintner,  Charles,  III.   349 

Pioneer  education  and  religion,  I,  55 

Pioneer  legal  matters.  I,  82 

"Pioneer  Medicine     on     the     Reserve" 
(Dudley  Allen  I.  I.  83 

Pioneer  ministers  of  the  Western  Re- 
serve. I.  56 

Pioneer  Parade,    Cleveland    Centennial 
(illustration),  I,  301 

Pioneers,  II,  55U;  III,  505 

"Pioneers  of     the     Western     Reserve" 
(Rice),  I,  20,  44 

Pioneers  of  the  Western  Reserve,  I,  53 

Pirc,  Louis  J.,  Ill,  531 

Pitkin,  Stephen  H.,  II,  300 

Pitts,   William  E.,  Ill,  564 

Plain  Dealer,  II,  440 

Plain  Dealer   Publishing   Company,   II, 
150 

Plav  Grounds  for  children,   I,  490;   III, 
460 

Pleines.  Henry  T..  III.  486 

Plymouth  church,  I.  126 

PIvmouth   Congregational  church,  I,  216 

Poe,  Adam  W.,  II,  531 

Polak.  John,  III,  548 

Poles  in  Cleveland,  I,  621 

Police    (see   Municipal   court) 

Police  department,  I,  431,  432 

Police  pension  fund,  I,  435 

Pollock,  Wilfred  S.,  m.  386 

Pomerene,  H.,  I,  709 

Pond,  Daniel  H.,  I,  662;  U,  345 

Pope,  Alfred  A..  II.  391 

Pope,  Charles  E..  II,  315 

Pope,  E.  C,  I,  637 

Pope,  Henrv  F.,  II,  293 

Population.  1825-37.  I.  199;  of  Cleve- 
land (1840),  209;  (1851-52),  218 
(1850-60),  243;  (1860-70),  252 
(1870),  371;  (1890-1900).  317 
(1890.  1900.  1910).  332;  (1860-70) 
431:     (1890),   435 

Port  of  Independence.  I.  16 

Porter.   Augustus.  I,  17.  18.  32.  26 

Portraits:       Moses    Cleaveland,    I,    9 


Seth  Pease.  32;  Lorenzo  Carter,  37; 
James  Kingsbury,  64;  Nathan  Perry, 
73;  "Uncle"  Abram  Hickox,  76;  I^'vi 
Johnson,  79;  Samuel  Williamson,  82; 
David  Long,  84;  Alfred  Kelley,  86; 
A.  W,  Walworth,  101;  T.  P,  llandy, 
110;  Leonard  Case,  113;  Reuben 
Wood,  118;  Joel  Scranton,  123; 
Rufus  P.  Spalding,  132;  Sherlock  J. 
Andrews.  135;  George  Worthington, 
i:!9:  Henry  B,  Payne,  142;  Colonel 
Charles  Whittlesey,  147;  Thomas 
Bolton.  158;  Franklin  T.  Backus, 
162:  William  Bingham,  163:  William 
A,  Otis,  165:  Moses  Kellev,  167; 
Mavor  Jolm  W.  Willcv,  18]';  .lared 
P.  kirtland,  206;  William  B.  Castle, 
234;  Hiram  M.  (Father)  Addison, 
369;  Andrew  Freese,  354;  A.  (i.  Hop- 
kinson,  356:  Andrew  J,  Rickoff,  361; 
Burke  A,  Hinsdale,  370;  Rev,  Wil- 
liam B.  iSommerhauser,  S.  J.,  408; 
William  H,  Brett,  424;  Newton  D. 
Baker,  441;  Charles  C,  Baldwin,  515; 
Sarah  J.  Bolton,  574;  I'Mwin  Cowles. 
59(1 :  Rev.  S.  C,  Aiken.  600;  General 
.James  Barnett.  631;  Robert  K. 
Lewis,  642;  Serano  P.  Fenn,  642; 
Ambrose    Swasev,    647 

Post,  Charles  A.,  I,  710 

Post,  .Tames  R,.  HI,  7 

Post,  Nathan,  III,  7 

Postage  rates  in  1837,  I,  199 

PostofTicc   (old)   (illustration),  I,  386 

I'dstoflice    (see  Federal  building) 

Potts,  J.  F.,  T,  446 

Poulson.  Francis  W..  11.  158 

Powell.  Albert,  I.  336,  327  ; 

Powell.  Homer  G..  513.  544 

Powell.    William,   I,   379,   380 

Pratt,  Charles  W.,  Ill,  157 

Pratt,  Clvde  H,.  IL  468 

Pratt,  F.B.,  I,  314,  357 

Pratt.  George  W.,  I,  189 

Prentice.  Mrs.  N.  B.,  I,  390,  311 

Prentiss,  Francis  F„  I,  329,  380,  415, 
417,  425,  472,  709 

Prentiss,  Loren,  I,  231,  635 

Prentiss,   -Mrs.  Francis  F.,  I,  653 

Prentiss,  Samuel  B.,  1,  508*,  511 

Presbvterians,  I,  599 

Preseott,  Charles  H..  HI,  18 

Prescott  school,  I,  393 

Preseott,  W.  H.,  I,  677 

Present  County  Courthouse  (illustra- 
tion), I,  495" 

Present  War  Activities:  Y,  M,  C.  A. 
work.  T.  645 

Presley.  Mrs.  George.  Jr.,  I,  389 

Press   (see  Newspapers) 

Price.  John,  I,  237 

Price,  .Tohn  H..  TI,  130 

Prices  for  land,  I,  45 


1 


INDEX 


Primary  schools  establislied,  I,  352 
Pringle  Barge  Line  Co.,  The,  lU,  336 
Pringle,  John  C,  III,  336 
Printing  press,  first,  I,  116 
Printz,  Alexander,  III,  502 
Printz-Biederman  Company,  III,  503 
Printz.  Michael,  ni,  99 
Prison  Reform,  II,  115 
Probate  court,  I,  513 
Probeck,  Philip  J.,  III.  203 
Progressive  Building,  Savings  and  Loan 

Company,  III,  349 
Prospect  School  (illustration),  I,  345 
Prospect  street,  I,  450 
Prospect  Street  School,  I,  347 
Proudfoot,  George,  I,  26 
Pruclia.  John,  I,  446 
Ptak,  Joseph  J.,  I,  279,  289;  II,  387 
Public  Branch  Libraries  (illustrated),  I, 

422 
Public  institutions  (1837),  I,  187 
Public  Library,  I,  368;   branches,  419; 

elevation    of    the    Coming    Building, 

420;    building    (projected),   471,   572; 

Open  shelf  policy,  II,  242;   Cumula- 
tive  Index,   242  " 
Public  safety  department,  I,  446 
Public  School    Library    (see    Cleveland 

Public  Library) 
Public  schools,    I,    341-94;     1859-62,    I, 

358 
Public  service  department,  I,  446 
Public  Square,    showing    Superior    and 

Euclid  avenues   (illustration),  I,  450 
Public  utilities  department,  I,  447 
Public  welfare  department,  I,  446 
PuUen,  Jennie  D.,  I,  384 
Pumphrey,  Henry  B.,  II,  391 
Purdy,  Nelson,  L  250 
Puritas  Springs  line,  I,  465 
Pursglove,  Joseph,  III,  117 
Put-inBav   Memorial    (illustration),   I, 

303 

Quarrie,  Bertram  I).,  I,  384 
Quayle,  John  H.,  II,  550 
Queisser,  Robert  L.,  II,  353 
Quick,  Ivan  T.,  II,  368 
Quincy  school,  I,  365,  392 
Quif;ley.   Peter  D.,  II,  388 
Quimbv,   I'-jihraim,  I,  64 
Quiiin,"  Arthur  II.,  I,  710 
Quintrell,  Mary  C,  II,  242 

Race   track    gambling,   III,   563 

Railroad   Rolling  Mill,  I,  694 

Railroad  standard  watches,  II,  117,  120 

Ruilroads:  Cleveland,  Columbus  & 
Cincinnati  Railroad  Company  char- 
tered, T,  183,  194;  Cleveland,  Warren 
&  PittHburgli  Railroad  Company  char- 
tered. 182,  193.  an.l,  212;  Ch'velanil 
&  Newburg  Railroad  Company,  194; 


Cleveland  &  Bedford  Railroad  Com- 
pany, 194;  Ohio  Railroad  put  to  rest, 
202;  beginning  of  the  railway  era, 
305:  Junction  Railroad,  213;  Cleve- 
land &  Toledo  Railroad,  213;  Cleve- 
land, Painesville  &  Ashtabula  Rail- 
road, 214;  Cleveland  Columbus  & 
Cincinnati  enters  Cleveland  (1851), 
217;  Cleveland  &  Mahoning  Railroad 
completed.  318;  Cleveland  &  Pitts- 
burgh Railroad,  318 

Railroads  abolishing  grade  crossings, 
II,   289 

Railway  strike    (1877),  I.  268;   II,  309 

Ramsey,  F.  W.,  I,  710 

Ranney,  Henry  C,  I,  309,  414,  532 

Rannev.  Rufus  P.,  I,  400,  521,  522*, 
533:"  II,  553 

Ransom,  Albert  G.,  I,  658 

Ranson,  Walter  C,  11,  169 

Rappe.  Amadeus,  I,  608;   II,  90 

Rapprich,   William   F..   III.   314 

Rattle,  William  J.,  III.  493 

Rauch,  Charles,  I,  710 

Rawlings  school,   I,   393 

Rawson.  Levi,    710 

Rawson,  L.  Q.,  I,  713 

Rawson,  Mrs.  M.  E.,  I.  313,  314 

Ray,  Joseph   R.,   I,  446 

Reasner,  James  C,  II,  137 

Recreation  parks,  I,  476 

Redick,  D.,  I,  504 

Redick,  H.  F.,  Ill,  337 

Redington,  J.  A.,  I,  214,   316 

Redmond,  William  T.,  II,  181 

Reese,  diaries  S.,  I,  357 

Reflex  Ignition  Company,  III,  110 

Kegisters  of  bankruptcy,  I,  530 

Religious    (see   Churches) 

lU'inington,  Harold,  I,  530 

Reveler.   Ellen   G.,  I,   375 

Reynolds  Child  Labor  Law,   II,   110 

Revnolds.  James  A.,   II,  109 

Rhodes.  C.  S.,  1,  337 

Rhodes,  Daniel  P.,  I,  357 

Rhodes.  James  F.,  I,  579 

Rhodes,  Mrs.  Robert  R.,  I,  313,  314 

Rhodes.  R.   R.,   I,   625 

Rice,  Charles  W.,  I,  384 

Rice.  Harvey,  I,  10,  18.  30,  197,  207, 
343.  370,  345,  3.'>0,  413,  436,  437,  506, 
507.  580;   II,  557;   IlL   178 

Rice   Heights   Subdivision,   II,  315 

Rice,  L.  L.   I,  151,  583 

Rice,  Olnev,  I,  26 

Rice,  Percival   W.,  II,  558 

Rice,  Walter  P.,  I,  453;  II,  559 

Rice.  Walter  P.,  Engineering  Company, 
II,  559 

lilchard,  Francois,  HI,  304 
liichanls.   F.  B.,  I,  669 
IJichanlson.  Clarence    1''-.,   II.    197 

Richard.-^on,  Wesley  C,  11,  196 


INDEX 


Kiilimoiul,  Tlioinas,  I,  347 

KiilniioiHl.   Warren   W.,  II,  265 

Kitkoy.  U.  N.,  I,  :>'Xi 

RirkofV.  Andrew  J..  I.  'AdO,  3G3,  368, 
581;    (portrait),   361 

Kieks,   A.  J.,   1,    534 

Kidille.  Albert  G.,  I,  237.  244,  529,  577 

Kiddle,  .lolin.  1,  99 

Kieli'V.  Charles  F.,  IT,  460 

Kielev,   Frank,  II,  459 

Hieley.  Oliver  R.,  II,  461 

Hiley",   Miehael,  I,  279,  280 

Rise"  selniol.  1,  392 

Kisley,  Luke,   I,    159,    177,    17S 

Kitehie,  .lames,   II,    421 

Kiteliie.  Kyerson,  I,  709,  710 

Hiver  iniproveiucnts,  I,  75 

Kivirside  eenietery.  I,  628 

Koads  (early),  1,  76;  in  Western  Re- 
serve, 44 

Roberts.  Kdward  A.,  I,  289,  295 

Roberts,   William  V...  I,  375,  384,  394 

Robertson,  .lames.  Ill,  342 

Robertson  I'aint  &  Varnish  Company, 
The.  III.  343 

Robertson.  Thomas  A.,  I.  593;   III,  45 

Robinette.  Roy  B.,  Ill,  158 

Robinson.  Harry   C,  II,   69 

Robinson,  ,J.  P.,  I.  258 

Roby.   K.   W..  I.  231 

Rockefeller.  Alice   M.,  HI,   96 

Rockefeller  &  Andrews,  I,  700,  714 

Rockefeller  &  Andrews  Building  (illus- 
tration), I.  717 

Rockefeller,  Andrews   &   Flagler,  I,  714 

Rockefeller  Boulevard,   I,   488 

Rockefeller  Foundation.   II,    8 

Rockefeller.   Frank,   III.    95 

Rockefeller,  Helen  R.,  Ill,  96 

Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Re- 
search. II,  8 

Rockefeller.  John  D..  I,  247,  355,  414, 
417.  419,  474,  488,  604,  624,  625,  699, 
714.    718,    719;    II.    1 

Rockefeller  Park  North.  I,  491 

Rockefeller  Park  South,  I,  491 

Rockefeller  Parks,  I,  488 

Rockefeller.  William,  I,  714;   III,  476 

Rockefeller.   William  A.  &  Co.,  I,  700 

Rocker.  Henry  A..  II,   344 

Rocker,  .Samuel,    II,    386 

Rockwell.  Samuel.  II.  361 

Rockwell  school,  I,  392 

Rockwell.  William,  II,  281 

Rockwell,  William,  II,  362 

Rockwood.  II.  L..  I,  446 

Rocky  River  Bridge  and  Its  Concrete 
Span   (illustration),  I,  464 

Rodgers,  Albert  S.,  II.  537 

Rogers.  Arthur  C.  I.  662 

Rogers,  Ethan,  I,  159 

Rogers.  .Tames   II.,   I,    563 

"Roinaniil,"  HI,  439 


Root  &  McBride  Company,  II,  33;  III, 
518,  546 

Root,  A.   1'.,   I,  363,   364 

Root,   Kphraim,  I,  7 

Root,  Frederic  P.,  11,  33 

Root,  Paul   I'.,   Ill,  234 

Knot.   Ralph  H.,  II.  32 

Rose.   Benjamin,   HI,   11,   12 

Rose  Benjamin  Institute,  HI,  11 

Rose.  Mrs.  W.  0.,  I,  390,  306;  II,  311 

Rose,  William  G.,  I,  233.  268,  440,  458, 
472.  588;    II,  308 

Rose,  William  R.,  I,  317,  588 

Rose.   W.    Louis,   II,    176 

Rosedah'  school,  I.  365,  392 

Rosenblatt,  Charles,  ITT,  5 

Rosenburg,  Felix,  I,  337 

Rossiter,   William  T.,  II,  244 

Rothenberg,  William,  II,  359 

Riithkopf,  David  R.,  If,  340 

RothschiUl,   Klias,  II,  251 

Rothschild,  Isidore  .1.,   II.  251 

Rothschild,  Julius,  II,  252 

Roueche,  R.  C,  I.  685 

Roumanians  in  Cleveland,  I.  621 

Roupp.  N.,  I,  614 

Rouse,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Benjamin,  I,  634 

Rowland,  \'ernon  C,  II,  542 

Royal  land  grants,  I,  5 

Royce,  Abner,   Company,   III,    184,    297 

Rudd.   Frank   H..   11,   498 

Rudd,   William  C,  II,  497 

Ruetenik,  Herman  J.,  I,  291,   606 

Itufus  Ranney  Law  School,  II,  478 

Ruggles,  Benjamin,  I,  80,  500,  501 

Run-away  Slave  Advertisement  (re- 
production of),  I,  150 

Rusk,  Stephen   G.,  IT,  239 

Russel,  C.  L.,  I,  177,  178,  316 

Russell,  Geo.   S.,  J,   710 

Russell,  Mrs.  L.  A.,  I,  290,  306 

Russian  .Tews  in  Cleveland.  I,  620 

Rust,  .Tohn  P.,  Sr.,  IT,  259 

Rust,  J.  Howard.  II,  499 

Rutherford,  George  A.,  Ill,  241 

Ryan,  Malachi,  I.  279,  280 

Ryan,  William  R.,  .Ir.,  II,  167 

Ryan,  William  R.,  Sr.,  II,  167 

Sabin,  Julia  S.,  I,  364 

Saekett  school,  I,  392 

Sackrider,   C.   W.,  I,   412 

Saeger,  Wilford  C,  I,  671 

.Saengerfest,    I,   561 

Saengerfest  Hall,  I,  285,   (illustration) 

562 
SafTold,  S.   S.,  n,   143 
SafTord,  Mrs.  William  JI.,  11,  88 
Sage,  .T.    C.   I.   710 
Saginaw  Bay  Company,  III,  19 
Salem  church,  T,  606 
Salisbury,  J.   H.,   I,  414 
Salvation  Army,  I,  625 
Salzcr,  Cliarles   L.,    I,    447 


lii 


INDEX 


Samaritau   Home,  II,   116 
Samman,  George   P.,  I,  446 
Sanborn,  Ralph   W.,   11,   290 
Sanders,  Fielder,  I.  447;  II,  137 
Sanders,  William  B.,  I,  511;   II,  335 
Sanderson,  Frederick  M.,  Ill,  501 
Sanderson,  Julius  C,  III,  502 
Sanderson,  Thomas  W.,  I,  659 
Sandusky  Cement  Company,  II,  296 
Sanford,  A,  S.,  I,  657 
San  ford,  Mrs.  Henry  L.,  I,  685,  687 
Sanford,  Peleg,  I,  7 
Sanitary  milk  bottle,  III,  17 
Sanymetal  doors,  II,  472 
Sargeant,  Levi,  I,  107,  118 
.Sargent,  Edwin  T.,  Ill,  311 
Saigent,  H.  Q.,  I,  289,  373 
Sargent,  John  H.,  I,  119,  217,  255,  412, 

414,  586 
Saum,  O.   C,  II,  318 
•Save  the  Babies"  campaign,  I,  683 
Sawicki,  Joseph  F.,  II,  98 
Sawyer,  J.  P.,  I,  544 
Sawyer.  Jlrs.  P,  H,,  I,  310,  311 
Sawyer,  P.   H,,   I,   544 
Saxton.  Jehiel  C„  II,  115 
Savles,  S.  W.,  I,  178,  205,  210,  311,  312 
Schade.  Otto  M.,  I,  662 
Schaefer,  Carl  W.,  II,  430 
Schaefer,  Gustav,  Wagon  Company,  III, 

324 
Schaefer,  Henry  G.,  I,  713;   III,  323 
Schauffler,  Fred,  II,   235,  237 
Sehauffler    Realty    Company,    The,    II, 

235 
Schellentrager,  E.  A.,  I,  371,  545 
Sehmi<lt,  Thomas  P..  I.  710,  713 
Schmitt,  Jacob  W..  Ill,  254 
Schneider,  A.  B.,  I,  551 
Schneider,  Albert  E.  R.,  Ill,  450 
Schneider,  Arthur,  I,  563 
Schneider,  Geo.,  I,   684,   685 
Schneider,  George  A.,  I,  671 
Schneider,  J.  H.,  I,  275 
School  census     (1849).    I,    3.52,     (1881- 

82),  368;    (1900),   377;    (1917,    1918), 

394 
School   for  Colored  Chililren,  1.  346 
School  for  Cripjiled  ('hildrcn,   I,  39.'! 
School   for  the   Deaf,   I,  393 
School     of     .\pplied     Social     Sciences, 

Western  Reserve   University,  1,  3&8, 

634 
School  of  Education,  Western   Reserve 

University,  I,  398 
School  of  Pharmacy,  Western   Reserve 

University,  I,  398 
Schools.     I,     341-394;     first     Boar.l     of 

School   Aliinagers,   182;   second   Hoard 

of    .School    Managers,    300;    ordinance 

to    cstabllKli    common    schools,    200; 

in  1845,  347 
Schoolcy,  Listen   G.,  II,  332 


Schram-Forsch  Company,  III,  495 

Scripps,  E.   W.,  III.  530' 

Schryver,  George  H.,  II,  418 

Schubert,  O.  V.,  I,   563 

Schuh.  David,   I,   605 

Schultz,  Carlton  F.,  Ill,  10 

Schultz,  Malvern  E.,  II,  319 

Schwab,  Mrs.  M.  B..  I,  390,  306 

Scofield,  Elizabeth  C,  U,  393 

Scotield,  Levi  T.,  II,  391 

Scoileld,   ilrs.   Levi   T.,   I,   653 

Scofield,  Sherman  W.,  ll,  392 

Scotield,  Shermer  &  Teagle,  III,  90 

Scofield,  William  C,  III.  96 

Scofield,  William  M.,  I,  663 

Scott,  Frank   A..   I.   710;    II.   491 

Scott,  M.  B,,  I,  413,  414,  710 

Scott,  W.  J.  1,  544 

Scott,  Xenophon   C,  II,   460 

Scovill,  Charles    W.,   I,   658 

Scovill,   Edward  A.,  I,  571,  657 

Scovill,  Mrs.  Pliilo,  I,  114 

Scovill,  Philo,  I,  103*,  478 

Scovil,  Samuel,  I,  071 

Scranton,  Joel,    (portrait)    I,   123;   124 

Scranton   school,  I,  393 

Scribner,  Charles  H,,  II,  417 

Scripps,  James  E.,  I,  593* 

Scripps,  James  G.,  I,  593 

Scripps-McRae  League  of  Newspapers, 

I,  593,  593;   III,  530 
Scripps  Publishing  Company,  I,  593 
Scullen,  William  A.,  I,  677;   11,  91 
Sculptors,   I,   566 
Seabrook,  Eva  T.,  I.  384 
Seaman.  John,  I,  154 
Searle,  Roger,  I,   595 
Scarles,  F.  M.,  I,  603 
Second   Courthouse    (1828-58),    I,   136; 

(illustration)    137 
Second  high  level  bridge,  I,  276 
Second  National  Bank  of  Cleveland,  I, 

692 
Second  Presbvterian  church,  1,  (iOO 
Seibig.  Arthur  H.,  Ill,  450 
Sclzer,  Iharles  L.,  Ill,  143 
Sclzer,  Jacob  U,   HI.  143 
Selzer.   Robert  J.,  Ill,  144 
Semoii,  .John,  I,  563 
Seneca  street   bridge,  1,  454 
Senter,  (icorge    B„   1,    333 
Sergeant  &  Company,  III,  498 
Service   Flag,    II,   253 
Sessions,  John,   I,   129 
Scth  Pease  Journal,  I,  13,  16 
Severance.  .lohn  L.,  I,  417:  II,  326 
Severance,  Louis  H„  H,  324 
Severance.  Mary   H,,  I,  351 ;   II,  322 
Severance,    Solon    L.,    I,    151,    635;    II, 

323 
.Scveram-e.  'P.  ('.,   I,  189 
Sewall,  May   W,.  I,  298 
Sexton,  Henry,  I,  345 


INDEX 


liii 


Sexton.  John   J.,  II.   354 
.Seymour,  Alexaiuler,   I,   189,  215 
Seyniour.   Belden,  I.  456;   II,  458 
iSeynunir.  Liioien.  II,  367 
Seymour,  Xatliun   !>.,   I,  395 
Seymour,  Thomas   1)..  I.  395 
.Slmker  llei^'hts,   II.   157;   III,  508 
SImker  Heights   Park.   1.   487.  491 
Shaker  Heights  viUago.   I.  488;   IT,  21 
Shaker  settlement.   I,   488 
Shannon.  Karl  'B..  II.  194 
Sharp    Spark    I'lug    Comi>aiiv,    III,    51, 

440 
Shattuck.  Edward.  I.  447 
ShaufHer,  H.  A.,  1,  601 
Shaw,  (Jeorjie  \V..   II.  151 
Shaw.  Samuel  B..   I.  231.  635 
Shaw,  William  J.,  II,  151 
Shcair.   I.anf;.   I,  638 
Shellield.   Henry   E..  I.  677 
Sheldon.     Henjiimin.    I.    179,    212,    213, 

220,  355 
Shepard.   Tlieodore,   I,   17,  32.  539 
She|ilienl,   I'hiiu>as,  I,  105,  107,  595,  596, 
Shepherd,   Warctiam,    I,   26 
SherilV  street  market,  I,  491 
Sherman,  t'harles,   I,  524 
Sherman,  C.   T.,    I,    412 
Sherman,  H.  S.,  I.  402.  404 
Sherman,  .John.  I.  293.  294 
Sherry.  Clillord  E„  III,  529 
Sherwin,   Belle,  I,   687 
Sherwood,  Kate  B.,  I,  298 
Sherwood.  William  E.,  I,  511 
Shields.  Joseph  C.  I,  658 
Shier.  John.  I.  181 
Shinplasters  (illustrations).  I.  113 
Shipbuilding.  I.  276;  in  1865.  249 
IShiverirk.  Asa,  III,  85 
Wholes.  Stanton.  I.  95.  541,  546,  655 
Sholl.  William  H.,  I.  224 
Short  Creek   Coal    Company,    The,  III, 

140 
Short.  Everett  J..  IT.  266 
Shupe,  Henry   P.,  I,   669.   684,   685;   II, 

383 
Shurmer.  Edward  D..  I,  662 
ShurtlcfT,  Glen  K,,  I,  520,  643 
Siber,  Edward,  I.  659 
Sibley  school.  I.  392 
.Sickness  general    (1797).  I,  40 
Siddall.  George  B..  II.  37 
Sigler,  Gilbert  L..  Ill,  119 
Sigler.  Lucius  M..  HI.  118 
Silbert,  Samuel  H.,  I.  447;   HI,  71 
Silver,  Abba  H..  I.  677 
Simmons.  Theo.,  I.  710 
Simon.  I^ouis,  I,  447 
Simons,  Jlinot  0.,  I,  710 
Simplex    Machine    Tool    Company,    H, 

506, 
Sincere,  Victor  W..  II,  213 
Sinram,  Frederick  W.,  Ill,  163 


Sir  Moses  Montefiore  Kosher  Home  for 
Aged  and  Inlirm  Israelites,  I,  616 

Skinner.  Orville  B..  I,  568 

Skvrm.  .John.  1.  279,  280 

Sla'de.  Albert,  I.  518 

Slaght.  Edgar,  I.  177,  211 

Sleeper.  D.  L.,  I,  289 

Slovaks  in  Cleveland,  I,  620 

Slovaninns  in  Cleveland,  I,  620 

Smart.  John  II..  Ill,  170 

Smart,  .Samuel  W..  Ill,  169 

Smead.  T.  H..  I,  589 

Smies,  Jacob  H.,  I,  412 

Smith,  Albert  W.,  II,  544 

Smith,  Allard,  II,  354 

Smith,  Archibald  M.  C,  I,  180 

Smith,  A.  J.,  I,  694 

Smith,  Erastus,  I,  156 

Smith,  Frank  W..  I,  445.  446;   HI,  256 

Smith.  Hamilton  H..  I,  545,  555 

Smith.  Harry  G.,  Ill,  161 

Smitli,  Henry  A.,  I,  412,  572 

Smith,  Jeremiah,  I,  303 

Smith,  .lohn  A.,  II.  165 

Smith,  John  H.,  Ill,  38 

Smith,  John  H.,  Sr.,  Ill,  37 

Smith,  Matthew,  III,  428 

Smith,  Samuel  L.,  HI,  423 

Smith,  Stiles  C,  HI,  423 

Smith,  W.  Arthur,  I,  603 

Smith,  William  T.,  I,  154 

Smith,  Wilson  G.,  I,  563 

Smyth,  William.  I,  351 

Smythe.  Alfred  B.,  II,  152 

Smythe,  Anson,  I,  360 

Snake  meat,  I,  40 

Snedden.  Ricliard.  HI.  327 

Snider.  Martin,  II,  500 

Snow,  Frank  K.,  HI,  391 

Snow,  Jane  E.,  I.  576;  HI,  147 

Snow.  Karl  F..  HI,  335 

.Snow,  Kandolph,  I,  149 

Snyder,  Harvey  R.,  H,  112 

Snyder,  John  R.,  II,  111 

Social   Betterment  Committee,  I,  622 

Society  for  Organized  Charities,  I,  624 

Society  for  Organizing  Charity,  I,  250, 
630 

Society  for  Savings,  I,  692;  II,  485 

Society  of  the  Medical  Sciences  of 
Cleveland.  I.  544 

Solders,  George  B.,  I,  511.  519 

Soldiers'  and  .Sailors'  Mf>nMment  (illus- 
tration). I.  284;  II,  391.  409 

Somers,  Charles  W^.,  II,  249 

Somers,  J.  H.,  II,  248 

Sommerliauser,  William  B.,  I,  405,  409; 
(portrait),   408 

Sons  of  the  American  Revolution, 
Western  Reserve  Chapter,  I,  282 

Soper,  Albert  L.,  II,  226 

South  Case  school,  I,  392 

South  junior  high  school,  I,  387 


Uv 


INDEX 


South  Presbyterian  church,  I,  143 

South  school,  I.  3S6.  392 

South  Side   Park    (Lincoln   Square),  I, 

478 
South  Side  Railroad,  I.  461 
Southern  New  England,  I,  1;  map  2 
Southwick,  Ernest  B.,  III.  33 
Southworth,  W.  P.,  I,  352 
Sowinski  school,  I,  392 
Spafford,  Amos,    I,    17,    23,   31,    32,   47, 

60,  61,  63,  64,  75,  77,  104,  504 
Spatford,  Anna,  I,  75,  341 
Spafford's  Map  of  Cleveland  (1796),  I, 

23 
Spafford's    Cleveland    (1801)     (map),   I, 

59 
Spafford's  resurvey,  I,  60 
Spafford's  Tavern,  I,  104 
Spalding,  Rufus   P.    (portrait),   I,    132, 

133*,    237,    239,    244.    530,    532 
Spangler,  B.  L.,  I,  224 
Spangler,  Michael,  I,  104,  125 
Spangler,  Miller  M.,  I,  115,  230 
Spanish-American    war,  I,   661;    Cleve- 

landers     off     for     Cuba,     315;     War 

emergency  committees,  D.  A.  R.,  310; 

War  Emergency  Relief  Board,  313 
Spargo,  Mary  P.,' I,  275,  537 
Sparks.  Stanley  W.,  II,  505 
Spaulding,  Frank  E.,  I,  383,  384,  670; 

II,  191 
Spaulding,  Z.  S.,  I,  660 
Special  park  policemen,  I,  490 
Spelman,  Laura  C.  I.  355 
Spencer,  A.  K.,  I,  413,  414 
Spencer,  Timothy  P.,  I,  143 
Spenoerian  school,  II,  476;   III,  171 
Spii-akus,  Stanley,  I,  447 
"Spirit  of  '76,"  I,  471,  566;   III,  353 
Sprecher,  Samuel  P.,  I,  294 
Sprosty,  A.  B.,  I,  446,  447 
Sproui  Herbert  R.,  IL  256 
Sproul,  Rufus  C„  II,  256 
Squire,  Andrew,  I,  680;  II,  294 
Squire,  Eleanor  S.  S.,  I,  311 
Squire,  Mrs.   Andrew,  I,  312,   313,   314 
St.  Ale.xis    Hospital     (illustration),    I, 

547 
St.  Ann's  Asylum,  I,  549 
St.  Alexis  Hospital,  I,  548,  611 
St.   Augustine's   church,  I,   614 
St.   Bridget's  church.   ],   014 
St.  Clair  hospital,  I,  548 
St.  Clair  market,  I,  493 
St.  Clair  school,  T,  392 
St.  Clair  street.  I,  450 
St.  Francis'  Orphan  Asylum  and  Home 

for  the  Aged.  I.  610 
St.  Ignatius  (Jollege,   I,   405,    (illustra- 
tion)   406;    fill 
St.  Ignatius  high  school,  I,  409 
St.  John.  .lohn  R.,  I,  180,  583 


St.  .John.  Oran,  I,  542 

St.  John,  Samuel,  I,  395,  543,  555 

St.  .John's  Church,  1828-29  (illustra- 
tion), I,  107 

St.  John's  Hospital,  I,  548,  612 

St.  John's  parish,  I,  107 

St.  Joseph's  Asylum,  I,  610 

St.  Luke's  Evangelical  Lutheran  church 
I,  605 

St.  Luke's  Hospital.  I.  549 

St.  JIalachy's  church,  I,  614 

St.  Mary's   church,  I,   60S 

St,  Mary's  Church  on  the  Flats,  I,  614 

St.  Mary's  of  the  Assumption,  I,  614 

St.  Mary's  Orplian  Asylum.  I.  609 

St.  Slarv's  Theological  Seminary,  II, 
500 

St,  Matthew's  Evangelical  Lutheran 
chiu-ch,  I,  605 

St.  Paul's  Evangelical  Lutheran  church, 
I,  605 

St.  Peter's  Catholic  church,  I,  614 

St.  Peter's  Evangelical  Lutheran 
church,  I,   605 

St.  Stanislaus  parish,  I,  614 

St.  Vincent's  Orphan  Asylum,  I,  609 

St.  Wencelas  (Bohemian)  church,  I, 
614 

Stadler,  John   L.,  I,  711 

Stafford,  0.   M..   I,  288 

Stafford.  Theodore,  I,  604 

Stage  lines  in  1837,  I.  197 

Stager,  Anson,  I,  660 

Stager,  Henry  W.,  I,  638 

Stahl.  Howard  A.,  lU,  231 

Stair,  John,  I,  154 

Stalev,  Cadv,  I,  400,  557 

Standard  Oi'l  Company,  I,  247,  699,  714- 
2;i;   H,  5,  6 

Standard  Oil  Works  in  Cleveland  (illus- 
tration), I,  721 

Standard  Parts  Company,  II,  200     . 

Standard  school,  I,  392 

Standard  Steel   Castings   Company,  II, 

.     131;   HI,  399 

Standard  Top  and  Equipment  Com- 
pany, HI,  294 

Standart,  Henry  N.,  HI.  76 

Standart.  Needham  M.,  I,  179,  205,  208, 

210,  227 

Stanford,  Vernon  L,.  II,  136 
Stanley,  George  A.,  I,  414.  571,  640 
Stanley,  John  J.,  II,  101 
Stanley,  William  H,,  I,  357 
Stannard,  B.  A.,  T,  571 
Slansbury.  Clement  W.,  II,  382 
Stanton, "Elizabeth,   I,   290 
Stanton,   I'rank   W'..   II,   45 
Sliuiton,   Frederick    P.,   I,   236 
Starkey,  Thonnis  A..  I,  598 
Starkweather,   Samiud,  1,  179,  184,  198, 

211,  233,  348,  353,  412,  507 


INDEX 


Iv 


Starr.  Kpliraim,   I,   8 

Slato  Umiking  &  Trust  Conipanv,   III, 

30,   206 
State  Bank  of  Ohio.  I,  G92 
State  Hospital,  II,  248 
■Stearns,  Arthur  A.,  I,  425;  II,  178 
Stedman.  Uuekley,  I,  353,  355 
Steel  makiniL,'  by  electricity.  III,  43 
Stetlen.  1<".  William,  I,  384;   U,  521 
Slephan,  Kate  E.,   I,  363,  366 
Stephens,  Mrs.  J.  A.,  I,  311 
Sterl,  Oscar  W.,  I,  659 
Sterling  &   Welch  t'onipany.  III,  396 
Sterling,  Elisha,  1,  414,  556,  571 
Sterling,  Frederick  A.,  Ill,  396 
Sterling,  ,Tohn  JL,  I,  188 
Sterling  Play  Ground,  I,  491 
Sterling  school,    I,   392 
Stetson,  fharles,  I,   346 
Steuer,  Alfred  L..  II.  289 
Stevens,  Francis  L.,  II,  171 
Stevens,   Frank    E.,   I,   513;    III,    66 
Stevens.  Garrett.   II.   378 
Stevens,  J.  H.,  I,  546 
Stevenson,  R.   D.,  Ill,  237 
Stewart,  James  W.,  I,  428 
Stewart,  N.   Coe.   I,  363.   375 
Stewart,  William  H.,  Ill,   154 
Stiles,  .Job,   r,   18,   36,   28 
Stiles,  Tabilha,  I,   18,  43 
Stillman  Witt  Home,  I,  649 
Stilson,  S.  H.,  I,  637 
Stinchcomb,  W.  A.,  I,  44S,  452,  458 
Stoeker,  Charles  L.,  II,  253 
Stocking.  Joseb,  I,  8 
Stockly,  John  G..  I,  315 
Stockly's  pier,  I.  104;  (illustration),  215 
Stockwell,  John  X..  Jr.,  II,  553 
Stockwell.  John  X.,  Sr.,  I.  558;  n,  551 
Stoddard.  ,Iohn,  I,  7 
Stoddard,  Kichard  M.,  I,  17.  36,  32 
Stoer.  Hcnrv   W..   Ill,   330 
Stone,  Adelbert.  I,  398 
Stone,  Amasa,    I,    251,    271,    398,    624. 

649 
Stone,  Carlos   H..  I,   511. 
Stone,  Cliisholm  &  Jones,  I,  694 
Stone,  Ella  A..  J  I.  52 
Stone,  Flora,  I.  624 
Stone,  Norman   ()..  II.  52 
Stone,  Randolph.   I,  138,  139 
Stone,  Ruth   F..   I.   687 
Storer.  .James,  I.   658 
Storrs,  Charles  B.,   I,   395 
"Stow  Castle,"  I,  18 
Stow,  Joshua.  I,  8,  17,  40,  504 
Straus,  Albert.  I,  278,  280 
Streator,  Worthy  S.,  I,  251,  400 
Street   cars,  T,  461;   H,  108 
Street  illumination,  II,  19 
Street  lights,  first,  HI,  259 
Street  names,  I,  326 


Street  Railways,  I,  241,  462;  three- 
cent    fare,    319 

Street,  Titus,   I,   8 

Streets,   I,   449,   450 

.Strickland,  Aaron   T.,   1,   ISO 

Sfrickland.  Benjamin,  I,  163 

Strickland  Block  (illustration),  I,  232 

Strimple,  Theodore  L.,  I,  511;   II,  160 

.Strong,  Carlisle  &  Hammond  Company, 
III.  101.  386 

Strong.  Charles  H.,   I.   456 

Strong.  Edgar   E.,   HI.  386 

Strong.  John   H.,   I,   109,  211,  313 

Stmirt,  William  R.,  II,  192 

Stucky,  Albert  G.,  H,  383 

Sturgess,  .Stephen  B.,  I,  657 

Suffrage  for  Ohio  women,  II,  109 

.Sufferers'  Lands  (see  Fire  Lands) 

Sul/mann,   ,Iohn   M.,   Ill,  460 

Sullivan.  Jeremiah  J.,  I.  709;   III,  24 

Summer  Camp.  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association   ( illustralion),  I,  653 

Summer  school  for  nurses,  1,  683 

Summers,  David  0.,  II,  349 

.Sunday  Leader,   III,  45 

Superintendent  of  markets,  I,  434 

Superior  avenue  and  Seneca  street 
(Northwest  Corner),  (illustration),  I, 
638 

Superior  avenue.  Looking  East  from 
the  Square   (illustration),  I,  463 

Superior  court,  I,  501,  509;  created, 
360 

Superior-Luther  Play  Ground,  I,  491 

Superior  street,  I,  450;  in  1865  (illus- 
tration), 348 

Superior  Street  Evangelical  church,  I, 
006 

Superior  street  viaduct,  I,  369,  456 

Siiiireme  court  in  Cleveland,  I,  503 

Sutton.  Clarence  W.,  I,   384 

Swartzel.  Charles  W..  II,  182 

Swasey,  Ambrose,  I,  329,  417,  559,  647, 
648,  709;    II,   16 

Sweeney,  .John  S.,  I,  593 

Sweeney,  Martin  L.,  II,  163 

Tabor.  Frank  B..  Ill,  26 
Tabor  Ice  Cream  Company,  The,  III,  36 
Tadloo,  Alfred,  III,  417 
Taggart,  Richmond.  I,  153 
Taintor.  J.  F..  I,  208 
Talcott.  Albert  L..  II,  34 
Talcott,  .John  C,  II,  36 
Talcott.  William  E..  II,  37 
Taplin,  Charles  G.,  Ill,  426 
Tappan.  Abraham.  I,   69 
Tappan,  Benjamin,   I.   64 
Tavern   Club'.   The,    III.   268 
Taxicab  Company.  II.  375 
Tax  levy   for  building   schools    (1874), 
I,  366 


Ivj 


INDEX 


lax  School,  II,  108 

Tax  title  sales,  abolition  of,  II,  331 

Tayler   Franchise,   I,   322-26,    462 

Tayler,  Robert  W.,  I,  323 

Tavlor    &    Boggis    Foundry    Company, 

III,   380 
Tavlor,  Alexander  S.,  II,  217 
Taylor,  Benjamin  F.,  I,  573*.  588 
Taylor  Brothers  Companj^,  III,  357 
Taylor,  Charles,  I,   107 
Tavlor.  Daniel   R.,   II,   103 
Tavlor,  Elisha.    I.    126,    600 
Tavlor.  Isaac,  I,  208 
'lavlor,  -John  E.,  Ill,  356 
Tavlor.  Mrs.    Benjamin   F..   I,   296,   376 
Tavlor,  Philo.  I,  109 
Tavlor,  Robert  W.,  I,  524 
Tavlor,  Royal,  II,  101 
Tavlor,  Samuel  G.,  Ill,  263 
Tavlor,  S.   M.,   I,   289 
Tavlor,  Vincent  A.,  I,  531 
Tavlor,  Virgil  C,  I.  364;  II,  46 
Tavlor,  W.  D.,  I,  690 
Taylor.  William   W.,   III.   189 
Teachers'  pension  fund,  I,  383 
Teachout,  Abraham,  III,  193 
Teachout,  Albert  R..  Ill,  193,  194 
Teachout,  David   W..   III.   194 
Teagle,  Mrs.  John,  III,  11 
Teare.  Elmer  E.,  Ill,   187 
Telegram,  first   received,    I,   213 
Telephone.  11,  352:   growth  of,  353 
Telc]ihone  Company  exchange,  II,  353 
Telling-Belle  Vernon  Company,  The,  III, 

29 
Telling,  William  E.,  Ill,  29 
Temperance  hotel,  II,  115 
Temperance  question.  III,  562 
Templar  Motors    Company,    The,    III, 

463 
Tenirler,  William   T..  HI,  352 
Terrill.  CUirence  E..  Ill,  250 
Thalheimer.  H.  S..  I.  592 
Thatcher,  Peter.  I.  412 
"The  Ice  Age"  (Wright),  I,  22 
"The  Cleveland    Liberalist"    (reproduc- 
tion of),  I,  192 
"The   Spirit   of   '76,"  I,   471,   566;   III, 

353 
Theatrical  business.  Ill,  544 
Tliomas.   Kdgar  B..  Ill,  138 
Tliomas,  Fred  \V..  I.  445,  447 
Thomas,  Raymond  C,  111,  442 
Thomas,  William  K.,  HI,  192 
Thompson,  Albert   IC,  III,  443 
Thompson,  Carmi  A.,  Ill,  554 
Thompson,  William  A.,  Ill,  244 
Tliomsen,  Mark  L.,  I.  383,  384 
ThomKon-IIouHton  Company,  III,  259 
Thomson.  Tliomas.   II,   544 
Thome,  .1.  A.,  I.  357 
Thorp.  W.  C,  III,  208 
Thorpe,  Thomas  1',,  I,  291,  302,  Oil 


Three-cent  street  railway  fare,  I,  319; 

II,  4S0;  franchise,  II,  400 
Thumm,  ,T.  Martin,  III,  125 
Thurber,  Frank  L.,  Ill,  340 
Thurman,  Ed,  III,  198 
Thurston,  Edwin  L.,  II,  211 

Thwing,    Charles    F.,    I,    302,    375,    380, 

395,  417;   II,  412 
Tibbetts,  George  B..  I.  500 
Tifereth  Israel  congregation,  I,  616 
Tiffin.  Edward.  I.  62.  63 
Tilden,  Daniel,  I.  426 
Tilden,  Daniel  R.,  I,  239,  241,  244,  513* 
Tjllotson  &  Wolcott  Company,  II,  62 
Tillotson,  Edwin  G.,  II.  62 
Tillotson,  George  H.,  I,  658 
Tinker,  Joseph,  I,  26 
Tinnerman,  G.  A.,  I,  711 
Tippv,  Worth  M.,  I,  622 
Tod.  David  I,  193.  528 
Tod.  George.  I,  61,  504 
Tod  scliool,  I.  393 
Tom    .Johnson     Statue   in    the    Public 

Square  (illustration).  I,  319 
Tomlinson,  Alfred  E.,  Ill,  370 
Tonilinson  Steam    Specialty    Company, 

III.  371 

Tomson.  John  G..  I.  446;  III,  357 
Torbenscn  Axle  Company,  The,  II,  453 
Torbensen,   Viggo   V.,   II,   453 
Toth,  Alexander,  III,  444 
To  the  Women  of  1996,  Cleveland  Cen- 
tennial, I.  306 
Town.  Israel,  I,  542 
Towner,  J.  W.,  I,  519 
Townsend,  Amos,  I,  251,  458,  484,  657 
Tozier.  Kathleen   B..   Ill,  433 
Tozier,  Mrs.  Charles  B.,  Ill,  432 
Traeey,  Criah.  I,  7 
Tracy,  James  J.,  I,  400,  571 
Train  Aveiuic  Play  Ground,  I,  491 
Training  school  for  nurses,  I,  549 
Treadway,  Lyman  H..  I,  709 
Tremont  scliool,  1,  393 
Trinity   Bajitist   cluirch,  I,  619 
Trinity  Cathedral.  1.  107;  (illustration), 

599' 
Trinity  Episcopal  church,  I,  595 
Trinity   Parish,   T,    105 
Tro)ii("al  Paint  &  Oil  Company,  III,  100 
"True   Democrat,"  I,  589 
Truman,  (icorgc  ,1.,  Ill,  488 
Trumbull  County     Court     of     General 
'       (.Miarter   Sessions    (1800),   I,   51 
Trumbull  C<mnty  of  1800   (map),  I,  51 
Trundle.  George" T.  .Ir..  III.  287 
Tuberculosis  Hospital.  1.  549 
Tucker.  Charles  H..  HI.  484 
Tungsten   lamps,  111,   259 
Tuiuicl    construction    casualties,   I,   436 
Turner,   A.   P.,  I.  214,  355 
linnev,   .Mrs.   Joseph,  I,  289 
Turner,  William   11..  HI.  422 


INDEX 


Ivii 


Tuttlc,  George  R.,  I,  412 
Tuttlp.  il.   15.,   I,  412,   710 
Twinsbiiifj.  II,  202 
Tylec,  Charlos  H.,  Ill,  341 
Tyl.T.   H.  !•'.,  I,  177 

Ll.I,   Carl   F.  Jr.,  11.   513 

UiuierliiU.   Siinuipl,  I,   497 

Uniform  Rank.  K.  of  P.,  Cleveland  Cen- 
tennial. I,  :iOO 

I'nion  tlub.   1.   238 

I'nion   Club  House  (illustration).  I,  703 

Union  passenger  station  (proposed),  I, 
472 

Union  Rolling  Mills.  I.  694 

Union  school,  I.  393 

Unitarians.  I.  606 

United  Hanking  &  Savings  Company, 
II,  ■)4i);   III.  450 

United   Knit   Goods   Company,   III,   212 

United  Presbyterian    church,    I,    605 

United  States  Court  for  the  Northern 
Oliio   District,   I,   523 

United  States  llarine  Hospital.  I,  211, 
471,    546 

Universal  Military  Training,  II.  106 

University  Heights  Union  Sabbath 
school." I,   601 

Universitv  of  Chicago  founded  by  Mr. 
Rockefeller,  II,  7 

University   school,  I,   402;   II,   431 

Universitv  School  Building  (illustra- 
tion), I,  403 

Universitv  war  unit  (first),  I.  674 

Upton.   Harriet  T.,  I,  298 

Vail.  Harrv  L.,  H,  174 

Van   Aken,  William   .J.,   Ill,   508 

Van  Camp,  (ieorge   W.,  II,   523 

Xandercook.  .Inhn,  I.  593 

\'an   Densen,  Francis  F.,  II.  409 

Van  Dorn    &    Dutton    Conipanv.    The. 

in.    163 
Van   Kpps,  John   S.,    11.   338 
\an   Kpps.  Leslie  1.,  II,  340 
Van  Swcringcn,  M.  J..  II,  21 
Van   Swcringcn.  O.  P..  IT.  21 
Van  Umm.  .John   X.,  HI.   159 
\'aughan,  Thomas  S..  HI.   520 
Vcela   Building   and  Loan   Association, 

III,   181 
Venning.  Frank  J.,  Ill,  479 
Visiting  Xurses'  Association.   I.  624 
Vlchek.   Frank  J..  Til.  201 
"Voce  Del  Popolo  Italiano,"  III,  319 
Vocke.  (icorge  \V..  IT,   153 
Volmar.   Hiirvcy  K..  II.  525 
Volunteers  of  America,  I.  625 
Vortex    Manufacturing    Company.    111. 

58 

Wade,  Edward.  I,   151,   529 
Wade,  Frank,  III.  563 


iulc, 

ade. 

417, 

510 

ailc. 

ade, 

ade, 

a(h' 

111. 

ade 

ade. 

ade 


.Teptlia,   III,   175 

Jeptha  H.,  I.  251,  398,  400,  415, 

474,  481,  484,  488,  565,  624;   II, 


J. 


H.,  II,  513 

,1.  H.,  Sr.,  510 

J.   W.,   II,   510 

Park,   I,  481,   491;    II,  364,   511; 

175 

Park   school,  I,  365,  393 
Randall  P..  II,  512 

school,  I,  393 
adsworfh.    T'^lijah,    I,   66,    67,    93,   655 
adsworth,  Howard  L.,  II,  557 
adsworth.  Joe  L.,  Ill,  206 
adsworth,   Mrs.   .John,   I,    656 
agiier,   F.  J.,   Ill,  364 
ahl.  John    F..   III.  479 
aibcl.  Henry,  I,  713 
ain,   Lewis   H.,   II,  215 
aite.  Floyd  E.,  I,  446,  447 
aite.    Morrison   R.,   I,    520 
akutt,  William,  I,  242 
alforth.  William,  I,  658 
alker,  Frank   R..  Ill,  241 
alker.  Mary  I..  III.  541 
alk-inthe-Water.    I,    119;     (illustra- 
tion),  120 

allace,  Frederick  T.,  I,  494 
a  1  lace,  (icorge,  I,  99,   109 
allace,  George  A.,  I,  247,  444,  447 
allace  House,   I,    104 
allace,  James  C,  III,  61 
allace,  James  L.,  Ill,  62 
allace,  John  H.,  Ill,  557 
'allace,  Mrs.    George,    I,    656 
allace.  Robert.  I,  643;    11,  470 
allace,  Robert  B.,  II,  471 
'aller,  C.   C,   I,  208 
"alsh,  Thomas  R.,  Ill,  414 
'alter,   Raymond   L.,   II,   518 
alton,  J.  W.,  I,  637 
'alton   scliool.   I,   393 
alton.  Thomas,  I,  709 
altz,  Allen  S.,  Ill,   240 
altz.  A.  L.,  I,  540 

alwnrth,     Ashbel     W'..     I,     149,     157: 
(portrait),  101 
alworth,  .Tuhn.  I.  70*,  73,  75,  81,  501, 

^m 

alworth   Run   viaduct,  I,  455 

ai    Council  of  Cleveland,  I,   675 

ar  emergency  committees,  D.   A.  R . 

Spanish-American   war,  I,   310 

ar  of  1S12  at  Cleveland,  I,  92,  655 

ar   Iniuistries  Board,  II,  492 

ar  nurses.  I,  686 

ar  Relief   Committee    (Federated 

Churches),  I,  622 

ard,  Artemus  (see  Cliarles  F.  Brown) 

ard.  H.  X.,  T,  177,   178.  205.  210,  211 

arehouse,  first  frame.  I.  116 

aring  Play  Ground,  I.  491 


Iviii 


INDEX 


Waring  school,  I,  393 

Warner,  Clavton  H.,  II,  306 

Warner,  Franz  C,  III,  345 

Warner  school,  I,  393 

Warner,  Worcester    R.,    I,    339,    559*, 

709;   11,  15 
^^'arner  &    Swasey   Company,   The,  IT, 

14 
Warren,  Charles  A.,  II,  528 
Warren,  Moses,  I,  17,  28,  32 
Warren,  Moses,  Jr..  I,  31 
Warren  school.  I.  393 
Warrensville   Farms,  I,  633 
Warwick,  .James  W.,  Ill,  503 
Warwick,  Nathan  E.,  II,  473 
Washington  Park,   I,  489,   491 
Wiisliinpton   Park  school.  1,  393 
Wasmcr,  Chas.  L.,  I,  713 
Watch    inspection   service    on   railway, 

II,  118 
Waterman,  Eleaznr,  I,  100 
Water  supply,  zones  and  area,  I,  438 
\\ater  tunnels,  1874-1890,  I,  262,  432 
Water  works,  I.  221.  334.  338,  334,  361, 

430,  431.  432.  435.  436,  437,  438,  439; 

miles  and  valuation.  I,  438 
Waterworks  department.  III,  111 
Watson's  Hall,  I,  265 
Watson,  .T.  W..  I,  265 
Watson,  W.   W..   Ill,   437 
Watterson,  Henry.  I,  334 
Watterson,  Horace  A.,  II,  547 
Watterson,  Moses  G.,  I,  414 
Watterson   school,    I,   393 
Watterson,  William    W.,   II,    545 
Waverly  school,  I,  393 
Weaker,  Theodore  A.,  Ill,  16 
Wealth  in  1891,  I,  281 
Weatherly,  Joseph  L.,  I,  213,  707,  708, 

709 
Weaver,  William  E.,  Ill,  345 
Webb,  Ella  S.,  I.  289,  306 
Webb,  Thomas  P..  I,  501.  504 
Weber.  Oustavc  C.  E..  I,  544 
A\'eber.  Herman,  I,  275 
Webster,  Mrs.   J.   H.,   I,   310,   313,   314, 

562 
Weddell.  Margaret  C,  T,  649 
\A'eddell.  Peter  M.,  T,  125,  128,  202 
Weed.  Mrs.  Charles  H.,  I,  290 
Wehrsrhmidt,  Daniel,   1,    563 
Wehrschmidt,  Emil.  I,  563 
Wcideiiian.  Henry  W.,  IT,  510 
MCitlciithal,   Maiirice.  H.  550 
^\■(■iIll(■r,   Solumoii,    III,    539 
A\eiiitraul),   (Jerson    Z.,    111.    126 
Weitz.  T,eonhardt     V...    Hi,    217 
Weldon,  Henry  (',.,  I,  197 
Weldon.  S.  J.,"  T,  542 
Welker,  Martin.  T.   524 
Wells,  Frank,   1,  544 
Welsbaeh,   Alier  V.,  III.  259 
Weiinenian.  .Tos(|ili    [I.,   II,   170 


West  Boulevard,  I.   491 

West  Cleveland.  I,   385,  451 

West  Cleveland  schools  annexed,  I,  376 

West  High  school,  I,  356,  360,  366  (il- 
lustration), 359 

West  junior  high  school,  I,  387 

West  Manual   Training  school,   I,   372 

^V'est  Park,  II,  266 

West  school,   I,   386 

West  Side  market,  I,  491 

West  Side  Mimicipal  Market  House 
(illustration),  I,  492 

West  Side  Railway  Company,  I,  241 

West  Side  Savings  and  Loan  Associa- 
tion, III,  243 

West  Side  Street  Railway  Company,  I, 
461 

West,  Sylvester  S.,  Ill,  183 

\\est  Technical   school,   I,  386 

West  technical  high  school,  I,  383;  (il- 
lustration)   385 

West  Technical  junior  high  school,  I, 
387 

West  Thirty-eighth  Play  Ground,  I, 
491 

Westenhaver,  David  C,  I,  524;   II,  22 

Western  College  of  Homeopathy,  I,  545 

Western  Reserve  Almanac  for  1853,  II, 
552 

Western  Reserve  Centennial.  II,  315 

M'estern  Reserve  Day,  Cleveland  Cen- 
tennial, I,  298 

Western  Reserve  Historical  Society,  I, 
109,   129,  350,   283.   411.   573;    II,  564 

Western  Reserve  Historical  Society's 
Building  on  the  Public  Square  (illus- 
tration). I,  413 

Western  Reserve  Historical  Society 
Building  of  Today  (illustration),  I, 
416 

Western  Reserve  Historical  Society's 
Collections.   I,   415 

Western  Reserve  Real  Estate  Associa- 
tion Notes   (reproductions  of),  T,  191 

Western  Reserve  University,  I,  271, 
395,  3!)S.  578;    II,  413 

iWestern  Reserve  I'niversity  war  unit, 
I,  674 

Western  Reserve  Varnish  Comjiany, 
ni,  341 

Western  Seamnii's  Friend  Society,  I, 
189,  623,  630 

Western  Union  Tclegrajih  Company, 
IT.  511 

Westinghouse  Electric  &  Jlanufactur- 
ing  Ciiinpany,  HI.  219 

\\CtlierclI,  iMlwin  C.  T,  545 

Wlialing,  G.  E,  &.  Son  Company,  III, 
538 

Whaling.  George  E.,  Til.  538 

Whaling.  Ralph   A..  HI,  539 

WheelcT,  .\nron.  I.  73 

Wheeler,  .lohn,   I,  545 


INDEX 


lix 


AV 
\V 
W 
W 
\V 
\V 

\\ 
\V 

\v 
w 
w 

w 
w 

AY 

AX- 
AX 
AV 
AA 

AA' 
AA' 
AV 
AV 


Iieelnien's  Dav.  Cleveland  Ceiitiniiiiil, 
I,  296 

heeliiu'ii's  Day  Crowd,  Cleveland  Cen- 
tennial   (illustialiun  I,  I,  297 
lielpley.   Thomas,  1.   178 
hi|)|)le".  Edward  I).,  HI.  333 
hite,  An<lrew,   I.  210 
hitc,   liuslinell,   I,   224,   518,   524,   571 
hite  Conipaiiv,   The,   JII,   309 
hite,  Fred  R.",  II,  491 
hite,  Henry  C.   I,  129,  513,  532 
hite,  John"G.,  I,  425,  536* 
hite,  John   P.,  II.  445 
hite,  Jloses,  I,  55 
hite    ]\Iotor    Companv.    III.    501 
hite.  X.   n..   I,  213 
hite,  Pierre  A.,  II,  279 
hite,  Roland   AV.,   Ill,  448 
hite    Sewinj;   Machine    Company,   II, 
534:   III,  501 
hite,  Thomas  H.,  I,  565 
hite,  AA"ilcnian,  I,  130 
hite,  AA'.  J.,  I,  565 
hite,  AV.  S.,  I,  446 
hitloek,  K.  H.,  I,  425 
hitloek,  Fred  B.,  Ill,  290 
hitman.  F.  P..  I,  402 
hitney.  Lyman,  I,  213 
hittaker.  '.May  C.  I,  376 
hittemore.   Edward  L.,  II,  59 
hittlesev.  Charles.    I,    146*;    portrait, 
147;   189,  193,  412,  555,  570,  572,  577, 
583,  659;   II,  85 
hittlesev.   Elisha.  I,  504 
iek  Block.   II.   560 
ick,  Dudlev   B.,   II,  559 
iek,  Dudley  B.,  .Jr..  1 1.  561 
ick,  Henry,  II.  560 
iek.   Warren    C,   II,   562 
iek,  William.   I.   56 
ickhani.  Certrude   A'.  R.,  I,  282,  290, 
306 

idlar    Company,    III,    374 
idlar,  Francis.  III.   373 
iebenson.  E.,  I,  711 
ieland.  Gustavus  A.,  Ill,  492 
iener.  A..  I,  710 
iese,  A.   D..  II.   194 
ightman.  David  L.,  I,  604 
ilcox,  John  M.,  I,  434 
ilhelra,  John.  I.  279,  280 

Hard.  Archibald    II.,    I,    471,    565; 
III,  353 

illard.   Byron  AV.,  HI,  355 
illard.  Daniel,  I,   669 
illard  school,  I,  393 
illard  Storage  Battery  Company,  II, 
467 
illard.  Theodore  A.,  II,  466 

lies,  L.,  I.  583 

illett  avenue  bridge.  I,  460 
illey,  Georpe,    I,    346,    348,   350,    351, 
353,  355,  357,  412,  456 


W  illev.  John  AV.,  I,  130,  179,  IHO,  182, 
184,  193,  194,  341,  344,  452,  506; 
(portrait),  181 

Uillevville,  I,  174 

Williams,  A.  J.,   I,   287,  289 

Williams,   Charles   D.,   I,  545,   599 

Williams,  Cyrus,  I,   178,  205 

Williams,  C,   I,   177 

Williams,  C.  C,  I,  669 

Williams,  E.  il.,  I,  384,  625 

Williams,  E.  P.,  I,  402 

Williams,  Jonathan,  I,   184 

Williams,  Joseph,  I,  7 

Williams  mill,    I,    43 

Williams,  Mrs.  A.  J.,  I,  290,  306 

Williams  Park,   I,  478 

Williams,  Robert  F.,  HI,  526 

Williams,  Samuel  G.,  I,  366,  368 

W  illiams,  William  W.,  I,  60,  69,  72,  74, 
089 

Williams,  AA'hecler  AV.,  I,  42 

W  illiamson,  J,  D.,  I,  428 

Williamson,  James  D.,  H,  489 

AVilliamson.  Samuel,  I,  81*;  (portrait) 
82;  99,  109,  129,  198,  200,  205,  208, 
344,   351,   400,   402.   412,   414;    H,   485 

AA'illiamson.  Samuel  E.,  I,  511,  533, 
533;    II,    488 

AVilliamson   Tannery,  I,  65 

Willis,  Genevieve    E.,    II,    182 

\\illis,  George  W.,   II,   183 

AVillis.  Harriet  J.,  II,  183 

A\'illoughby,  III,  169 

AA'illson  Avenue   Baptist  church,   I,  618 

Willson,     H.  A'.,  I,  237,  532 

Willson,  Hiram   A^,   I,   523,  524 

Willson.  S.   A'.,   T,   412 

Willson  school.  I,  365 

Willson   School   for  Cripples.   I,   365 

Willson   Street  Hospital,  I,  547 

Willson   (Training)    school,  I,   393 

AVilmot,  James  C,  III,  242 

Wilshire  Building,  I,  265 

Wilson,  J.  J.,  I,  637 

Wilson,  J.  AV..  II,  522 

AVilson,  Sidney  S.,  I,  417;   II,  507 

AA'ilson,  Sidney  V.,  II,  507 

AVilson,  Thos.'H.,    I,   710 

AVilson,  T.  P.,  I,  546 

AVinch,  L.  H.,  I,  517 

AA'indham  County,  Connecticut  (map), 
I.  29 

Windsor.  Lloyd,  I.   597 

Wing,  F.  J..  "l,   534 

AVing,  Francis  J.,  I,  534;   II,  51 

Wing,  George  C,  TI,  50 

AVing,   Joseph   K.,  II.   49 

AVing.  Marie  R.,  II,  51 

Winslow.  Charles,  I,  205,  211,  212,  213, 
214.  220 

Winslow.  Richard,  I,  139;  why  he  re- 
mained, 141 

AA'insIow,  Rufus  K.,  I,  555,  571 


INDEX 


VVinthrop,  John  Jr.,  I,  3* 

Winton,  Alexander,  I,  702;   III.  472 

Winton  Company,  The,  III,  473 

Wiseman.  John  J.,  1,  660 

Wiswall,  William   T.,   I,   283 

Witt.  Peter,  I.  320:    11,  107 

Witt,  Stillman.    I,    649 

Wolfe.  Herman,   in,   263 

Wolfville  books.  II,  133 

Woltman.  William,  II,  493 

Woman,  first  elected  to  public  office  in 

Ohio.  I,  376 
Woman   lawyer,  first,  I,  275 
Woman  Suffrage,   II,  109,   424 
Woman's  Club   of   Cleveland,   II.  43 
Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union, 

I,  262 
Women's  Dav,  Cleveland  Centennial,  I, 

296 
Women's  war  committee.  I,  681 
Women's  war  work,  I,  685 
Wood,  David  L.,  I,  658 
Wood.  Henry  W.  S..  I.  456;  II.  548 
Wood.  Herbert  C,  HI,  226 
Wood,  James   C,   I,   551 
Wood,  Reuben,  I,  100,  118';    (portrait) 

118:    505,  507,  521",  528 
Woodland  avenue   (Kinsman  street),  I, 

450 
Woodland  Avenue  Presbyterian  church, 

1,    618 
Woodland  cemetery,    I,    219,    626 
Woodland  HillOarfield     Boulevard.     I, 

491 
\\'oodland  Hills   Park.  I.  476.  491 
Woodland  Hills  school.   1,  393 
Woodland  school,  I,  393 
Woods,  David  L.,  I,  518 
Wooldridoe  school,   I,   393 
Woolsev,  I,   157 
Woolsey,  John  M.,  I,  212 
Woolson,  Constance  F.,  I,  573* 
Wooltex  coats   and   suits,  III,   196 
Worbs,  Andrew  V..  Ill,  484 
Worcester,  Xoah,  I,  543 
WorkiuKmcn's  Loan  Association,  I,  024 
WorI<l   war  activities,  I,  663-87 
Worlev,  Daniel,    I,    180,    182,    184,    198, 

344' 
Worthinpton  Company,  I,  690;  III,  383 
Worthinjjton,   Kdward   I-.,  II,  327 
Wortliinfrton,   Kdward   W.,   II.   326 
\\'(jrlliinf;lon,  (Jeorge,  I,  138;   (portrait) 

139;    690* 
Worthington,  Oeorge,  Jr.,  Ill,  382 
\\  orthington,  (ieorge  II.,   Ill,   554 


AVortliington,  Thomas,  I,  62 
Wright,  A.   S.,   I,  398 
Wright,  Darwin   E..   I.  289 
^\'right,  Edward  R.,  I,  623,  677 
Wright,  Howell,  III,  306 
Wright.  .Jabez,  I,  81 
"\\'right,  Martin   L.,   Ill,   208 
Wright,  Mrs.  R.  H..  I,  298 
Wright,  Nat   C,  I,   592 
\\right'3  Hospital,    III,    365 
Wyatt,  Major.   I,  42 
Wyles,  John,  I,   8 
U'yman,  George,  II,  527 

X-rays,  II,   561 

Yoder,  Harvey  O..  Ill,   82 

York,  B.   H.,   I,   709 

York,  George   W.,   II,   420 

York,  Harrison  B.,  I.  658 

Young,  Arthur  F.,  II,  318 

Young,  Charles  A.,  I,  395 

Young,  E.  F..  I,  635 

Young,  Elijah,  I,  173 

'i'oung  Furniture  Company,  HI,  286 

Young,  John,   I,    51 

Young,  John   L.,  IH,   285 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  I, 
231,  623,  625,  635-649;  Association 
Building,  1875  (illustration),  639; 
Association  Building  on  Euclid  ave- 
nue and  East  Fourth  street  (illus- 
tration), 640;  Association  Building, 
1891  (illustration).  641;  Association 
Building.  1918  (illustration),  645; 
Association  branch  buildings,  643, 
644;    war  work,   677 

Young  Men's  Literary  Association,  I, 
188,  211,  570 

Young.  P.    F..   I.    519 

Young.  Thos    O..    I.    129 

Young  People's  Council  of  (he  Fed- 
erated Churches,  1,  622 

Young  Women's  Christian  Association, 
I,  250,  623,  625,  649-53:  II,  393; 
-Vssociation  Bviilding  (illustration), 
I.  650;  dining  room  (illustration), 
651 

Younglove,  Moses   C,   I,   586;    III,   166 

Zangerle,  John   A.,  I,  448 
Zimerman,  Charles   X..  I,   662,  609 
/ion  church.  I,  605 

Zones  and  area  of  water  supply,  I,  438 
"Zoo."  Bro(iksi<Ie  Park.  I,  487  " 
Zoul,   William  J.,  II,  378 


Cleveland  and  Its  Environs 


CHAPTER  I 

IN  OLD  CONNECTICUT 

In  Ifi.'il,  au  Indian  sajxamore  went  to  Boston  with  the  storj^  of  a 
delightful  country  in  the  valley  of  what  is  now  known  as  the  Con- 
necticut River.  For  various  reasons,  some  of  the  people  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  soon  began  to  think  that  their  province  was  too  crowded 
and  to  express  a  desire  to  emigrate  westward.  About  that  time  the 
earl  of  Warwick  assigned  to  Lord  Say  and  Scale,  Lord  Brooke,  and 
others  his  dubious  title  to  the  territory  between  the  Narragansetl  and 
the  Pacific,  the  bounds  of  which  were  stated  with  exasperating  indefi- 
niteness.  The  grantees  planned  the  planting  of  a  colony,  but  the 
New  Xetlu'i-land  Dutch  penetrated  the  Connecticut  River  valley, 
bouglit  lands  from  the  Indians  as  was  tlieir  honest  custom,  built  Fort 
Good  Hope  on  the  site  of  Hartford,  aiul  claimed  the  whole  valley  as 
their  own.  In  T63.1,  the  Pilgrims  at  New  Plymouth  sent  a  vessel  to 
carry  William  Holmes  and  others  thither,  and  the  Dutch  commander  of 
Fort  Good  Hope  threatened  to  fire  if  Holmes  attempted  to  sail  by. 
But  Holmes  iniderstood  English  better  than  he  did  Dutch,  obeyed  his 
New  Plymouth  orders,  .sailed  by  the  quiescent  fort,  and,  si.x  miles 
further  up  the  river,  began  a  settlement  on  the  site  of  Windsor. 
Connecticut  had  been  begun. 

E.VRLY  Events  in  Southern  New  England 

The  water  route  to  the  beautiful  valley  having  been  thus  opened 
by  Holmes,  the  overland  route  through  Massachusetts  was  explored 
by  John  Oldham,  whose  "appetizing  accounts  of  the  upper  Connecti- 
cut valley  .  .  .  seem  to  have  suggested  a  way  out  of  a  serious 
difficulty  which  had  come  to  a  head  in  Massachu.setts  Bay."  Five  of 
the  eight  Massachusetts  towns  had  limited  suffrage  and  office-holding 

1 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS 


[Chap.  I 


to  church  members.  For  this  and  perhaps  other  reasons,  the  three 
more  democratic  towns  fell  into  opposition.  In  1636,  came  a  mem- 
orable migration,  led  by  such  men  as  Thomas  Hooker  and  William 
Pynchon,  and  urged  on  by  the  restless  pioneer  spirit  characteristic 
of  our  fathers,  the  desire  for  more  fertile  lands  than  those  of  eastern 
ilassachusetts,  a  longing  for  less  of  political  and  ecclesiastical  restric- 
tion than  that  imposed  by  the  Puritan  hierarchy,  and,  in  some  cases, 
no  doubt,  by  a  weariness  of  the  overshadowing  influence  of  Wilson, 
Cotton,  Endicott,  Dudley  and  the  elder  Winthrop.  In  March  of  that 
year    (1636),   the  ilassaehusetts   general   court  issued   a  commission 


A    T    J.    A 


y    T     I     C 


Southern  New  England 


to  eight  persons  "to  govern  the  people  at  Coiinoctirut "  for  the  ensu- 
ing year,  but  before  the  Massachusetts  commission  expiicil,  Connecti- 
cut liad  a  W('ll-cstal)lished  govornincut  of  i1s  own.  hi  Ili37.  Sj.ring- 
field  withdrew  from  the  association,  but  in  .hmuary,  163S-3!!,  the  other 
towns  on  the  river,  Hartford,  Wethcrsticld  ami  Windsor,  took  iij)  tlic 
powers  of  self-government,  a  somewhat  iieliidous  comnioiiwcalth  with 
its  authority  derived  chiefly  from  the  democratic  principles  of  its 
citizens;  its  constitution,  known  a.s  "The  Fundamental  Orders  of 
Connecticut,"  niiide  no  mention  of  king  or  pai-liamcnt.  Thei'c  soon 
came  a  voluminous  correspondence  lietwccn  Tiiomas  Hookei-  and  Gov- 
ernor Winthrop   concerning  the   boundaries  of  the  cnninionwcalths 


1637-62]  IN  OLD  CONXECTICUT  3 

and  general  prineiples  of  government.  This  corres)iondcnce  shows 
clearly  the  nneonipromising  denioeracy  of  the  Hartford  pastor  who 
urged  tliat  "the  foundation  of  antliority  is  laid  in  the  free  consent  of 
the  people."  On  the  other  hand.  Governor  Winthrop  insisted  that 
"the  best  part  is  always  the  least,  and  of  that  best  part  the  wiser  part 
is  always  the  lesser."  This  disposition  of  the  Connecticut  freemen 
to  make  their  democracy  the  chief  cornerstone  of  commonwealth  still 
pemsts  in  their  descendants  in  New  Connecticut. 

In  June,  1637,  a  band  of  English  Calvinists  landed  at  Boston. 
Their  leader  was  their  pastor,  John  Davenport,  after  whom  their 
leading  man  was  Theophilus  Eaton,  a  merchant.  In  proportion  to 
their  numbers,  they  formed  the  richest  colony  in  America,  and  they 
were  free  from  entangling  alliances.  Unwilling  to  subordinate  them- 
selves to  others  when  they  could  constitute  a  commonwealth  of  their 
own,  and  without  any  patent  from  king  or  concessionaire,  they  sailed 
from  Boston  in  March,  1638,  and  began  a  settlement  at  what  is  now 
New  Haven.  At  first,  as  was  the  case  at  Plymouth,  the  town  and  the 
colony  were  identical,  but,  one  after  another,  neighboring  towns  were 
planted  and,  in  1643,  the  deputies  from  several  of  these  towns  met 
as  a  general  court  and  adopted  a  constitution  for  the  commonwealth 
of  New  Haven. 

In  1645,  John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  son  of  the  Jlassachu-setts  governor, 
began  a  plantation  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pequot  River;  the  plantation 
became  New  London  and  the  river  became  tiie  Thames.  In  1646, 
Winthrop  received  a  commis.sion  from  the  Ma-ssachu.setts  general 
court,  but,  in  tlie  following  year,  the  commissioners  of  the  United 
Colonics  concluded  that  "the  jurisdiction  of  that  plantation  doth 
and  ought  to  belong  to  Connecticut."  Settlements  were  soon  made 
at  Stonington  and  elsewhere  in  ea.stern  Connecticut.  In  1658,  the 
commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  awarded  the  territory  west  of 
the  Mystic  River  to  Connecticut  and  the  country  between  the  Mystic 
and  the  Pawcatuck  to  Massachusetts.  In  1662,  the  long-sought  Con- 
necticut charter  fixed  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  colony  at  the  Paw- 
catuck River.  Ma.s,sachusetts  acquiesced,  and,  in  June  of  that  year, 
Thomas  ^Fincr  of  Stonington  wrote  in  his  famous  diary  tliat  "mr 
plaisted  [and]  ould  Cheesbrough  was  going  to  norig  [Norwich]  To 
surrender  the  Towne  to  Coneticut." 

In  1657,  the  yf)unger  Winthrop  was  elected  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut, for  a  year.  In  1659.  lie  was  again  elected  and  held  the  office  until 
1676.  Connecticut  was  tardy,  but  less  tardy  tlian  the  other  members 
of  the  New  England  confederacy,  in  her  acknowledgment  of  Charles 
II.  as  king  of  England.     In  1661,  her  general  court  voted  an  address 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS 


1  Chap.  I 


to  the  king  "declaring  and  professing  themselves,  all  the  inhabitants 
of  the  colony,  to  be  his  Highness 's  lawful  and  faithful  subjects." 
Governor  "Winthrop  was  sent  to  England  with  the  address  and  instruc- 
tions to  seek  a  royal  charter  with  provisions  "not  inferior  or  short 
of  what  was  granted  to  the  Ma.ssaehusetts. "  In  England,  he  had  the 
influential  support  of  Lord  Say  and  Scale  and  of  the  earl  of  Man- 
chester. AVinthrop's  mi.ssion  was  successful,  and,  in  April,  1662,  the 
monarch  who  has  been  fittingly  described  as  "indolent,  unamliitious, 
and  depraved  in  morals"  granted  a  charter  of  extraordinary  liberality. 


The  Loc.\tion  of  New  Connecticut 


The  charter  thus  granted  to  Connecticut  conveyed  a  licit  of  land 
reaching  from  the  Massachusetts  line  to  Long  Island  Sound  and  ex- 
tending vvestwai'd  from  Narragansett  Bay  "to  the  South  Sea  [Pacific 
Ocean]  on  the  west  part  with  the  islands  thereunto  adjoining."  It 
consolidated  the  Connecticut  and  the  New  Haven  plantations,  jumped 
half  the  claim  of  Rhode  Island  and  the  lately  estaMislicd  claim  of 
Massachusetts,  and  ignored  the  existence  of  llie  Dutch.  New  Haven 
liked  it  not  and,  under  the  lead  of  Davciijiort,  resisted  annexation 
until  1665,  when  she  submitted.  For  yeai's  befni'e  and  after  this,  the 
policy  of  Connecticut  was  what,  in  inodcrn  political  parlance,  is  cidlcd 
a  still  hunt;  or,  in  the  words  of  I'rofessor  Johnston,  "to  say  as  little 
as  possililc,  yield  as  little  as  possible,  and  evade  as  nuich  as  possible 


1783-86]  IN  OLD  CONNECTICUT  5 

when  open  resistaiiec  was  evident  folly."  Her  statesmen  never  forgot 
their  laek  of  a  eliarter.  and  the  importance  of  securing  an  increase 
of  territory.    Their  success  in  cairyiiiir  <iut  this  policy  w.is  remarkable. 

KiivAL  L.vND  Grants 

But  it  was  not  in  good  form  for  kings  in  those  days  to  be  accurate 
in  the  matter  of  the  title  deeds  they  gave.  In  fact,  their  disregard 
of  geography  and  equity  was  phenomenal.  The  grants  overlapped 
alarmingly  and  bred  conflicts  that  gave  no  end  of  trouble  to  American 
colonists  and  of  exas])erati()n  to  American  historians.  Subsequent 
grants  to  the  duke  of  York  and  to  AVilliam  Peun  cut  sorry  gashes  in  the 
domain  granted  by  this  charter  of  1662.  The  northern  boundary  of 
Connecticut  is  the  parallel  of  42°  2' ;  the  westei-n  boundary  happens  to 
fall  at  the  seashore  on  the  forty-first  parallel  of  north  latitude.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  of  independence.  Connecticut  still  upheld  her 
claim  to  the  western  territory  lying  between  the  parallels  of  41°  and 
of  42°. 2'  and  extending  from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Mississippi.  By  a 
resolution  of  her  legislature  in  1783,  she  affirmed  "the  undoubted 
and  exclusive  right  of  .iurisdiction  and  preemi^tion  to  all  the  lands 
lying  we.st  of  the  western  limits  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  extending  throughout,  from  the 
latitude  of  the  forty-first  degree  to  the  latitude  of  the  forty-second 
degree  and  two  minutes,  north ;  by  virtue  of  the  charter  granted  by 
King  Chai'les  IT,  to  the  late  colony  and  luiw  state  of  Connecticut, 
and  being  dated  April  23,  1662,  which  claim  and  title  to  make 
known  for  the  information  of  all,  that  they  may  conform  themselves  . 
thereto : 

Resolved,  that  his  excellency,  the  governor,  be  desired  to  issue 
his  j)roclamation.  declaiming  and  asserting  the  right  of  this  state  to 
all  the  lands  within  the  limits  aforesaid,  and  strictly  forbidding  all 
persons  to  enter  or  settle  thereon,  without  special  license  and  authority 
first  obtained  from  the  cfcneral  assembly  of  this  state. 

CONNECTICfT  CkDES  MOST  OF  HeR  "WESTERN  LaNDS 

A  few  yeai's  later,  tiie  cKiiinaiit  states  of  the  old  confedei'ation  cCdcd 
their  western  lands  to  the  general  government.  On  the  fourteenth 
of  September,  1786,  by  deed  of  cession,  Connecticut  released  to  the 
United  States  all  right,  title,  .iurisdiction,  and  claim  that  she  had 
north  of  the  forty-first  panillcl  and  west  of  a  meridian  to  be  run 
one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  west  of  the  west  line  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  deed  made  no  disposition  of  the  territory  between  this  meridian 


6  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  I 

and  the  Pennsylvania  line  and  north  of  the  forty-fii'st  parallel;  in 
other  words,  the  territory  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  Ohio  of  to- 
day, bounded  on  the  north  by  the  international  line,  on  the  east 
by  Pennsylvania,  on  the  south  by  the  forty-first  parallel,  and  on  the 
west  by  a  line  pai*allel  to  the  western  boundary  of  Pennsylvania 
and  a  hundred  and  twenty  miles  from  it  was  excluded  from  the  re- 
lease. Connecticut  was  said  "to  reserve"  this  territory,  and  the 
popular  expression,  "The  Connecticut  Western  Reserve"  soon  worked 
its  way  into  legal  and  historical  documents.  In  October,  1786,  the 
general  assembly  of  Connecticut  authorized  the  sale  of  the  eastern 
part  of  her  reservation.  The  resolution  provided  for  the  survey  of 
six  ranges  of  townships  lying  west  of  the  Pennsylvania  line.  The 
townships  were  to  be  six  miles  square  and  numbered  from  Lake 
Erie  southward ;  a  plan  of  survey  that  was  subsequently  modified. 
The  price  per  acre  was  limited  to  three  shillings  currency  (half  a 
dollar).  In  each  township,  500  acres  were  to  be  resei-ved  for  the 
support  of  the  gospel  ministry,  and  500  more  for  the  stipport  of 
schools.  The  first  minister  who  settled  in  a  township  was  to  be 
given  240  acres.  Until  local  civil  government  could  be  established, 
the  preservation  of  peace  and  good  order  was  to  devolve  iipon  the 
general  assembly.  In  the  following  year,  congress  enacted  the 
famous  Ordinance  of  1787,  thus  establishing  national  authority  over 
the  Western  Reserve.  Although  no  attempt  was  made  to  execute 
the  surveys  authorized  in  1786  by  the  general  assembly,  24,000 
acres,  described  by  ranges  and  townships  as  though  the  lines  had 
been  run  and  marked  upon  the  ground,  and  afterwards  known  as 
the  "Salt  Spring  Tract"  in  Trumbull  County,  was  sold  in  February. 
1788,  to  Gen.  Samuel  H.  Parsons  of  IMiddletown,  Connecticut. 

Salb  op  Western  Reserve  to  Connecticut  Land  Company 

In  May,  1792,  the  general  assembly  set  apart  500,000  acres  lying 
across  the  western  end  of  the  Reserve  for  the  benefit  of  her  citi- 
zens who  had  suffered  losses  by  British  incursions  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. In  Connecticut  history,  these  lands  are  known  as  "The  Suf- 
ferer's Lands;"  in  Ohio  history,  as  "The  Fire  Lands."  In  May, 
1795,  the  general  assembly  ofTered  for  sale  the  remaining  part  of 
its  western  lands,  flic  i)roceeds  thereof  to  constitute  a  perpetual 
fund,  the  interest  of  which  sliould  lie  approju-iated  for  th(>  siip- 
jiort  of  schools.  The  Connecticut  school  fund,  wliich  now  amounts 
to  more  than  !)^2, 000,000,  consists  wholly  of  |)roco(>ds  of  the  sale  of 
these   western    lands   and    of   the   capitalized    intei'cst    thereon.      The 


1792-95]  IN  OLD  CONNECTICUT  7 

time  was  propitious,  for  the  triumphal  march  of  Gen.  Anthony 
Wayne  through  the  Indian  country  from  the  Ohio  River  to  Lake 
Erie  in  179-4  had  added  new  zest  to  the  speculation  in  western  lands. 
In  the  followinsT  ^^cptenlber  (1795),  a  legislative  committee  sold 
these  lauds  to  the  Connecticut  Land  Company  which  was  organized 
for  the  purpose  of  the  purchase.  This  company  was  not  incor- 
porated; it  was  simply  a  "syndicate"  of  land  speculators.  The 
price  agreed  upon  was  .$1, 200,000;  the  sale  was  made  on  credit,  the 
purchasers  giving  their  bonds  with  personal  security,  and  subse- 
quently supplementing  them  by  mortgages  on  the  lands.  The  Re- 
serve was  sold  without  survey  or  measurement.  The  committee  made 
as  many  deeds  as  there  were  purchasers  and  each  deed  granted  all 
riglit,  title  and  interest,  jui'idical  and  territorial,  to  as  many  twelvc- 
hundred-thousanilths  of  the  land  as  the  number  of  dollars  that  the 
purchasers  had  agreed  to  pay.  "These  deeds  were  quitclaims  only, 
the  State  guaranteeing  nothing  as  against  such  Indian  titles  as  still 
remained  unextinguished."  Each  purchaser  was  a  tenant  in  common 
of  the  whole  territory.  The  names  of  the  purchasers  and  the  amount 
of  each  one 's  subscription  are  as  follows : 

Joseph  Howland  and  Daniel  L.  Coit .$  30.461 

Elias  :\Iorgan 51,402 

Caleb  Atwater 22,846 

Daniel  Ilolbrook 8,750 

Joseph  Williams    15,231 

AVilliam  Love   10,500 

William  Judd 16,256 

Elisha  Hyde  and  Uriah  Tracey 57,400 

James  Johnston 30,000 

Samuel  :Mather,  Jr .' . . .  18,461 

Ephraim  Kirbv,  Elijah  Boardman  and  Uriel  Holmes,  Jr.  .  .  60,000 

Solomon  Griswold   10,000 

Oliver  Plielps  and  Gideon  Granger,  Jr 80,000 

William  Hart 30,462 

Henry  Champion,  2d 85.675 

Asher  Miller    34.000 

Robert   C.   Johnson    60,000 

Ephraim  Root   42,000 

Nehemiah  Hubl)ard,   Jr 19,039 

Solomon  Cowles 10,000 

Oliver  Phelps 168,185 

Asahel  Hathawav   12,000 

John  Caldwell  and  Peleg  Sanford 15,000 

Timothy  Burr 15,231 

Luther  Loomis  and  Ebenezer  King,  Jr 44,318 

William  Lyman,  John  Stoddard  and  David  King 24,730 


8                        CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  I 

Moses  Cleaveland 32,600 

Samuel  P.  Lord 14,092 

Roger  Newberry,  Eiiocli  Perkins  and  Jonathan  Brace  ....  38,000 

Ephraim   Starr    17,415 

Sylvanns  Griswold   1,683 

Joseb  Stocking  and  Joshua  Stow   11,423 

Titus  Street  22,846 

James  Bull.  Aaron  Olmsted  and  John  "Wyles 30,000 

Pierpoint   Edwards    " 60,000 


$1,200,000 


The  deeds  and  subsequent  drafts  by  which  the  lands  were  dis- 
tributed were  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  at  Hart- 
ford and  subsequently  transferred  to  the  recorder's  office  at  War- 
ren. For  convenience  in  the  transaction  of  business,  the  holders  of 
these  deeds  conveyed  (September  5,  1795)  their  respective  interests 
to  three  trustees,  John  Caldwell,  John  Morgan,  and  Jonathan  Brace. 
The  original  of  this  deed  of  tiiist  is  in  the  archives  of  the  AYestern 
Reserve  Historical  Society.  Such  was  the  largest  sale  of  Ohio  lands 
ever  made.  The  deeds  given  by  these  trustees  constitute  the  source 
of  all  land  titles  in  the  "Western  Reserve.  The  somewhat  elaboi-ate 
articles  of  association  provided  that  annual  meetings  should  be  held 
at  Hartford  in  October  and  that  the  proprietors  were  to  draM'  by 
townships,  receive  their  deeds,  and  make  their  own  subdivisions.  As 
a  speculation,  the  purchase  proved  unfortunate;  the  survey  showed 
that  instead  of  buying  4,000,000  acres  as  was  supposed,  the  share- 
holders had  bought  not  more  than  3,000,000;  instead  of  paying 
thirty  cents  per  acre,  they  had  paid  more  than  forty.  The  expenses 
of  the  survey  were  heavier  than  had  been  anticipated  and  a  jurisdic- 
tional question  caused  much  vexation  iuul  peeuniai-y  loss.  "For 
a  state  to  alienate  the  jurisdiction  of  half  its  territory  to  a  company 
of  land  speculators  that  never  rose  to  the  dignity  of  a  body  corporate 
and  politic  was  certainly  a  remarkable  proceeding." 

Personnel  op  the  Connecticut  L.\nd  Comp.\ny 

The  directors  of  the  company  were  Oliver  Phelps  of  Sufficld ; 
Henry  Champion,  2d,  of  Colchester;  Moses  Cleaveland  of  Canter- 
bury; Samuel  AV.  Johnson,  Ejihraim  Kii-by  and  Samuel  Mather,  Jr., 
of  Lynn ;  and  Roger  Newberry  of  West  Windsor.  The  articles  of 
association  authorized  the  directors  "to  procure  an  extinguishment 
of  the  Lidian  tifle  to  said  Reserve"  and  "to  survey  the  whole  of 
said  Reserve,   and    to   lay   tlie  same   out    into   tnwiisliips  cuntaiiiing 


General  Moses  Cleaveland 

Pirst  reproduction  from  a  portrait,  by  the  courtesy  of  The  Western 

Reserve  Historical  Society. 


10  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  I 

16,000  acres  each;  to  fix  on  a  township  in  which  the  first  settle- 
ment shall  be  made,  to  survey  that  township  into  small  lots  in  such 
manner  as  they  shall  think  proper,  and  to  sell  and  dispose  of  said 
lots  to  actual  settlers  only;  to  erect  in  said  township  a  saw-mill  and 
grist-mill  at  the  expense  of  said  company,  to  lay  out  and  sell  live 
other  townships  of  16,000  acres  each  to  actual  settlers  only."  In 
the  spring  of  1796,  the  directors  sent  out  a  surveying  party  (fifty 
pei*sons,  all  told)  under  the  command  of  Gen.  ]Moses  Cleaveland, 
a  man  of  few  words  and  prompt  action,  a  man  of  true  courage  and 
as  shrewd  in  his  tactics  as  he  was  courageous.  This  ]Moses  Cleave- 
land was  born  at  Canterbury  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut,  on 
the  twenty-ninth  of  January,  1754,  the  second  son  of  Aaron  and 
Thankful  (Paine)  Cleaveland.  In  the  Memorial  Record  of  Cuya- 
hoga County  published  in  1894,  it  is  recorded,  on  the  authority  of 
"an  eminent  antiquarian,"  (Harvey  Rice)  that  the  name  Cleave- 
land or  Cleveland  appears  to  be  "of  Saxon  origin  and  was  given 
to  a  distinguished  family  in  Yorkshire,  England,  prior  to  the  Nor- 
man conquest.  The  family  occupied  a  large  landed  estate  w-hich  was 
peculiarly  marked  by  open  fissures  in  its  rocky  soil,  styled  'cleft' 
or  'eleves'  by  the  Saxons,  and  by  reason  of  the  peculiarity  of  the 
estate  its  occupants  were  called  '  Clefflauds, '  which  name  was  ac- 
cepted by  the  family."  It  may  be  well,  however,  to  remember  that, 
while  the  art  of  patronymic  derivation  is  interesting,  some  of  its 
results  are  amazingly  ingenious.  On  the  same  authority  it  is  said 
that  a  William  Cleaveland  removed  from  York  to  Ilincklej'  in 
Leicestershire,  England,  where  he  died  in  1630.  This  William  had  a 
son,  Thomas,  who  became  vicar  of  Hinckley,  and  another  son,  Samuel. 
This  Samuel  Cleaveland  had  a  son,  Moses,  who  migrated  to  America 
in  16;?.5  and  became  the  ancestor  of  all  the  Cleavelands  and  Cleve- 
lands  who  are  of  New  England  origin.  After  living  several  veal's  at 
Boston,  he  became  one  of  the  founders  of  Woburn,  Massachusetts, 
where  he  died  in  1701.  By  way  of  Chelmsford,  some  of  his  descend- 
ants moved  to  the  town  of  Canterbury  where  Aaron  Cleaveland,  the 
fifth  son  and  (ruth  (tliild  of  Josiali  Cleaveland,  was  born  in  1727. 
In  1748,  this  Aaron  Clcvelaiul  married  Thankful  Paine,  and  their 
second  .son  was  the  Moses  Cleaveland  with  whom  we  are  the  most 
directly  coneenied.  .Vai'oii  and  Thankfid  were  persons  of  educa- 
tion and  refinement  and  decided  that  their  son  should  have  a  col- 
lege education.  After  the  usual  preparation,  he  was  sent  to  Yale 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1777.  He  then  studied  law,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  l)ar,  and  began  the  i)ractice  of  his  profession  in  his 
native  town.     In  1779,  he  became  captain  of  a  company  of  sajjpers 


1779-95]  IN  OLD  CONNECTICUT  11 

and  miners  in  the  scrvii'c  of  the  United  States,  served  as  such  for 
several  years,  and  then  returned  to  the  practice  of  the  law.  He 
became  a  prominent  member  of  the  Masonic  order  and  served  several 
terms  in  the  state  legislature.  In  1794,  he  mari-ied  Esther,  the 
daughter  of  Henry  Champion;  she  is  spoken  of  as  "a  young  lady  of 
rare  accomplishments;"  by  her,  he  had  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 
In  1796,  he  was  commissioned  as  brigadier-general  of  the  Connecticut 
militia  and,  in  the  same  year,  was  chosen  to  lead  the  pioneers  of 
the  Connecticut  Land  Company  to  the  Western  Reserve.  It  is  said 
that  in  his  bearing  he  was  manly  and  dignified.  "He  wore  such  a 
sedate  look  that  strangei-s  often  took  him  for  a  clergyman.  He  had 
a  somewhat  swarthy  complexion,  which  induced  the  Indians  to  be- 
lieve him  akin  to  their  own  race.  He  had  black  hair,  quick  and 
penetrating  eyes.  He  was  of  medium  height,  erect,  thick-set,  and 
portly,  and  was  of  muscular  limbs  and  his  step  was  of  a  military  air." 


CHAPTER  II 

THE  QUEST  OF  THE  PROMISED  LAND 

He  whose  name  our  city  bears  was  commissioned  to  superintend 
"the  agents  and  men  sent  to  survey  and  make  locations  on  said 
land,  and  to  enter  into  friendly  negotiations  with  the  natives  who 
are  on  said  land  or  contiguous  thereto  and  may  liave  any  pretended 
claim  to  the  same,"  and  was  "fully  authorized  to  act  and  transact 
the  above  business  in  as  full  a  manner  as  we  oui-selves  could  do." 
The  journey  from  Connecticut  to  the  Reserve  was  toilsome  and 
tedious,  but  there  were  some  variations  from  the  i-outine.  For  in- 
stance, the  journal  of  Seth  Pease  contains  the  following:  "I  began 
my  journey,  Monday,  May  9,  1796.  Fare  from  Suffield  to  Hartford, 
six  sliillings :  expenses,  four  shillings,  six  pence.  ...  At  break- 
fast, expense  two  shillings.  Fare  on  my  chest  from  Hartford  to 
Middletown,  one  shilling,  six  pence."  The  trip  to  New  York  cost 
for  "Passage  and  liquor,  4  dollars  and  three  quarters."  His 
recorded  expenses  for  "seeing"  the  metropolis  were  "Ticket  for 
play,  75c;  Liquor,  14e ;  Show  of  elephants,  50e;  shaving  and  comb- 
ing, 13e."  On  the  nineteenth  of  May,  General  Cleaveland  wrote 
from  Albany  to  Oliver  Phelps  as  follows:  "I  have  in  rain 
and  bad  roads  arrived  at  this  place.  I\Ir.  Porter  loft  Schenectady 
on  last  Sunday,  one  man  was  drowned.  I  find  it  inconvenient  and 
at  present  imi)ossible  to  ol)tain  a  loan  of  money  witliout  sacrifice, 
•as  our  credit  as  a  comiiany  is  not  yet  sufficiently  known.  It  must 
then  rest  on  drafts  on  Thos.  Matlier  &  Company,  dependent  on 
their  early  being  supplied  with  money  from  Hartford.  .  .  .  Sir. 
Porter  has  proceeded,  as  I  ol)t;iiii  information,  with  all  the  dispatch 
and  attention  possible,  but  we  shall  all  fall  short,  tho'  our  exer- 
tions arc  ever  so  great,  without  pecuniary  aid.  I  have  concluded, 
without  adequate  sujiiily,  to  proceed,  and  as  my  presence  is  miu'h 
wanted  to  risque  consequences,  shall  nuike  drafts  on  Thos.  Mather 
and  Company,  resting  assured  that  you  will  immediately,  if  at  the 
expense  of  a  person  on  ]inr|)(iM'  send  on  the  money  imniecliately  that 
can  be  procured,  to  Messrs.  .Mather,  who  will  attend  to  all  orders 
and  dircM-tions  you  may  please  to  give.     A  credit  once  establislied, 

12 


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d 


Moses  Cleaveland's  Co^imtsston 


U  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS  [Chap.  II 

the  business  eau  with  great  ease  and  less  expense  be  transacted,  but 
if  we  shall  be  obliged  to  draw  orders,  and  once  protested,  I  am  ap- 
prehensive that  consequences  will  be  fatal,  at  least  to  the  persons 
employed."  The  party  was  at  Schenectady  early  in  June.  The 
horses  and  cattle  were  driven  thence  to  BuflPalo,  while  most  of  the 
men  went  in  open  boats,  up  the  Mohawk  River,  across  the  "Great 
Carrj'ing  Place"  near  Fort  Stanwix  (Rome,  New  York),  down  the 
narrow,  crooked  "Wood  Creek,  through  Oneida  Lake,  down  the  Os- 
wego River  into  Lake  Ontario,  and  around  Niagara  to  Buffalo,  a 
journey  of  several  heavy  portages  and  througli  an  unexplored  wil- 
derness. The  boats  were  the  batteaux  common  for  the  navigation  of 
rivers  and  lakes  in  those  daj-s;  each  was  supplied  with  oars  and 
paddles  and  a  movable  mast  and  sail.  As  recorded  by  Mrs.  Har- 
riet Taylor  Upton  in  her  History  of  the  Western  Reserve,  the  "bat- 
teaux filled  with  provisions,  baggage,  and  men  were  heavy  and  most 
of  the  men  were  unused  to  river  boating.  One  of  them  records  that 
]nilling  up  the  ^Mohawk  was  as  hard  work  as  he  ever  did  in  his  life. 
It  was  a  relief  when  they  began  going  down  the  Oswego."  Fort 
Oswego  and  Fort  Niagara  were  then  held  by  the  British,  but  were 
to  be  delivered  to  the  LTnited  States  in  accordance  w\i\\  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Jay  treaty.  Unfortunatel.y,  the  old  orders  to  the  officers 
at  Fort  Oswego  allowed  no  Americans  to  pass  and  the  new  orders 
had  not  yet  arrived  from  Fort  Niagara.  But  Commissaiy  Stow  was 
in  a  hurry  and  when,  in  disobedience  of  his  instructions,  he  passed 
the  fort  with  only  one  of  his  four  boats,  the  British  officers  thought 
that  he  was  simply  going  to  Fort  Niagara  to  get  the  needed  per- 
mission for  the  party  to  go  on.  The  other  three  boats  passed  the 
fort  under  cover  of  the  night  and  the  party  reached  Lake  Ontario 
in  safety.  Then  came  a  violent  storm  with  attendant  losses.  In  his 
journal,  John  ^Milton  Holley,  one  of  the  surveyors,  wrote  that  "on 
Saturday  morning  there  sprang  up  in  the  northwest  a  storm,  and 
blew  most  violently  on  tlie  .shore  of  the  lake.  This  proved  fatal  to 
one  of  the  boats,  and  damaged  another  very  much,  though  we  went 
a  little  forward  to  a  safe  harbor,  and  built  several  fires  on  the  bank 
of  the  lake,  as  a  beacon  to  those  coming  on.  After  the  disaster  had 
hapijcned,  the  boat  that  was  safe  went  on  to  the  Gerundicut  [Iron- 
dequoit]  with  a  load,  and  left  the  other  three,  including  the  one 
that  was  stove,  at  Little  Sodus,  encamped  near  the  lake.  Among  the 
passengers  were  two  families,  one  of  the  women  with  a  little  child. 
.  .  .  All  of  these  misfortunes  happened  in  consequence  of  not 
having  liberty  to  pass  the  fort  at  Oswego.  Such  are  the  effects  of 
allowing  the  British  (jovernment  to  exist  on  the  continent  of  Ameriea." 


1796]  FIWM  SCllEXECTAUY  TO  BUFP^ALO  15 

The  party  finally  arrived  at  Iroiulotiuoit,  the  port  for  Rochester,  and 
thcuee  moved  on  to  Canaiulaigua  and  were  at  Buflt'alo  on  the  seven- 
teenth of  .hine.  On  Sunday  (June  19),  Mr.  IloUey  "left  Buffalo 
in  Winney's  boat,  for  Chipi)e\va,  had  a  fair  wind  down,  and  arrived 
about  1  o'clock  at  Chippewa,  dined  at  Fanning's,  found  our  goods 
were  not  at  the  Gore,  in  Chippewa,  and  was  obliged  to  go  to  Queens- 
town  after  them,  and  as  T  could  not  get  a  horse  was  obliged  to  walk. 
I  got  to  QuccnstowH  before  night,  and  lodged  at  Caleb  Ingersoll's; 
next  morning  set  out  for  Buffalo.  On  the  way  I  stopped  to  look  at 
Niagara  Falls.  That  river  a  little  above  Fort  Slusher,  is  two  and 
a  half  miles  wide.  Soon  after  this  the  water  is  very  rapid,  and  con- 
tinuing on,  is  hurried  witli  amazing  impetuosity  down  the  most 
stupendous  precipice  perhaps  in  nature.  There  is  a  fog  continually 
arising,  occasioned  by  the  tumbling  of  the  water,  which,  in  a  clear 
morning,  is  seen  from  Lake  Erie,  at  the  distance  of  thirty  or  forty 
miles,  as  is  the  noise  also  hoard.  As  the  hands  were  very  dilatory 
in  leaving  Chippewa,  we  were  obliged  to  encamp  on  the  great  island 
in  the  river.  We  struck  a  fire  and  cooked  some  squirrels  and  pigeons, 
and  a  young  partridge.  I  slept  very  sound  all  night,  between  a 
large  log  and  the  bank  of  the  river.    The  next  day  arrived  at  Buffalo." 

Cleaveland  Buys  Indian  Land  Claims 

At  Buffalo,  General  Cleaveland  bought  the  Indian  claim  to  the 
lands  east  of  the  Cuyahoga  River  (June  23d)  for  500  pounds 
(New  York  currency  in  trade),  two  beef  cattle,  and  a  hundred  gal- 
lons of  whiskey.  The  Connecticut  pilgrims  had  been  "confronted 
by  representatives  of  the  Mohawk  and  Seneca  Indians,  headed  by  the 
famous  Red  Jacket,  and  Joseph  Brant  otherwise  known  to  fame  by 
his  Indian  name  of  Thayendanega,  who  were  determined  to  use  force 
if  necessarv,  to  oppose  the  further  progress  of  the  expedition  toward 
the  West.  In  the  skill  and  address  with  which  he  met  this  danger 
and  averted  it,  the  General  showed  himself  a  diplomat  as  well  as 
a  soldier."  In  his  journal,  Surve.yor  Holley  wrote:  "At  two  o'clock 
this  afternoon,  the  council  fire  with  the  Six  Nations  was  uncovered, 
and  at  evening  was  again  covered  until  morning,  when  it  was  opened 
again,  and  after  some  considerable  delay.  Captain  Brant  gave  Gen- 
eral Cleaveland  a  speech  in  writing.  The  chiefs,  after  this,  were 
determined  to  get  drank.  No  more  business  was  done  this  day.  In 
the  evening  the  Indians  had  one  of  their  old  ceremonial  dances, 
where  one  gets  up  and  walks  up  and  down  between  them,  singing 
something,  and  those  who  sit  around  keep  tune  by  grunting.     Next 


16  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  II 

morniiior,  which  was  tlie  23rd,  after  several  speeclies  back'  and  fortli, 
from  Red  Jacket  to  General  Cleaveland,  Captain  Chapin,  Brant,  etc.. 
General  Cleaveland  answered  Brant's  speech.  In  short,  the  business 
was  concluded  in  this  waj'.  General  Cleaveland  offered  Brant  one 
thousand  dollars  as  a  present.  Brant,  in  answer,  told  General  Cleave- 
land that  their  minds  were  easily  satisfied,  but  that  they  thought  his 
offer  was  not  enough,  and  added  this  to  it,  that  if  he  would  use  his 
influence  with  the  United  States  to  procure  an  annuity  of  five  hun- 
dred dollars  par,  and  if  this  should  fail  that  the  Connecticut  Land 
Company  should,  in  a  reasonable  time,  make  an  additional  present 
of  one  thousand  five  hundred  dollars,  which  was  agreed  to.  The 
Mohawks  are  to  give  one  hundred  dollars  to  the  Seneeas^  and  Cleave- 
land gave  two  beef  cattle  and  whiskey  to  make  a  feast  for  them." 
In  consideration  of  payments  and  promises,  the  chiefs  guaranteed 
that  the  settlers  upon  the  Western  Reserve  should  not  be  molested 
by  their  people,  an  agreement  that  was  faithfully  carried  out.  On 
the  twenty-seventh  of  June,  General  Cleaveland  and  his  party  left 
Buffalo  Creek  in  two  divisions,  one  by  land  and  one  by  lake.  On 
Monday,  the  Fourth  of  July,  they  arrived  at  the  place  where  the 
dividing  line  between  Pennsylvania  and  their  "Reserve"'  struck 
Lake  Erie.  Seth  Pease  WTote  in  his  journal:  '"We  that  came  by 
land  arrived  at  the  confines  of  New  Connecticut  and  gave  three 
cheers  precisely  at  5  o'clock,  p.  m.  We  then  proceeded  to  Conneaut 
[Creek]  at  five  hours,  thirty  uiiuutes;  our  boats  got  on  an  hour 
after;  we  pitched  our  tents  on  the  east  side."  That  evening,  the 
I^ioneers  celebrated  the  twentieth  anniversary  of  American  indepen- 
dence at  the  mouth  of  Conneaut  C'rcek  and  christened  the  place  the 
Port   of    lnile|)eiHl('iu'e.      In    liis  Jnnnial,   (lenrriil    Cleaveland   wrote: 


At  the  Port  of  Independence 

On  this  croek  ("Conucaught")  in  New  Connecticut  land,  Jul.v 
4th,  ]?!)(),  under  General  Moses  Cleaveland,  the  .surveyors,  and  men 
sent  by  the  Connecticut  Land  Company  to  survey  and  settle  the 
Connecticut  Reserve,  and  were  the  first  English  people  who  took 
possession  of  it.  Tlie  day,  memorable  as  tho  birthday  of  Ameriean 
Independence,  and  freedom  from  Bi'itish  tyranny,  and  commemorated 
by  all  good  fTCcborn  sons  of  America,  and  memorable  as  the  day  on 
which  the  settlement  of  this  new  country  was  commenced,  and  in  time 
may  raise  hor  head  amongst  tlie  most  eidightened  and  improved  States. 
And  after  many  difficidtics  perplexities  aiul  hardships  were  s\ir- 
inouiited,  and  we  were  on  the  good  and  promised  land,  felt  that  a  .inst 
tribute  of  respect  1o  the  day  ouglil  to  lie  paid.  Tliere  were  in  all. 
inc'liiding  men,  women  and  children,  fil'ly  in  number.    The  men,  undei' 


1796]  AT  CONNEAUT  17 

Captain  Tinker  ranged  flicnisolvcs  on  the  beach,  and  fired  a  Federal 
salute  of  fifteen  rounds,  and  then  the  sixteenth  in  honor  of  New  Con- 
iieetient.  We  p-ave  three  eheers  and  christened  the  place  Port  liide- 
pendenee.     Drank  several  toasts,  viz.: 

1st.     Tlie  I'l-esident  of  tlie  United  States. 

2d.      Tlie  State  of  Xew  (^mneefieut. 

;Jd.      The  Conneetieut  Land  Companj'. 

4th.  ;May  the  Port  of  Independence  and  the  fifty  sons  and 
daughters  who  have  entered  it  this  day  he  successful  and  prosperous. 

5th.  May  these  sons  and  danijhters  multiply  in  sixteen  years 
sixteen  times  fifty. 

tith.  Jlay  every  person  havo  his  bowsprit  trimmed  and  ready  to 
enter  every  jxii-t  that  opens. 

Closed  with  three  eheei-s.  Hi'ank  several  pails  of  grog,  supped  and 
retired  in  remarkable  good  ordei-. 

One  of  these  toasts,  thus  drunk  in  "several  pails  of  grog,"  "May 
these  sons  and  daughters  multiply  in  sixteen  years  sixteen  times 
fifty,"  expressed  a  hope  that  was  more  than  made  good.  Another 
toast,  "The  State  of  New  Connecticut,"  hinted  at  a  notion  on  the 
part  of  the  proprietors  that  they  might  organize  a  state  as  William 
Penn  had  done,  and  govern  it  from  Hartford  as  the  Council  of 
Plymouth  had  governed  New  England  from  old  England.  If  such 
notions  actually  existed,  the  plans  all  went  awry;  the  United  States 
objected  to  that  way  of  setting  up  a  state,  and,  by  the  famous  Ordi- 
nance of  1787,  had  included  the  Western  Reserve  in  the  Northwest 
Territory,  an  imperial  domain  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Great 
Lakes,  on  the  east  by  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  on  the  south  by 
the  Ohio  River,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Mississippi. 

The  surveying  party  that  had  thus  reached  the  Promised  Land 
was  made  up  as  follows : 

General  Moses  Cleaveland,  Si(prri7itendent. 

Augustus  Porter,  Principal  Surveyor  and  Deputy  Superintendent. 
Seth  Pease.  Aftfronomcr  and  Surveyor. 

Amos  Spafford,  John  Milton  Ilolley,  Richard  M.   Stoddard,  and 
Moses  Warren,  Surveyors. 
Joshua  Stow,  Commisaary. 
Theodore  Shepard,  Physician. 

Employees  of  the  Company 

Joseph  Tinker,  Boatman.  Joseph  ^M'lntyre, 

George  Proudfoot,  Francis  Gray, 

Samuel  Forbes,  Amos  Sawtel, 

Stephen  Benton,  Amos  Barber, 

Samiu'l  TTungerford,  William  B.  Hall. 

Samuel  Davenport,  Asa  Mason, 


18  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  II 

Amzi  Atwater,  Jliehael  Coffin, 

Elisha  Ayres,  Thomas  Harris, 

Norman  Wilcox,  Timothy  Dunham, 

George  Gooding,  Shadraeh  Benham, 

Samuel  Agnew,  Wareham  Shepard, 

David  Beard,  John  Briant, 

Titus  V.  Munson,  Joseph  Landon, 

Charles  Parker,  Ezekiel  jMorly, 

Nathaniel  Doan,  Luke  Ilanchet, 

James  Halket,  James  Hamilton, 

Olney  F.  Rice,  John  Look, 

Samuel  Barnes,  Stephen  Burhank. 
Daniel  Shulay, 

As  several  of  the  old  manuscripts  state  that  there  were  fifty 
in  the  party,  it  seems  necessary  to  add  the  names  of  Elijah  Gun, 
who  was  to  have  charge  of  the  stores  at  Conneaut;  Job  Stiles,  who 
was  to  have  a  similar  position  at  Cleveland;  Nathan  Chapman  and 
Nathan  Perry,  who  were  to  furnish  fresh  meat  and  to  trade  with 
the  Indians.  In  some  of  the  old  records,  the  names  of  the  men  are 
followed  by  the  words,  "and  two  females."  The  two  women  thus 
referred  to,  the  first  who  made  real  homes  on  the  Westeni  Reserve, 
were  Mrs.  Anna  Gun,  later  of  Conneaut,  and  Mrs.  Tabitha  Stiles, 
later  of  Cleveland.  The  party  had  thirteen  horses  and  some  cattle. 
It  is  said  that  the  organization  of  the  surveyors  and  employees,  "was 
of  the  military  order,  and  they  were  enlisted  the  same  as  in  the 
army,  for  two  years,  providing  it  took  so  long."  This  Augustus 
Porter,  "principal  surveyor  and  deputy  superintendent,"  had  been 
surveyor  of  the  great  "Holland  Purchase"  in  western  New  York. 


"Stow  Castle" 

On  the  fifth  of  July,  laborers  began  the  building  of  a  log  cabin, 
later  known  as  "Stow  Ca,st]e,"  on  the  cast  side  of  Conneaut  Creek; 
Harvey  Rice  tells  us  that  its  "style  of  architecture  w-as  entirely 
unique,  and  its  uncouth  aitpearancc  such  as  to  provoke  the  laughter 
of  the  builders  and  the  ridicule  of  the  Indians."  A  second  house 
was  later  built  for  the  shelter  of  the  surveyors.  It  was  tlien  supposed 
that  Conneaut  would  be  the  hea(l(|uarters  of  the  jiarty.  On  the  same 
day,  Captain  Tiid^cr  was  sent  with  two  boats  back  to  Fort  Erie  for 
supplies  lliiit  liiid  been  left  there  and  General  Cleaveland  "received 
a  message  from  the  Paqua  chief  of  the  Massasagoes  residing  in 
Conneaut  that  they  wished  a  council  held  that  day.  I  pre]>are(l 
to  meet  them  and,  after  they  were  all  seated,  tciok  niv  seat  in  tlie 


1796]  TlIK  SIKVKYOHS  AT  WORK  19 

micUllo."  Tlio  tuu'asy  natives  naturally  wanted  to  know  the  plans 
of  tlie  white  strangoi-s  and  how  tlioy  would  he  affected  tlierehy.  The 
wise  superintendent  gave  them  "a  chain  of  wampum,  silver  trinkets, 
and  other  presents,  and  whiskey,  to  the  amount  of  about  twenty- 
five  dollars,"  tofjether  with  assurances  of  kind  treatment  and  with 
gootl  advice  that  "not  only  closed  the  business  but  cheeked  their 
begging  for  more  whiskey." 

Explorations  of  the  New  Land 

On  the  seventh  of  July,  the  surveyors  set  out  to  find  the  inter- 
section of  the  forty-first  i)arallel  and  the  Pennsylvania  line  and 
thence  to  run  a  base  line  120  miles  westward.  From  this  base  line, 
they  were  to  draw  lines,  five  miles  apart,  due  north  to  Lake  Erie, 
thus  creating  twentj'-four  ranges  that  were  to  be  numbered,  covinting 
from  the  Pennsylvania  line.  These  meridian  lines  were  to  be  crossed 
by  east  and  west  lines,  five  miles  apart,  thus  dividing  each  range 
into  survey  townships  five  miles  square  to  be  numbered  northward 
from  the  base  line.  Thus  Cleveland,  before  it  had  a  name  as  a  town- 
sliip,  was  known  at  town  No.  7  in  range  12,  it  being  seven  town- 
ships north  of  the  forty-first  parallel  and  twelve  townships  west  of 
the  Pennsylvania  line.  The  eastern  end  of  the  base  line  was  fixed 
on  the  twenty-third  of  July  and  marked  by  a  chestnut  post. 

About  this  time.  General  Cleaveland  and  a  few  of  his  party  rowed 
and  sailed  westward  in  an  open  boat  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie 
until  they  came  to  a  stream  that  they  thought  to  be  the  Cuyahoga. 
After  going  as  far  up  this  stream  as  the  sand-bars  and  fallen  timber 
would  permit,  they  found  that  they  had  made  the  mistake  of  entering 
a  stream  not  shown  on  their  map  and  had  to  retrace  their  way  to 
the  lake.  There  is  a  doubtful  story  to  the  effect  that  in  his  disap- 
pointment General  Cleaveland  called  the  stream  the  Chagrin  River, 
the  name  by  which  it  is  known  today.  Still  coasting  westward,  the 
party  entered  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cii3'ahoga  on  the  morning  of 
the  twenty-second  of  July,  1796,  a  date  to  be  remembered  by  every 
.student  of  the  history  of  what  now  is  the  metropolis  of  Ohio.  On  an 
old  map,  printed  in  1760,  it  is  recorded  that  "Cayahoga,  a  creek 
that  leads  to  Lake  Erie,  which  is  muddy  and  not  very  swift,  and 
nowhere  obstructed  with  falls  or  rifts,  is  the  best  portage  between 
the  Ohio  and  Lake  Erie.  The  mouth  is  wide,  and  deep  enough 
to  receive  large  sloops  from  the  lake,  and  will  hereafter  be  of  great 
importance."  At  the  time  of  General  Cleaveland 's  coming,  the  river 
flowed  into  the  lake  west  of  its  present  artificial  mouth  while,  still 


20  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  11 

further  west,  a  stagnant  pool  marked  the  location  of  a  still  earlier 
bed.  Across  the  mouth  of  the  river  ran  a  sand-bar  that,  "in  the 
spring  and  fall,  was  torn  open  by  the  floods,  but  in  summer  rose  so 
high  that  even  the  small  schooners  of  the  day  had  difficulty  in 
passing  in  and  out.  Once  inside,  a  fairly  good  harborage  was  found." 
As  already'  recorded,  the  Indian  claims  to  the  lands  east  of  the  river 
had  been  bought  by  General  Cleaveland  at  Buffalo  in  June,  but  their 
claims  to  the  lands  west  of  the  river  had  not  yet  been  extinguished. 

In  his  Pioneers  of  tlve  ^¥cster■n  Reserve,  Harvey  Rice  tells  us  that 
after  reaching  the  veritable  Cuyahoga  and  advancing  a  little  way 
up  its  channel,  the  party  "attempted  to  land,  but  in  their  efforts 
to  do  so  ran  their  boat  into  the  marshy  growth  of  wild  vegetation 
which  skirted  the  easterly  bank  of  the  river,  and  stranded  her.  Here 
'Moses,'  like  his  ancient  name's  sake,  found  himself  cradled  in  the 
bullrushes.  This  occurred  near  the  foot  of  Union  Lane  (see  map  on 
Page  24),  which  was  at  that  time  the  termination  of  an  Indian  trail. 
The  party  soon  succeeded  in  effecting  a  safe  landing.  They  thou 
ascended  the  precipitous  bluff",  which  overlooked  the  valley  of  the  river, 
and  were  astonished  to  find  a  broad  and  beautiful  plain  of  woodland 
stretching  far  away  to  the  east,  west  and  south  of  them,  and  lying  at  an 
elevation  of  some  eighty  feet  above  the  dark  blue  waters  of  Lake  Erie. 
The  entire  party  became  enamored  of  the  scene." 

In  the  party  were  Commissary  Stow  and  probably  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Stiles.  They  were  not  the  first  white  persons  to  visit  that  region; 
travelers,  missionaries,  soldiers,  and  traders  had  lieon  there  long 
before,  but  they'  were  "transients,"  not  settlers.  The  story  of  the 
men,  Europeans  and  autoclitiiones,  who  lived  in  what  we  have 
called  New  Connecticut  or  who  had  visited  it  before  the  coming 
of  Moses  Cleaveland  and  his  comiiaiiions,  or  of  its  prehistoric  changes 
in  geology  and  occupation,  althougli  intensely  intei-esting,  need  not 
long  detain  us  here;  a  few  words  will  answer  pi'rsent  uoimIs.  AVliile 
the  great  ice  sheet  was  i-eceding  northward  as  it  slowly  melted  at 
its  southern  margin  at  the  close  of  the  ice  age  (in'obalily  ton  thousand 
years  or  so  ago),  and  the  passage  of  northward  flowing  sfi'oams  wa.s 
still  blocked  so  that  water  from  the  melting  glacier  tiiat  hail  covered 
the  greater  part  of  Ohio  could  not  escape  by  way  of  the  closed 
St.  Lawrence  River,  it  gathered  as  a  groat  lake,  known  to  glacial 
geologists  as  I/akc  Iroquois.  The  site  of  Niagara  was  beneath  the 
ice  or  the  waters  of  the  lake  that  bordered  the  ice;  there  was  no 
river  there.  When  the  glacier  withdrew  far  encnigli  f(ir  those  accu- 
mulated wafers  to  flow-  out  by  way  of  the  valley  of  the  Jlohawk,  Lake 
Iroquois  was  largely  drained  and  cut  in  twain;  the  contracted  see- 


1796]  AT  CLKVKLAXD  21 

tions  ai'C  now  known  as  Lake  Krie  and  Lake  Ontario.  Then  Niagara 
was  Ixirn  and  began  the  Mork  of  cutting  its  famous  gorge.  When 
Lake  Erie  was  thus  expanded  and  stood  far  above  its  present  level, 
it  covered  a  large  part  of  the  site  of  Cleveland.*  In  gradually  falling 
to  its  pi-esent  limits,  the  lake  stood,  at  several  successive  levels  still 
plainly  marked  by  former  beach  lines  or  ridges.  As  the  Cuyahoga 
flowed  from  the  south  into  the  lake,  it  built  up  a  delta  by  carrying 
down  sand  and  silt  and  depositing  it  near  the  border  of  the  water. 
This  delta  is  roughly  outlined  as  a  triangle  with  a  base  extending 
from  the  present  Gordon  Park  on  the  east  to  Edgwater  Park  on 
the  west  and  t-aporing  to  an  apex  in  the  valley  of  the  Cuyalioga 
River.  The  surface  of  this  delta  is  practically  a  smooth  plain  slightly 
sloping  toward  the  lake  but  at  a  considerable  elevation  above  it. 
The  streams  that  cross  what  Professor  Gregory  has  called  this  area 
of  unconsolidated  sand  and  clay  have  cut  their  channels  down  to  the 
present  level  of  the  lake ;  thus  the  Cuyahoga  River  now  divides  Cleve- 
land into  "Ea.st  Side"  and  "AVest  Side."  while  :\lill  Creek,  Big 
Creek,  ilorgan  Run  and  Kingsbury  Run  form  tlistinct  physical 
boundaries  that  have  had  great  influence  in  determining  the  location 
and  direction  of  streets  and  the  development  of  their  sections  of 
the  city.  Some  of  these  gullies  and  their  side  ravines  have  long 
constituted  dumping  grounds  and  are  now  being  i-iii)idly  filled.  "On 
the  smooth,  sandy  delta  and  lake  plain  witli  its  ridges,  excepting  the 
gully  regions  of  Big  Creek  and  Newburg,  there  is  every  natural 
advantage  offered  for  the  development  and  growth  of  a  modern  city. 
The  sandy  soil  offers  a  splendid  natural  drainage,"  and  lessens  the 
labor  and  cost  of  sewers,  conduits,  etc.  "The  floodplains  or  the  flats 
along  the  Cuyahoga  river  are  the  oidy  lowlands  in  the  city.  They 
have  an  elevation  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  above  the  level  of 
Lake  Erie.  These  flats  are  the  bottom  lands  in  the  narrow  and  steep 
sided  Cuyahoga  valley,  which  was  formed  by  the  rapid  cutting  of 
the  loose  delta  material  by  the  river.  The  unusual  erosive  action  of 
the  river  was  due  to  the  lake  level  falling,  allowing  the  stream  a 
steep  slope  upon  which  to  erode  the  unconsolidated  material  of  the 
lake  plain.  "When  the  bed  of  the  river  was  lowered  to  the  lake  level, 
the  stream  could  no  longer  erode  vertically,  and  then  it  began  to 
meander  or  wind  from  side  to  side  back  and  forth  across  the  valley, 
forming  the  great  loops  in  the  river  in  which  the  cutting  is  on  the 
outer  curve  of  the  bends.    This  is  the  present  condition  of  that  part 


*  I  desire  gratefully  to  acknowledge  m_v  indebtedness  to  an  able  article  on  the 
Geooraphfi  nf  Cleveland,  by  Professor  W.  M.  Gregory,  and  printed  in  S.  P.  Orth  's 
history  of  the  city. 


22  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  II 

of  the  river  which  lies  withiu  the  city  limits.  The  material  carried 
by  the  river  is  deposited  along  the  inner  bank  of  these  great  bends 
and  forms  the  river  plain,  wliich  is  the  rich&st  land  of  this  region, 
and  was  the  tirst  cultivated  by  the  early  settlers.  The  Cuyahoga 
flats  lie  eighty  feet  below  the  general  level  of  the  old  delta."  The 
reader  who  is  eager  for  fuller  information  concerning  these  matters 
will  find  them  ably  discussed  in  Whittlesey's  Early  History  of 
Cleveland  (pages  9-164),  in  Kennedy's  History  of  Cleveland,  1796- 
1896  (pages  1-20),  and  in  Pi-ofessor  George  Frederick  Wright's 
great  work,  The  Ice  Age.  I  yield,  however,  to  the  temptation  to 
make  a  brief  and  solitary  exception  to  this  general  elimination.  After 
the  ruthless  massacre  (March,  17S2)  at  Gnadenhutten,  the  peaceful 
and  prosperous  village  established  in  the  Tuscarawas  Valley  in  Ohio 
by  Indians  who  had  been  Christianized  by  the  Moravians,  a  new  Mora- 
vian mission,  called  New  Gnadenhutten,  was  begun  in  Michigan.  But 
the  new  mission  was  ill  placed  and  unprosperous.  On  the  twentieth  of 
April,  1786,  the  congregation  met  for  the  last  time  in  their  chapel  at 
New  Gnadenhutten,  made  their  way  through  swamps  and  forests  to 
Detroit,  crossed  Lake  Erie  in  a  vessel  called  the  "Mackinaw,"  and, 
on  the  eighth  of  June,  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga.  They 
went  about  ten  miles  up  the  river  and  settled  in  an  abandoned  village 
of  the  Ottawa  tribe,  within  the  present  limits  of  Independence  Town- 
ship, and  called  their  refuge  "Pilgrim's  Rest."  They  did  not  linger 
long  and  soon  removed  from  tlie  lianks  of  the  Cuyahoga  River  to  those 
of  the  Huron  River  in  what  is  now  Erie  County.  The  coming  of  the 
agent  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Comjiany  inaugurated  a  new  order; 
since  that  July  day  thei'e  have  been  white  men  on  the  site  of  the  city 
which,  with  a  more  compact  orthography,  bears  tlii>  name  of  the 
Puritan  Moses  who  had  the  faith,  the  courage  and  thi'  wisdom  to  lead 
Ihe  fir.st  colony  into  the  Western  Resej've  and  there  to  lay  the  founda- 
tions of  this  mighty,  ever-growing  monument  to  his  niemoi'v. 

The  Pounding  of  Cleveland 

General  Cleaveland  was  hack  at  Coiuieant  by  the  fifth  of  August 
and  thence  sent  his  first  formal  report  to  the  eonijiany.  After  his 
return  to  the  Cuyahoga,  lie  made  up  his  miiid  tliiit  that  was  the 
most  desirable  "])]aee  for  the  ciiiiital."  The  site  of  the  city  was 
chosen  after  due  delilx-ration,  and  a  survey,  a  mile  square,  was 
then  made  (if  tlw  pliitcau  at  tlic  juiictidn  nl'  the  river  and  the  lake. 
The  survey  was  begun  on  the  sixteenth  of  Seiitember  by  Scth  Pease 
and  Amos  Spaliford  under  the  superintendence  of  Augustus  Porter. 


1796]  THE  FIKST  I\IAPS  23 

On  tlie  twenty-second  of  September,  Spafford  was  detailed  for  work 
on  the  survey  of  Cleveland  Township,  but  he  seems  to  have  made 
the  fii"st  map  of  the  eity.  This  map  was  drawu  on  sheets  of  foolscap 
paper  pasted  together  and  was  endorsed  in  Spaflford's  handwriting 
as  "Original  Plan  of  the  Town  and  Village  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Octo- 
ber 1,  1796."  The  map  is  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  Western 
Reserve  Historical  Society.  The  official  report  of  the  survey  was 
compiled  by  Scth  Pease  and  to  accompany  the  report  he  made  a 
map  that  he  endorsed,  "A  Plan  of  the  City  of  Cleaveland."  The 
original  of  this  map  was  long  treasured  by  the  Western  Reserve 
Historical  Society,  but  it  cannot  now  (1918)  be  found.  Both  maps 
show  the  names  of  fourteen  streets,  the  numbers  of  the  220  two-acre 
lots,  and  indicate  the  reservation  of  the  Public  Square  by  a  blank 
space,  like  an  enlargement  of  Superior  and  Ontario  streets  at  their 
intersection.  Spaft'ord's  map  shows  the  changes  in  some  of  the 
street  names,  and  indicates  the  location  of  the  lots  selected  by  half 
a  dozen  persons  and  later  enumerated  by  Colonel  Whittlesey  as  fol- 
lows: "Stoddard,  lot  49,  northeast  corner  of  Water  [West  Ninth | 
and  Superior  streets ;  Stiles,  lot  53,  northeast  corner  of  Bank  [West 
Sixth]  and  Superior  streets;  Landon,  lot  77,  directly  opposite,  on 
the  south  side  of  Superior  street ;  Baum,  lot  65,  sixteen  rods  east 
of  the  Public  Square;  Shepherd,  lot  69,  and  Chapman,  lot  72,  all 
on  the  north  side  of  the  same  street.  'Pease's  Hotel,'  as  they  styled 
the  surveyor's  cabin,  is  placed  on  the  line  between  lots  202  and  203, 
between  Union  street  and  the  river.  Northwest  of  it,  about  ten  rods, 
on  lot  201,  their  store  house  is  laid  down.  Vineyard,  Union  and 
^Mandrake  streets  were  laid  out  to  secure  access  to  the  upper  and 
lower  landings  on  the  river.  Bath  street  provided  a  way  of  reaching 
the  lake  shore  and  the  mimth  of  the  river."  One  of  the  maps  spells 
the  name  of  the  proposed  city  "Cleveland"  and  the  other  spells  it 
"Cleaveland"  and  Pea.se 's  map  was  drawn  up-side-down,  i.  e.,  the 
top  of  the  map  is  south  instead  of  north.  Streets  were  laid  out 
through  the  forest,  certain  of  the  two-acre  lots  were  reserved  for 
public  use,  and  the  rest  were  put  up  for  sale  at  $50  each,  with  a 
condition  of  immediate  settlement. 

As  these  maps  and  minutes  are  historically  very  important  and 
are  of  determinative  legal  effect  in  numerous  possible  eases,  it  seems 
worth  W'hile  to  make  the  following  f|uotation  from  a  monograph  on 
The  Corporate  Birth  and  Growth  of  Cleveland,  prepared  by  Judge 
Seneca  0.  Griswold  as  the  fifth  annual  address  (July  22,  1884)  before 
the  Early  Settlers'  Association,  and  printed  in  the  Annals  of  that 
organization : 


3 


V 


If  I  /lie  is^  iSfsy  m 


Ovxo     S-r/am 


yxJisjRAj.    'St. 


'*7  ft 

I 


jSupsr 


J^AKJ£ 


JtlBT 


Seth  Pease  Map  of  1796 


1796J  THE  F1K.ST  ilAPS  25 

III  the  (lid  tit'ld  map.  tlic  iiainc  of  Superior  street  was  first  wi-itteii 
"Broad"",  Ontario  "•('(iiii't",  and  iliaiui  "Deer",  but  these  words 
were  crossed  with  ink,  and  tiie  same  names  written  as  given  in  Pease's 
map  and  minutes.  In  Spafl'ord's  map,  "^laiden  Lane,"  which  led 
from  Ontario  Street  along  the  side  of  the  hill  to  Vineyard  Lane,  was 
omitted,  and  the  same  was  never  worked  or  used.  Spafford  also  laid 
out  Superior  Lane,  Avliieh  was  not  on  the  Pease  map,  which  has  since 
heen  widened,  and  become  that  portion  of  Superior  street  from  Water 
down  the  hill  to  tiic  river.  "  Hatii  street "  is  not  described  in  the  Pease 
minutes,  liut  is  laid  out  on  the  inaji,  and  is  referred  to  in  the  minutes, 
and  the  bountlaries  <'ind  extent  appear  on  the  map.  The  Stpiarc  also 
is  not  ilescribetl  in  the  Pease  minutes,  but  is  referred  to  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  Ontario  and  Superior  streets,  and  is  marked  and  laid  out  on 
the  map.  In  Spatford's  minutes  the  Square  is  thus  described:  "The 
Square  is  laid  out  at  the  intersection  of  Superior  street  and  Ontario 
street,  and  contains  ten  acres.  The  center  of  the  junction  of  the  two 
roads  is  the  exact  center  of  the  Square."  These  surveys,  the  laying 
out  of  the  lots  bounding  on  the  Square,  their  adoption  by  the  Land 
Company,  the  subsequent  sale  by  said  Company  of  the  surrounding 
lots  abutting  u])on  it,  make  the  "Square"  as  much  land  devoted  to 
public  ilse  as  the  streets  themselves,  and  forever  forbids  the  same 
being  given  up  to  private  uses.  The  easterly  line  of  the  eity  was  the 
east  line  of  one  tier  of  lots,  beyond  Erie  street,  coinciding  with  the 
]n-esent  line  of  Canfield  (East  Fourteenth]  street.  The  east  line 
liegan  at  the  lake,  and  extended  southerly  one  tier  of  lots  south  of 
Ohio  street  [Central  Avenue].  The  line  then  ran  to  the  river,  down 
the  river  skipping  the  lower  bend  of  the  river  to  Vineyard  Lane, 
thence  along  Vineyard  Lane  to  the  junction  of  Water  with  Superior 
street,  thence  to  the  river,  thence  dowii  the  river  to  its  mouth. 
Superior  .street,  as  the  survey  shows,  was  132  feet  in  width,  the  other 
streets  99  feet.  It  is  hardly  possible  to  fully  appreciate  the  sagac- 
ity and  foresight  of  this  leader  of  the  surveying  party.  With  full 
consciousness  of  what  would  arise  in  its  future  growth,  he  knew  the  city 
would  have  a  suburban  jiopulation,  and  he  directed  the  immediate 
outlying  land  to  be  laid  off  in  ten  acre  lots,  and  the  rest  of  the  town- 
ship into  100  acre  lots,  instead  of  the  larger  tracts  into  which  the  other 
townships  were  divided.  The  next  year,  the  ten  acre  lots  were  sur- 
veyed and  laid  out.  They  extended  on  the  east  to  the  line  of  what  is 
now  Wilson  avenue  [Ea.st  Fifty-fifth  Street],  and  on  the  south  to 
the  top  of  the  brow  of  the  ravine  formed  by  Kingsbury  Run,  and 
extended  westwardly  to  the  river  bank.  Owing  to  the  peculiar  topog- 
raphy of  the  place,  some  of  the  two  acre  lots  had  more  and  others 
less  than  the  named  quantity  of  land,  and  the  same  occurred  in  the 
survey  and  laying  out  of  the  ten  acre  lots.  The  flats  were  not  sur- 
veyed off  into  lots,  and  there  was  an  unsurveyed  strip  between  the 
west  line  of  the  ten  acre  lots  and  the  river,  above  and  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Kingsbury  Run,  running  south  to  a  point  west  of  hun- 
dred acre  lot  278.  Three  streets  were  laid  out  through  the  ten  acre 
lots,  each  99  feet  in  width  to  correspond  with  the  city  streets 
called  the  South,  Middle  and  North  Highway.     The  southerly  one 


26  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  II 

becoming  Kinsman  street,  the  Middle,  Euclid  street  at  its  intersec- 
tion with  Huron ;  the  southerly  one  received  its  name  from  the  fact 
that  Kinsman,  the  east  township  of  the  seventh  line  of  townships,  was 
at  a  very  early  period  distinguished  for  its  wealth  and  population. 
The  ^Middle  was  called  Euclid,  because  that  was  the  name  of  the 
next  township  east.  The  North  Highway  was  a  continuation  of  Fed- 
eral street,  but  changed  to  St.  Clair,  after  the  name  of  the  territorial 
governor,  whose  name,  in  the  minds  of  his  admirers,  was  a  synonym 
of  Federal. 

In  the  summer,  a  cabin  for  Stiles  was  built, -probably  on  the  lot 
that  he  had  selected,  number  53.  Other  houses  were  also  built, 
one  for  the  surveyors,  "Pease's  Hotel,"  and  another  for  the  stores, 
on  lots  202  and  203,  near  the  river  as  appears  on  record  on 
Spatford's  map.  We  have  only  scant  record  of  the  laboi's  of  these 
pioneers  that  season,  but  we  may  be  sure  that  theii-s  were  not  lives 
of  ease  and  pleasure.  Colonel  "Whittlesey  tells  us  that  the  surveyors 
"were  not  always  sure  of  supper  at  night,  nor  of  their  drink  of 
New  England  rum,  which  constituted  an  important  part  of  their 
rations ;  their  well  provided  clothing  began  to  show  rents,  from  so 
much  clambering  over  logs  and  through  thickets;  their  shoes  gave 
out  rapidly,  as  they  were  incessantly  on  foot,  and  were  where  no 
cobblers  could  be  found  to  repair  them ;  every  da^y  wa.s  one  of  toil, 
and  frequently  of  discomfort.  The  woods,  and  particularly  the 
swamps,  were  filled  with  ravenous  mosquitoes,  which  were  never  idle, 
day  or  night:  in  rainy  weather  the  bushes  were  wet,  and  in  clear 
weather  the  heat  was  oppressive."'  This  first  survey  of  Cleveland 
was  finished  in  a  month,  for  on  the  seventeenth  of  October  Hilton 
Hollejf  wrote  in  his  journal:  "Finished  surveying  in  New  Connecti- 
cut, weather  raining.''  On  the  following  day  he  wrote:  "We  left 
Cuyahoga  at  3  o'clock,  seventeen  minutes,  for  hoinr.  We  left  at 
Cuyahoga,  Job  Stiles  and  wife,  and  Joseph  Landon,  with  provisions 
for  the  winter.  William  B.  Hall,  Titus  V.  IVIunson  and  Olney  Eice, 
engaged  to  take  all  the  pack  horses  to  Oeneva.  Day  pleasant  and 
fair  winds;  about  southeast;  rowed  about  seven  and  a  half  miles,  and 
encamped  for  the  night  on  the  beach.  Tiiere  were  fourteen  men 
on  board  the  boat,  and  never,  T  ])resumc,  were  fourteen  men  more 
anxious  to  pursue  an  object  than  we  wot  to  go  forward.  Names 
of  men  in  the  boat.  Augustus  Porter,  Scth  {'ease,  Richard  Stoddard, 
Joseph  Tinker,  Charles  Parker,  Wareham  Shepherd,  Amzi  Atwater, 
James  Ilaeket  [Ilalket?],  Stephen  Benton,  George  Proudfoot,  James 
Hamilton,  Nathan  Ciiapman,  Ralph  Bacon,  Milton  Holley."  The 
returning  pilgrims  hoisted  sail  at  three  o'clock  on  tlie  following  morn- 
ing  (Octo])ei'  1!))    and,  continues  bni-   industrious  journalist,   "Just 


17961 


HOMKWARD  BOUND 


27 


iH'fdiv  sunrise  wo  jiMssed  tho  first  scttlenuMit  (excci)t  those  maile  by 
ourselves)  tliat  is  ou  the  sliore  of  tlie  hilvo  in  New  Coniiei'tieut.  Tliis  is 
done  by  the  Canandaigua  Association  Co.,  under  tlic  direction  of 
IMayor  Wells  and  Mr.  AVildair."  Because  of  a  high  wind,  they  went 
into  cauip  about,  a  mile  east  of  the  Chagrin  Kiver.  They  arrived 
at  Conneaut  about  noon  of  the  twenty-first  and  "took  inventory  of 
the  articles  left  there,  and  about   four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  that 


Map  op  the  Connecticut  Western  Reserve,  1796 

First  reproduction  from  the  original  printed  map  of  the  Connecticut  Western  Reserve  en- 
graved by  Amos  Doolittle  from  the  drawing  of  Seth  Pease,  by  the  courtesy  of  The  Western 
Reserve  Historical  Society. 

is.  on  Saturday  the  22d,  we  hoisted  sail  for  Presque  Isle,"  (i.  e., 
Erie,  Pennsylvania).  They  were  at  Buffalo  Creek  on  the  twenty- 
third  and  at  Canandaigua  on  the  twenty-ninth.  We  here  bid  fare- 
.  well  to  our  faithful  chronicler,  John  Milton  IloUey.  In  his  sketches 
of  his  associates,  Amzi  Atwater  says  that  Holley  "was  then  a  very 
young  man,  only  alwut  eighteen  years  of  age,  though  he  appeared 
to  be  older;  tall,  stout,  and  handsomely  built,  with  a  fair  and  smiling 
face,  and  general  good  appearance."  :Mr.  Holley  settled  at  Salisbury, 
Connecticut,  of  which  state  his  son,  Alexander,  became  governor, 
1857-58. 


28  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  1  Chap.  II 

The  Township  op  Euc-lid 

In  July,  at  Conneaut,  most  of  the  survcj'ors  and  other  employes 
had  asked  for  compensation  greater  than  that  previously  agreed 
upon,  and  the  superintendent,  acting  for  the  company,  made  an  "in- 
formal agreement"  with  them.  The  township  next  east  of  Cleveland, 
No.  8,  Range  11,  was  named  Euclid  in  honor  of  the  patron  saint 
of  all  surveyors,  and  this  township  was  to  be  divided  among  what 
one  of  them  called  "the  mutineers."  On  the  thirtieth  of  Septem- 
ber, a  contract  was  made  "at  Cleaveland  between  JMoses  Cleaveland, 
agent  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Company,  and  the  employees  of 
the  Company,  in  reference  to  the  sale  and  settlement  of  the  town- 
ship of  Euclid."  General  Cleaveland  signed  for  the  company  and 
forty-one  of  the  men  for  themselves.  Each  of  the  forty-one  was  to  have 
an  equal  share  in  the  township  at  one  dollar  per  acre  and  pledged 
himself  to  remain  in  the  service  of  the  company  until  the  end  of 
the  year.  These  new  proprietors  of  the  to\niship  also  agreed  "to 
settle,  in  the  year  1797,  eleven  families,  build  eleven  houses,  and 
sow  two  acres  of  wheat  around  each  house — to  be  on  different  lots. 
In  the  year  1798  to  settle  eighteen  more  families,  build  eighteen 
more  houses  on  different  lots,  and  to  clear  and  sow  five  acres  of 
M-heat  on  each.  There  must  be  also  fifty  acres  in  grass  in  the 
township.  In  the  year  1799,  there  must  be  twelve  more  families 
occupying  twelve  more  lots,  (in  all  forty-one,)  with  eight  acres  in 
wheat.  On  all  the  other  lots  three  acres  additional  in  wheat  for 
this  year,  and  in  all  seventy  acres  to  be  in  grass.  There  must  be, 
in  the  year  1800,  forty-one  families  resident  in  the  township.  In 
case  of  failure  to  perform  any  of  the  conditions,  whatever  had  been 
done  or  paid  was  to  be  forfeited  to  the  company.  But  the  failure 
of  other  parties  not  to  affect  those  who  perform.  If  salt  springs 
are  discovered  on  a  lot  it  is  to  be  excepted  from  the  agreement 
and  other  lands  given  instead."  On  the  same  day,  the  forty-one 
proprietors  held  a  meeting,  Seth  Pease  acting  as  chairman  and  Moses 
Warren  as  clerk.  At  this  meeting,  it  was  "determined  b,y  a  lottery 
wliich  of  the  said  i)ro])riet()rs  shall  do  the  first,  second,  and  third 
years  the  settling  duties  as  required  by  our  i)atent  this  day  exe- 
cuted." Thus,  for  example,  it  was  determiTicd  that  Seth  Pease  and 
ten  others  were  "to  do  said  settling  duties  in  1797,"  Moses  Warren 
and  seventeen  others  in  1798,  and  Amos  Spafford  and  eleven  others 
in  1799.  About  the  middle  of  October,  as  already  stated,  tlie  sur- 
veyors set  out  for  their  homes  in  the  East,  leaving  in  the  embryo 
Cleveland  but  three  white  persons,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stiles  and  Joseph 


1796] 


EXIT  MOSES  CLEAVELAND 


21) 


Laiulon.     Landon   soon    (lisappoarod   and  his   place   seems   to  have 

been  taken  by  Edward  Paine  who  began  to  trade  with  the  Indians 

(Chippewas,    Ottawas,   etc.)    "who  made  their  winter   eamps  upon 

the  west  side  of  the  river  and  trapped  and  hunted  upon  both  sides." 

This   Edward   Paine   subsequently   became   the    founder   of   Paines- 

ville,   Ohio,   and   is  generally  spoken  of  as  "General"   Paine.     In 

camp,  at  the  foot  of  the  bhiff  that  winter  were  some  Seneca  Indians, 

• 

MASSACHUSETTS 


Towxsmi'  Mm-  ok  Windham  County.  Connecticut 

whose  chief,  "Old  Seneca,"  was  friendly  to  the  whites.  These 
Indians  supplied  their  white  neighbors  in  the  cabin  on  the  hill  with 
game,  and  showed  their  friendship  in  various  wa^-s. 


Exit  Gener.u,  Cleaveland 

It  is  not  known  that  General  Cleaveland  ever  revisited  tiie  Re- 
serve, but  he  wrote:  "While  I  was  in  New  Connecticut  I  laid  out 
a  town  on  the  bank  of  Lake  Erie,  which  was  called  by  my  name.* 


*  General  Cleavelaml  generally  (bnt  not  always)  spelled  his  name  witli  an  "a" 
in  the  first  syllable,  and  for  more  than  thirty  years  the  name  of  the  town  that  he 


30  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  |Ch<ip.  II 

and  I  believe  the  child  is  now  bom  tliat  may  live  to  see  that  place 
as  large  as  Old  Windham."  This  AVindham  is  the  southwest  town 
of  "Windham  County,  the  northeast  county  of  Connecticut.  The  next 
town  eastward  is  Scotland  which  separates  it  from  Canterlmry. 
Windham  Town  was  incorporated  in  1692,  and  by  1796  was  some- 
times " aifectionately  called"  Old  Windham.  At  that  time,  the  town 
had  a  population  of  about  fifteen  hundred.  There  were  in  the  town 
four  villages,  Windham,  North  Windham,  South  Windham,  and  Wil- 
limantie.  Years  ago,  the  business  of  the  town  was  transacted  at 
Windham  Village  (Windham  Green  or  Center)  which  had  several 
stores,  two  churches,  a  hotel,  and  a  court-house.  Three  of  the  vil- 
lages are  still  villages,  but  Willimantic  is  an  incorporated  city  with- 
in the  territorial  limits  of  Windham  Town.  In  1910,  Windham 
Town,  including  the  city,  had  a  population  of  12,604;  Willimantic 
had  11,230;  Cleveland's  population  was  560,663.  In  1918,  Willi- 
mantic claimed  a  population  of  14,000,  and  Cleveland  one  of  720,000. 
After  his  return  to  Connecticut,  General  Cleaveland  lived  at  Can- 
terbuiy  where  he  died  in  1806.  A  century  later,  his  burial  place 
was  appropriately  marked  as  will  be  told  in  a  later  chapter.  In 
]y96.  the  first  centennial  of  the  town  that  General  Moses  Cleaveland 
thus  laid  out  in  New  Connecticut  and  on  the  bank  of  Lake  Erie  waf5 
celebrated  with  much  pomp  and  circumstance. 

As  we  have  seen,  the  articles  of  association  of  the  Connecticut 
Land  Company  authorized  the  directors  "to  fix  on  a  township  in 
which  the  first  settlement  shall  be  made,  to  survey  that  township 
into  small  lots  in  such  manner  as  they  may  think  proper,  and  to 
sell  and  dispose  said  lots  to  actual  settlers  only ;  ...  to  lay  out 
and  sell  five  other  towaiships  of  sixteen  thousand  acres  each  to 
actual  settlers  only."  These  six  townships  were  to  be  sold  for  the 
benefit  of  the  land  company  and  not  divided  among  the  stockholders. 
The  plan  was  to  sell,  at  first,  only  a  iiuartcr  of  oacji  township,  and 


founded  was  generally  (Imt  not  always)  spelleil  in  the  same  way  in  the  local 
records.  As  if  following  the  path  of  least  resistance,  outsiders  in  increasing 
numbers,  geographies,  gazetteers,  sketches  of  tours  and  travels,  etc.,  adojited  the 
shorter  s]ielling  now  in  universal  use.  The  village  charter  granted  by  the  state 
legislature  in  1814,  and  most  of  the  legislative  acts  relating  to  the  place  used  the 
shorter  form  but  the  townships  and  village  records  and  the  newspaper  headings 
spelled  it  "Cleaveland"  until  about  1832.  See  facsimile  reproduction  of  news- 
paper headings  in  Chapter  XXXII.  There  are  many  varied  statements  as  to  when 
and  why  the  local  newspapers  dropped  the  letter,  but  the  important  fact  that  they 
did  80  and  that  the  rest  of  the  world  quickly  followed  suit  is  beyond  question. 
For  the  sake  of  uniformity,  the  later  usage  will  lie  followed  in  this  volume  except 
in  quoted  passages  in  which  the  longer  form  was  used. 


1797]  DISSATISFIKI)  STUCKIIOLDEKS  31 

Cliief-snrvcyor  Porter's  jn-opositidii  for  the  method  of  carrying  out 
that  phm,  as  deseribed  in  ("ristield  Johnson's  History  of  (.'utjuhoya 
County,  was: 

In  tlie  tii'st  i)liU'(',  city  lots  Nunilier  r)S  to  63  inclusive,  and  81  to  87 
inclusive,  coiiiiirisin":  all  the  lots  borilcring  on  the  Public  Square,  and 
one  more,  wci'e  to  be  reserved  for  public  purposes,  as  were  also  "the 
point  of  land  west  of  the  town"  (which  we  take  to  be  the  low  penin- 
sula southwest  of  the  viaduct),  and  some  other  portions  of  the  tiats 
if  thought  advisable.  Then  ]\Ir.  Porter  proposed  to  begin  with  lot 
number  one,  and  otfer  for  sale  every  fourth  number  in  succession 
throughout  the  towns,  on  these  terms.  P]ach  person  who  would  engage 
to  become  an  actual  settler  in  1797  might  purchase  one  town  lot,  one 
ten  or  twenty-acre  lot.  and  one  hundred-acre  lot,  or  as  nuich  less  as 
he  might  choose:  settlement,  however,  to  be  imperative  in  every  case. 
The  price  of  town  lots  was  to  be  fifty  dollars ;  that  of  ten-acre  lots 
three  dollars  per  acre;  that  of  twenty-acre  lots  two  dollars  per  acre; 
and  that  of  hundred-acre  lots  a  dollar  and  a  half  per  acre.  The  town 
lots  were  to  be  paid  for  in  ready  cash ;  for  the  larger  tracts  twenty 
per  cent,  was  to  be  paid  down,  and  the  rest  in  three  annual  install- 
ments with  annual  interest. 

At  this  time,  the  eastern  part  of  the  present  Cuyahoga  County 
belonged  to  "Washington  County  of  the  Northwest  Territory ;  the  part 
west  of  the  Cuyahoga  River  belonged  to' Wayne  County  the  seat 
of  which  was  Detroit ;  and  it  was  a  mooted  question  whether  the 
legal  jurisdiction  belonged  to  the  territory  or  the  Connecticut  com- 
pany. Cleveland  was  still  only  a  survey  township ;  the  civil  town- 
ship was  not  created  until  the  year  1800. 


Seth  Pease,  Principal  Surveyor 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Company  held  in  January, 
1797,  "Moses  Cleaveland's  contract  with  Joseph  Brant,  Esq.,  in 
behalf  of  the  Mohawks  of  Grand  River,  Canada,"  was  ratified  and 
a  committee  was  appointed  to  investigate  the  causes  of  the  "very 
great  expense  of  the  company  during  the  first  year;  the  causes 
which  have  prevented  the  completion  of  the  survey ;  and  why  the 
surveyors  and  agents  have  not  made  their  report."  An  assessment 
of  five  dollars  per  share  of  the  company  stock  was  ordered  and  Seth 
Pease,  Amos  Spafford,  Daniel  Ilolbrook,  and  Moses  "Warren,  Jr.,  were 
constituted  a  committee  on  partition.  Another  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  make  inquiry  into  the  conduct  of  the  directors;  in  February, 
this  committee  made  a  i-eport  exonerating  the  directors  in  all  respects. 
The  oflBcial  record  does  not  show  why  General  Cleaveland  was  not 


32  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS  [Chap.  II 

again  appointed  as  superintendent,  Init  reading  between  the  lines 
of  these  pi-occedings,  it  seems  to  be  clear  that  the  stocliholders  were 
in  no  amiable  mood  and  far  from  being  satisfied  with  what  had 
been  done.  In  the  spring,  the  surveyors  returned  to  the  Reserve. 
The  Rev.  Seth  Hart  was  now  the  superintendent  and  Seth  Pease 
the  principal  surveyor.  With  them  were  several  who  had  gone  out 
the  year  before,  among  them  Amos  Spafford,  Richard  ^I.  Stoddard, 
Moses  Warren,  Tlieodore  Shepard,  Joseph  Tinker,  and  Joseph  Lan- 
don.     The  party  assembled  at  Schenectady,  with  ]Mr.  Pease  in  charge 


of  the  funds  and  details  of  outfitting,  and  assisted  by  Thomas 
Mather  of  Albany.  Under  date  of  the  fourteentli  of  April,  1797, 
Pease  wrote  in  his  journal:  "Spent  the  week  thus  far  in  getting 
necessary  supplies.  The  want  of  I'cady  casli  subjects  me  to  con- 
siderable inconvenience,  ^ir.  ^Mather  ))urchascs  the  greater  part 
on  his  own  cretlit;  and  takes  my  order  on  ]\Ir.  Ephraim  Root,  treas- 
urer." On  tlie  twentieth  of  April,  six  boats  moved  np  tlie  Mohawk. 
They  were  similar  to  those  used  the  year  before.  In  -Vugust,  1850. 
Amzi  Atwater,  wlio  had  joined  the  party  at  Schenectady,  made  a 
statement  relating  to  the  surveys  of  1797,  in  wliicli  lie  says: 

We  ascended  llie  Mobawk  rivci-  tbi'ougb  the  old  locks  at  Little 
Falls,  up  to  the  carrying  place  at  Rome.  The  canal  there  was  in 
progress,  but  not  completed.  The  boats  and  stores  were  got  across 
into  Wood  creek.  Down  that  narrow,  crooked  stream,  we  got  along 
somewhat  easier  than  up  the  Moliawk  river,  which  I  may  say  was 
a  .sore  job  for  i-aw  ami  inexperienced  liaiids  like  myself.     In  passing 


1797]  THE  RETURN  OF  THE  SURVEYORS  33 

down  this  stream  which  had  hmg  boon  known  by  boatmen,  we  passed, 
in  a  small  inlot  stream,  two  large,  formidable  looking  boats,  or  small 
vessels,  which  renunded  us  of  a  seaport  harbor.  We  were  told  that 
they  were  the  season  before  oonveyed  from  the  Hudson  river,  partly 
by  water  and  finally  on  wheels,  and  to  be  conveyed  to  Lake  Ontario ; 
that  they  w-ero  built  of  tho  lightest  materials,  and  intended  for  no  other 
use  than  to  have  it  i>ublishod  in  Europe  that  vessels  of  those  dimen- 
sions had  passed  those  waters,  to  aid  huid  speculation.  We  passed 
down  ami  across  the  Oneida  lake,  and  past  the  Oswego  Palls  into  lake 
Ontario.  At  Oswego  Falls  tho  boats  were  unloaded,  and  were  run 
down  a  slide  into  a  natural  basin,  and  a  pilot  employed  to  steer  them 
to  the  lower  landing.  The  stream  looked  dreadful  (in  my  eye)  to  run 
a  boat.  But  1  considered  that  as  we  had  a  pilot  who  followed  the 
business  at  fifty  cents  a  trip,  1  would  risk  myself  for  once.  I  belonged 
to  the  first  boat,  and  took  my  station  in  the  bow  strictly  attending  to 
the  pilot's  orders.  We  went  quick  and  safe,  and  I  was  cured  of  all 
my  former  fears.  1  went  back  to  attend  my  own  luggage.  1  met  the 
pilot  on  his  return  ivom  his  second  trip,  who  requested  me  to  go  down 
with  the  other  boats,  and  1  accordingly  did.  We  passed  down  to  the 
lake  and  stayed  some  time  for  fair  weather,  then  went  on  as  far  as 
Gerundigut  [Irondequoit]  bay  and  up  to  the  landing,  where  the  boats 
took  in  provisions.  This  was  a  slow  and  tedious  w'ay  of  conveyance, 
but  it  was  the  way  whicli  some  of  the  early  settlers  of  this  country 
moved  here  for  want  of  a  better.  I  was  sent  with  a  party  of  those  men 
who  could  be  best  spared  from  tho  boats,  to  Canandaigua  and  its 
vicinity  to  collect  cattle  and  pack  horses  for  the  use  of  tho  company. 
In  a  few  days  I  was  ordered  with  those  men  to  drive  to  Buffalo,  and 
take  care  of  them  until  Maj.  Shepard  of  the  exploring  and  equalizing 
committee  came  on.  We  drove  there  and  across  the  creek  for  safe 
and  convenient  keeping.  In  a  few  days  the  Indian  chiefs  came  and 
demanded  of  me  throe  dollars  for  pasturing  the  cattle  and  hoi'ses.  I 
thought  it  unreasonable  as  the  land  all  lay  open  to  the  common  aa  I 
considered  it,  but  I  went  with  them  up  to  Capt.  Johnson,  the  Inter- 
preter, and  plead  my  case  as  well  as  I  could,  but  I  was  no  match  for 
them  in  pleas  and  arguments.  I  concluded  to  pay  their  demand  with 
their  consent  that  we  might  stay  as  long  as  we  pleased. 


Arrfval  of  Judge  Kingsbury 

A  month  after  the  beginning  of  their  voyage,  the  boats  were  at 
Buffalo  where  they  waited  until  the  twenty-fifth  of  IMay  for  the 
party  that  had  come  by  land.  On  the  night  of  the  twenty-sixth 
of  May,  they  were  at  Port  Independence  where  "we  found  fhat  Mr. 
Gun's  family  had  removed  to  Cuyahoga.  Mr.  Kingsbury,  his  vrife 
and  one  child  were  in  a  low  state  of  health,  to  whom  we  adminis- 
tered what  relief  we  could."  Elijah  Gun  and  his  wife  had  left  Con- 
neaut  in  May,  the  second  family  to  make  a  home  in  Cleveland. 
Colonel  Whittlesey   calls  Mr.   Kingsbury   "the  first  adventurer  on 


34  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EXVIKONS  [Chap.  II 

his  own  account  who  arrived  on  the  company's  purchase."  With 
his  wife  and  three  children,  one  of  them  an  infant,  he  had  come 
from  New  Hampshire  to  Conneaut  soon  after  the  arrival  of  the 
surveyors  in  1796.  After  the  return  of  the  surveyors  in  the  fall,  he 
made  a  journey  back  to  his  old  New  England  home,  going  on  horse- 
back and  expecting  to  complete  his  journey  in  a  few  weeks.  He 
made  the  trip  eastward  without  accident  or  special  delay,  but  at 
his  old  home  he  was  attacked  by  fever.  What  next  happened  may 
well  be  told  in  the  words  of  Mr.  Kennedy : 

As  soon  as  he  dared  mount  a  hoi'se  he  set  out  for  home,  filled  with 
anxiety  for  those  w'ho  were  awaiting  his  return.  He  reached  Buffalo 
in  a  state  of  exhaustion,  on  December  3rd,  and  on  the  following  day 
pushed  forward  into  the  snowy  wilderness.  He  was  accompanied  by 
an  Indian  p;uard.  For  three  weeks  the  snow  fell  without  intermission, 
until  at  places  it  was  up  to  tlie  chin.  Weak  in  body,  and  full  of 
trouble  for  his  loved  ones,  he  pushed  on  and  on,  although  it  was 
December  2-4th  before  his  cabin  was  reached.  His  horse  had  died  from 
exhaustion,  and  he  was  not  in  a  much  better  condition.  Meanwhile 
the  wife  and  children  subsisted  as  best  they  could.  The  Indians 
supplied  her  with  meat  until  the  real  weather  of  winter  came  on.  She 
had  for  company  a  nephew  of  her  husband's,  a  boy  of  thirteen,  whose 
especial  cliarge  was  a  yoke  of  oxen  and  a  cow.  Day  after  day  went 
by,  and  still  her  husband  did  not  come;  and  as  if  cold  and  loneliness 
were  not  enough,  the  supreme  pain  of  motherhood  was  added,  and 
the  first  white  native  son  of  the  Reserve  became  a  member  of  the 
household.  She  had  regained  sufficient  strength  to  move  about  the 
house,  and  had  about  decided  to  remove  to  Erie,  Avheu  towards  even- 
ing she  looked  up,  and  her  husband  was  at  the  door.  Mrs.  Kingsbury 
was  then  taken  with  fever;  tlie  food  left  by  the  surveyors  was  about 
exhausted:  and  tlie  snow  prevent<'d  calls  upon  tlieir  Indian  friends. 
Before  his  strcngtli  had  fully  returned.  .Mr.  Kingsbury  was  forced 
to  make  a  journey  to  Erie,  to  procure  food.  He  could  not  take  the 
oxen,  because  of  the  lack  of  a  path  through  the  snow,  and  so  he  set 
forth  hauling  a  hand  sled.  He  reached  Eric,  obtained  a  bushel  of 
wheat,  and  hauled  it  back  to  Coimeaut,  where  it  was  cracked  and 
boiled  and  eaten.  'I'bc  cow  died  from  the  effects  of  eating  the  browse 
of  oak  trees,  and  with  it  gone,  the  chances  of  life  for  the  little  one 
were  meagre  indeed.  In  a  montli  it  died.  l\lr.  Kingsbury  and  the 
boy  made  a  rude  coffin  from  a  pine  box  wliich  the  surveyors  luul  left. 

The  rest  of  the  stoiy  is  quoted  from  that  indispensable  repository 
of  useful  knowledge,  Colonel  Whittlesey's  Early  History  of  Cleve- 
land: 

As  they  carried  the  remains  from  the  liouse,  the  sick  mother  raised 
herself  in  bed,  following  with  her  eyes  the  lonely  party  to  a  rise  of 
ground  wliere  they  bad  dug  a  grave.     She  fell  backward  and  for  two 


1191]  THE  KINGSBURY  FAMILY  35 

wi'i'ks  was  scarcely  cmiscious  of  what  was  passing  or  of  what  had 
passed.  Late  in  February  or  early  in  .March,  Mr.  Kingsbury,  who 
was  still  feeble,  made  an  cH'ort  to  obtain  something  which  his  wife 
could  eat,  for  it  was  evident  that  nutriment  was  her  principal  neces- 
sity. The  severest  rigors  of  winter  began  to  relax.  Instead  of  fierce 
northern  blasts  sweeping  over  the  frozen  surface  of  the  lake,  there 
were  southern  breezes  which  softened  the  snow  and  moderated  the 
atmosphere.  Scai'cely  able  to  walk,  he  loaded  an  old  "Queen's  Arm" 
which  his  uncle  had  carried  in  the  war  of  the  revolution  and  which 
is  still  in  tiie  keeiiing  of  the  family.  He  succeeded  in  reaching  the 
woods  and  sat  down  upon  a  log.  A  solitary  pigeon  came,  and  perched 
upon  the  highest  branches  of  a  tree.  It  was  not  only  high,  but  distant. 
The  chances  of  hitting  the  bird  w'ere  few  indeed,  but  a  human  life 
seemed  to  depend  upon  those  chances.  A  single  shot  found  its  way  to 
the  mark,  and  the  bird  fell.  It  was  well  cooked  and  the  broth  given 
to  his  wife,  who  was  immediately  revived.  For  the  first  time  in  two 
weeks  she  spoke  in  a  natural  and  rational  way,  saying,  "James,  where 
did  you  get  this  .' " 

When  the  surveying  party  of  1797  moved  on  from  Conneaut  to 
Cleveland,  the  King.sbury  family  accompanied  them.  They  found  a 
temporary  shelter  in  a  dilapidated  log  house  on  the  west  side  of  the 
river,  said  to  have  been  left  by  some  of  the  early  traders  with  the 
Indians.  There  stands  today  (1918)  on  Vermont  Avenue  and  Hanover 
Court  a  house  that  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  one  in  Cleveland  and  that 
is  claimed  to  be  the  one  in  which,  for  a  time,  the  King.sbury  family 
dwelt.  "Tradition  states  that  it  was  built  by  agents  of  the  North- 
western Fur  Company,  at  the  head  of  the  old  river  bed,  for  a  trading 
house,  manj'  years  before  the  arrival  of  Moses  Cleaveland ;  that  it  was 
moved  from  place  to  place,  and  finally  found  a  resting-place  in  its 
present  location.  It  was  originally  covered  with  hewn  timbers,  but 
as  it  stands  today  it  has  a  modern  planed  covering.  It  is  further 
claimed  that  between  178.3  and  1800  it  was  used  as  a  blockhouse.  It 
was  once  owned  by  Joel  Scranton,  but  was  purchased,  near  1844,  by 
Robert  Sanderson,  who  moved  it  to  its  present  location." 


CHAPTER  III 

IN  NEW  CONNECTICUT 

Some  of  the  boats  from  Comieaut  arrived  at  Cleveland  on  the 
first  of  June.  The  land  party  and  the  other  boats  arrived  a  few 
days  later.  On  the  way,  David  Eldi'idge  was  drowned  in  trjdng 
to  cross  Grand  River.  The  body  was  brought  to  Cleveland  and 
buried  in  its  first  cemetery  on  the  east  side  of  Ontario  Street  just 
north  of  Prospect  Avenue,  i.  e.,  on  the  north  parts  of  lots  97  and  98. 
(See  the  Seth  Pease  map  on  page  24.)  In  Pease's  journal,  under 
date  of  Sunday,  June  4,  it  is  written:  "Attended  the  funeral 
of  the  deceased  with  as  much  decency  and  solemnity  as  could  pos- 
sibly be  expected.  Mr.  Hart  read  [the  Episcopal]  chui'ch  service."' 
In  his  "statement,"  from  which  I  have  already  quoted,  Amzi  Atwater 
says : 

I'  was  ordered  with  a  party  of  men  to  take  the  horses  and  cattle 
to  Cleveland.  We  got  along  very  well  until  we  got  to  Grand  river; 
we  had  no  boat  or  other  means  of  conveyance  across,  except  we  found 
an  old  Indian  bark  canoe  which  was  very  leaky — we  had  one  horse 
which  I  knew  was  a  good  swimmer.  T  mounted  him  and  directed  the 
men  to  drive  the  others  after  me.  I  had  got  i)erhaps  half  way  when 
I  heard  the  men  on  .shore  scream — I  looked  back  and  saw  two  men, 
with  horses  in  the  water  but  had  parted  from  them — one  of  them  got 
ashore,  and  the  other,  David  Eldridge  made  poor  progress.  T  turned 
my  hor.se  as  quick  as  I  could  and  guided  liim  up  within  reach  of  him, 
when  1  very  inconsiderately  took  hold  of  liis  luind,  as  soon  as  I  could. 
This  turned  the  h(jrsc  over,  and  we  were  liotli  under  tlie  water  an 
instant;  lint  we  separated  and  T  again  mounted  tlic  horse,  and  looked 
back  and  saw  him  just  raise  his  head  al)ove  the  water,  but  he  sunk 
to  rise  no  more — this  was  June  3d.  We  built  a  raft  of  flood-wood, 
lashed  together  with  barks,  and  placing  on  it  three  men  who  were 
good  swimmers,  they  with  hooks  drew  up  tlie  body,  but  this  took  some 
time — perhaps  two  liours.  We  took  some  pains  to  restore  the  body  to 
life,  ])ut  in  vain.  Two  of  our  boats  came  up  soon  after  with  a  large 
portion  of  tlie  men.  They  took  the  body  to  Cleveland  and  buried  it 
in  tlie  then  newly  laid  o)it  linrying-ground. 

Lorenzo  Carter  Arrives 

Lorenzo  Carter,  "quite  a  Nimrod,"  a  native  of  Vermont  who  had 
spent  the  preceding  winter  in  Canada,  had  come  in  ]May  and  soon 

:!6 


1796]  AT  ("LEVELAXD  AGAIN  37 

iiiade  liimself  a  cunspicuous  figure  in  the  pioneer  community.  About 
the  same  time  came  Ezekiel  Ilawley,  his  brother-in-law.  On  lot 
199,  near  the  river  (See  the  S<^'th  Pease  map  on  page  2-1)  he  built  a  log 
cabin  "more  pretentious  than  the  rude  affairs  constructed  by  the  sur- 
veyors, having  two  ajiartments  on  the  gi'ound  floor  and  a  spacious 
garret."'  He  soon  liuilt  a  boat,  establislicd  a  ferry  at  the  foot  of 
Superior  Street,  and  kejit  a  small  stock  of  goods  for  trade  with 
the  Indians.  Ilis  cabin  served  as  a  hotel  for  strangers  and  general 
headquarters  for  the  early  Clevelanders,  and  wa.s  the  scene  of  many 
of  their  social    festivities.     The   first   Cleveland   wedding  was  held 


Lorenzo  Carter 

there  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  1797,  with  Superintendent  Seth  Hart  as 
the  officiating  clergyman ;  the  high  contracting  parties  were  Miss  Chloe 
Inches,  who  was  in  Carter's  employ,  and  a  Canadian  by  the  name 
of  Clement.  In  1804,  as  we  shall  soon  see,  Lorenzo  Carter  was 
elected  to  office  in  the  state  militia  and,  after  that,  was  generally 
referred  to  as  JIa,ior  Carter  or  ''the  Major."  He  is  described  as 
being  six  feet  tall,  of  swarthy  complexion,  with  long  black  hair, 
and  the  muscular  power  of  a  giant.  "He  was  brave  to  the  edge 
of  daring,  but  amiable  in  temper  and  spirit;  and  while  he  never 
picked  a  quarrel,  he  saw  the  end  of  any  upon  which  he  entered."  It 
was  a  common  saying  that  Ma.jor  Carter  was  all  the  law  Cleveland 
had  and  he  had  unbounded  influence  with  the  Indians  who  came 
to  believe   that  he  was  a   favorite  of  the   Great  Spirit  and  could 


38 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  Ill 


uot  be  killed.  The  records  of  early  Cleveland  have  man.y  stories  of 
his  dealing's  with  white  men  and  red  men,  and  the  following  pages 
will  record  many  of  his  doings. 

Another  recruit  of  that  year  was  Rodolphus  Edwards.  There  is 
a  tradition  among  his  descendants  that  he  was  one  of  the  surveyors 
of  the  Connecticut  Land  Company  and  that  the  land  that  he  soon 
recei^'cd  was  wholly  or  in  part  in  payment  for  services  rendered.  His 
surveyor's   compass   is  preserved   in   the   collections  of  the  Western 


7$ 


CT'T 


The  Buckkye  House 


Reserve  Historical  Society.  But  I  have  found  no  definite  or  circum- 
stantial account  of  when,  how,  or  why  he  came.  In  a  letter  to  whicli 
further  reference  will  be  made,  Gilman  IJryant  says  that  "in  the  fall 
of  1797,  I  found  Mr.  Rodoljihus  Edwards  in  a  cabin  under  the  hill,  at 
the  west  end  of  Su])ci'i()r  Street."  He  soon  secured  a  tract  of  ;500 
acres  of  land  on  Buttcrinit  Ridge,  later  known  as  Woodbind  Hills, 
and  built  a  cabin  just  east  of  the  "fever  and  ague  line,"'  on  what  is 
now  Steinway  Avenue  and  about  four  hundred  feet  west  of  Wooilhill 


1797]  RODOLPHUS  EDWARDS  39 

Road,  lie  soon  built,  at  what  is  now  tlio  intersection  of  Woodliill  and 
Buckeye  roads,  a  niueh  lai'gcr  and  more  elaborate  house,  the  timbers 
of  whieh  were  liewcd  and  the  boards  of  whieh  were  sawed  b^'  hand, 
the  long-famous  Buckeye  Tavern  (later  called  the  Pioneer)  and  favor- 
ite resort  for  the  dances  of  two  generations  of  Cleveland  society.  Here, 
keej)ing  public  inn  and  managing  his  farm,  "Dolph"  Kdwards,  rough, 
ready,  aud  popular,  lived  until  his  death  in  1836.  In  1873,  the  old 
inn  gave  way  for  public  improvements.  Kingsbury  and  his  family 
soon  moved  to  a  new  cabin  near  the  Public  Square,  and,  in  December, 
settled  on  a  tract  of  500  acres  on  the  ridge  a  short  distance  south  of 
Edwards  and  near  what  is  Woodland  Hills  Pai-k.  Elijah  Gun  went 
to  the  same  section.  Joseph  Landon,  who  had  come  back,  aud  Stephen 
Gilbert  "cleared  a  piece  of  ground  which  they  sowed  to  wheat,  while 
a  couple  of  acres  giveu  to  corn  on  Water  street  [now  West  Ninth] 
showed  the  agricultural  activity  of  Lorenzo  Carter." 

In  the  latter  part  of  this  season  (1797),  there  was  much  sickness 
in  the  little  community,  two  of  the  men  died  of  dysentery,  and  boat- 
loads of  the  sick  were  sent  off  early  in  the  fall.  In  relating  the  experi- 
ences of  that  year,  Amzi  Atwater  says: 

I  was  taken  sick  with  the  ague  and  fever.  Sickness  prevailed  the 
latter  part  of  the  season  to  an  alarming  degree,  and  but  a  few  escaped 
entirel.v.  William  Andrews,  one  of  our  men,  and  Peleg  Washburn, 
an  apprentice  to  llr.  Nathaniel  Doan,  died  of  dysentery  at  Cleveland, 
in  August  or  September.  All  those  that  died  that  season  were  of  my 
party  who  came  on  with  me,  with  the  cattle  and  horses,  in  the  spring, 
and  were  much  endeared  to  me  as  companions,  except  Tinker,  our 
principal  boatman,  who  was  drowned  on  his  return  in  the  fall.  At 
Cleveland  I  was  confined  for  several  weeks,  with  several  others  much 
in  the  same  situation  as  myself,  with  little  or  no  help,  except  what  we 
could  do  for  oui-selves.  The  inhabitants  there  were  not  much  better 
off  than  we  were,  and  all  our  men  were  required  in  the  woods.  My 
fits  came  on  generally  every  night,  and  long  nights  they  appeared  to 
me;  in  day-time.  I  made  out  to  get  to  the  spring  and  get  some  water, 
but  it  was  a  hard  task  to  get  back  again.  My  fits  became  lighter  and 
not  so  frequent,  until  the  boats  went  down  the  lake  as  far  as  the 
township  of  Perry,  which  they  were  then  lotting  out.  The  cold  night 
winds  and  fatigue  to  which  I  was  exposed  brought  on  the  fits  faster 
and  harder.  T  considered  that  I  had  a  long  journey  before  me  to  get 
home,  and  no  means  but  my  exertions,  a  large  portion  of  the  way. 
T  procured  a  portion  of  Peruvian  bark  and  took  it.  it  broke  up  my  fits 
and  gave  me  an  extra  appetite,  but  very  fortunately  for  me  we  were 
short  of  provisions  and  on  short  allowance.  My  strength  gained,  and 
I  did  not  spoil  my  appetite  by  over-eating,  as  people  are  in  danger  of 
in  such  case.s.  I  soon  began  to  recover  my  health,  but  soon  after  Maj. 
Spafford  started  with  a  boat  down  the  lake,  with  a  sufficient  number 
of  well  hands,  and  a  load  of  us  invalids  to  the  number  of  fourteen  in 


40  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  Ill 

all.  We  passed  on  tolerable  well  down  beyond  Erie,  opposite  the  rocky 
shore;  there  arose  a  dreadful  looking  cloud  with  a  threatening,  windy 
appearance ;  the  wind  was  rather  high,  but  some  in  our  favor.  Maj. 
Spafford  was  a  good  hand  to  steer  and  manage  a  boat,  they  double 
manned  the  oars  on  the  land  side  to  keep  off  shore,  and  we  went  fast 
till  we  got  past  the  rocky  shore ;  few  or  no  words  spoken,  but  imme- 
diately the  wind  came  very  heavy  so  that  no  boat  could  have  stood  it. 
There  we  staid  thre^  days  without  being  able  to  get  away.  We  got  out 
in  the  evening,  went  below  Cataraugus  where  we  were  driven  ashore 
again,  where  we  la.y  about  two  days,  still  on  short  allowance  of  provi- 
sion. The  next  time  we  had  a  tolerable  calm  lake  and  safely  arrived 
at  Buffalo.  By  that  time  I  had  so  recovered  as  to  feel  tolerably  com- 
fortable, and  pursued  my  journey  home  on  foot  to  Connecticut. 

Cleveland  a  General  Hospital 

The  headquarters  at  Cleveland  took  on  the  character  of  a  general 
hospital  and  the  well-written  journal  of  Seth  Pease  for  this  period 
(Augu.st-November,  1797),  is  an  almost  continuous  record  of  sickness. 
But  there  were  snakes  as  well  as  "shakes";  in  1883,  Colonel  Whittle- 
sey told  the  members  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association  that,  "in  its 
forest  condition  this  region  was  very  prolific  in  snakes.  The  notes 
of  the  survey  contain  frequent  mention  of  them,  particularly  tlie  great 
yellow  rattlesnake.  In  times  of  drouth  they  seek  streams  and  moist 
places,  and  were  frequently  seen  with  their  brilliant  black  and  orange 
spots  crossing  the  lake  beach  to  find  water.  Joshua  Stow,  the  com- 
missary of  the  survey,  had  a  positive  liking  for  snake  meat.  Holly 
could  endure  it  when  provisions  were  short.  General  Cleveland  was 
disgusted  with  snakes,  living  or  cooked,  and  with  those  who  cooked 
them.  They  were  more  numerous  because  the  Indians  had  an  affec- 
tion or  a  superstitious  reverence  for  tliem,  and  did  not  kill  them." 
In  the  summer  and  fall,  "the  equalizing  committee  was  veiy  busy 
exploring  and  surveying,  comparing  notes  and  arranging  the  parcels 
for  a  draft;  fully  determined  that  the  work  should  be  closed  that 
season.  Clevclaiul  was  the  central  point  of  all  operations,  and  par- 
ticularly as  a  general  hospital."  The  survey  of  the  Reserve  east  of 
the  Cuyahoga  having  been  completed.  Captain  Tinker,  the  principal 
boatman,  was  discharged.  In  going  down  the  lake,  his  boat  was  cap- 
sized near  tlie  mouth  of  Chautauqua  Creek,  and  Tinker  and  two  of 
the  other  men  were  drowned  (October  3).  On  the  twelfth  of  October, 
Surveyor  Pease  left  Cleveland  by  boat;  he  was  at  Conneaut  on  the 
twenty -second.  On  the  twenty-third  he  had  a  fit  of  ague  and  fever ;  on 
the  twenty-fourth  he  "sold  the  roan  mare  and  saddle  to  Nathaniel 
Doan  and  took  his  note  for  thirty-two  dollars."     The  Pease  journal 


1797]  END  OP  THE  SECOND  SEASON  41 

for  the  twenty-fifth  reeords  that:  "We  are  short  of  pork,  not  having 
more  tliaii  three-quarters  of  a  barrel,  and  receiving  none  by  Mr.  Hart's 
boat,  must  send  one  boat  over  to  Chippewa.  Accordingly  fitted  out 
one  under  Major  Spafford.  She  took  on  board  all  the  men,  sick  and 
well,  except  Mr.  Ilart,  Wm.  P>arker  and  myself.  They  were  Colonel 
Ezra  Wait,  Arazi  Atwater,  Doctor  Shepard,  George  Giddings,  Samuel 
Spafford,  David  Clark,  Eli  Kellogg,  Alexander  and  Chester  Allen,  H. 
V.  Linsley,  James  Berry  and  Asa  Mason.  Major  Spafford  to  wait  at 
Queenstown  for  the  other  boat.  Ma.jor  Shepard  started  by  land,  for 
Buffalo  creek,  with  Warham  Shepard  and  Thomas  Tuppcr.  Parker 
agreed  with.  Mr.  Kart  to  take  the  Stow  lioi-se  to  Buffalo  creek."  The 
journal  for  the  thirty-first  says:  "jMr.  Hart  and  myself  started  from 
Conneaut.  after  sunset.  Our  hands  were  Landon,  Goodsel,  Smith, 
Kenney  (Keeny),  Forbes,  Chapman  and  James  and  Richard  Stoddard, 
with  a  land  breeze  and  our  oars,  got  within  two  miles  of  Presque  Isle." 
On  the  afternoon  of  the  third  of  November  they  arrived  at  Buffalo 
Creek,  where  they  found  JIajor  Spafford,  who  had  gotten  there  the  day 
before :  the  rear  guard  came  on  tlie  sixth.  Mr.  Pease,  the  surveyors, 
and  the  committeemen  seem  to  have  lingered  at  Canandaigua  "to  finish 
the  partition  and  make  up  their  reports;  a  work  which  the  stockholders 
expected  would  have  been  concluded  a  year  sooner." 

Recognizing  the  needs  of  the  coming  suburban  population,  Gen- 
eral Cleaveland  had  directed  that  the  land  immediately  outlying  the 
surveyed  tract  should  be  laid  off  in  10-acre  lots  and  the  rest  of  the 
township  in  100-acre  lots  instead  of  the  larger  tracts  into  which  the 
other  towniships  were  to  be  divided.  While  the  price  of  the  2-acre 
town  lots  was  to  be  $50  each,  that  of  the  10-acre  lots  was  fixed  at  $3 
per  acre,  and  that  of  the  100-acre  lots  at  .$1.50  per  acre.  According 
to  Crisfield  Johnson's  Uistory  of  Cuijahoga  Count]],  "the  town  lots 
were  to  be  paid  for  in  ready  cash ;  for  the  larger  tracts,  twenty  per 
cent  wa.s  to  be  paid  down,  and  the  rest  in  three  annual  installments 
with  annual  interest.  It  will  be  seen  that  even  at  that  time  the  pro- 
jectors of  Cleveland  had  a  pretty  good  opinion  of  its  future ;  valuing 
the  almost  unbroken  forest  which  constituted  the  city  at  twenty-five 
dollars  per  acre  in  cash,  while  equally  good  land  outside  its  limifs 
was  to  be  sold  for  from  throe  dollars  down  to  a  dollar  and  a  half  per 
acre,  with  three  years'  credit."  The  10-acre  lots  were  now  surveyed; 
they  extended  eastward  to  the  line  of  East  Fifty-fifth  Street  (for- 
merly called  Willson  Avenue),  and  southward  "to  the  top  of  the  brow 
of  the  ravine  formed  by  Kingsbury  Run  and  extended  westwardly  tvi 
the  river  bank."  By  August,  three  streets  had  been  laid  out  through 
the  10-acre  lots,  the  South,  Middle  (or  Central)  and  North  highways. 


42  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  Ill 

South  Street  became  Kiusmau  Street,  the  part  of  the  present  Wood- 
laud  Aveuue  that  lies  west  of  East  Fifty-fifth  Street.  Middle  Street 
became  Euclid  Avenue;  in  1816,  it  was-  extended  from  its  junction 
with  Huron  at  what  is  now  East  Ninth  Street  westward  to  the  Public 
Square,  as  is  indicated  on  Spafford's  maj).  North  Street  was  a  con- 
tinuation of  Federal  Street  and  is  now  known  as  St.  Clair  Avenue. 

In  the  minutes  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Compan.y  it  is  recorded 
that:  "Whereas,- The  Directors  have  given  to  Tabitha  Cumi  Stiles, 
wife  of  Job  P.  Stiles,  one  city  lot,  one  ten-acre  lot,  and  one  oue- 
hundred-aere  lot;  to  Anna  Gun,  wife  of  Elijah  Guu,  one  one-hundred- 
acre  lot ;  to  James  Kiugsltury  and  wife,  one  one-huudred-acre  lot ;  to 
Nathaniel  Doan,  one  city  lot,  he  being  obliged  to  reside  thereon  as  a 
blacksmith,  and  all  in  the  city  and  town  of  Cleaveland.  Voted,  that 
these  grants  be  approved."  Nathaniel  Doan  was  one  of  the  original 
surveying  party  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of  Euclid  township.  In- 
duced probably  by  this  gift  of  a  city  lot,  he  brought  his  family  to 
Cleveland  in  1798,  and  built  a  cabin  in  the  woods  near  the  river. 
"The  fire  of  his  forge  was  soon  seen  arising  from  a  little  shop  on 
Superior  Street  near  the  corner  of  Bank  [now  West  Sixth  Street] 
and  the  ring  of  his  anvil  was  heard  as  he  sliarpencd  the  tools  and 
shod  the  horses  of  the  little  community."  In  January  of  1799,  he 
moved  eastward  to  the  vicinit.v  of  Eiiclid  Avenue  and  East  One  Hun- 
dred and  Seventh  Street,  a  locality  long  known  as  Doan's  Corners. 
Here  he  lived  "both  beloved  and  respected  until  his  decease  in  1815." 

In  1798,  the  fever  and  ague  scourge,  common  to  new  western  lands, 
came  with  viralence.  "At  one  time  nearly  every  memlier  of  the 
settlement  became  a  victim  to  its  power  and  the  burden  of  providing 
food  and  the  necessaries  of  life  fell  upon  the  few  who  were  equal  to 
it.  A  mainstay  in.  many  close  places  was  tli'e  redoubtalile  Carter,  whose 
gun  and  dogs  enabled  him  to  ()l)tain  wild  game  wlien  nothing  else 
was  to  be  had."  The  nine  memlicrs  of  Nathaniel  Doan's  family  were 
sick  at  the  same  time,  Avhich  fact  liad  not  a  little  to  do  witli  his  removal 
to  Doan's  Corners,  as  already  recorded.  Tlie  numerous  removals  east- 
ward reduced  the  population  of  Cleveland  "to  two  families,  those  of 
Carter  and  SpafTord.  The  major  and  the  ex-surveyor  kei:)t  tavern, 
dickered  with  the  Indians,  and  cultivated  the  soil  of  their  city  lots." 
In  this  year,  Turhaud  Kirtland  made  his  fii-st  visit  to  the  Reserve, 
apparently  as  agent  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Company. 

Industrial  Birth 

In  1799,  Wheeler  W.  Williams  and  Major  Wyatt,  two  newcomei"s, 
built  at  the  falls  of  Mill  Creek  the  first  grist  mill  in  that  neighbor- 


1798-99]  THE  FIRST  MILL  43 

hood  and  probalily  the  third  on  tlic  Kosei'vc.  The  niillstoiios  were 
made  by  Da\id  l?ryant  and  his  son  Wliitniaii.  In  IS')?,  tliis  Wliitiuan 
Brj'aiit  wrote  a  letter  I'roni  which  I  freely  (|uote,  because  of  its 
description  of  this  mill  and  tiie  light  tiiat  it  throws  on  other  matters 
relating:  to  the  history  of  those  days  on  the  Reserve: 

]My  father,  David  Hi-yanI,  and  myself,  landeil  at  ("leveland  in 
June,  1797.  There  was  but  one  fanuly  there  at  that  time,  viz.: 
Lorenzo  Carter,  who  lived  in  a  log  eabin,  under  the  high  sand  bank, 
near  the  Cuyahoga  river,  aud  al)out  thirty  rods  below  the  bend  of  the 
river,  at  the  west  end  of  Sui)erior  street.  I  went  up  the  hill  to  view 
the  town.  I  found  one  log  cabin  creeted  by  the  surveyors,  on  the 
south  side  of  SnjjeiMor  street,  near  the  place  whei'e  the  old  Mansion 
liouse  formei-ly  stood.  There  was  no  cleared  land,  only  where  the 
logs  were  cut  to  erect  the  cabin,  and  for  tire-wood.  I  saw  the  stakes 
at  the  corners  of  the  lots,  among  the  logs  and  large  oak  and  chestnut 
trees.  We  were  on  our  way  to  a  grindstone  quarry,  near  Vermillion 
river.  We  made  two  trips  that  summer,  and  stopped  at  Mr.  Carter's 
each  time.  In  the  fall  of  1797.  I  found  Mr.  Rodolphus  Edwards  in  a 
cabin  under  the  hill,  at  the  west  end  of  Superior  street.  We  made 
two  trips  in  the  sununer  of  1798.  1  found  ]\Iajor  Spatford  in  the  old 
surveyors'  cabin.  The  same  fall  ^Ir.  David  Clark  erected  a  cabin  on 
the  other  sido  of  the  street,  and  about  five  rods  northwest  of  Spafford's. 
We  made  two  trips  in  the  summer  of  1799,  and  in  the  fall,  father  and 
myself  returned  to  Cleveland,  to  make  a  pair  of  millstones  for  Mr. 
Williams,  about  five  miles  east  of  Clevelaiid.  near  the  trail  to  Hudson. 
We  made  the  millstones  on  the  right  hand  side  of  the  stream  as  you 
go  up,  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  from  the  stream,  and  about  half  a  mile 
from  the  mill,  which  was  under  a  high  bank,  and  near  a  fall  in  said 
stream  of  forty  or  fifty  feet.  .  .  .  The  water  was  conveyed  to  the 
mill  in  a  dugout  trough,  to  an  under-shot  wlieel  about  twelve  feet  over, 
with  one  set  of  arms,  and  buckets  fifteen  inches  long,  to  run  inside  of 
the  trough,  which  went  down  the  hank  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees, 
perhaps.  The  dam  was  about  four  rods  above  the  fall ;  the  millstones 
were  three  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  of  gray  rock.  On  my  way  from 
the  town  to  Mr.  Williams'  mill,  I  found  the  cabin  of  ]\lr.  li.  Edwards, 
who  had  left  the  town,  about  three  miles  out ;  the  next  cabin  was  Judge 
Kingsburv's,  and  the  next  old  Mr.  Gunn,  thence  half  a  mile  to  Mr. 
Williams'  ndll. 

The  completion  of  the  mill  was  celebrated  with  joy  and  festivity 
by  the  ten  or  more  families  on  the  ridge  aud,  "during  the  following 
winter,  our  citizens  enjoyed  the  luxury  of  bolted  flour,  made  in  their 
own  mills,  from  wheat  raised  by  themselves."  The  rivalry  between 
Newburg  and  Cleveland  had  been  fairly  begun.  By  virtue  of  her 
situation  on  the  shore  of  the  lake.  Cleveland  had  an  importance  that 
could  not  be  denied,  but  the  town  on  the  higher  land  farther  east 
took  the  lead  in  population.     It  was  not  long  before  Cleveland  was 


44  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS         [Chap.  Ill 

described  as  "a  small  village  on  the  shoi-e  of  Lake  Erie,  six  miles  from 
Newburg. ' ' 

'  In  those  days,  it  took  courage  of  several  kinds  to  make  the  west- 
ward venture.  In  itself,  the  jouniey  was  a  veiy  serious  thing.  The 
springless  wagon  or  the  sled,  drawn  by  horses  or  oxeu  and  loaded  with 
household  goods,  farming  implements,  M'eapons  of  defense,  and  food, 
with  wife  and  children  stowed  in  corners,  were  the  chief  vehicles  of 
transportation ;  the  road  was  a  mere  path  through  the  woods  or  a  trail 
along  which  room  for  passage  must  be  cut  through  the  trees.  Of 
course,  there  were  no  bridges,  and  streams  had  to  be  crossed  by  ford- 
ing if  the  water  was  not  too  deep,  or  on  the  ice  or  on  rafts,  etc.,  if  it 
was.  The  way  to  the  promised  land  was  long  and  tedious,  and  sick- 
ness and  suffering  were  common  experiences.  In  his  Pioneers  of  the 
Western  Reserve,  Harvey  Rice  tells  us  that  the  only  highways  in  this 
part  of  the  country  at  that  time  were  narrow  paths,  "which  had 
existed  from  time  immemorial,  leading  from  one  distant  point  of  the 
country  to  another.  One  led  from  Buffalo  along  the  lake  shore  to 
Detroit.  Another  from  the  Ohio  River  by  way  of  the  portage,  as  it 
was  called,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  River.  They  concentrated 
at  Cleveland,  where  the  river  was  crossed  by  a  feri-y  established  by 
the  Indians.  In  this  way  the  principal  trading  posts  erected  by  the 
French  and  English  wei'e  made  accessible,  and  furnished  the  early 
pioneers  with  the  facilities  of  securing  an  important  commercial  inter- 
course with  those  distant  points  of  trade."  Goods  and  needed  pro- 
visions were  transported  by  boat  or  on  pack  horses.  In  February, 
1797,  the  Connecticut  Land  Company  appointed  a  committee  to  "en- 
quire into  the  expediency  of  laying  and  cutting  out  roads  on  the 
Reserve. ' '  In  the  following  January,  they  recommended  the  building 
of  a  road  from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Cuyahoga.  The  road  was  cut  out 
and  the  timber  girdled  according  to  the  recommendation  of  the  com- 
mittee and  at  the  expense  of  the  company. 

Cleveianp  .\nd  Ohio  in  1800 

At  this  time,  the  territory  that  had  lieen  marked  out  as  tlie  City 
of  Cleveland  had  a  population  numbering  a  score  or  so,  including,  of 
course,  the  families  of  the  pei-sistent  Carter  and  Spafford,  "while 
some  sixty  or  seventy  made  up  the  population  of  the  immediate  neigh- 
liorhood.  Affairs  were  not  progressing,  in  a  material  sense,  with  the 
successful  push  which  the  managers  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Com- 
pany had  probably  looked  for."'  Turhand  Kirtland  made  his  tliird 
annual  visit  to  the  Reserve.    In  a  letter  dated  "Cleaveland,  Ohio,  17lli 


1800]  PRICES  FOR  LAND  45 

July,    1800,"    and    superscribed    "Gen.    JI.    Cleavcland,    Canterbury 
Conn.,  to  be  left  at  Norwich,  Post  Oflice, "  he  said: 

Dear  Sir: — On  my  arrival  at  this  place,  I  found  Ma.jor  Spaft'ord, 
Mr.  Lorenzo  Carter  and  j\lr.  David  Chirk,  who  arc  the  only  inhabitants 
residing  in  the  city,  have  been  an.xiously  waiting  with  expectations  of 
purchasing  a  number  of  lots,  Init  wlien  1  produceil  my  instructions, 
they  were  greatly  disappointed,  both  as  to  price  and  terms.  They 
assured  me,  that  they  had  encouragement  last  year,  from  Col.  Thomas 
Sheldon ;  that  thcj-  would  have  lands  at  ten  dollars  per  acre,  and  from 
Major  Austin  at  twelve  dollars  at  most ;  which  they  think  would  be  a 
generous  price,  for  such  a  quantity  as  they  wish  to  purchase.  You 
will  please  excuse  me.  for  giving  my  opinion,  but  it  really  seems  to  me 
good  policy  to  sell  the  city  lots,  at  a  less  price  than  twenty-five  dollars, 
(two  acres ^  or  I  siiall  never  expect  to  sec  it  settled.  Mr.  ('artcr  was 
an  early  adventurer,  has  been  of  essential  advantage  to  the  inhabitants 
here,  in  helping  them  to  provisions  in  times  of  danger  and  scarcity,  has 
never  experienced  any  gratuity  from  the  company,  but  complains  of 
being  hardly  dealt  by,  in  sundry  instances.  He  has  money  to  pay  for 
about  thirty  acres,  which  lie  expected  to  have  taken,  if  the  price  had 
met  his  expectation ;  but  he-  now  declares  that  he  will  leave  the  pur- 
chase, and  never  own  an  acre  in  New  Connecticut.  Ma.i'or  Spafford 
has  stated  his  wishes  to  the  company,  in  his  letter  of  January  last, 
and  I  am  not  authorized  to  add.  any  thing.  He  says  he  has  no  idea 
of  giving  the  present  price,  for  sixteen  or  eighteen  lots.  He  con- 
templated building  a  Ikuisc,  and  making  large  improvements  this  sea- 
son, which  he  thinks  would  indemnify  the  company  fully,  in  case  he 
should  fail  to  fulfill  his  contract;  and  he  is  determined  to  remove  to 
some  other  part  of  the  purchase  immediately,  unless  he  can  obtain 
better  terms  than  I  am  authorized  to  give.  Mr.  Clark  is  to  be  included 
in  the  same  contract,  with  Jla,ior  Spafford,  but  his  circumstances  will 
not  admit  of  his  making  any  advances.  I  have  reciuested  the  .settlers 
not  to  leave  the  place,  until  I  can  obtain  further  information  from  the 
Board,  and  request  you  to  consult  General  Champion,  to  whom  I  have 
written,  and  favor  me  with  despatches  by  first  mail.  ...  I  have 
given  a  sketch  of  these  circumstances,  in  order  that  you  may  under- 
stand my  embarra-ssments,  and  expect  you  will  give  me  particular 
directions  how  to  proceed,  and  also,  whether  I  shall  make  new  eon- 
tracts  with  the  settlers,  whose  old  ones  are  forfeited.  They  seem 
unwilling  to  rely  on  the  generosity  of  the  company,  and  want  new 
writings.  .  .  "  I  have  the  pleasure  of  your  brother's  company  at 
this  time.  He  held  his  first  talk  with  the  Smooth  Nation,  at  Mr.  Car- 
ter's this  morning.  Appearances  are  very  jjromising.  I  flatter  myself 
he  will  do  no  discredit  to  his  elder  brother,  in  his  negotiations  with 
the  aborigines. 

T  am  dear,  sir,  with  much  esteem,  yours,  &c.,      ' 

TURIIAND    KiRTLAND. 

Before  long,  "city  lots  which  had  been  held  for  fifty  dollars  with 
down  payment  were  offered  for  twenty-five  dollars  with  time  given. 


1800]  THE  FIRST  DISTILLERY  47 

The  trcasurj'  was  replenished  hy  assessments  upon  the  stockholders 
instead  of  from  proceeds  of  sales."  In  fact,  the  prospects  of  the 
venture  were  rather  gloomy.  Colonel  Whittlesey  tells  us  that  by 
individual  exertion,  some  of  the  "private  ownci's  under  the  previous 
drafts  had  disposed  of  limited  amounts  of  lands,  on  terms  which  did 
not  create  verj*  brilliant  expectations  of  the  speculation.  In  truth, 
the  most  fortunate  of  the  adventurers  realized  a  very  meagre  profit, 
and  more  of  them  were  losers  than  gainers.  Those  who  were  able 
to  make  their  payments  and  keep  the  property  for  their  children, 
made  a  fair  and  safe  investment.  It  was  not  until  the  next  genera- 
tion came  to  maturity,  that  lands  on  the  Reserve  began  to  command 
good  prices.  Taxes,  trouble  and  interest,  had  been  long  accumulating. 
Such  of  the  proprietors  as  became  settlers  secured  an  excellent  home 
at  a  cheap  rate,  and  left  as  a  legacy  to  their  heirs  a  cheerful  future." 
Early  in  the  spring  of  1800,  "David  Hudson  passed  here  in  com- 
pany with  Thaddeus  Laey  and  David  Kellog  and  their. families  to 
settle  in  Hudson."  It  is  pleasant  to  note  the  fact  that  "a  school- 
house  was  built  this  season,  jiear  Kingsbury's,  on  the  ridge  road,  and 
Miss  Sarah  Doan,  daughter  of  Nathaniel  Doan,  was  the  teacher."  In 
spite  of  their  dissatisfaction  with  the  terms  offered  by  Turhand  Kirt- 
land,  as  recorded  in  his  letter  of  July,  Amos  Spafford  and  David 
Clark  seem  to  have  brought  their  wives  and  children  to  Cleveland 
before  the  end  of  the  year.  In  the  fall,  David  Bryant  and  his  son, 
who,  iu  the  previous  year,  had  played  an  important  part  in  building 
the  grist-mill  at  Newburg,  came  to  Cleveland  with  the  purpose  of 
making  it  their  permanent  home.  In  a  letter  from  which  I  have 
already  quoted,  the  son.  Oilman,  tells  us  that  his  father  brought  a 
still  that  had  seen  service  in  Virginia  "and  built  a  still-house  under 
the  sand  bank,  about  twenty  rods  above  L.  Carter's  and  fifteen  feet 
from  the  river.  The  house  was  made  of  hewed  logs,  twenty  by  twenty- 
six,  one  and  a  half  stories  high.  We  took  the  water  in  a  trough,  out 
of  some  small  springs  which  came  out  of  the  bank,  into  the  second 
story  of  the  house,  and  made  the  whiskey  out  of  wheat.  My  father 
purchased  ten  acres  of  land  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from  the  town 
plat,  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  east  of  the  town.  In  the  winter  of 
1800  and  spring  of  1801,  I  helped  my  father  to  clear  five  acres  on 
said  lot,  which  was  planted  with  corn  in  the  spring.  Said  ten  acres 
was  sold  by  my  father  in  the  spring  of  1802,  at  the  rate  of  two  dol- 
lars and  fifty  cents  per  acre.  Mr.  Samuel  Huntington  came  to  Cleve- 
land in  the  spring  of  1801,  and  built  a  hewed  log  house  near  the  bank 
of  the  Cuyahoga  river,  about  fifteen  rods  south-east  of  the  old  sur- 
veyor's cabin,  occupied  by  Mr.  Spafford."     By  way  of  illustration 


48  CLEVP:LAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  Ill 

of  customs  aud  costumes  of  that  day,  and  at  the  risk  of  being  thought 
somewhat  flippant,  I  quote,  from  the  same  letter,  Gilmau  Bryant's 
account  of  the  Fourth  of  July  ball : 

I  waited  on  Miss  Doan,  who  liad  just  arrived  at  the  Corners,  four 
miles  east  of  town.  I  was  then  about  seventeen  years  of  age,  and  Miss 
Doan  about  fourteen.  1  was  dressed  in  the  then  st\-le — a  gingham 
suit — ray  hair  queued  with  one  and  a  half  yards  of  black  ribbon,  about 
as  long  and  as  thick  as  a  corncob,  with  a  little  tuft  at  the  lower  end ; 
and  for  the  want  of  pomatum,  1  had  a  piece  of  candle  rubbed  on  my 
hair,  and  then  as  much  flour  sprinkled  on  as  could  stay  without  fall- 
ing off.  I  had  a  good  wool  hat,  and  a  pair  of  brogans  that  would  help 
to  play  "Fisher's  Hornpipe,"  or  "High  Bettie  Martin,"  when  I 
danced:  When  I  went  for  Miss  Doan  I  took  an  old  horse;  when  she 
was  ready  I  rode  up  to  a  stump  near  the  cabin,  she  mounted  the  stump 
and  spread  her  under  petticoat  on  "Old  Tib"  behind  me,  secured  her 
calico  dress  to  keep  it  clean,  and  then  mounted  on  behind  me.  I  had 
a  fine  time ! 

In  this  same  summer  of  1800,  i\Ir.  Samuel  Huntington,  of  Nor- 
wich, Connecticut,  visited  the  Reserve.  In  July,  he  was  at  Youngs- 
town  (the  whole  of  which  township  liad  previously  been  bouglit  by 
John  Young),  and,  in  October,  left  David  Abbott's  mill  at  Willougliby 
and  came  to  Cleveland  and  "stayed  at  Carter's  at  night.  Day  pleas- 
ant and  cool."  For  the  next  few  days,  his  diarj'  records  the  following: 
"Friday,  3d. — Explored  the  city  and  town;  land  high  and  flat,  cov- 
ered with  white  oak.  On  the  west  side  of  the  river  is  a  long,  deep 
stagnant  pond  of  water,  which  produces  fever  and  ague,  among  those 
who  settle  near  'the  river.  There  are  only  three  families  near  the 
point,  and  they  have  the  fever.  Saturday,  4tli. — Sailed  out  of  the 
Cuyahoga,  along  the  coast,  to  explore  the  land  west  of  the  river. 
Chainiel  at  the  mouth  about  five  feet  deep.  On  the  west  side  is  a 
prairie,  where  one  hundred  tons  of  hay  might  be  cut  each  year.  A  little 
way  back  is  a  ridge,  from  which  the  land  descends  to  the  lake,  affording 
a  prospect  indescribably  beautiful.  In  the  afternoon  went  to  Wil- 
liams' gri.st  and  saw  mill  (New burg,)  which  are  nearly  completed. 
Sunday,  5th — Stayed  at  Williams'.  Monday,  6th. — Went  through 
Towns  7,  6  and  5,  of  Range  11,  to  Hudson."  He  returned  to  Con- 
necticut in  the  fall  and,  early  in  the  summer  of  the  following  year, 
moved  with  his  family  to  Youngstowii  and,  soon  after  that,  moved 
to  Cleveland,  a  notable  addition  to  the  little  community.  We  shall 
hear  of  him  again. 

Ohio  was  not  yet  a  state.  Marietta  had  been  settled  on  the  Ohio 
Company's  purchase  in  1787;  Losantiville  (later  rechristened  Cinci?i- 
nati)  and  one  or  two  other  colonies  had  been  planted  in  the  Symmes 


1800] 


IN  WHAT  COUNTY? 


49 


purchase  in  1788;  and  in  1796,  the  year  of  General  Cleavcland's 
expedition  to  the  Cuyahoga,  General  Nathaniel  Massie  and  Duncan  5Ic- 
Arthur  founded  Chillicothc  on  the  Scioto  Kivcr  in  the  Virginia  mili- 
tary lands ;  it  was  to  become  the  first  capital  of  the  state  that  was  to 
be.  By  1800,  Ohio  had  a  population  of  a  little  more  than  45,000  and 
there  were  twenty  or  thirty  settlements  on  the  Reserve  with  a  total 
population  of  about  1,300.  But  there  was  no  government ;  there  were 
no  laws  or  records ;  no  magistrates  or  police.  The  people  were  orderly 
and  fully  competent  to  govern  themselves  and  yet,  in  those  three  or 


"v.omio   counties 

*-»  1789. 


Map  of  Ohio  Counties  in  1800 


four  years,  the  need  of  civil  institutions  began  to  be  severely  felt.  In 
1788,  General  Arthur  St.  Clair,  the  somewhat  arbitrary  governor  of  the 
Northwest  Territory,  by  proclamation,  had  established  Washington 
County,  including  all  of  the  present  state  east  of  a  meridian  line 
drawn  from  the  mouth  of  tlie  Cu.yahoga  to  the  Ohio  Tliver ;  the  county 
seat  was  Marietta.  In  1796,  he  included  the  part  of  the  Reserve  that 
lies  west  of  the  Cuyahoga  in  Wayne  County,  the  seat  of  which  was 
Detroit.  In  1797,  he  included  the  eastern  part  of  the  Reserve  in  Jef- 
ferson County,  with  Steubenville  as  the  county  seat.  It  is  not  certain 
whether  the  relation  of  the  Western  Reserve  to  the  Northwest  Terri- 


50  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  Ill 

toiy  was  considered  at  the  time  of  enacting  the  immortal  Ordinance 
of  1787,  which  made  no  distinction  between  ceded  and  unceded  lauds, 
but  St.  Clair's  attempt  to  exercise  jurisdiction  emphasized  the  doubt 
as  to  the  sufficiency  of  the  original  Connecticut  claim  and,  conse- 
quently, to  the  validity  of  the  title  deeds  to  the  soil  itself.  The  lands 
ceded  and  the  lands  reserved  by  Connecticut  had  been  claimed  by 
New  York  and  Virginia,  and  the  clouded  title  was  understood  at  the 
time  of  the  purchase  by  the  Connecticut  Land  Companj'.  Connecticut 
had  held  the  soil  by  the  same  title  that  she  had  held  jurisdiction,  and 
both  had  been  quit-claimed  by  the  state  to  the  syndicate.  If  the  juris- 
diction was  in  the  L^nited  States,  the  ownership  of  the  soil  was  there 
too.  St.  Clair's  claim  to  jurisdiction  was  a  menace  to  the  title  by 
which  the  settlers  held  their  lands.  Therefore,  they,  with  great  una- 
nimity, denied  the  territorial  jurisdiction  and  simply  laughed  when 
the  Jefferson  County  authorities  sent  an  agent  to  inquire  into  the 
matter  of  taxation.  The  agent  "returned  to  Steubenville,  no  richer 
and  no  wiser  than  he  came. ' ' 

Naturally  enough,  men  desiring  western  lands  hesitated  about 
bu3'ing  in  a  district  where  there  was  no  government  and  where  the 
titles  to  the  lands  were  clouded,  and  the  men  who  owned  the  lands 
hesitated  to  sell  when  payments  could  not  be  enforced.  Connecticut 
was  indifferent  to  the  controversy  and  even  refused  to  assert  her 
jurisdiction  when  the  land  company  importuned  her  to  do  so.  The 
settlers  and  the  shareholders  called  for  help  both  from  the  state 
assembly  and  from  congress.  In  Febniar^y,  1800,  the  national  house 
of  representatives  appointed  a  committee,  with  John  Marshall  as 
chairman,  to  take  into  consideration  the  acceptance  of  jurisdiction. 
The  report  of  the  committee  stated  the  dilemma  of  the  company  in  a 
single  sentence:  "As  the  pui'chasers  of  the  land  commonly  called  the 
Connecticut  Reserve  hold  their  title  under  the  state  of  Connecticut, 
they  cannot  submit  to  the  government  established  by  the  United  States 
in  the  Northwest  Territory  without  endangering  their  titles,  and  the 
jurisdiction  of  Connecticut  could  not  be  extended  over  Ihcm  without 
much  inconvenience."  The  report  was  accompanied  by  a  bill  for  tlie 
purpose  of  vesting  jurisdiction  in  the  LTnited  States  and  establishing 
the  validity  of  the  Connecticut  title  to  the  soil.  This  hill  passed 
both  houses  of  congress  and,  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  April,  1800, 
President  Adams  gave  it  his  approval.  The  Connecticut  general  as- 
sembly promptly  complied  with  the  provisions  of  the  quieting  act.  In 
July  of  the  same  year.  Governor  St.  Clair  issued  a  proclamation  con- 
stituting Trumbull  County,  which  was  to  include  the  Western  Resen'e. 
At  that  time,  the  govcnior  of  Connecticut  was  Jonathan  Trumbull,  a 


1800J 


IN  TKUJMBULL  COUNTY 


51 


son  of  the  original  "'Brotlior  Jonathaji."  The  first  court  sat  at 
Warren,  ■■between  two  eorn-i-rilis"  we  are  told,  on  the  last  Monday  of 
August,  1800,  at  wliieh  time  the  county  was  organized.  In  the  short 
Ilistort/  of  Cleveland  that  constitutes  the  opening  chapter  of  the  first 
city  directory  (published  in  1837),  the  reader  is  told  that:  "To  that 
place  [Warren]  the  good  citizens  of  the  then  city  of  Cleveland  (for 
it  was  even  then  called  a  city)  had  to  repair  to  see  that  justice  was 
administered  according  to  law,  previous  to  which  time,  but  few  of  them 
were  aware  that  they  were  subject  to  any  other  law  than  the  law  of 
God  and  a  good  conscience,  which,  if  not  in  all  cases  effectual,  there 
were  a  less  number  of  complaints  then,  than  now,  of  grievances  un- 
redressed." 


TRUMBUUl-     COUNTY 

CMBKUiNO   AILO'  THt  wU^t^N  «UCRvE  *M0  THE    TpRE    CANOO 


Trumbull  County  of  1800 


From  a  synopsis  of  the  record,  I  quote  the  following:  "Court  of 
General  Quarter-Sessions  of  the  Peace,  begun  and  holden  at  Warren, 
within  and  for  said  county  of  Trumbull,  on  the  fourth  Monday  of 
August,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  eighteen  hundred,  and  of  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States,  the  twenty-fifth.  Present.  Jolui  Young, 
Turhand  Kirtland,  Camden  Cleaveland  [a  brother  of  Moses  Cleave- 
land],  James  Kingsbury,  and  Eliphalet  Austin.  Esquires,  justices  of 
the  quorum,  and  others,  their  associates,  justices  of  the  peace,  holding 
said  court."  Among  the  a-ssociate  justices  was  Amos  Spaiford.  In 
the  hands  of  the  members  of  this  court  rested  the  entire  civil  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  county.  Anumg  the  things  done  at  this  five-days'  session, 
the  court  appointed  Amos  Spaiford,  David  Hudson.  Simon  Perkins, 
John  ;Miuor,  Aaron  Wheeler,  Edward  Paine,  and  Benjamin  Davidson 
a  committee  "to  divide  the  county  of  Trumbull  into  townships,  to 
describe  the  limits  and  boundaries  of  each  township,  and  to  make 


52  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  Ill 

report  to  the  court  thereof."  This  committee  divided  the  couuty  iuto 
eight  townships — Cleveland,  Warren,  Youngstown,  Hudson,  Vernon, 
Richfield,  iliddlefield  and  Painesville — and  the  court  confirmed  the 
action  of  the  committee.  The  Cleveland  township  of  Trumbull  County 
thus  created  included  all  of  the  present  couuty  of  Cuyahoga  east  of 
the  Cuyahoga  River,  all  of  the  Indian  country  from  the  Cuyahoga 
River  to  the  ivest  line  of  the  Reserve,  and  three  of  the  townships  of 
what  is  now  Geauga  County.  Constables  for  each  of  the  eight  town- 
ships were  appointed,  Lorenzo  Carter  and  Stephen  Gilbert  being  thus 
named  for  Cleveland  township.  In  September,  Governor  St.  Clair 
issued  a  proclamation  in  accoi'dance  with  which  David  Abbott,  the 
sheriff,  caused  an  election  to  be  held  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October 
"for  the  purpose  of  electing  one  person  to  represent  the  county  in 
the  territorial  legislature. ' '  Under  the  laws  then  existing,  all  elections 
in  the  territory  were  to  be  held  at  the  county  seats,  and  so  this  first 
election  in  the  Reserve  was  held  at  Warren.  Colonel  Whittlese.y  gives 
us  this  description  of  it :  "  The  manner  of  conducting  the  election 
was  after  the  English  mode.  That  is,  the  sheriff  of  the  county  assem- 
bled the  electors  by  proclamation,  he  presided  at  the  election,  and 
received  the  votes  of  the  electors  orally  or  viva  voce.  It  will  readily 
be  conceded,  that  in  a  county,  embracing  as  Trumbull  then  did,  a 
large  Territory,  only  a  portion  of  the  electors  would  attend.  The 
number  convened  at  that  election  was  forty-two.  Out  of  this  number 
General  Edward  Paine  received  38  votes,  and  was  the  member  elect. 
General  Paine  took  his  seat  in  the  Territorial  Legislature  in  180L" 
Thus,  on  the  threshold  of  a  new  century,  the  organization  of  Trumbull 
County  was  completed  and  civil  government  was  established  in  the 
Western  Reserve. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE   PIONEERS 

The  diffiexilties  of  the  journey  from  the  East  have  been  passed  over 
very  liglitly  in  tliis  narrative  for  the  reason  that  they  have  been 
described  so  often  that  they  probably  are  familiar  to  most  of  the 
readers  of  this  volume.  After  the  weariness  of  the  way  came  the 
building  of  the  inevitable  log  cabin  with  its  improvised  equipment, 
with  windows  of  gi-eased  paper,  and  floor  of  split  logs ;  sometimes  there 
was  a  door  made  of  split  boards  and  with  wooden  hinges  and  some- 
times the  door  had  to  wait,  as  in  the  case  of  him  who  wrote:  "We 
hung  up  a  quilt  and  that,  with  a  big  bull-dog,  constituted  the  door." 
Bedsteads,  seats,  tables,  etc.,  were  pi'ovided  as  time  and  the  skill  of 
the  pioneers  made  them  possible.  Mr.  Kennedy  tells  us  that  "the 
first  bed  on  which  Heman  Ely,  the  founder  of  Elyria,  slept  on  his 
arrival  in  this  section  was  made  of  the  cloth  covering  of  the  wagon 
in  which  he  came,  and  filled  with  straw  brought,  with  the  greatest  dif- 
ficulty, from  a  barn  located  miles  away'';  bedsteads  made  of  smooth, 
round  poles  and  corded  witli  elm  bark  were  more  common.  Judge 
Robert  F.  Paine  says  that  in  liis  boyhood  in  Portage  County  "we  ate 
on  what  we  called  trenchers,  a  wooden  affair  in  shape  something  like  a 
plate.  Our  neighbors  were  in  the  same  condition  as  we,  using  wooden 
plates,  wooden  bowls,  wooden  everything,  and  it  was  years  before  we 
could  secure  dishes  harder  than  wood,  and  when  we  did  they  were  made 
of  yellow  claj'. "  But  these  things  have  been  often  described  and  need 
not  detain  us  long.  The  omissions  of  the  menu  were  numerous  and 
many  of  the  makeshifts  were  ingenious.  The  famous  and  heroic 
Joshua  R.  Giddiugs  once  said:  "The  first  mince-pie  I  ever  ate  on 
the  Reserve  was  composed  of  pumpkin  instead  of  apple,  vinegar  in 
place  of  wine  or  cider,  and  bear's  meat  instead  of  beef.  The  whole 
was  sweetened  with  wild  honey  instead  of  sugar,  and  seasoned  with 
domestic  pepper  pulverized  instead  of  cloves,  cinnamon  and  allspice, 
and  never  did  I  taste  pastiy  with  a  better  relish."  Appetite  is  a  good 
sauce.  Salt  tiat  came  from  Onondaga,  via  Buffalo,  or  from  Pittsburgh, 
sold  in  Trumbull  County  for  twenty  dollars  a  barrel  and  many  of 
the  pioneers  carried  kettles  to  the  "Salt  Spring  Tract,"  mentioned  in 

53 


54  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  IV 

the  previous  chapter,  and  there  made  their  own  supply  by  boiling 
down  the  saline  waters.  Cane  sugar  was  expensive,  but  maple  sugar 
soon  became  a  convenient  and  delicious  substitute.  Corn  bread  was 
a  staple  article  of  diet,  the  appetizing  and  satisfying  qualities  of 
which  were  rediscovered  by  many  under  the  pressure  of  a  Mr.  Hoover 
and  his  potent  food  administration,  to  the  end  that  wheat  might  be 
sent  to  "our  boys"  and  our  allies  "over  there."  As  Lorenzo  Carter 
was  not  the  only  one  who  kept  a  gun  and  knew  how  to  use  it,  an 
occasional  wild  turkey  or  piece  of  venison  graced  the  rough  table  and 
amplified  the  menu.  Prior  to  the  building  of  a  few  grist-mills,  grain 
was  prepared  for  kitchen  use  by  pounding — the  mortar  and  pestle 
process;  the  mortar  was  made  by  hollowing  out  the  top  of  an  oak 
stump;  the  pestle  was  a  rude  stone  dependent  from  a  spring-pole. 
Soon  came  the  little  hand-mills.  "There  were  two  stones  about  two 
and  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  one  above  the  other,  the  upper  one  being 
turned  with  a  pole.  The  corn  was  poured  in  through  a  hole  in  the 
upper  stone."  It  is  a  matter  of  veritable  history  that  young  John 
Doan  "had  two  attacks  of  fever  and  ague  daily.  He  walked  to  the 
house  of  a  neighbor  five  miles  distant,  with  a  peck  of  corn,  ground 
it  in  a  hand-mill,  and  then  carried  it  home.  He  adjusted  his  labors 
and  his  shakings  to  a  system.  In  the  morning,  on  the  ending  of  his 
first  attack,  he  would  start  on  his  journey,  grind  his  grist,  wait  until 
his  second  spell  was  over,  and  then  set  out  on  his  return." 

But  above  the  forty-first  parallel  clothing  is  necessary  as  well  as 
is  food.  Eastern  textile  fabrics  were  beyond  the  reach  of  the  pioneers 
of  the  Reserve,  for  they  had  little  money  and  practically  no  market 
for  their  produce.  But  the  hide  of  the  occasional  deer  was  readily 
available  for  buckskin  garments  and  before  long  the  cultivation  of 
flax  was  introduced,  looms  were  set  up,  and  then  the  industi-y  of  wife 
and  mother  completed  the  solution  of  the  problem.  "Leather  was 
expensive  and  difficult  to  ol)tain ;  therefore  the  men  went  barefoot 
when  they  could,  while  the  women  carried  their  shoes  to  church, 
sitting  down  on  a  log  near  the  raceting-house  to  slip  them  on."  But, 
notwithstanding  these  and  countless  other  hardshijjs  and  incon- 
veniences, hospitality  was  in  every  home  and  the  stranger  seldom 
found  a  door  wilh  flu;  latch-string  pulled  in. 

Historic  Conservatism 

Much  has  been  written  and  spoken  to  einplinsize  the  fact  that  the 
civilized  life  of  tlie  Western  Reserve  has  rui'ihmic  l>lood  in  its  veins. 
We  often  have  been  told  that  flic  early  settlers  .nbsorlied  and  nssimi- 


1800]  SOMEWHAT  NON-RELIGIOUS  55 

lated  the  grand  elements  of  Puritan  civilization,  land,  law,  and  lib- 
erty, characteristics  well  worthy  of  our  admiration  and  counnemora- 
tion.  Thus,  General  James  A.  Garfield  has  told  us  that  'these  pioneers 
knew  well  that  the  three  great  forces  which  constitute  the  strength 
and  glory  of  a  free  government  are  the  Family,  the  School  and  the 
Church.  These  three  they  planted  here,  and  they  nourished  and 
cherished  them  with  an  energy  and  devotion  scarcely  equaled  in  any 
other  quarter  of  the  world.  On  this  height  were  planted  in  the  wilder- 
ness the  symbols  of  this  trinity  of  powers ;  and  here  let  us  hope  may 
be  maintained  forever  the  ancient  faith  of  our  fathers  in  the  sanctity 
of  the  Home,  the  intelligence  of  the  School,  and  the  faithfulness  of 
the  Church."  Still,  it  is  no  less  true,  as  stated  by  another,  that  "it 
is  not  our  office,  in  the  light  of  historic  truth,  to  exalt  to  the  stature 
of  heroes  all  who  carried  the  compass  or  chain,  or  plied  the  settler's 
axe  in  the  forests  of  New  Connecticut.  .  .  .  They  did  not  leave 
their  homes  because  they  were  there  the  victims  of  intolerance,  and 
could  not  there  follow  the  dictates  of  a  tender  and  enlightened  con- 
science. They  came  here  to  improve  their  material  condition — to 
better  their  worldly  fortunes.  Like  the  rest  of  us,  they  had  an  eye 
to  the  main  chance  in  life ;  but  they  richly  earned  and  paid  a  hundred- 
fold for  all  they  received."  Still  more  to  the  point,  we  have  the 
statement  of  Burke  A.  Hinsdale,  once  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools  of  Cleveland  and  editor  of  the  Works  of  James  Ahram  Gar- 
field, to  the  effect  that  the  first  settlers  of  the  Reserve  were  not  as 
religious  and  service-loving  as  we  have  always  supposed  them  to  have 
been.  Dr.  H.  C.  Applegarth  assures  that  "prior  to  the  year  1800, 
the  Western  Reserve  was  a  land  where  might  gave  right,  and  where 
every  man  was  a  law  unto  himself.  The  tone  of  public  sentiment  and 
morals  was  veiy  low.  Even  in  lSl6,  when  the  population  was  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty,  there  were  only  two  professing  Christians  in 
the  place,  namely.  Judge  Daniel  Kelly  and  Mrs.  Noble  H.  IMerwin. 
Moses  Wliite,  who  afterward  became  a  useful  citizen,  and  who  died 
in  Cleveland  at  an  advanced  age,  in  September,  1881,  long  hesitated 
about  settling  here  because  the  place  was  so  godless.  The  religious 
destitution  was  so  great  that  he  called  it  a  heathen  land."  The 
records  left  by  some  of  the  early  missionaries  agi'ee  with  these  state- 
ments. 

Pioneer  Education  and  Religion 

As  already  noted,  a  schoolhouse  was  built  in  1800  "near  Kings- 
bury's on  the  ridge  road."  In  fact,  we  have  been  assured,  almost 
times  without  number,  to  the  effect  that  "it  was  a  characteristic  fea- 


56  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS  [Chap.  IV 

tiire  of  this  transplanted  New  England  life  and  thought  that  in  the 
pursuit  of  material  things  the  church  and  schoolhouse  were  not  for- 
gotten. As  a  general  thing,  as  soon  as  the  things  absolutely  essential 
to  physical  life  were  provided,  steps  were  taken  for  the  support  of 
the  gospel  and  the  instruction  of  the  young. ' '  The  superintendent  of 
the  surveying  party  of  1797  was  a  clergyman,  but  we  have  no  record 
of  any  exercise  of  clerical  offices  by  him  except  at  the  funeral  of 
David  Eldridge  and  at  Cleveland's  first  wedding.  Probably  the  first 
sermon  heard  on  the  Reserve  was  delivered  by  the  Rev.  William  Wick 
at  Youngstowii  in  September,  1799,  but  in  1800  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Badger,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  an  orthodox  Presbyterian,  and 
the  best  known  of  the  early  preachers,  was  sent  by  the  Connecticut 
Missionary  Society  as  a  missionary  to  the  Western  Reserve.  On  horse- 
back he  crossed  the  mountains  of  Western  Pennsylvania  in  a  snow- 
storm and  was  at  Pittsburgh  on  the  fourteenth  of  December.  After  a 
few  days'  rest,  he  pushed  on  through  the  woods  to  Youngstown,  where 
he  preached  his  first  sermon  on  the  Reserve.  He  was  at  Cleveland 
on  the  eighteenth  of  August,  1801,  and  lodged  at  Lorenzo  Carter's.  As 
recorded  by  him  on  the  sixth  of  September:  "We  swam  our  horses 
across  the  Cuyahoga  by  means  of  a  canoe  and  took  an  Indian  path 
up  the  lake ;  came  to  Rocky  River,  the  banks  of  which  were  very  high, 
on  the  west  side  almost  perpendicular.  While  cutting  the  brush  to 
open  a  way  for  our  horses,  we  were  saluted  by  the  song  of  a  large 
yellow  rattlesnake,  which  we  removed  out  of  our  way."  In  this  way, 
says  Harvey  Rice,  he  "visited,  in  the  course  of  the  year  1801,  every 
settlement  and  nearly  every  family  thi'oughout  the  Western  Reserve. 
In  doing  this,  he  often  rode  from  five  to  twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  a 
day,  carrying  with  him  in  saddle-bags  a  scanty  supply  of  clothing 
and  eatables,  and  often  traversing  pathless  woodlands  amid  storms  and 
tempests,  swimming  unbi-idged  rivers,  and  suffering  from  cold  and 
hunger,  and  at  the  same  time,  here  and  there,  visiting  lone  families, 
giving  them  and  their  children  religious  instruction  and  wholesome 
advice,  and  preaching  at  points  wherever  a  few  could  be  gathered 
together,  sometimes  in  a  log-cabin  or  m  a  barn,  and  sometimes  in  the 
open  field  or  in  a  woodland,  beneath  the  shadows  of  the  trees."  In 
the  fall,  he  visited  Detroit  and  found  no  one  that  he  could  call  a 
Christian  "except  a  black  man  who  appeared  pious."  A  little  later, 
he  visited  Hudson  and  there  oi-ganized  a  church  with  a  membership 
of  ten  men  and  six  women — the  first  church  organized  on  the  Reserve. 
Ill  October,  he  returned  to  New  England  and  made  arrangements  to 
take  his  family  to  New  Connecticut  in  the  following  year  and  there 
to  labor  at  a  salary  of  seven  dollars  per  week. 


1801]  LARGE  STORIES  57 

The  Coming  of  Samuel  Huntington 

As  we  were  told  in  Gilnian  Bnaut's  letter,  quoted  in  the  preceding 
chapter,  Samuel  Huntington  came  to  Clevehmd  in  this  year  "and 
built  a  hewed  log  house  near  the  Cuyahoga  River."  Colonel  Whit- 
tlesey tells  us,  more  definitely,  that  he  "contracted  with  Amos  Spatford 
to  superintend  the  erection  of  a  well-built  block  house  of  considerable 
pretensions  near  the  blutl"  south  of  Superior  Street,  in  rear  of  the 
site  of  the  American  House.  Huntington  was  then  about  thirty- 
five  years  of  age."  He  was  the  adopted  son  of  his  uncle,  Samuel 
Huntington,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  gov- 
ernor of  Connecticut.  The  nephew  wa.s  graduated  at  Yale  in  1785 
and  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Norwich  in  1793.  Thus  Mr.  Huntington 
and  Mr.  Badger  became  our  "first  bodily  exponents  of  the  law  and 
the  gospel."  In  illustration  of  the  fact  that  life  and  travel  in  the 
early  days  were  not  without  bodily  danger,  Mr.  Kennedy  has  rehearsed 
a  "reputed  experience"  of  each  and,  with  like  purpose,  I  transcribe 
them  here : 

It  is  told  of  .Mr.  Huntington  that,  while  a  resident  of  Cleveland, 
he  came  near  being  devoured  by  wolves,  as  he  rode  in  from  Paines- 
ville,  on  the  Euclid  I'oad.  He  was  on  horseback,  alone,  in  the  dark, 
and  floundered  through  the  swamp  near  the  present  corner  of  Willson 
[East  Fifty-fifth  Street]  and  Euclid  avenues.  A  pack  of  hungry 
wolves  fell  upon  his  traiK  and  made  a  combined  attack  upon  horse  and 
man.  The  former,  in  desperate  fright,  made  the'  best  possible  use  of 
his  heels,  while  the  latter  laid  about  him  with  the  only  weapon  at  com- 
mand— an  umbrella.  Between  speed  and  defense,  both  were  saved, 
and  brought  up  in  safety  at  the  log-house  down  near  Superior  Street. 
The  experience  of  Mr.  Badger  was  of  a  similar  character.  He  was 
urging  his  faithful  horse  through  the  woods  of  tlie  Grand  River  bot- 
toms, while  the  rain  was  pouring  down  in  torrents,  and  a  place  of 
shelter  was  one  of  the  vuicertain  i)ossibi]ities  of  the  future.  There 
came  to  him  after  a  time  the  knowledge  that  some  wild  animal  Avas 
on  his  trail  and,  raising  his  voice,  he  sent  up  a  shout  that  would  have 
frightened  many  of  the  smaller  denizens  of  the  forast.  But  it  had  no 
such  effect  on  the  big  bear  that  was  on  his  trail.  On  the  contrary, 
the  brute  was  aroused  to  immediate  action,  and  made  a  rush  for  the 
missionary,  with  hair  on  end  and  eyes  of  fire.  The  only  weapon  Mr. 
Badger  had  about  him.  if  such  it  might  be  called,  was  a  large  horse- 
shoe, which  he  threw  at  the  bear's  nose,  and  missed.  Then  he  rode 
imder  a  beech  tree,  tied  his  horsC  to  a  branch,  deserted  the  saddle 
with  eelerit.v,  and  climbed  upward.  He  kept  on  for  a  long  distance, 
found  a  convenient  seat,  tied  himself  to  the  tree  with  a  large  bandanna, 
and  awaited  results.  The  bear  was  meanwhile  nosing  about  the  horse, 
as  though  preparing  for  an  attack.  The  wind  came  up,  the  thunder 
rolled,  and  the  rain  fell  in  torrents.    The  occasional  flashes  of  light- 


58  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  IV 

nmg  showed  that  the  horse  was  still  safe,  with  the  bear  on  guard. 
And  there  the  poor  missionary  clung  all  night,  cold,  wet  through,  tired 
and  sleepy ;  and  there  the  bear  waited  for  him  to  come  down.  But  at 
daybreak  he  made  for  his  lair,  while  Mr.  Badger  worked  his  way  down 
as  "well  as  he  could,  and  rode  for  the  nearest  settlement. 

The  stories  seem  to  be  rather  "large,"  but  Mr.  Badger's  cloth 
raises  a  presumption  in  his  favor,  while  Mr.  Huntington,  although  a 
lawyer,  probably  would  not  take  undue  liberties  with  the  truth. 

In  the  sirring  of  1801,  Timothy  Doan,  a  brother  of  Nathaniel  Doan, 
being  "seized  with  the  western  fever,"  set  out  from  Herkimer  County 
in  New  York  for  the  Reserve,  accompanied  by  his  wife  and  six  chil- 
dren. The  youngest  of  these  children  was  John  Doan,  then  three 
years  old;  to  the  sketch  of  The  Doan  Family  written  by  this  son, 
John,  and  preserved  in  the  Aimals  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association, 
w'e  are  indebted  for  much  interesting  and  valuable  information.  They 
traveled  with  ox  teams  and  two  horses;  besides  their  furniture  and 
household  goods,  they  brought  a  box  of  live  geese,  said  to  be  "the 
first  domesticated  birds  of  the  kind  ever  brought  into  Ohio."  From 
Buffalo,  Timothy  and  one  of  his  sons  pushed  on  ahead  carrying  some 
of  their  goods  on  the  backs  of  the  horses  and  oxen;  the  road  from 
the  Pennsylvania  line  to  the  Cuyahoga  had  been  surveyed,  "but  no 
bridge  had  been  built  over  the  intervening  streams.  Thej^  pushed 
through  to  Uncle  Nathaniel's  house  in  East  Cleveland  and  were  soon 
enjoying  their  first  attack  of  ague."  From' Buffalo,  the  mother  and 
the  other  children  made  the  trip  to  the  Cuyahoga  in  a  rowboat, 
assisted  by  an  Indian  and  several  white  men  engaged  for  that  pur- 
pose. At  the  mouth  of  Gralid  River,  the  boat  was  capsized  and  the 
mother,  children,  goods,  and  geese  were  thrown  into  the  water.  But  the 
water  was  shallow  and  there  were  no  serious  losses.  Here  the  pilgrims 
were  met  by  Nathaniel  and  Timothy.  Thence  the  boat  was  taken  on 
to  Cleveland  without  further  adventure,  while  two  horses  bore  "Uncle 
Nathaniel,"  Mrs.  Doan,  and  three  of  the  children  overland  by  way  of 
Willoughby,  where  'Squire  Abbott  had  built  a  mill  in  1798,  perhaps 
the  first  mill  in  the  vicinity  of  Cleveland.  Says  John  Doan:  "We 
arrived  at  Uncle  Nathaniel  Doan's  log  cabin  in  April,  1801."  For 
a  little  more  than  a  dollar  an  acre,  Timothy  Doan  bought  ;i20  acres 
in  Euclid,  and  there,  on  the  south  side  of  Euclid  Road  and  about  six; 
miles  ea.st  of  the  Public  Squai-c,  he  l)uilt  a  log  house  into  which  the 
family  moved  in  November.  In  this  year  also  came  Sanuu-l  Hainillon 
and  family;  they  settled  in  Newbnrg. 

Clevelanders  enjoyed  unusually  good  hcnllli  lliat  season  and, 
Colonel  "Wliittlospv  tells  us,  the  vear  "became  uotoi'ious,  on  account  of 


60  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  IV 

a  Fourth  of  July  celebration  and  ball.  It  was  held  in  one  end  of 
Major  Carter's  double  log  house,  on  the  hill  iiear  the  corner  of  Union 
and  Superior  lanes.  John  Wood,  Ben  Wood  and  R.  H.  Blinn  were 
managers.  Major  Samuel  Jones  was  chief  musician  and  master  of 
ceremonies.  About  a  dozen  ladies  and  twenty  gentlemen  constituted 
the  company.  Notwithstanding  the  floors  were  rough  puncheons,  and 
their  best  beverage  was  made  of  maple  sugar,  hot  water  and  whiskej^, 
probably  no  celebration  of  American  independence  in  this  city  was 
ever  more  joyous  than  this." 

Major  Sp afford 's  Eesurvet 

In  November,  Major  Spafford  made  a  resurvey  of  the  streets  and 
lanes  of  the  city  and  "planted  fifty-four  posts  of  oak,  about  one  foot 
square,  at.  the  principal  corners,  for  M'hich  he  charged  fifty  cents 
each,  and  fifty  cents  for  grubbing  out  a  tree  at  the  north-east  comer 
of  the  Square. ' ' 

In  February,  1802,  the  Trumbull  County  Court  of  Quarter  Ses- 
sions ordered  that,  the  first  town  meeting  for  Cleveland  should  be 
held  at  the  h(mse  of  James  Kingsbury.  Of  that  meeting,  we  have  the 
following  official  report : 

Agreeably  to  order  of  the  Court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions, 
the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Cleaveland  met  at  the  house  of  James 
Kingsbury,  Esq.,  the  5th  day  of  April,  A.  D.  1802,  for  town  meeting, 
and  chose 

('hairm(i)i,  Toivn  Clerk, 

Rodolphus  Edwards.  Nathaniel  Doan. 

Trustees, 

Amos  Spafford,  Esq.,  Timothy  Doan,  Wm.  W.  Williams. 

Appraisers  of  Ilouses, 

Samuel  Hamilton,  Elijah  Oun. 

Lister, 

Ebenezer  Ayrs. 

Supervisors  of  Tlighivays, 

Sam'l  Huntington,  Esq.,  Nat'l  Doan,  Sam'l  Hamilton. 

Overseers  of  tlie  Poor, 

William  W.  Williams,  Samuel  Huntington,  Esq. 

Fence  Vimvers, 

Lorenzo  Carter,  Nathan  Chapman. 

Constables, 

Ezekiel  Hawley,  Ricluird  Craw. 

A  true  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  the  inhabitants  of  Cleaveland 

at  their  town  meeting,  examined  per  me, 

Nathaniel  Doan,  Town  Clerk. 


1802]  THE  LABORER  AND  HIS  HIRE  61 

The  officers  named  were  chosen  viva  voce;  the  election  of  justices 
of  the  peace  and  militia  oftioers  had  not  yet  been  authorized.  In  this 
year,  the  governor  appointed  Samuel  Huntington  one  of  the  justices 
of  the  qnorum :  he  had  previously  commissioned  him  as  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  Trumbull  County  militia. 

At  the  next  term  of  the  Court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions  (Au- 
gust, 1802),  Lorenzo  Carter  and  Amos  Spafford  were  each  licensed  to 
keep  a  tavern  at  Cleveland,  the  fee  for  each  license  being  fixed  at  four 
dollars.  At  the  same  session  of  the  court,  George  Tod  of  Youngstovvn 
was  appointed  ajipraiser  of  taxal)le  i)roi)erty.  About  this  time,  Carter 
and  Spafford  built,  near  the  western  end  of  Superior  Street,  the  first 
frame  houses  in  Cleveland,  and  Anna  Spafford  opened,  in  Major 
Carter's  well-known  "front  room,"  a  school  for  children — the  first 
in  "the  city,"  but  antedated  by  Sarah  Doan's  school  on  "the  ridge" 
by  two  years.  Earlier  in  the  .year,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Badger  loaded  his 
family  and  household  goods  in  a  wagon  drawn  by  four  horses  and,  in 
sixty  da.ys,  made  the  journey  back  to  the  Reserve,  where  he  bought  a 
piece  of  land  and  put  up  a  log  cabin  at  Aiistinburg,  in  what  now  is  Ash- 
tabula County.  He  soon  resumed  his  missionary  labors,  and  organized 
many  churches  and  schools,  although  the  raissionarj-  society  reduced 
his  pay  to  six  dollars  a  week.  That  year,  he  again  came  to  Cleve- 
land, where,  he  says,  he  "visited  the  only  two  families  there,  and  went 
on  to  Newburg,  where  I  preached  on  the  Sabbath.  There  were  five 
families  here,  but  no  apparent  piety.  They  seemed  to  glory  in  their 
infidelity."  Mr.  Badger  was  later  in  the  employ  of  the  Massachusetts 
Missionary  Society  and  went  to  work  among  the  Indians  at  Sandusky, 
but  in  1808  he  returned  to  Austinburg,  and  subsequently  was  pastor 
of  churches  of  several  towns  of  the  Reserve.  In  his  old  age  he  was 
very  poor,  as  appears  from  the  following  letter  written  to  Joshua 
R.  Giddings  under  date  of  October  4,  1844: 

"I  hope  the  Ashtabula  County  Historical  Society  will  not  forget 
the  fifteen  dollars  remaining  due  to  me.  I  am  in  want  of  it  to  a.ssist 
in  procuring  means  of  daily  support.  I  am  an  old,  worn-out  man,  not 
able  to  do  an.vthing  to  help  myself.  I  hope  the  society  will  not  wrong 
me  out  of  this  sum.  ...  I  am  sure  if  they  could  see  my  helpless 
condition,  unable  to  get  out  of  my  chair  without  help,  they  would  not 
withhold  that  little  sum.  It's  honestly  my  due."  Mr.  Badger  died 
at  Perrysburg,  Ohio,  in  1846. 


CHAPTER  V 

ROUNDING  OUT  THE  FIRST  DECADE 

When  Edward  Paine  took  his  seat  in  the  territorial  legislature 
in  ISOl,  he  found  that  body  discussing  the  question  of  a  state  govern- 
ment for  Ohio.  The  opponents  of  the  somewhat  arbitrary  goveraor, 
General  St.  Clair,  succeeded  in  sending  Thomas  Worthington  to  con- 
gress and,  largely  through  his  efforts,  that  body  authorized  a  conven- 
tion to  form  a  state  constitution  if  the  people  of  Ohio  so  desired. 
This  enabling  act,  approved  on  the  thirtieth  of  April,  1802, 
provided  "that  the  inhabitants  of  the  eastern  division  of 
the  territory  northwest  of  the  river  Oliio  be,  and  they  are 
hereby,  authorized  to  form  for  themselves  a  constitution  and 
State  government,  and  to  assume  such  name  as  they  shall  deem 
proper,  and  the  said  State,  when  formed,  shall  be  admitted 
into  the  Union  upon  the  same  footing  with  the  original  States  in  all 
respects  whatever.''  Tbe  act  fixed  the  number  of  representatives 
from  each  count}',  elections  were  to  be  held  "on  the  second  Tuesday 
of  October  next,"  and  the  delegates  then  elected  were  "authorized 
to  meet  at  Chillicothe  on  the  first  ]\Ionday  in  November  next."  Sam- 
uel Huntington  was  elected  as  one  of  Trumbull  County's  two  dele- 
gates; for  nearly  half  the  session  he  was  the  only  representative  that 
Trumbull  County  had  in  that  body.  The  convention  met  as  prescribed 
on  the  first  day  of  November,  chose  as  its  president  Edward  Tiffin  of 
Chillicothe,  a  local  preacher  and  physician  and  a  brother-in-law  of 
Thomas  Worthington,  and  completed  its  labors  on  the  twenty-ninth. 
The  constitution  then  and  thus  framed  clipped  the  veto  from  the  func- 
tions of  the  governor — a  direct  effect  of  wliat  was  felt  to  be  an  abuse 
of  that  power  by  the  territorial  governor.  The  famous  Ordinance  of 
1787  for  the  government  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States  north- 
west of  the  Ohio  River  provided  that  "if  Congress  .shall  hereafter  find 
it  expedient,  they  .shall  have  authority  to  form  one  or  two  States  in 
that  part  of  the  said  territory  whicli  lies  north  of  an  east  and  west 
line  drawn  through  the  southerly  lieiid  or  e.xin'iiic  of  Lake  Michigan," 
and  the  enabling  act  of  1802  designated  such  a  line  as  the  northern 
l>oundarv  of  the  proposed  state.  But  the  convention  modified  this 
boundary  line  by  ackling  the  following:    "Provided  (diraijs,  and  it  is 

02 


1802]  OHIO  BECOMES  A  STATE  63 

hereby  fully  uiidcrsfood  and  declared  by  this  convention,  That  if  tlie 
southerly  beiul  «r  cxtivme  of  Lake  Micliigan  should  extend  so  far 
south  that  a  line  drawn  due  east  from  it  should  not  intersect  Lake  Eric, 
or  if  it  should  intersect  the  said  Lake  Erie  east  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Miami  River  of  tlie  Lake,  thi'u,  and  in  that  case,  with  the  assent 
of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  the  northern  boundary  of  this 
State  shall  be  established  by,  and  extending  to,  a  direct  line  running 
from  tlie  southern  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan  to  the  most  northerly 
cape  of  the  Miami  Bay,  after  intersecting  the  due-north  line  from 
the  moutli  of  the  Great  Miami  Kivcr  as  aforesaid;  thence  northeast 
to  tlie  territorial,  and  by  the  said  territorial  line  to  the  Pennsylvania 
line."  This  important  proviso  was  destined  to  breed  trouble  with 
Michigan  and,  in  fact,  three  decades  later  led  to  an  armed  invasion 
of  northwest  Ohio  and  the  serio-comic  incident  known  in  history  as 
"The  Toledo  War."  But,  on  the  whole,  the  Ohio  constitution  of  1802 
was  a  workable,  sensilile,  and  satisfactory  creation  and  remained  as 
the  organic  law  of  the  Buckeye  State  until  the  second  constitution  was 
framed  in  1851.  Adopted  formally  by  the  body  that  built  it,  it  was 
not  submitted  to  the  people  for  ratification.  It  has  never  been  defi- 
nitely dctc-rmincd  just  when  Ohio  was  admitted  to  the  Union,  but  a 
congressional  act  of  February,  1803,  recognized  the  fact  of  her 
admission  in  these  words:  "whereby  the  said  State  has  become  one  of 
the  United  States  of  America." 

A  constitution  having  been  adopted  and  Ohio  having  taken  her 
place  as  the  seventeenth  state  in  the  Union,  her  first  legislature  met 
at  Chillicothe  on  the  first  of  March,  1803.  Courts  were  created  and 
election  laws  were  passed ;  new  counties  were  organized  and  state  offi- 
cers were  chosen.  Edward  Tiffin  became  the  first  governor  of  the 
new  commonwealth,  and  Samuel  Huntington  took  his  seat  as  one  of 
the  first  judges  of  the  Ohio  supreme  court.  In  the  same  spring,  "the 
inhabitants  of  the  Town  of  Cleaveland  met  at  the  house  of  James 
Kingsbury,  Esq.,  for  a  township  meeting,  and  proceed  and  chose, 

Amos  Spafford,  Esq.,  Chairman. 

Xathl.  Doan.  Town  Clerk. 

Amos  Spafiford,  Esq.,  James  Kingsbury,  Esq.,  and  Timothy  Doan, 
Truatces. 

James  Kingsbury,  Es(i.,  and  James  Hamilton,  Ocerseers  of  the 
Poor. 

Rodolphus  Edwards  and  Ezekiel  Hawley  and  Amos  Spafford,  Esq., 
Fence  Vieuers. 

Elijah  Gun  and  Samuel  Huntington,  Esq.,  Appraisers  of  Houses. 

James  Kingsbury,  Esq.,  Lister. 


64 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS 


[Chap.  V 


Wm.  Elivin.  James  Kingsbury,  Esq.,  and  Tiraothj-  Doan,  Supervi- 
sors of  Highways. 

Rodolphus  Edwards.  Constable." 

First  Justices  of  the  Peace 

In  June,  the  electors  again  met  at  the  same  place  and  chose  Amos 
Si>afford  and  Timothy  Doan  as  justices  of  the  peace.  On  the  eleventh 
of  October,  the  voters  of  the  township  of  Cleveland  met  at  the  house 
of  James  Kingsbury.  "When  met,  proceeded  and  appointed  James 
Kingsbury,  Esq.,  Timothy  Doan,  Esq.,  and  Nath.  Doan  judges,  and 
Rodolphus   Edwards   and   Stephen   Gilbert,  clerks  of  the   election." 


Judge  James  Kingsbury 


They  were  "sworn  in  by  Timothy  Doan,  Jiustice  of  the  Peace."  Ben- 
jamin Tappan  was  elected  senator;  David  Abbott  and  Ephraim  Quim- 
by  were  elected  representatives  in  the  general  a.ssembly.  This  Ben- 
jamin Tappan  had  come  to  the  Reserve  in  1799  and  settled  where 
Ravenna  now  is.  According  to  the  mami.script  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Barr,  as  quoted  by  Colonel  Whittlesey,  this  was  "a  healthy  year, 
marked  by  increased  emigration."  Under  date  of  this  year,  Harris' 
Journal  of  a  'four  mentions  Cleveland  as  "a  pleasant  little  town, 
favorably  situated  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of 
Cuvahoga  River." 


1802]  THE  FIRST  MURDER  65 

LejVding  Business  Men 

At  this  time,  the  leading  business  naen  of  Cleveland,  other  than 
Major  Amos  Spafford,  who  kept  the  tavern,  were  David  Bryant,  David 
Clark,  Elisha  Norton  and  Alexander  Canipboll.  The  Iniildiug  of 
Bryant's  distillery  has  already  been  noted;  the  other  three  "kejit 
store"  for  the  settlers  and  traded  with  the  Indians.  Campbell,  a 
Scotchman,  "saw  that  here  was  a  good  place  to  traffic  with  the  stoic 
of  the  woods.  He  biiilt  a  rude  store  a  little  further  up  the  hill,  near 
the  spring,  but  more  towards  the  junction  of  Union  and  Mandrake 
lanes  [see  Spafford 's  map,  page  59].  .  .  .  The  same  spring 
afterwards  supplied  the  tannery  of  Samuel  and  Matthew  William- 
son's establishment,  on  lot  202,  the  vats  of  which  were  directl.y  across 
River  Street."  In  this  little  cluster  of  cabins  around  the  distillery 
under  the  hill  the  principal  traffic  of  Cleveland  was  carried  on.  "Here 
the  red  man  became  supremely  happy  over  a  very  small  quantity  of 
raw  whisk.v,  for  which  he  paid  the  proceeds  of  many  a  hunt.  If  any- 
thing remained  of  his  stock  of  skins  after  paying  for  his  whisky,  the 
beads,  ribbons  and  trinkets  of  Mr.  Campbell's  store  absorbed  the  entire 
stock.  Here  the  squaws  bartered  and  coquetted  with  the  trader,  who 
in  their  eyes  was  the  .most  important  personage  in  the  country.  Here 
the  wild  hunter,  in  his  dirty  blanket,  made  the  woods  ring  with  his 
savage  liowls,  when  exhilarated  with  drink."  "Whatever  one  may  think 
of  David  Bryant's  business  and  commodity,  one  must  judge  him  and 
them  by  the  accepted  standards  of  his  day  and  not  by  those  of  today. 
"We  have  no  reason  to  think  that  these  New  England  pioneers  were 
dissipated  men,  and  even  the  Indians,  "upon  the  whole,  seem  to  have 
been  moderately  well  behaved."  Still  it  is  on  record  that  the  first 
murder  committed  wdthin  the  limits  of  this  city  was  caused  by  over- 
indulgence in  strong  drink.  The  traditional  story  is  to  the  effect  that 
one  Menompsy,  a  medicine-man  of  the  Chippewa  or  of  the  Ottawa 
tribe,  had  prescribed  professionally  for  the  wife  of  a  certain  Big  Son 
of  the  Seneca  tribe,  and  that  the  patient  had  died.  In  the  dusk  of 
an  evening  in  1802  or  1803  (the  exact  date  is  uncertain),  Big  Son 
and  Menompsy,  "somewhat  elevated  by  the  fire-water  of  Bryant's 
still,"  had  an  altercation.  Big  Son  claimed  that  his  wife  had  been 
killed  and  threatened  to  kill  the  medicine-man,  but  the  latter  claimed 
that  he  bore  a  charmed  life  and  could  not  be  hurt.  "Me  no  'fraid, " 
said  Menompsy  "as  they  walked  out  of  the  store  [Campbell's]  and 
took  the  trail  that  wound  up  the  bluff,  along  Union  Lane.  "The 
Senecas  were  encamped  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  below  Carter's 
and  the  Chippewas  and  Ottawas  on  the  west  side,  partly  up  the  hill. 

Vol.  1—5 


66  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EXVTROXS  [Chap.  V 

As  they  went  along  the  path,  Big  Son  put  out  his  hand  as  though  he 
intended  a  friendly  shake,  after  the  manner  of  white  men.  At  the 
same  time  he  drew  a  knife  and  stabbed  Menompsy  in  the  side.  The 
blood  spurted  from  his  body,  which  Carter  tried  to  stop  with  his  hand, 
as  the  Indian  fell.  'Nobsy  broke  now,  yes,  Nobsy  broke,'  were  his 
last  words.  In  a  few  minutes  he  was  dead.  The  Chippewas  took  up 
the  corpse  and  carried  it  to  their  camp  on  the  west  side.  Major  Carter 
knew  full  well  what  would  happen  unless  the  friends  of  Menompsy 
were  appeased.  During  the  night,  the  valley  of  the  Cuyahoga  echoed 
with  their  savage  voices,  infuriated  by  liquor  and  revenge.  The 
Chippewas  and  Ottawas  were  more  numerous  than  the  Senecas.  In 
the  morning,  the  warriors  of  the  first  named  nation  were  seen  with 
their  faces  painted  black,  a  certain  symbol  of  war  .  .  .  The 
murder  of  Menompsy  was  compromised  for  a  gallon  of  whisky,  which 
Bryant  was  to  make  that  day,  being  the  next  after  the  killing.  One 
of  the  stipulations  was  that  the  body  should  be  taken  to  Rocky  River 
before  it  was  'covered,'  or  mourned  for,  with  the  help  of  the  whisky. 
Bryant  was  busy  and  did  not  make  the  promised  gallon  of  spirits. 
The  Chippewas  waited  all  day,  and  went  over  the  river  decidedly 
out  of  humor.  They  were  followed  and  promised  two  gallons  on  the 
coming  day,  Avhieh  reduced  their  camp  halloo  to  the  tone  of  a  mere 
sullen  murmur.  But  Carter  and  his  party  well  knew  that  in  this  sup- 
pressed anger  tliere  was  as  much  vengeance  as  iu  the  bowlings  of 
the  previous  night.  They  fulfilled  their  promise  and,  upon  receiving 
two  gallons,  the  Chippewas  and  Ottawas  took  up  the  corpse,  according 
to  agreement,  went  to  Rocky  River  and  held  their  pow  wow  there. 
Carter  did  not  sleep  for  two  nights,  and  few  of  the  residents  enjoyed 
their  beds  very  much  until  the  funeral  procession  was  out  of  sight." 

The  Local  MiIjItia 

Early  in  1804,  Captain  Elijah  "VVadswortli  of  Canfield  was  made 
major-general  of  the  fourth  division  of  the  Ohio  militia,  which  divi- 
sion embraced  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state.  In  April,  General 
"Wadsworth  divided  his  district  into  two  brigade  districts,  the  second 
of  which  embraced  Ti-umbuU  County.  This  brigade  district  was  sub- 
divided into  two  regimental  districts,  which,  in  turn,  were  divided  into 
company  districts,  the  foui'th  of  which  consisted  of  the  townsliip  of 
Cleveland.  The  several  companies  were  ordered  to  choose  their  own 
officers.  That  the  election  of  tlie  fourth  company  was  not  in  the  nature 
of  a  love-feast  appears  from  the  report  and  the  consequent  remon- 
strance.   The  report,  with  its  remarkable  orthography,  is  as  follows: 


1804]      A  REGRETTABLE  REMONSTRANCE        67 

To  Elijah  Wadswoitli  Mnj.  Gcnl.  ith  Division: 

Agreeable  to  General  orders,  the  (.Qualified  Electors  of  the  fourth 
Company  district,  in  the  second  Brij^aile,  of  the  fourth  Division  of  the 
Ohio  -Militia:  met  at  the  house  of  James  Kingrsbery,  Esc].,  at  eleven 
o'clock  forenoon,  and  maid  choice  of  three  Jiidges  and  a  clerk,  and 
when  duely  sworn  preceded  and  made  choice  of  Loranzo  Carter  Cap- 
tain, and  Nathaniel  Doan  Lieutenant,  and  Samuel  Jones  Ensign  for 
sd  Company  given  under  our  hands  and  seals  at  Cleveland  Trunible 
county ;  this  seventh  day  of  ^lay  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  four. 

James  Kingsbery, 
Nathaniel  Doan, 
Benjamin  Gold, 

Judges 
of  the 

Election. 

The  remonstrance  is  as  follows: 

To  Elijah  Wadsworth,  Major  General  of  the  3d  Division  of  Militia 
of  the  State  of  Ohio: 

Sir: — AYe,  the  undersigned,  hereby  beg  leave  to  represent  that  the 
proceedings  of  the  company  of  IMilitia,  on  Monday,  the  7th  day  of 
instant  I\Iay,  in  choosing  ofificers.  in  our  opinion,  illegal  and  improper. 
Firstly.  By  admitting  persons  under  the  age  of  eighteen  years  to  vote, 
and  SeconcJh/.  By  admitting  persons  not  liable  to  do  military  duty  to 
vote.  Thirdly.  In  admitting  men  to  vote  who  did  not  belong  to  the 
town.  Fourthly.  By  not  comparing  the  votes  with  the  poll  book  at  the 
close  of  the  election.  "We  also  consider  the  man  who  is  returned  as 
chosen  Captain  inelagiblc  to  the  office.  Firstly.  By  giving  spiritous 
liquors  to  the  voters  previous  to  the  election.  Secondly.  On  account 
of  having  fref|uently  threatened  to  set  the  savages  ag^ainst  the  inhabi- 
tants. All  which  charges  we  consider  proveable  and  able  to  be  sub- 
staneiated  by  good  and  sufficient  witnesses.  We  therefore  beg  leave  to 
request  that  the  appointment  of  officers  in  the  township  of  Cleaveland 
may  be  set  aside,  and  the  said  company  led  to  a  new  choice. 

Thadeus  Lacey,  William  W.  Williams, 

Rodolfus  Edwards,  Amos  Spafford, 

Joel  Thorp,  Robert  Carr, 

James  Hamilton,  Abner  Cochran." 

The  fact  that  Judge  Kingsbury's  name  was  misspelled  suggests 
that  someone  else  WTote  the  report  and  its  signatures,  while  the 
fact  that  the  remonstrance  ascribed  General  Wadsworth  to  the  third 
division  of  the  state  militia  instead  of  the  fourth,  and  the  general 
tone  of  the  document  seem  to  indicate  an  intensity  of  bitterness  that 
the  successors  of  these  early  settlers  of  New  Connecticut  must  regret. 
There  is  nothing  to  show  that  General  Wadsworth  made  any  inves- 


68  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  V 

tigation  of  the  charges.  Captain  Carter  held  the  office  to  which  he 
had  been  elected  until  the  following  August  when  he  was  made  a 
major  of  militia.  All  in  all,  IMr.  Kennedy's  comments  on  this  un- 
fortunate incident  undoubtedly  contain  the  essential  truth.  He 
says:  "Viewing  the  charges  against  him  [Carter]  in  the  calm  light 
of  this  later  day,  and  from  what  is  known  of  the  man,  we  must  set 
down  the  second  charge  as  the  hasty  and  ill-considered  action  of 
disappointed  men.  That  Major  Carter  may  have  been  a  little  free 
among  the  electors  with  the  pi'oducts  of  the  still  across  the  way — 
he  was  an  ambitious  man,  and  those  were  convivial  days — ^we  do 
not  doubt;  if  the  objectors  had  drank  and  voted  upon  the  same 
side  that  day,  we  should  have  heard  nothing  upon  that  point.  But 
that  Lorenzo  Carter  ever,  for  a  moment,  held  an  idea  of  acting  the 
part  of  Simon  Girty — of  inciting  the  red  man  to  deeds  of  violence 
against  the  white,  we  cannot  for  a  moment  believe." 

Clouded  Titles  to  Indl\n  Lands 

It  will  be  remembered  that  Moses  Cleaveland,  while  on  his  way 
to  the  Reserve  in  1796,  bought  the  Indian  claims  to  the  lands  east 
of  the  Cuyahoga  River,  but  the  titles  to  lands  west  of  the  river,  the 
holdings  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Company  and  the  Fire  Lands 
alike  were  still  clouded.  Negotiations  looking  to  the  quieting  of  the 
Indian  claims  to  these  lands  led  to  an  agreement  to  hold  a  council 
at  Cleveland  in  1805.  The  council  was  to  be  held  under  the  auspices 
of  the  United  States  government.  The  New  York  Indians  sent  an 
interpreter  with' twenty-five  or  thirty  delegates.  In  June,  they  were 
here  a.s  were  also  representatives  of  the  general  government,  the 
Connecticut  Laud  Company,  and  tlie  Fii-e  Lands  Company,  but  the 
western  Indians,  influenced  it  is  said  by  certain  parties  in  Detroit, 
failed  to  appear.  After  waiting  a  few  days,  the  commissioners  who 
were  in  attendance,  "being  well  assured  that  the  Indians  would  not 
meet  them  in  treaty  there,"  put  their  dignity  in  their  pockets  and 
journeyed  westward.  A  formal  council  was  finally  held  somewhere, 
perhaps  at  the  Ogontz  Place  near  Sandusky,  perhaps  at  Fort  In- 
dustry on  the  Maumce,  seven  or  eight  tribes  being  rein'cscnted.  On 
the  Fourth  of  July,  a  treaty  was  signed,  b,y  the  terms  of  wliich  the 
Indians  surrendered  all  claims  to  all  the  lands  of  the  Reserve.  On  the 
way  back  from  the  council,  "William  Dean  wrote  a  letter  that  was 
addressed  to  "The  Hon'l  Sam'l  Huntington,  at  the  mills  near  Cleave- 
land."   Judge  Huntington  had  recently  "abandoned  his  hewed  log 


1805]  AN  INDIAN  TREATY  69 

house,  the  most  aristocratic  rosideiice  in  f'leavolaml  city  and  re- 
moved to  the  mills  he  had  purchased  at  the  falls  of  Mill  creek."  As 
compared  with  Cleveland  City,  Newburg  was  then  much  the  larger 
settlement.  Mr.  Dean's  letter  was  dated  "On  board  the  sloop  Con- 
tractor, near  Black  river,  July  7,  1805."  It  announced  the  making 
of  the  treaty  "for  the  unextinguished  part  of  the  Connecticut  Re- 
serve, and  on  account  of  the  United  States;  for  all  the  lands  south 
of  it,  to  the  west  line.  Mv.  Phelps  and  myself  to  pay  about  $7,000 
in  cash,  and  about  $12,000  in  six  yearly  payments  of  $2,000  each. 
The  government  pays  $13,760,  that  is  the  annual  interest,  to  the 
"Wyandots,  Delawares,  Munsecs,  and  to  those  Seneeas  on  the  land 
forever.  The  expense  of  the  treaty  will  be  about  $5,000,  including 
rum,  tobacco,  bread,  meat,  presents,  expenses  of  the  seraglio,  the 
commissioners,  agents  and  conti-actors. "  Mr.  Dean  intimated  "some 
intention  of  making  a  purchase  of  considerable  tracts  of  land,  in 
different  parts  of  the  Reserve,  amounting  to  about  30,000  acres;  I 
beg  of  you  to  inform  me  what  I  should  allow  per  acre,  payments 
equal  to  cash;  and  address  me  at  Easton,  Pa.  From  thence,  if  I 
make  a  contract,  I  expect,  with  all  speed,  to  send  fifteen  or  twenty 
families  of  prancing  Dutchmen."  According  to  a  statement  by 
Abraham  Tappan,  the  Indians,  in  making  sale  of  their  lands,  "did 
so  with  much  reluctance  and,  after  the  treaty  was  signed,  many 
of  them  wept.  On  the  day  that  the  treaty  was  brought  to  a  close, 
the  specie  in  payment  of  the  purchase  money  arrived  on  the  treaty 
ground.  The  specie  came  from  Pittsburgh,  and  was  conveyed  by 
the  way  of  Warren,  Cleaveland,  and  the  lake  shore  to  the  place 
where  wanted."  It  was  in  charge  of  an  escort  of  half  a  dozen,  in- 
cluding Lorenzo  Carter,  "all  resolute  men  and  well  armed.  The 
money  and  other  property  as  presents  to  the  Indians  was  distributed 
to  them  the  next  day  after  the  signing  of  the  treaty.  The  evening 
of  the  last  day  of  the  treaty,  a  barrel  of  whiskey  was  dealt  out  to 
the  Indians.  The  consequent  results  of  such  a  proceeding  were  all 
experienced  at  that  time."  In  the  following  month,  Abraham  Tap- 
pan  and  a  Mr.  A.  Sessions  (Amos,  Anson  or  Aaron)  made  an  offer 
to  measure  off  for  the  Fire  Lands  Company  the  half  million  acres 
at  the  western  end  of  the  Reserve  and  to  survey  and  lay  off  into 
townships  the  lands  between  the  Fire  Lands  and  the  Cuyahoga.  The 
offer  was  accepted  and,  at  the  middle  of  May  of  1806,  the  work  was 
begun;  it  was  vigorou.sly  pushed  forward  to  completion. 

The  annual  military  election  was  held  in  May  with  Lorenzo  Car- 
ter, William  W.  Williams,  and  William  Erwin  acting  as  .judges,  and 


70  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EN^aRONS  [Chap.  V 

Rodolphus  Edwards  as  clerk.  Thirty  votes  were  cast ;  Nathaniel  Doan 
was  elected  as  captain,  Samuel  Jones  as  "leuf tenant,"  and  Sylvamis 
Burk  as  ensign.  The  captain  and  the  lieutenant  received  twenty- 
nine  votes  each  and  the  ensign  twent.y-four ;  we  have  no  record  of 
any  remonstrance. 

Early  Mails  and  Postmasters 

For  two  yeai's  after  1801,  a  fortnightly  mail  came  via  Youngs- 
town  to  Warren,  the  county  seat  and  western  terminus  of  the  mail 
route.  Subsequently  the  route  was  extended,  via  Ravenna  and  Hud- 
son, to  Cleveland  and  thence  along  the  old  Indian  trail  via  San- 
dusky and  Toledo  to  Detroit.  From  Cleveland,  the  route  ran  via 
Painesville  and  Jelferson  back  to  Warren.  But  in  June,  1805,  Gideon 
Granger,  the  postmaster-general,  who  was  interested  in  lands  on  the 
west  side  of  the  river,  visited  Cleveland  and  made  his  famous  pro- 
phecy that  "within  fifty  yeai's  an  extensive  city  will  occupy  these 
grounds,  and  vessels  will  sail  directly  from  this  port  into  the  At- 
lantic ocean."  Soon  after  this,  Elisha  Norton  became  the  first  post- 
master of  the  future  queen  city  of  the  lower  lakes  and  the  metropolis 
of  Ohio.  In  the  same  year,  John  Walworth  of  Painesville,  a  native 
of  Groton,  Connecticut,  became  collector  of  the  newly  established 
district  for  the  south  shore  of  the  lake — the  district  of  Erie  it  was 
called.  When  Postmaster  Norton  gave  up  his  office  and  moved  into 
another  county,  as  he  soon  did,  JMr.  Walworth  was  appointed  his 
successor  (October  22,  1805),  sold  his  farm  on  the  Grand  River,  and 
bought  300  acres  in  what  is  now  the  heart  of  the  city,  the  region  be- 
tween Huron  and  Erie  (East  Ninth)  streets  and  the  river.  In  April, 
1806,  he  brought  his  family  to  Cleveland.  Colonel  Whittlesey  tells 
us  that  Mr.  Walworth  "at  fii"st  occupied  the  uj)per  part  of  a  frame 
building  on  the  north  side  of  Superior  street  near  Water  [West 
Ninth  I  .street."  In  1809,  his  family  moved  from  this  building  to 
their  home  on  the  Walworth  farm,  Pittsburg  street,  and  a  small 
frame  office  was  erected  south  of  Superior  street,  where  the  American 
House  now  .stands  (Nos.  639-649  Superior  Avenue,  West),  "and 
was  regarded  as  a  novelty  with  metropolitan  suggestions."  For  the 
fii-st  quarter  of  1806,  the  receipts  of  the  Cleveland  po.st-office  aggre- 
gated two  dollars  and  eighty-three  cents.  For  the  corresponding 
quarter  of  1918,  the  receipts  of  the  Cleveland  i)Ostoffice  amounted  to 
$1,314,893.48.  The  postmaster  and  collector  was  soon  appointed  by 
President  Jefferson  as  inspector  of  revenue  for  the  port  of  Cuyahoga 
and,  in  1806,  Governor  Tiffin  made  him. associate  .iudge  of  the  court 


1805] 


END  OF  THE  FIRST  DECADE 


71 


of  coniinnii  picas  for  a  term  of  seven  years  "if  he  shall  so  long  be- 
have well."  Thus  Judge  Walworth's  little  office  housed  the  local 
authority  of  the  city,  the  county,  and  the  nation ;  it  soon  accommodated 
also  the  solitary  attorney  and  the  only  physician  in  tlie  place. 

In  this  last  year  of  C'levehind's  first  decade,  Samuel  Dodge,  who 
had  married  a  daughter  of  Timothy  Doan,  Iniilt  his  log  cabin  on 
Euclid  Road  and  was  named  by  the  town.ship  trustees  as  a  .juryman. 
Judge  Kingsbury  put  up  the  frame  of  a  house  that  was  finished  in 
the  following  year,  the  luml)er  being  sawed  in  a  mill  newly  built 
for  him  and  the  brick  for  the  chimney  being  made  on  his  own  land ; 
"part  of  the  upper  story  was  finished  off  in  a  large  room  in  which 
dances  were  held,  and  also  Masonic  communications,  the  Judge  being 
a  zealous  member  of  the  mystic  order."     In  the  same  year,  David 


Judge  KiNGSBURi's  House 

Clark  died,  the  eleven-year-old  son  of  ^lajor  Carter  was  drowned  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  the  schooner  "Washington"  cleared  at 
the  port  and  sailed  into  the  lake,  the  last  that  was  ever  heard  of 
ship,  cargo  or  crew.  By  this  time,  the  unorganized  settlement  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga,  although  numericallj-  smaller  than  New- 
burg,  "was  becoming  a  place  large  enough  to  be  recognized  by  the 
world  at  large."  Its  further  growth  being  assured,  it  will  not  be 
necessarj'  to  follow  it  with  the  minuteness  of  detail  that  has  been 
given  to  the  first  germinations  of  the  seed  planted  by  General  Cleave- 
land  ten  years  before. 


Beginning  of  Cleveland  's  Second  Decade 

A  letter  written  in  1860  by  John  Harmon  of  Ravenna  gives  some 
interesting  glimpses  of  Cleveland  at  the  beginning  of  its  second  dec- 
ade. ■  He  says:    "I   first  visited  Cleaveland,   that  part  now  called 


72  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.V 

Newburg,  in  August,  1806,  a  boy  sixteen  and  a  half  years,  and  spent 
some  ten  days,  perhaps  more,  in  the  family  of  W.  W.  Williams.  Dur- 
ing my  stay  there,  I  formed  some  acquaintance  with  those  of  the 
neighborhood,  especially  with  those  young  men  or  youths  of  my  age, 
among  whom  were  the  Williams,'  the  Hamiltons,  the  Plumbs  and 
Kingsburys,  the  Burks  and  the  Guns.  The  Miles'  had  not  then  ar- 
rived. We  attended  meetings  in  a  log  barn  at  Doan's  Corners  once 
or  twice,  to  hear  the  announcement  of  a  new  sect,  by  one  Daniel 
Parker,  who  preached  what  he  called  Halcyonism — since,  I  believe, 
it  has  become  extinct.  We  bathed  together  under  the  fall  of  Mill 
Creek,  gathered  cranberries  in  the  marshes  westward  of  the  Edward's 
place,  and  danced  to  the  music  of  Major  Samuel  Jones'  violin  at 
his  house,  afterwards  the  residejice  of  my  old  friend.  Captain  Allen 
Gaylord.  Judge  Huntington,  afterwards  Governor,  lived  then,  I 
believe,  at  the  place  afterwards  occupied  by  Dexter  or  Brastus  Miles. 
Newburg  street  was  opened  previously,  from  the  mill  north  to  Doan  's 
Cornel's,  and  was  then  lined  with  cultivated  fields  on  both  sides, 
nearly  the  whole  distance  from  Judge  Kingsbury's  to  the  mill.  But 
much  dead  timber  remained  on  the  fields.  There  were  some  orchards 
of  apple  trees  on  .some  of  the  farms,  and  Judge  Kingsbury's  orchard 
bore  a  few  apples  that  season,  which  was  probably  the  first  season 
of  bearing.  The  Judge  had  a  small  nursery  of  apple  trees,  and  there 
was  a  larger  nursery  of  smaller  trees  on  Mr.  Williams'  place."  In 
the  "latter  part  of  the  same  letter,  Mr.  Harmon  reminds  us  that,  even 
then,  Newburg 's  rival  was  known  as  "Cleave! and  City."  As  indi- 
cated in  this  letter,  Samuel  Huntington  was  then  li\'ing  in  Newburg. 
His  hewn  timber  mansion  on  the  rear  of  the  lot  on  lower  Superior 
Street  was  too  near  the  malarial  "stagiumt  pool"  and  so  he  bought 
the  Williams'  grist  and  saw  mill  at  Newburg  and  moved  to  that 
vicinity.  In  the  following  year,  he  moved  to  his  large  estate  near 
Painesville.  In  1808,  he  resigned  as  a  member  of  the  Ohio  supreme 
court  and  was  elected  as  governor  of  the  state. 

Nathan  Perry  Comes 

One  of  the  most  important  arrivals  of  Ihis  year  was  that  of  Nathan 
Peny,  Sr.,  and  his  family.  He  had  come  to  Ohio  in  1796,  and  had 
bought,  at  fifty  cents  per  acre,  a  thousand  acres  of  land  in  what  is 
now  Lake  County.  He  also  secured  five  acres  in  "down-town"  Cleve- 
land, the  section  bounded  by  the  present  Superior  and  St.  Clair 
avenues  and  West  Sixth  (Bank)  and  West  Ninth  (Water)  streets, 
and  a  larger  tract,  later  known  as  the  Horace  Perry  Farm,  near 


1806]  IN  GEAUGA  COUNTY  73 

the  iiitcrecction  of  Broadway  with  what  was  long  called  Perry  Street, 
the  East  Twenty-second  Strjct  of  today.  He  made  a  further  invest- 
ment at  Black  River,  twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  west  of  the  Cuya- 
hoga. In  this  year,  Geauga  County  was  set  off  from  Trumbull  County 
and  included  the  greater  part  of  what  is  now  Cuyahoga  County.  The 
legislative  act  was  dated  on  tlic  thirty-first  of  December,  1805,  and 
was  to  take  effect  on  the  first  day  of  .Marcii.  lcS06.  The  new  county 
was  organized  as  a  civil  body  by  establishing  a  court  of  common 
pleas  and  a  board  of  county  commissioners.  The  court  held  its 
first  meeting  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  March,  the  .judges  present  being 


Nathan  Perky 

Aaron  "Wheeler,  John  Walworth,  and  Jesse  Phelps.  The  first  meet- 
ing of  the  board  of  commissioners  was  held  on  the  sixth  day  of  the 
following  June. 

Although  the  Ordinance  of  1787  establishing  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  Ohio  River  required  that  schools  and  the  means  of  educa- 
tion should  be  encouraged,  and  the  Ohio  constitution  of  1802  reiter- 
ated the  requirement  and  further  declared  that  "no  law  shall  be 
passed  to  prevent  the  poor  in  the  several  counties  and  townships 
within  this  State,  from  an  equal  participation  in  the  schools,  acade- 
mies, colleges,  and  universities  within  this  State,  which  are  endowed, 
in  whole  or  in  part,  from  the  revenues  arising  from  the  donations 
made  by  the  United  States  for  the  support  of  schools  and  colleges; 
and  the  doors  of  the  said  schools,  academies,  and  universities  shall 
be  open  for  the  reception  of  scholars,  students,  and  teachers  of  every 
grade,  without  any  distinction  or  preference  whatever,  contrary  to 


74  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  V 

the  intent  for  which  the  said  donations  were  made,"  nothing  had  yet 
been  done  for  the  support  of  schools  by  local  or  general  taxation;  in 
other  words,  the  Ohio  common-school  law  had  not  been  enacted  and 
such  schools  as  existed  were  provided  by  private  means.  The  schools 
kept  by  Miss  Sarah  Doan  and  Miss  Anna  Sijaffoi-d  have  been  men- 
tioned; now  came  a  more  "ambitious  endeavor"  to  teach  the  young 
idea  how  to  shoot.  Asael  Adams,  aged  twenty,  a  native  of  Canter- 
bury', Connecticut,  came  to  Cleveland  and,  in  October,  1806,  entered 
into  contract  as  follows : 

Articles  of  agreement  made  and  entered  into  between  Asael  Adams 
on  the  one  part  and  the  undersigned  on  the  other,  witnes.seth,  that  we, 
the  undersigned,  do  agree  to  hire  the  said  Adams  for  the  sum  of  Ten 
Dollars  ($10.00)  a  month,  to  be  paid  in  money  or  wheat  at  the  market 
price,  whenever  such  time  may  be  that  the  school  doth  end,  and  to  make 
said  house  comfortable  for  the  school  to  be  taught  in,  and  to  furnish 
benches  and  fire-wood  sufficient.  And  I,  the  said  Adams,  do  agree  to 
keep  six  hours  in  each  day,  and  to  keep  good  order  in  said  school. 

Mr.  Kennedy,  from  whose  work  I  have  quoted  this  contract,  tells 
us  that  this  log  school  house  stood  near  the  foot  of  Superior  Street 
and  that,  among  its  patrons  were  Samuel  Huntington,  James  Kings- 
buiy,  W.  W.  Williams,  George  Kilbourne,  Susannah  Hammil,  Elijah 
Gun,  and  David  Kellogg.  One  of  the  school  houses  of  that  period 
has  been  thus  described:  "A  log-cabin  with  a  I'ough  stone  chimney; 
a  foot  or  two  cut  here  and  there  to  admit  the  light,  with  greased 
paper  over  the  openings:  a  large  fire-i)lace:  puncheon  floor;  a  few 
benches  made  of  split  logs  with  the  flat  side  up,  and  a  well  developed 
birch  rod  over  the  master's  seat." 


CHAPTER  VI 

GETTING  SETTLED 

The  year  1807  was  well  marked  by  the  last  division  of  the  Re- 
serve lands,  the  drawing  for  which  was  made  at  Hartford,  Connecti- 
cut; Samuel  P.  Lord  and  others  drew  the  township  later  known  aa 
Brooklyn  which  then  extended  along  the  west  baidi  of  the  Cuya- 
hoga River  to  its  mouth.  The  Brooklyn  lots  were  soon  surveyed 
and  put  upon  the  market.  In  the  same  year,  a  grand  scheme  for  an 
improvement  of  the  route  that  the  Indians  from  time  immemorial 
had  followed  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Ohio  River  made  its  appearance. 
The  Cuyahoga  and  the  Tuscarawas  rivers  were  to  be  cleared  of  ob- 
struction and  deepened  where  needed  and  the  intervening  portage 
path  was  to  be  made  passable  for  wagons.  It  was  thought  that  the 
improvement  could  be  made  for  about  twelve  thousand  dollars  and  an 
appeal  was  made  to  the  Ohio  legislature  which  authorized  "The  Cuya- 
hoga and  Muskingum  Navigation  Lottery"  for  "improving  the  navi- 
gation between  Lake  Erie  and  the  river  Ohio  through  the  Cuyahoga 
and  JIuskingum, " — an  easy  way,  it  was  thought,  for  raising  the  needed 
funds.  At  that  time,  such  lotteries  were  in  good  repute  and  very 
much  in  fashion.  The  list  of  commissioners  who  were  to  manage 
the  lottery  included  the  names  of  such  prominent  Clevelanders  as 
Lorenzo  Carter,  Timothy  Doan,  Samuel  Huntington,  James  Kings- 
bury, Turhaiid  Kirtland.  Amos  Spafford,  and  John  Walworth.  The 
scheme  formulated  by  the  commissioners  provided  for  the  sale  of 
12,800  tickets  at  five  dollars  each.  The  resultant  $64,000  was  to  be  dis- 
tributed in  3,568  prizes  varying  in  value  from  ten  dollars  to  five  thou- 
sand dollars  each,  all  prizes  subject  to  a  deduction  of  one-eighth.  But 
the  public  did  not  buy  more  than  a  cjuarter  of  the  tickets  offered,  the 
money  that  had  been  paid  in  was  returned,  the  drawing  was  declared 
"off,"  and  the  scheme  was  abandoned. 

Nathan  Peery,  Jr. 

When  Nathan  Perry  came  to  Ohio,  his  son,  Nathan,  was  placed 
in  the  camp  of  Red  Jacket,  the  famous  and  eloquent  chief  of  the 

75 


76 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENA^RONS  [Chap.  VI 


Wolf  Tribe  of  the  Seueca  Indians.  Here  the  boy  beeauie  familiar 
with  the  langruage  and  peculiarities  of  the  red  men.  In  1804,  Nathan 
Perry,  Jr.,  opened  a  trading  station  at  Black  River  for  the  purchase 
of  fui"s,  etc.,  fi'om  the  Indians;  in  1808,  he  moved  to  Cleveland  and 
built  a  store  and  dwelling  at  what  is  now  the  northeast  corner  of 
Superior  Avenue  and  West  Ninth  (Water)  Street.  He  became  one 
of  the  leading  merchants  of  the  city;  his  daughter  married  Henry 
B.  Payne,  later  a  member  of  the  United  States  senate — whence  the 
names  of  the  Periy-Payne  building  on  lower  Superior  Avenue,  and 
what  was,  in  the  seventies,  known  as  "Payne's  Pastures,"  and  through 
which  Payne  Avenue  now  runs.  In  the  same  year,  came  "Uncle" 
Abram  Hickox  as  successor  to  Nathaniel  Doan  who  had  moved  "into 
the  country"  out  Euclid  way.    The  new  village  blacksmith  established 


'Uncle"  Abram  Hickox 


himself  on  the  north  side  of  Superior  Avenue,  where  the  Jolmson 
House  later  stood,  just  west  of  the  Rockefeller  Building  of  today, 
and  "soon  become  a  local  celebrity  in  his  way."  He  afterwards 
built  a  small  shop  at  tlie  corner  of  Euclid  Aveinie  and  Hickox  (now 
East  Third)  Street  which  was  named  for  him.  In  1808,  Major 
Carter  built  the  "Zephyr  of  thirty  tons  burthen"  for  the  lake  trade, 
the  beginning  of  the  shi])-building  industry  of  Cleveland.  In  April 
of  the  same  year,  a  batteau  that  was  carrying  a  jiarty  on  a  fishing 
trip  to  Black  River  was  upset  by  a  sudden  si|uail  lialf  a  mile  off 
the  shore  near  Dover  Point  and  four  jxtsohs  were  drowned. 


Cleveland  and  Huron  Highway 

in  1809,  tlie  Ohio  legislalure  apjiropriated  mori(\v  for  Iho  build- 
ing of  a  road  from  Cleveland  to  the  uioulii  of  the  Huron  River  and 


1809]  SENATOR  GRISWOLD  77 

the  work  was  done  under  the  supervision  of  Lorenzo  Carter  and 
Nathaniel  Doan  of  Cleveland  and  Ebcnezer  Murray  of  Mentor.  This 
Cleveland  and  Huron  higliway  followed  the  ridge  near  the  bank 
of  the  lake,  was  later  called  the  Milan  State  Road,  and  still  later 
the  Detroit  Road;  its  initial  stretch  is  now  known  as  Detroit  Avenue. 
The  mail  between  Cleveland  and  Detroit  weighed  from  five  to  seven 
pounds  and  was  carried  in  a  satchel  by  a  man  who  went  on  foot  and 
traveled  about  thirty  miles  a  day.  After  the  beginning  of  the  "War 
of  1S12,  the  United  States  mail  between  Cleveland  and  Detroit  was 
carried  on  horseback  until  about  1820  wlien  the  stage-coach  sup- 
planted the  pony  express.  At  this  time,  the  eastern  mail  between 
Cleveland  and  "Warren  was  carried  alternately  by  the  two  sons  of 
Joseph  Burke  of  Euclid,  "on  horseback  in  summer  when  the  roads 
permitted  and  on  foot  the  rest  of  the  time."  Going,  their  route 
ran  through  Hudson  and  Ravenna;  coming  back,  it  ran  via  Jef- 
ferson, Austinburg  and  Painesville.  According  to  the  formal  re- 
port of  Collector  "Walworth,  the  value  of  the  goods  sent  from  the 
port  of  Cuyahoga  to  Canada  from  April  to  October,  1809,  was 
about  fifty  dollars;  the  day  of  direct  exportation  from  Cleveland  to 
Europe  had  not  yet  arrived. 

Amos  Stafford  and  Stanx,ey  Griswold 

In  this  year  (1809),  Amos  Spafford  was  elected  as  a  representa- 
tive from  Cleveland,  Geauga  County,  to  the  state  legislature.  He 
was  soon  appointed  collector  of  a  new  port  of  entry  in  the  spring 
of  1810,  and  removed  to  Perrysburg,  a  few  miles  up  the  Maumee 
River  from  Toledo.  He  held  his  office  until  1818  when  he  died. 
Among  the  additions  of  the  year  was  Stanley  Griswold,  a  native 
of  Connecticut,  a  graduate  of  Yale,  a  school  teacher,  and  an  eloquent 
popular  preacher.  He  was  an  ardent  admirer  of  Thomas  Jefferson 
who  was  then  regarded  by  most  of  the  New  England  clergy  as  little 
less  than  an  atheist  and,  in  1797,  on  account  of  alleged  heterodoxy, 
was  excluded  from  the  association  of  ministers  of  which  he  was  a 
member.  He  soon  abandoned  the  pulpit  and  became  editor  of  a 
Democratic  newspaper  in  New  Hampshire.  In  1805,  President  Jef- 
ferson made  him  secretary  of  the  territory  of  Michigan  under  Gov- 
ernor "William  Hull  and  collector  of  the  port  of  Detroit;  he  had 
some  trouble  with  the  governor,  removed  to  Cleveland  and  took  up 
his  residence  at  Doan 's  Corners.  "Without  loss  of  time,  his  familiarity 
with  practical  politics  led  him  into  public  service.  "We  find  him 
acting  as  clerk  of  the  township  of  Cleveland  in  place  of  the  accus- 


78  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENWIRONS  [Cliap.  YI 

tomed  Nathaniel  Doan,  and  when  one  of  Ohio's  senators  unexpectedly 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  national  legislature,  Governor  Samuel  Hunt- 
ington appointed  his  friend,  Stanley  Griswold,  to  fill  out  the  unex- 
pired term.  On  the  twenty-eighth  of  ^lay,  1S09,  Mr.  Griswold  wrote 
from  Somerset,  Pennsylvania,  to  James  Witherell,  a  letter  showing 
that  although  he  had  lived  here  hardly  long  enough  to  be  called 
an  Ohio  man,  he  had  learned  something  of  the  possibilities  of  Cleve- 
land and  the  expectations  of  its  leading  citizens — expectations  that 
were  built  on  the  faith  in  the  future  that' has  made  Cleveland  what 
it  is.  For  such  reasons,  I  here  insert  the  letter  as  printed  by  Colonel 
Whittlesey : 

Dear  Sir: — Passing  in  the  stage  to  the  Federal  City,  I  improve 
a  little  leisure  to  acknowledge  j-our  letter  from  Jefferson,  Ohio,  of  the 
16th  instant.  In  reference  to  your  inquiry  (for  a  place  for  Doctor 
Elijah  Coleman,)  I  have  consulted  the  pi-incipal  characters,  particu- 
larly Judge  Walworth,  who  concurs  with  me,  that  Cleveland  would 
be  an  excellent  place  for  a  young  physician,  and  cannot  long  i-emain 
unoccupied.  This  is  based  more  on  what  the  place  is  expected  to  be, 
than  what  it  is.  Even  now  a  physician  of  eminence  would  command 
great  practice,  from  being  called  to  ride  over  a  large  country,  say  fifty 
miles  each  way.  There  is  now  none  of  eminent  or  ordinary  character 
in  that  extent.  But  settlements  are  scattered,  and  roads  new  and  bad, 
whicli  would  make  it  a  painful  practice.  Within  a  few  weeks  Cleveland 
has  been  fixed  upon  by  a  committee  of  the  Legislature  as  the  seat  of 
justice  for  Cuyahoga  county.  Several  respectable  characters  will 
remove  to  that  town.  The  country  around  bids  fair  to  increase  rapidly 
in  population.  A  A'oung  physician  of  tlie  qualifications  described  by 
you,  will  be  certain  to  succeed,  but  for  a  short  time,  if  without  means, 
must  keep  school,  for  which  there  is  a  good  chance  in  winter,  till  a 
piece  of  ground,  bring  on  a  few  goods,  (for  which  it  is  a  good  stand,) 
or  do  something  else  in  connection  with  his  practice.  I  should  be 
happy  to  see  your  friend.  I  am  on  my  way  to  the  Federal  City,  to 
take  a  seat  in  tlio  Senate  in  place  of  I\Ir.  Tiffin,  who  has  recently 
resigned.  Very  truly  your  obedient  servant, 

Stanley  Griswoht. 

After  the  expiration  of  his  senatorial  term  in  1810,  Mr.  Griswold 
became  United  States  judge  for  the  Northwest  Territory  and  held 
that  office  tintil  his  death  at  Shawnectown,  Illinois,  in  1815. 


Levi  Johnson 

Another  important  and  a  moi'e  permanent  addition  1o  tlic  popu- 
lation of  Cleveland  was  Levi  Jolnison.  who  soon  became  the  master 
builder  of  the  time  and  place.     lie  built  for  himself  a  log  cabin 


1809] 


LEVI  JOHNSON 


79 


on  the  Euclid  Road  near  the  Public  Square,  and  for  others  the 
old  court-house  and  jail  on  the  northwest  section  of  the  Square.  Ac- 
cording to  an  ac'fount  published  by  the  Early  Settlers'  Association, 
"he  built  the  first  frame  house  in  Cleaveland,  for  Judge  John  Wal- 
worth, where  the  American  ITouse  now  stands."  About  1811,  lie 
finished  for  Rodolphus  Edwards,  the  long  famous  "Buckeye  House" 
that  stood  at  what  is  now  the  intersection  of  Woodhill  and  Buckeye 
roads.     This  old  landmark  had  been  building  for  several  years,  most 


Levi  Johnson 


of  the  boards  being  sawed  by  hand  from  logs  that  were  supported 
so  that  one  of  the  two  men  who  worked  the  saw  stood  on  top  of 
the  log  while  the  other  stood  under  it.  The  house  was  torn  down 
in  1872.  "In  1813  or  1814,  he  built  the  schooner  'Ladies'  Master,' 
near  his  residence,  which  was  hauled  to  the  foot  of  Superior  street 
by  ox-teams  of  the  country  people,  where  she  was  launched.  In 
1817,  he  built  the  schooner  'Neptune,'  on  the  river,  near  the  foot  of 
Eagle  street,  which  was  altogether  in  the  woods.  In  1824,  he  built 
the  first  steamboat  constructed  in  Cleveland,  the  'Enterprise,'  just 
below  the  foot  of  St.  Clair  street."    He  died  in  1871. 


so  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  VI 

Ckeation  op  Cuyahoga  County 

By  a  legislative  act  of  February,  1807,  the  counties  of  Portage, 
Ashtabula  and  Cuyahoga  were  authorized;  under  this  act,  Cuyahoga 
was  to  "embrace  so  much  of  the  county  of  Geauga  as  lay  west  of 
the  ninth  range  of  townships."  The  boundaries  were  fixed  as  fol- 
lows: "On  the  east  side  of  Cuyahoga  River,  all  north  of  town  five 
and  west  of  range  nine;  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  all  north  of 
town  four  and  east  of  range  fifteen."  The  boundaiy  lines  of  the 
county  have  been  .several  times  subsequently  changed;  it  did  not 
acquire  its  present  limits  until  1843.  As  appeai-s  from  Stanley  Gris- 
wold's  letter,  already  quoted,  Cleveland  had  been  fixed  upon  by  a 
committee  of  the  legislature  as  the  county  seat.  One  of  these  com- 
missioners sent  to  Abraham  Tappau,  a  bill  for  his  pay  for  services 
rendered  in  this  matter.  As  preserved  for  us  by  Colonel  Whittlesey, 
this  communication  reads  as  follows: 

Columbiana  County,  Oliio,) 
October,  1809.  J 

Deir  Sir : — I  have  called  on  Mr.  Peaies  for  my  Pay  for  fixing  the 
Seat  of  Justis  in  the  County  of  Cuyahoga  and  he  informt  me  that  he 
did  not  Chit  it.  Sir,  I  should  take  it  as  a  favour  of  you  would  send 
it  with  Mister  Peaies  at  your  Nixt  Cort  and  In  so  doing  will  oblige 
Your  humble  Sarvent  R.  B**r. 

Abraham  Tappin  Esq. 

A  Leven  Days  Two  Dollars  per  day.    Twenty  two 

Dollars. 

The  judicial  existence  of  Cuyahoga  County  dates  from  May,  1810, 
when  the  coiu-t  of  common  pleas  was  organized  with  Benjamin 
Ruggles  as  presiding  judge  and  Nathan  Perry,  Sr.,  Augustus  Gil- 
bert and  Timothy  Doan  as  associate  judges.  The  first  session  of  the 
court  was  held  in  June,  in  a  new  frame  building  that  Elias  and  Har- 
vey Murray  had  recently  built  for  a  store  on  the  south  side  of 
Superior  Street  between  the  Public  Square  and  Seneca  (now  West 
Third)  Street.  The  store  had  not  then  been  opened,  but  it  soon 
"became  one  of  the  local  mercantile  features"  of  Cleveland.  In 
The  Bench  and  Bar  of  Cleveland,  Mr.  F.  T.  Wallace  tells  us 
(1889)  that  at  the  June  session  of  the  court  "Alfred  Kelley  appears 
in  the  second  case  on  the  docket,  on  belialf  of  Ralph  M.  Pomeroy  vs. 
James  Leach.  Suit  on  a  note  of  hand  dated  October  27,  1808,  'at 
Black  Rock,  to-wit,  at  Cleveland,'  for  .+80,  and  in  another  sum  of  $150. 
This  case  was  continued  one  term,  and  then  discontinued  by  settle- 
ment.   And  now,  in  the  third  case,  tlic  famous  old  pioneer,  Rodolphus 


1810]  IN  CUYAHOGA  COUNTY  81 

Edwanls,  was  chosen  defendant  in  tlie  suit  of  one  John  S.  Recde.  It 
was  an  appealed  case  from  Justiee  Erastus  ^liles'  conrt,  by  the  plain- 
tiff, the  justiec  having  deeiiled  that  the  plaintiff  had  no  case  against 
Edwards.  The  plaintiff  failed  to  prosecute  his  appeal,  and  the  old 
pioneer  was  decreed  to  'go'  with  judgment  for  his  costs,  $8.54.  R.  B. 
Parkman  was  defendant's  attorney."  The  judges  appointed  John 
Walworth  as  county  clerk  and  "Peter  Hitchcock  of  Geauga"  as 
prosecuting  attorney.  The  prosecuting  attorney  I'eceived  fifteen  dol- 
lars for  the  term's  work ;  his  successor  was  soon  appointed.  A  Iwai'd  of 
county  commissioners,  to  which  were  transferred  the  fiscal  and  ad- 
ministrative duties  that  liad  previously  been  performed  by  the  court 
of  quarter  sessions,  a  slicriff  and  other  pffieers  were  elected  for  a 
two  years'  term  as  provided  for  by  the  constitution  and  the  laws 
of  the  state.  The  county  commissioners  were  Jabez  Wright  and 
Nathaniel  Doan ;  the  sheriff  and  surveyor  was  Samuel  S.  Baldwin ; 
the  treasurer  was  Asa  Dille.  Under  the  judicial  system  then  in  opera- 
tion, the  Ohio  supreme  court  held  annual  sessions  in  the  several 
counties;  the  first  session  for  Cuyahoga  County  was  held  in  August, 
1810.  John  Walworth  was  given  still  another  office,  clerk  of  the 
court,  and  Alfred  Kelley  w-as  admitted  to  practice  in  the  said  court. 
At  the  November  term  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  the  said 
Alfred  Kelley  was,  on  motion  of  Peter  Hitchcock  of  Geauga,  chosen 
as  prosecuting  attorney.  The  centennial  of  the  organization  of  Cuya- 
hoga Comity  wa,s  the  occa.sion  of  an  elaborate  six-days'  celebration 
at  Cleveland  in  October,  1910. 

FmsT  Tanneries 

In  1810,  Cleveland  had  a  population  of  only  fifty -seven  persons, 
while  Cuyahoga  County  had  about  fifteen  hundred.  About  this  time. 
Major  Carter  built  a  warehouse  on  Union  Lane  (see  Spafford  map, 
page  .59)  "showing  that  business  was  gi'owing  down  in  that  section  of 
the  village;  and  Elias  Cozad  built  out  at  Doan's  Corners  the  first 
tannery  operated  in  Cleveland,  and  this  was  followed  by  a  like 
structure  erected  by  [the  brothers]  Samuel  and  Matthew  William- 
son, either  toward  the  end  of  this  year  or  the  opening  of  1811." 
This  Samuel  Williamson  was  born  in  Cumberland  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, came  to  Cleveland  in  1810,  and  carried  on  the  tanning  business 
until  his  death  in  1834.  Having  served  as  an  associate  judge  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas,  he  was,  in  later  life,  called  "Judge" 
Williamson.  The  oldest  of  his  seven  children  also  bore  the  name 
Samuel  and  was  two  years  old  when  the  family  came  to  Cleveland. 


82 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS  [Chap.  VI 


The  son  was  graduated  from  college  iu  1829,  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  S.  J.  Andrews  (of  whom  we  shall  soon  hear  more),  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1832.  He  retired  from  general  practice  in 
1872  to  accept  the  presidency  of  the  Cleveland  Society  for  Savings. 
He  served  as  a  member  of  the  city  council,  the  board  of  education, 


S.\MUEL  Williamson 

and  the  state  senate   and   occupied   nian,\-    other  positions   of  trust. 
He  lived  to  be  the  oldest  resident  of  the  eitv  and  ilicd  in  1884.* 


Pioneer  Legal  Matters 

At  the  November  lenu  of  the  cuiirt,  (uie  Daniel  Miner  was 
prosecuted  for  "not  having  obtained  sucli  license  or  peraiit  as  the 
law  directs  to  keep  a  tavern,  or  to  sell,  liaiMcr  or  deliver,  for  money 


*  See  Biograjiliical  Sketch. 


1810]  THE  FIRST  PHYSICIAN  83 

or  other  article  of  value,  any  wine,  rum,  brandy,  whisky,  spirits 
or  strong:  drink  by  less  quantity  than  one  quart,  did,  with  intent 
to  defraud  the  revenue  of  the  county,  ou  the  25th  of  October  last 
past,  sell,  barter  and  deliver  at  Cleveland  aforesaid,  wine,  vwm, 
brandy,  whisky  and  spirits  by  less  qnantity  than  one  quart,  to-wit, 
one  gill  of  whisky  for  the  sum  of  six  cents  in  money,  contrary  to 
the  statute,  etc. "  The  defendant  pleaded  guilty  and  was  fined  twenty- 
five  cents.  In  further  illumination  of  public  sentiment  oh  the  liquor 
question  and  the  irritating  iterations  of  legal  phraseology,  we  are 
told  by  Mr.  Kennedy  that,  in  its  first  few  years  of  existence,  the 
court  "saw  Ambrose  Hecox  charged  with  selling  'one-half  yard  of 
cotton  cambric,  six  yards  of  Indian  cotton  cloth,  one-half  pound 
Hyson  skin  tea,  without  license,  contrary  to  the  statute  law  regulating 
ferries,  taverns,  stores,  etc;'  Erastus  ililes  prosecuted  for  selling 
liquor  to  the  Indians;  Thomas  ]McIlrath  for  trading  one  quart  of 
whisky  for  three  raccoon  skins ;  and  John  S.  Reede  and  Banks  Finch 
for  engaging  in  a  'fight  and  box  at  fisticuffs.'  The  indictment  de- 
clared in  solemn  form  that  'John  S.  Reede,  of  Black  River,  and 
Banks  Finch,  of  Huron  township,  in  said  county,  on  the  1st  day 
of  February,  1812,  with  force  and  arms,  in  the  peace  of  God  and 
the  State,  then  and  there  being,  did,  then  and  there  with  each  other 
agree,  and  in  and  upon  each  other  did  then  and  there  assault  and 
with  each  other  did  then  and  there  wilfully  fight  and  box  at  fisticuffs, 
and  each  other  did  then  and  there  strike,  kick,  cuff,  bite,  bruise, 
wound  and  ill-treat,  against  the  statute  and  the  peace  and  dignity 
of  the  State  of  Ohio.' " 

Dr.  D.wid  Loxg 

The  year  1810  was  further  made  memorable  in  Cleveland  annals 
by  the  arrival  of  several  pereons  wlio  were  destined  to  play  import- 
ant parts  in  the  development  of  Cleveland  and  Ohio;  among  them 
were  a  doctor  and  a  lawyer.  As  indicated  in  the  letter  written  by 
Senator-elect  Griswold,  already  quoted,  "Cleavelaud  would  be  an 
excellent  place  for  a  young  physician  and  cannot  long  remain  un- 
occupied." The  vacancy  did  not  long  endure  for  now  Dr.  David 
Long,  who  had  been  graduated  in  New  York  City,  arrived  in  June, 
1810.  There  was  then  no  practicing  physician  nearer  than  Hudson 
or  Painesville.  He  "hung  out  his  shingle"  on  the  little  frame  office 
that  had  been  built  for  ^Ir.  Walworth  and  soon  secured  an  exten- 
sive practice.  In  an  interesting  magazine  article  on  Pioneer  Medi- 
cine  on   the  Reserve,   Dr.   Dudley   Allen   tells  lis  that   "Dr.   Long 


84 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EN^^ROXS  [Chap.  VI 


was  a  public-spirited  man  aud  interested  in  whatever  concerned  the 
welfare  of  the  eommunity.  He  was  a  successful  candidate  for  the 
office  of  county  commissioner  at  a  time  [1826]  when  the  location 
of  the  court-house  greatly  excited  the  interest  of  tlu^  eoiuity.  One 
commissioner  favored  Newburg  and  another  Cleveland,  aud  the  elec- 
tion of  Dr.  Long  determined  its  location  in  Cleveland.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  various  business  enterprises,   but  a   contract  for   building 


Dr.  D.wid  Long 


a  section  of  the  canal  pi'oved  to  be  an  unfortunate  business  ven- 
ture, though  it  was  of  great  importance  to  the  commercial  interests 
of  Cleveland.  In  1836,  Dr.  Long  removed  from  Superior  Street  to 
a  farm  on  what  is  now  Woodland  Avenue,  but  M'as  then  called 
Kinsman  Street.  Here  he  built  the  first  stone  house  occupied  by 
the  late  Erastus  Gaylord,  and  afterward  the  house  still  standing 
[1886]  on  the  corner  of  Woodland  and  Longwood  avenues,  in  which 
house  he  lived  till  the  lime  of  his  death,  September  1.  1851."     In 


1810]  THE  FIKST  LAWYER  85 

1811,  Doctor  Long  married  Jiiliauiia,  tlic  daughter  of  Jolin  Walworth. 
In  1833,  their  only  daughter,  JMary  Helen,  married  Solomon  Lewis 
Severance.  She  was  the  mother  of  Solon  L.  and  Louis  H.  Severance, 
two  of  the  most  prominent  and  successful  men  of  later  Cleveland.  In 
the  year  of  his  marriage.  Doctor  Long  became  the  first  president 
of  au  anti-slavery  society,  the  secretary  of  which  was  S.  L.  Severance. 
It  is  easy  to  imagine  that  in  the  long  evenings  of  the  preceding 
winter,  Mr.  Severance  and  Doctor  Long  discussed  the  wrongs  and 
sorrows  of  the  southern  slaves  until  it  was  time  for  the  doctor  to 
go  to  bed  and  leave  the  young  folks  to  talk  over  other  matters. 

Although  Samuel  Huntington  was  a  lawyer,  he  did  not  practice 
his  profession  in  his  brief  stay  here;  Cleveland's  first  active  lawyer 
was  Alfred  Kellej',  magnum  nomcn.  Alfred,  the  second  son  of 
Daniel  Kelley,  was  born  at  Middlefield,  Connecticut,  on  the  seventh 
of  November,  1789 ;  his  mother  was  Jemima,  a  sister  of  Joshua  Stow, 
one  of  the  thirty-five  original  members  of  the  Connecticut  Land 
Company  and  commissaiy  of  the  surveying  party  that  Moses  Cleave- 
land  led  to  the  Reserve  in  1796.  In  1798,  the  family  had  moved 
from  Middlefield  to  Lowville  "in  the  wilds  of  New  York"  (then 
Oneida,  now  Lewis  County)  and  thei-e  their  worldly  affairs  had  pros- 
pered; in  the  words  of  the  family  historian,  "Judge  Kelley 's  circum- 
stances came  to  be  what  would  in  those  days  be  called  comparatively 
easy."  He  was  generally  called  Judge  Kelley.  This  Daniel  and 
Jemima  had  six  sons,  the  oldest  of  whom  was  Datus.  "It  is  not  a 
matter  of  surprise,"  says  the  historian  just  mentioned,  "that  the 
prominent  connection  of  their  uncle  with  the  purchase  of  a  vast 
territory  in  the  far  west  should  engage  the  j'oung  men's  attention 
in  the  strongest  manner.  Datus  caught  the  western  fever  first  and, 
in  1810,  made  the  journey  on  foot  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  or  New  Con- 
necticut as  the  Western  Reserve  was  then  popularly  called.  He 
returned  to  Lowville  that  year,  however,  without  having  decided 
upon  a  location.  In  1810,  Alfred  removed  to  Cleveland.  In  1811, 
he  was  followed  by  Datus ;  in  1812,  by  Irad,  and  early  in  1814 
by  Reynolds,"  the  younger  brothers.  The  parents  appear  to  have 
given  to  each  of  their  sons  a  thousand  dollars  with  which  to  seek  their 
fortunes  in  the  West  and  gradually  to  have  disposed  of  their 
property  in  Lowville  preparatory  to  their  owti  removal  to  Ohio 
and  the  long  cherished  reunion  of  the  family  there.  Alfred  Kelley 
had  entered  the  law  office  of  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New  York  in  1807  and  there  remained  until  the  spring  of 
1810,  M'hen  he  came  to  Cleveland  on  horseback  and  in  company 
with  his  uncle,  Joshua  Stow,  and  Dr.  Jared  P.  Kirtland,  of  whom 


86 


CLEVELAXD  AND  ITS  ENl'IRONS  [Chap.  VI 


we  shall  hear  more.  At  the  November  term  of  the  newly  constituted 
court  of  the  newly  organized  county  of  Cuyahoga,  Alfred  Kelley 
was,  on  the  twent.y-first  anniversary  of  his  birth  and,  on  the  mo- 
tion of  Peter  Hitchcock,  as  alreadj'  recorded,  made  public  prose- 
cutor, an  office  that  he  held  by  successive  appointments  until  1822, 
when  he  resigned  to  become  canal  commissioner  of  Ohio.  As  we 
have  seen,  the  promising  young  man  had  appeared  as  counsel  at 


Alfred  Kelley 

the  June  session  of  the  court;  we  shall  probably  hoar  of  him  again. 
In  September,  1814,  the  father,  Judge  Daniel  Kelley,  and  his  wife, 
left  Lowville  and,  by  land  and  water,  made  their  way  to  Cleveland, 
leaving  their  son,  Thomas,  at  school  in  the  East.  In  October,  the 
judge  wrote  to  Tliomas  and,  referring  to  "our  arrival  at  Bufl'alow, " 
added:  "We  were  obliged  to  stay  in  lliat  uncomfortable  place  on 
account  of  head  winds  until  Tuesday  afternoon,  the  4tli  inst.,  when 
we  all  embarked  on  board  of  a  schooner  and  set  oil",  with  a  gentle 


1811-12]  VERBAL  1VLA.P  AND  CENSUS  87 

breeze,  for  Cleaveland."  But  the  gentle  breeze  gave  way  for  storm 
and  sickness  so  that  the  family  landed  at-  Erie  and  made  the  rest 
of  the  journey  by  land.  Near  the  end  of  the  year,  he  further  re- 
ported to  Thomas  that  "we  have  been  keeping  house  by  ourselves 
about  12  days,  are  pretty  comfortable  as  to  house  room,  etc. 
Irad  returned  from  Buft'alow  yesterday  with  some  goods. 
Their  store  and  house  is  nearly  finished.  They  move  into 
it  this  week."  Thomas  was  at  Cleveland  by  June,  1815,  but  his 
mother  died  in  the  following  September,  four  days  after  the  death 
of  her  son,  Daniel.  After  her  death.  Judge  Kelley  and  his  sons, 
Alfred,  Irad,  and  Thomas  made  their  home  with  one  of  the  younger 
brothers,  Joseph  Reynolds  Kelley,  until  1817,  when  Alfred  married 
and  his  father  went  to  live  with  him.    lie  died  in  1831.* 

Clevelandebs  op  1811-12 

Before  passing  to  the  story  of  more  stirring  events,  it  seems 
worth  while  to  reproduce  what  Mr.  Kennedy  calls  "a  combined 
verbal  map  and  a  census"  of  Cleveland  and  Its  Environs  at  this 
period.  In  one  of  the  Annals  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association,  Mr. 
T.  L.  Morgan  says : 

The  following,  to  the  best  of  my  recollection,  are  the  names  of  men 
who  lived  in  what  was  then  Cleveland,  in  the  fall  of  1811  and  spring  of 
1812.  Possibly  a  few  names  may  be  missing.  I  will  begin  north  of  the 
Kingsbury  creek,  on  Broadway :  The  first  was  Maj.  Samuel  Jones,  on 
the  hill  near  the  turn  of  the  road;  farther  down  came  Judge  John 
Walworth,  then  postmaster,  and  his  oldest  son,  A.  W.  Walworth,  apd 
son-in-law.  Dr.  David  Long.  Then,  on  the  corner  where  the  Forest  City 
House  now  stands,  was  a  Mr.  Morey.  The  next  was  near  the  now 
American  House,  where  the  little  post-ofSce  then  stood,  occupied  by 
Mr.  Hanchet,  who  had  just  started  a  little  store.  Close  by  was  a  tav- 
ern, kept  by  Mr.  George  Wallace.  On  the  top  of  the  hill,  north  of  Main 
street.  Lorenzo  Carter  and  son,  Lorenzo,  Jr.,  who  kept  tavern  also. 
The  only  house  below  on  Water  street  was  owned  by  Judge  Samuel 
Williamson,  with  his  familv  and  his  brother  Matthew,  who  had  a  tan- 
nery on  the  side  hill  below.  On  the  corner  of  Water  and  Superior 
stre'ets  was  Nathan  Perry's  store,  and  his  brother,  Horace  Perry,  lived 
near  by.  Levi  Johnson  began  in  Cleveland  about  that  time,  likewise 
two  brothers  of  his,  who  came  on  soon  after;  Benjamin,  a  one-legged 
man ;  and  T  think  the  other's  name  was  John.  The  first  and  last  were 
lake  captains  for  a  time.  Abraham  Hiekox,  the  old  blacksmith ;  Alfred 
Kelley.  Esq.,  who  boarded  with  'Squire  Walworth  at  that  time ;  then 
a  Mr.  Bailey,  also  Elias  and  Harvey  Murray,  and  perhaps  a  very  few 


*  See  Biographical  Sketch. 


88  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  VI 

others  in  town  not  named.  On  what  is  now  Euclid  avenue,  from  Monu- 
mental Square  through  the  woods  to  East  Cleveland,  was  but  one  man, 
Nathan  Chapman,  who  lived  in  a  small  shanty,  with  a  small  clearing 
around  him,  and  near  the  present  Euclid  Station.  [East  Fifty-fifth 
Street.]  He  died  soon  after.  Then  at  what  was  called  Doan's  Cor- 
nel's lived  two  families  only,  Nathaniel,  the  older,  and  I\Iaj.  Scth  Doan. 
Then  on  the  south,  now  Woodland  Hills  avenvie,  first  came  Richard 
Blin,  Rodolphus  Edwards,  and  Mr.  Stephens,  a  school  teacher;  Mr. 
Honey,  James  Kingsbury,  David  Burras,  Eben  Hosmer,  John  Wight- 
man,  William  W.  Williams,  and  three  sons,  Frederick,  William  W.,  Jr., 
and  Joseph.  Next,  on  the  Carter  place,  Philomen  Baldwin,  and  four 
sons,  Philomen.  Jr.,  Amos,  Caleb  and  Rnna.  Next,  James  Hamilton ; 
then  Samuel  Hamilton  (who  was  drowned  in  the  lake),  his  widow, 
and  three  sons,  Chester,  Justice  and  Samuel,  Jr.,  in  what  was  called 
Newburg  and  now  Cleveland.  Six  by  the  name  of  Miles — Erastus, 
Theodore,  Charles,  Samuel,  Thompson,  and  Daniel.  Widow  White 
with  five  sons,  John,  William,  Solomon,  Samuel,  and  Lyman.  A  Mr. 
Barnes,  Henry  Edwards,  Allen  Gaylord,  and  father  and  mother.  In 
the  spring  of  1812,  came  Noble  Bates,  Ephraim  and  Jedediah  Hubbel, 
with  their  aged  father  and  mother  (the  latter  soon  after  died)  :  in 
each  family  were  several  sons:  Stephen  Gilbert,  Sylvester  [Sylva- 
nus?]  Burk,  wdth  six  sons.  B.  B.  Burk,  Gains,  Erectus,  etc.;  Abner 
Cochran,  on  what  is  now  called  Aetna  street.  Samuel  S.  Baldwin,  Esq., 
was  sheriif  and  county  surveyor,  and  hung  the  noted  Indian,  John 
O'Mic,  in  1812.  Next,"Y.  L.  Morgan,  with  three  sons,  Y.  L.,  Jr.,  Caleb, 
and  Isham  A.  The  next,  on  the  present  Broadway,  Dyer  Sherman, 
Christopher  Gunn,  Elijah,  Charles  and  Elijah  Gunn,  Jr. ;  Robert  Ful- 
ton, Robert  Carr,  Samuel  Dille,  Ira  Ensign,  Ezekiel  Holly,  and  two 
sons,  Lorin  and  Alphonso,  Widow  Clark  and  four  sons,  Mason,  Martin, 
Jarvis,  and  Rufus. 

In  another  of  the  ann-als,  Isham  A.  ]\Torgan,  one  of  the  three 
sons  above  mentioned,  helps  to  fill  out  the  description.    He  says-. 

A  few  houses  of  the  primitive  order  located  along  Superior  street 
between  the  river  and  the  Public  Scpiare,  with  here  and  there  a  tem- 
porary dwelling  in  Ihe  bushy  vicinity,  gave  but  a  slight  indication  that 
it  was  the  beginning  of  a  future  large  city.  I  remember  when  there 
was  no  court  house  in  Cleveland,  nor  a  church  building  in  Cuyahoga 
County,  nor  a  bridge  across  the  river  fi'om  the  outlet  to  Cuyahoga 
Falls.  The  outlet  of  the  river,  at  that  time,  was  some  120  yards  west 
of  where  it  is  now  (1881).  and  was  sometimes  completely  barred  across 
with  sand  by  storms,  so  that  men  liaving  on  low  shoes  have  walked 
across  without  wetting  their  feet.  A  ferry  at  the  foot  of  Superior  street, 
consisting  of  one  flat-boat  and  a  skiff,  answered  the  purpose  to  convey 
over  the  river  all  who  desired,  for  (|uite  a  numlier  of  years.  .  .  . 
The  first  water  supply  for  extinguishing  fires  in  Cleveland  was  a 
public  well  eight  feet  "across,  with  a  wheel  and  two  buckets,  situated 
on  Bank  street  near  Superior.  In  those  days  nearly  every  family  had 
a  well  at  their  back  door,  of  good  water  for  every  purpose  except  wash- 


1811-12]  DATUS  KELLEY  89 

iiig.  To  supply  water  for  washing,  when  rain  water  failed,  Benhu  John- 
son, a  soldier  of  the  war  of  18112-14  (who  lost  a  leg  in  the  eampaign  and 
siihstituted  a  wooden  one),  with  his  pony  and  wagon,  supplied  as  many 
as  needed,  from  the  lake  al  twenty-live  eents  a  load  of  two  han'els ;  and 
Jahez  Kellev  furnished  the  soap  at  a  shilling  a  gallon,  made  at  his  log 
soap  and  caiidk'  faetory,  located  on  Superior  street,  near  the  river.  .  .  . 
AVliere  Prospeet  street  is  now,  next  to  Ontario,  was  the  old  cemetery, 
surrounded  by  hushes  and  blaekberry  briars.  Outside  of  the  cemetery, 
west,  south  and  east,  the  forest  stood  in  its  native  grandeur.  On 
Ontario  street,  a  little  south  of  the  old  ccmetei-y,  was  a  large  mound, 
supposed  to  be  the  work  of  the  IMound  Builders  of  x)rehistoric  times. 
It  stood  several  years  after  we  eanie,  before  it  was  made  level  with 
the  surrounding  earth." 


Kelley's  Island 

In  1810,  Datus  Kelley,  the  elder  brother  of  Alfred  Kelley,  had 
visited  Cleveland  and  returned  to  his  home  at  Lowvillc,  New  York ; 
in  1811,  he  came  out  again,  returned  to  Lowville,  and,  in  August, 
married  Sai-ah  Dean.  Soon  after  this  he  removed  to  Ohio  with  his 
wife  and  accompanied  by  one  of  his  brothers  and  by  a  brother  and 
a  sister  of  his  wife,  '"rjike  manj^  modern  bridal  couples,  they  visited 
Niagara  Falls  on  their  wedding  journey,  which  was  made  by  team 
to  Sackett's  Harbor,  boat  to  Fort  Erie,  team  to  Chippewa  and  'the 
schooner  Zephyr,  45  tons  burthen'  from  Black  Rock  to  Cleveland, 
where  they  arrived  about  the  middle  of  October.  Datus  and  his 
bride  kept  house  in  a  new  warehouse  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga 
River  during  the  first  week  or  two  after  their  arrival  and  pending 
the  selection  of  their  farm."  The  farm  that  he  finally  bought  cost 
him  .$.3.18  per  acre;  it  lay  about  a  mile  west  of  Rocky  River  and 
extended  from  the  North  Ridge  road  to  the  lake.  Here  his  nine 
children  were  born.  In  1833,  he  and  his  brother,  Irad,  bought  the 
western  half  of  Cunningham's  (now  known  as  Kelley's)  Island  in 
Lake  Erie  at  a  dollar  and  a  half  per  acre.  Other  purchases  followed 
lintil  they  owned  the  whole  island,  about  three  thousand  acres.  At  that 
time,  the  island  was  covered  with  valuable  forests  of  cedar.  Hither 
Datus  Kelley  removed  with  his  family  in  1836,  and  spent  the  rest 
of  his  life  in  developing  the  material  resources  of  the  island  and  the 
social,  moral,  and  civic  activities  of  its  inhabitants.  He  cleared  the 
land  of  its  cedar  forests,  introduced  the  cultivation  of  the  grape  and 
peach,  opened  limestone  quarries,  and  became  the  patriarch  of  the 
community.  He  died  in  1866  and  was  buried  on  the  island  to  which 
he  had  given  his  name  and  the  best  part  of  his  life  work.  He  merited 
the  obituary  eulogy  that  said :     ' '  Few  men  have  been  so  loved  by 


90  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKOXS  [Chap.  VI 

a  whole  commuuitj'.  A  fitting  monument  has  been  erected  in  the 
hearts  not  only  of  kindred,  but  of  many  who  for  years  have  looked 
to  him  as  to  a  father.  The  island  today  mourns  the  founder  of  its 
prosperity;  it  mourns  its  Pati-iarch  who  has  gone  to  sleep  bj-  the 
side  of  his  beloved  wife;  it  mourns  the  benevolent  patron  of  liberal 
institutions;  it  mourns  the  father  and  friend  from  whose  lips  have 
fallen  so  many  words  of  wisdom  and  kindness."  At  the  present  time 
(1918),  "The  Patriarch"  is  worthily  represented  in  Cleveland  by 
his  grandson,  Hermon  Alfred  Kelley,  one  of  the  most  prominent 
attorneys  of  the  city,  to  whom  I  am  much  indebted  for  information 
relating  to  Alfred  and  Datus  Kelley.  In  later  years,  the  island  was 
much  sought  by  scientifie  visitors  who  were  interested  in  the  glacial 
striae  grooved  in  the  surface  of  the  limestone  rock — a  storehouse  of 
"specimens"  that  were  x'emoved  by  eager  collectors.  Today  it  is  the 
chief  source  of  supply  of  the  Kelley  Island  Lime  and  Transport 
Companj%  and  famous  for  its  vinous  product  of  which  Mark  Twain 
once  said:  "You  can't  fool  me  with  Kelley  Island  wine;  I  can  tell 
it  from  vinegar  every  time — by  the  label  on  the  bottle."  At  one 
time,  the  vats  of  the  Kelley  Island  Wine  Company  had  a  capacity 
of  half  a  million  gallons. 


CHAPTER  VII 

"CLEVELAND  CITY"  BECOMES  A  VILLAGE 

In  1812,  came  the  seeoiid  and  last  war  with  England.  "Although 
actual  hostilities  never  touched  the  city  and  no  force  of  the  enemy 
appeared  at  its  gates,  the  center  of  the  war  upon  the  lakes  and  in 
the  west  was  near  enough  to  keep  it  in  hourly  fear,  and  to  make 
the  port  of  Cuyahoga  an  important  base  for  supplies,  and  a  point 
for  the  gathering  and  moving  of  troops."  Of  course,  "no  one  could 
tell  at  what  moment  a  British  warship  might  anchor  off  the  harbor 
and  knock  the  little  town  to  pieces,  or  a  baud  of  Indians  creep  in 
by  night  and  give  the  settlement  to  fire  and  death,"  and  so  there 
was  no  lack  of  apprehension  and  turmoil.  A  small  stockade,  named 
Fort  Huntington  in  honor  of  the  recent  governor  of  Ohio,  was 
built  on  the  shore  of  the  lake  near  the  foot  of  West  Third  Street 
and  sei'ved  nobly  "as  a  guard-house  for  soldiers  who  were  under  ar- 
rest." Congress  declared  war  in  June  and,  in  August,  came  news 
of  General  Hull's  disgraceful  surrender  of  Detroit  (August  16,  1812). 
At  any  moment,  the  victorious  British  and  their  Indian  allies  might 
come  sweeping  along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie  with  Hun-like 
devastation  and  massacre  such  as  soon  fell  to  the  lot  of  settlers  at 
Frenchtown  (now  Monroe)  on  the  River  Raisin  in  Michigan.  At 
Cleveland,  the  excitement  rose  to  fever  heat  and  calls  for  aid  were 
sent  in  all  directions  with  the  warnings.  Concerning  the  panic 
caused  by  the  news  of  the  surrender  of  Detroit,  a  letter  written  by 
Alfred  Kelley  says :  ' '  Information  was  received  at  Cleveland,  through 
a  scout  from  Huron,  that  a  large  number  of  British  troops  and 
Indians  were  seen  from  the  shore,  in  boats,  proceeding  down  the 
lake,  and  that  they  would  probably  reach  Cleveland  in  the  course 
of  the  ensuing  night.  This  information  spread  rapidly  through  the 
surrounding  settlements.  A  large  proportion  of  the  families  in 
Cleveland,  Newburg  (then  part  of  Cleveland),  and  Euclid,  imme- 
diately on  the  receipt  of  this  news,  took  such  necessary  articles  of 
food,  clothing  and  utensils  as  they  could  eaiTy,  and  started  for  the 
more  populous  and  less  exposed  parts  of  the  interior.  About  thirty 
men  only  remained,  determined  to  meet  the  enemy  if  they  should 

91 


92-  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  VII 

come,  and,  if  possible,  prevent  their  landing.  They  determined  at 
least  to  do  all  in  their  power  to  allay  the  panic,  and  prevent  the 
depopulation  of  the  country."  In  an  ai-tiele  printed  in  the  Annals 
of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association,  Isham  A.  ]Morgan  says:  "One 
day  the  people  at  the  mouth  of  Huron  River  discovered  parties  com- 
ing in  boats;  they  were  a  good  deal  alarmed,  as  they  supposed  them 
to  be  British  and  Indians  to  be  let  loose  on  the  almost  defenseless 
settlers.  A  courier  was  immediately  sent  to  Cleveland  to  give  the 
alarm  there.  Major  Samuel  Jones,  of  Cleveland,  got  on  his  horee 
and  scoured  the  country  round,  telling  the  people  to  go  to  Doan's 
Cornel's,  and  there  would  be  a  guai-d  to  protect  them  as  best  they 
could.  My  brother  yoked  and  hitched  the  oxen  to  the  wagon,  as 
we  then  had  but  one  horse.  After  piitting  a  few  necessary  ai-ticles 
into  the  wagon  and  burying  a  few  others,  all  went  to  Doan's  Cor- 
ners— East  Cleveland,  where  most  of  the  people  in  Cleveland  and 
vicinity  assembled,  ily  father  had  been  ill  with  a  fever,  and  was 
scarcely  able  to  be  about;  he  took  the  gim  which  had  beeu  brought 
along,  and  handed  it  to  my  brother,  Y.  L.  Morgan,  who  was  a  good 
shot,  and  said  to  him,  'If  the  Indians  come,  you  see  that  there  is 
one  less  to  go  away!'  That  night  was  spent  in  expectation  not  the 
pleasantest.  A  few  men  had  stayed  in  Cleveland,  to  .watch  develop- 
ments there.  In  the  morning.  Captain  Allen  Gaylord  was  seen 
approaching  the  encampment,  waving  his  sword,  and  saying,  'To 
your  tents,  oh  Israel!  General  Hull  has  surrendered  to  the  British 
general,  and  our  men,  instead  of  Indians,  were  seen  off  Huron.  They 
are  returning  to  their  homes.'  Thankful  were  all  that  it  turned  out 
with  them  to  be  nothing  wor.se  than  the  inconvenience  of  fleeing 
from  their  homes  on  short  notice  under  unpleasant  circumstances." 
By  reason  of  their  dread  of  the  British  and  their  red  allies,  many 
families  abandoned  their  homes  and  returned  to  the  older  states 
more  remote  from  the  international  line.  They  who  remained  be- 
came accustomed  to  the  din  of  war-like  preparation. 

The  War  op  1812  at  Cleveland 

At  this  time,  there  were  two  companies  of  militia  near  at  hand, 
one  in  Cleveland  and  one  in  Ncwburg.  The  Cleveland  company  had 
about  fifty  men ;  Harvey  Murray  M'as  captain,  Lewis  Dillc  was  lieu- 
tenant, and  Alfred  Kclley  was  ensign.  The  full  company  roster  is 
printed  in  Kennedy's  History  of  Cleveland.  "While  the  refugees  were 
gathering  at  Doan's  Comers  as  above  described,  preparations  were 
being  made  for  defense  if  the  enemy  made  an  attack.    General  Wads- 


1812] 


IX  WAR  TIME 


93 


worth  called  all  of  the  militia  of  his  division  into  the  field  and  arrived 
at  Cleveland  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  August,  accompanied  by  a 
mounted  escort.  Colonel  Lewis  Cass,  then  on  parole,  arrived  at  Cleve- 
land that  day  on  his  way  to  Washington  to  make  his  indignant  re- 
port of  the  surrender  of -Detroit.  On  his  way  to  the  national  capital, 
Colonel  Cass  was  accompanied  by  Samuel  Huntington,  once  a  resi- 
dent of  Cleveland  but  now  of  Painesville.  ^Ir.  Huntington  bore  a 
letter  from  General  Wadsworth  to  the  war  department,  stating 
that  he  had  called  out  three  thousand  uu>n  and  was  in  need  of  arms,  am- 
munition, equipment  and  rations.  Later  in  the  month,  General  Simon 
Perkins   of  Warren    arrived    with    additional    troops.     Most    of   the 


First  Courthouse 


troops  were  soon  sent  further  west  to  build  block-houses  and  to  pro- 
tect the  people  leaving  only  a  small  guard  on  duty  at  Cleveland  dur- 
ing the  somewhat  quiet  winter  that  followed.  The  first  city  directory 
of  Cleveland  (published  in  1837)  says  that  "During  the  years  of 
the  war  there  wa^  much  bluster,  coming,  going  and  parading,  ups  and 
downs,  anxiety  and  carelessness  in  Cleveland.  But  when  the  war 
was  over,  the  city  was  found  not  much  the  better  or  worse.  Jlany, 
however,  became  acquainted  with  its  pleasant  location  and  its  ad- 
vantageous situation,  which  otherwise  probably  would  have  remained 
ignorant  of  them. ' ' 

Cuyahoga  was  now  a  county  and  Cleveland  won  in  its  struggle 
with  Newburg  for  the  prestige  that  generally  goes  with  the  seat 
of  justice.     Therefore,  in  this  year  of  alarms,  the  county  commis- 


94  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EmaRONS        [Chap.  VII 

sioners  made  a  contract  with  Levi  Johnson,  the  master  builder  of 
that  day,  for  the  buikling  of  a  combined  court-house  and  jail  on 
the  northwest  corner  of  the  Public  Square.  Tlic  building  was  two 
stories  high,  with  a  jail  and  a  living-room  for  the  sherifif  on  the  ground 
floor  and  a  court-room  above.  According  to  another  account,  "at 
the  west  end,  lower  story,  was  the  jail,  with  debtors'  and  criminals' 
grated  windows  in  front;  east  end,  upper  storj',  the  court-room.  At 
the  landing  of  the  inside  staircase  a  fireplace,  sizzling  green  oak 
wood,  feebly  struggled  to  warm  the  institution."  The  building  was 
not  completed  until  1813;  in  it.  after  that  date,  "justice,  according 
to  the  high  Cuyahoga  standard,  was  administered  for  some  fifteen 
years. ' '  The  court-i'oom  also  became  the  scene  of  many  social  gather- 
ings, and  to  it  the  annual  town  meetings  for  election  and  other  pur- 
poses were  transferred  from  the  residences  of  citizens  in  which  they 
had  been  held — generally  "the  house  of  James  Kingsbury,  Esq." 

The  First  Murder  and  Execution 

In  this  j'ear  also  came  Cuyahoga's  first  trial,  conviction,  and 
execution  for  murder,  an  incident  on  which  much  good  ink  has  been 
spilled.  In  brief,  there  was  an  Indian  whose  name  is  variously  given 
as  O'Mic,  O'Mick,  Omie,  and  Poecon  the  son  of  old  O'Mic.  What- 
ever his  name,  he  was  implicated  with  two  other  Indians  in  the 
murder  of  two  trappers  near  Sandusky,  Huron  County  being 
then  attached  to  Cuyahoga  for  judicial  purposes.  One  of  the  three 
Indians  committed  suicide  "and  another  was  let  go  because  of  his 
youth."  The  murder  was  committed  in  April  aiul,  with  charming 
disregard  of  the  law's  vexatious  delays,  the  trial  was  held  before 
the  end  of  the  month.  The  court  sat  in  the  open  air  under  the  pro- 
tecting shade  of  a  tree  at  the  corner  of  Superior  and  West  Ninth 
streets,  with  Alfred  Kelle.y  as  prosecuting  attorney  and  Peter  Hitch- 
eoek  as  counsel  for  the  defendant.  The  trial  was  short,  the  verdict 
was  "guilty,"  and  the  sentence  was  death  by  hanging  on  the  twenty- 
sixth  of  the  following  June.  The  gallows  M^as  built  "by  Levi  Johnson 
on  the  northwest  section  of  the  Public  Square;  the  grave  and  coffin 
were  beneath  it.  Mrs.  Dr.  Long  says  that  "all  the  people  from  the 
Western  Reserve  seemed  to  be  there,  particularly  the  doctors," — 
and  the  doctors  got  the  body.  "After  the  religious  services  were 
over,"  wrote  Elisha  Whittlesey  who  was  there,  "Maj.  Samuel  Jones 
endeavored  to  form  a  hollow  square  so  the  prisoner  could  be  guarded 
on  all  sides.  He  rode  backwards  and  forwards  with  drawn  sword, 
and  epaulets  flying,  but  ho  did  not  know  what  order  to  give."     He 


1812]  THE  EXECUTION  OF  O'MIC  95 

finally  acted  upon  the  suggestion  of  someone  wlio  told  him  to  ride 
to  the  head  of  the  line  and  double  it  around  until  tlie  front  and  rear 
met.  Perhaps  the  major  had  lingered  too  long  at  Lorenzo  Carter's 
tavern.  The  details  of  the  cxceution  were  dramatic,  O'lMic  made 
%-igorous  resistance,  "seized  the  cap  with  his  left  hand  which  he 
could  reach  by  bending  his  head  in  that  direction,  stepped  to  one  of 
the  posts  and  put  his  arm  around  it.  The  sheriff  approached  him 
to  loosen  his  hold  and  for  a  moment  it  was  doubtful  whether  O'Mic 
would  not  throw  him  to  the  ground;"  Major  Carter  had  to  ascend 
the  platform  to  give  his  diplomatic  aid  to  Sheriff  Baldwin.  We 
have  the  assurance  of  Wr.  Whittlesey  that  "finally  O'Mic  made  a 
proposition  that  if  Mr.  Carter  would  give  him  half  a  pint  of  whiskey 
he  would  consent  to  die.  .  .  .  Mr.  Carter,  rcpresentmg  the 
people  of  Ohio  and  the  dignity  of  the  laws,  thought  that  the  terms 
were  reasonable  and  the  whiskey  was  forthcoming  in  short  order," 
w-real  old  Jlonongahela,  we  are  told.  When  0']\lie  had  finished 
the  beverage,  the  order  was  given  to  go  ahead.  But  the  Indian  again 
grabbed  the  post  and  demanded  more  whiskey.  This  was  brought  and, 
as  he  drank  it,  the  trap  was  sprung.  After  the  platform  had  been 
dropped,  it  was  "doubtful  whether  the  neck  had  been  broken,  and 
to  accomplish  so  necessary  a  part  of  a  hanging,  the  rope  was  drawn 
down  wnth  the  design  of  raising  the  body,  so  that,  by  a  sudden 
relaxing  of  the  ropes,  the  body  woidd  fall  several  feet  and  thereby 
dislocate  the  neck  beyond  any  doubt;  but  when  the  body  fell,  the 
rope  broke.  .  .  .  The  body  was  picked  up,  put  into  the  coffin, 
and  the  coffin  immediately  put  into  the  grave."  A  terrific  storm  then 
came  up  with  great  rapidity  "and  all  scampered  but  O'Mic."  The 
sequel  of  the  story  was  recorded  by  the  wife  of  Doctor  Long  as 
follows:  "The  Public  Square  was  only  partly  cleared  then,  and 
had  man}'  stumps  and  bushes  on  it.  At  night  the  doctors  went  for 
the  body,  with  the  tacit  consent  of  the  Sheriff.  O'Mic  was  about 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  was  very  fat  and  heavy.  Dr.  Long 
did  not  think  one  man  could  carry  him,  but  Dr.  Allen,  who  was 
very  stout,  thought  he  could.  He  was  put  upon  Dr.  Allen's  back, 
who  soon  fell  over  a  stump  and  0  'Mie  on  the  top  of  him.  The  doctors 
dare  not  laugh  aloud,  for  fear  they  might  be  discovered,  but  some 
of  them  were  obliged  to  lie  down  on  the  groiind  and  roll  around 
there,  before  they  came  to  the  relief  of  Dr.  Allen." 

C^U'TAiN  Stajn'Ton  Sholes  at  Cleveland 

Major  Jessup,  U.  S.  A.,  arrived  in  the  spring  of  1813  and  took 
command  of  military  affairs  at  Cleveland ;  in  May,  came  Captain  Stan- 


96  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENt^/'IRQNS        [Chap.  VII 

ton  Sholes  and  his  company  of  regular  troops.  Probably  I  cannot  do 
better  than  to  let  Captain  Sholes  tell  his  story  in  his  own  way.  In 
1858,  he  wrote  to  the  secretary  of  the  Cuyahoga  County  Historical 
Society,  saying : 

Sir: — With  a  trembling  hand  I  will  state  to  the  Society,  that 
about  the  3d  of  May,  1813,  I  received  orders  from  the  War  Depart- 
ment, to  march  my  company  (then  at  Beavertown,  Pennsylvania) 
to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  to  aid  in  the  defence  of  this  frontier  and  "to  estab- 
lish a  militaiy  post.  On  the  10th,  I,  with  my  company,  arrived  at 
Cleveland,  and  found  IMajor  Jessup  and  two  or  three  companies  of 
militia,  called  out  some  months  before.  I  halted  my  company  between 
Major  Carter's  and  Wallace's.  I  was  here  met  by  Governor  Meigs, 
who  gave  me  a  most  cordial  welcome,  as  did  all  the  citizens.  The 
Governor  took  me  to  a  place,  where  my  company  could  pitch  their 
tents.  I  found  no  place  of  defense,  no  hospital,  and  a  forest  of  large 
timber,  (mostly  chestnut)  between  the  lake,  and  the  lake  road.  There 
was  a  road  that  turned  off  between  Mr.  Perry's  and  Major  Carter's 
that  went  to  the  point,  whicli  was  the  only  place  that  the  lake  could 
be  seen  from  the  buildings.  This  little  cluster  of  buildings  was  all  of 
wood,  I  think  none  painted.  There  were  a  few  houses  further  l)ack 
from  the  lake  road.  The  widow  Walworth  kept  the  post  office,  or 
Ashbel,  her  son.  Mr.  L.  Johnson,  Judge  Kingsbury,  Major  Carter, 
N.  Perry,  Geo.  Wallace,  and  a  few  others  were  there.  At  my  arrival 
I  found  a  number  of  sick  and  wounded  who  were  of  Hull's  surrender, 
sent  here  from  Detroit,  and  more  coming.  These  were  crowded  into 
a  log  cabin,  and  no  one  to  care  for  them.  I  sent  one  or  two  of  my 
soldiers  to  take  care  of  them,  as  they  liad  no  friends.  I  had  two  or 
three  good  carpenters  in  my  company,  and  set  them  to  work  to  build 
a  hospital.  I  very  soon  got  up  a  good  one,  thirty  by  twenty  feet, 
smoothly  and  tightly  covered,  and  floored  with  chestnut  bark,  with 
two  tier  of  bunks  around  the  walls,  with  doors  and  windows,  and  not 
a  nail,  a  screw,  or  iron  latch  or  hinge  about  the  liuildiiig.  Its  cost 
to  the  Government  was  a  few  extra  rations.  In  a  short  time  I  had  all 
the  bunks  well  st rawed,  and  tlie  sick  and  wounded  good  and  clean,  to 
their  great  joy  and  comfort,  but  some  had  fallen  asleep.  I  next  went 
to  work  and  built  a  small  fort,  about  fifty  yards  from  tlie  bank  of  the 
lake,  in  the  forest.  This  fort  finished,  I  set  the  men  to  felling  the  tim- 
ber along  and  near  the  bank  of  the  lake,  rolling  the  logs  and  brush 
near  the  brink  of  tlie  bank,  to  serve  as  a  breastwork.  On  the  19th 
of  June,  a  part  of  the  British  fleet  appeared  off  our  harbor,  with  the 
apparent  design  to  land.  When  they  got  within  one  and  a  half  miles 
of  onr  harbor  it  became  a  perfect  calm,  and  they  lay  there  till  after 
noon,  when  a  most  terrible  fliunder  storm  came  up,  and  drove  them 
from  onr  coast.    We  saw  them  no  more  as  enemies. 

Captain  Sholes  further  tells  ns  that,  in  July,  General  Harrison 
vi.sited  the  station  accompanied  by  "Col.  Samuel  Huntington,  Pay- 
master of  tlie  army  and  cx-Govcrnor  of  this  state,"  and  other  mem- 


98  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIEOXS        [Chap.  YII 

bers  of  his  staff:  that  after  a  thi'ee  days'  inspection,  "the  General  and 
suite  left  Cleveland  as  he  found  it,  to  return  to  the  army,  then  lying 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Maumee  River.  After  General  Harrison  left 
there  was  nothing  worthy  of  note."  When,  in  September,  Oliver 
Hazard  Perry  was  winning  his  famous  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  the  sound 
of  the  guns  was  heard  in  Cleveland  and  soon  came  the  cheerful  tidings 
that  "We  have  met  the  enemy  and  they  are  ours."  But  the  battle 
Avas  fought  outside  the  limits  of  Cleveland  and  Us  Environs  and  its 
story  is  familiar  to  all  Americans.  But  if  the  reader  of  this  volume 
desires  full  and  accurate  information  as  to  the  details  and  results  of 
Perry's  victory,  he  can  find  what  he  wants  in  the  ninth  chapter  of  the 
eighth  volume  of  Avery's  History  of  the  United  States  and  Its  People. 

Cleveland  Village  Incorporated 

In  1814,  Levi  Johnson  built  the  schooner  "Pilot,"  in  the  woods 
near  the  site  of  the  opera  house  (Euclid  Avenue  and  East  Fourth 
Street).  With  rollers  under  the  boat  and  twenty-eight  yoke  of  oxen 
on  the  tow  line,  the  "Pilot"  was  pulled  to  the  foot  of  Superior  Street 
and  was  successfully  launched  in  the  not  yet  oil-smeared  water  of  the 
Cuyahoga  River.  In  October,  Newburg  was  made  into  a  separate  town- 
ship and  thus  James  Kingsbury,  Rodolphus  Edwards  and  other  impor- 
tant persons  were  taken  out  of  Cleveland.  On  the  twenty-third  of  De- 
cember, the  Ohio  general  assembly  passed  "An  Act  to  Incorporate  the 
Village  of  Cleveland  in  the  County  of  Cuyahoga."  The  new  village 
thus  created  included  "so  much  of  the  city  plat  of  Cleveland,  in  the 
town.ship  of  Cleveland  and  County  of  Cuyahoga  as  lies  northwardly  of 
Huron  street,  so  called,  and  westwardly  of  Erie  street,  so  called  in 
.said  city  plat  as  originally  laid  out  by  the  Cotuiecticut  Land  Com])any, 
according  to  the  minutes  and  survey  and  map  thereof  in  the  office  of 
the  recorder  of  said  County  of  Cuyahoga."  At  this  time,  it  is  said 
that  "the  town  had  thirty-four  buildings,  one  being  constructed  of 
brick,  and  thirty  families,  including  one  hundred  and  fifty  persons," 
and  that  Brooklyn  has  six  families  and  a  total  population  of  forty.  In 
February  of  this  year.  Major  Lorenzo  Carter  died  and  was  buried  in 
the  Erie  (East  Ninth)  Street  Cemetery. 

On  the  first  Monday  of  June,  1815,  twelve  of  the  male  inhabitants 
of  the  village  met  and,  liy  unanimous  votes,  chose  officers  as  follows: 

President,  Alfred  Kellcy. 
Recorder,  Horace  Perry. 
TridsKrrr,  Aloii/.o  Carter. 
Marslial,  John  A.  Ackley. 


1815]  TllK  VILLAGE  ORGANIZED  99 

Asucxsors,  Ooorp;o  AValliU'c  aiul  Jdliii  TJidtllc. 

'rnintcts,  Siiimu'I  Williamson,  David  Long  and  Nathan  Perry,  Jr. 

The  village  trustees  met  in  October  and,  ou  petition  of  a  baker's 
dozen,  laid  out  a  number  of  streets,  "  to  be  distinguished,  known  and 
failed"  St.  Clair  Street,  Bank  Street,  Seneea  Street,  Wood  Street, 
Bond  Street,  Euclid  Street  and  Diamond  Street.  The  last  named 
street  ran  around  the  four  sides  of  the  Public  Square;  the  others 
on  the  list  retained  for  many  yeai-s  the  names  thus  assigned.  St.  Clair 
and  Euclid  are  now  called  avenues.  Bank  is  West  Sixth,  Seneea  is 
West  Third,  Wood  is  East  Third,  and  Bond  is  East  Sixth.  Huron 
Street  is  now  Huron  Road,  and  Erie  Street  is  now  East  Ninth  Street. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

FIVE  YEARS  OF  VILLAGE  LIFE 

Having  secured  an  official  organization  for  tlie  little  village  that 
was  to  become  a  mertropolis,  we  may  with  propriety  quicken  our  pace 
as  we  move  on  from  the  then  to  the  now.  As  stated  in  the  preceding 
chapter,  the  first  president  of  the  village  was  Alfred  Kclley ;  in  less 
than  a  j'ear  he  resigned  and  was  succeeded  by  his  father,  Daniel 
Kelley,  who  held  the  office,  by  unanimous  elections,  until  1819.  In 
1820,  Horace  Perry  was  elected  and,  in  1821,  Reuben  Wood ;  then 
came  Leonard  Case  who  served  until  1825,  when  he  failed  to  qualify 
on  his  election  and  Eleazur  Waterman,  the  recorder,  became  presi- 
dent ex  officio.  Here  the  I'ecord  becomes  defective ;  it  is  probable  that 
Mr.  Waterman  continued  to  serve  as  president  and  recorder  until 
1828,  when  he  resigned  on  account  of  poor  health.  In  May  of  that 
year,  Oirson  Cathan  (a  son-in-law  of  Lorenzo  Cai'ter)  was  elected. 
Dr.  David  Long  was  elected  in  1829;  Richard  Hilliard  in  1830  and 
1831 ;  John  W.  Allen  served  from  1832  to  1835.  In  1836,  came  a  city 
charter  with  a  mayor  as  its  chief  administrative  officer.  In  1815, 
Alfred  Kelley  received  twelve  votes ;  in  1835,  Mr.  Allen  received  106 — 
a  fair  index  of  the  growth  of  the  village. 

FiHST  ViLi.AGE  Legislation 

The  following  resume  of  village  legislation,  chiefly  a  condensation 
of  the  record  written  by  Mr.  Kennedy,  will  probably  be  sufficient  for 
tiie  purpose  of  this  volume:  In  January,  1816,  Ashbel  W.  Walworth, 
a  son  of  John  and  the  corporation  clerk,  was  officially  ordered  not  to 
"issue  any  amount  of  bills  gi-eater  tlian  double  the  amount  of  the 
funds  in  his  bands."  In  1817,  it  was  ordered  that  "the  several  sums 
of  money  which  were  by  individuals  subscribed  for  the  building  of  a 
school-house,  in  said  village,  to  be  refunded  to  the  subscribers."  In 
1818,  the  first  recorded  ordinance  provided  that  "if  any  person  shall 
shoot  or  discharge  any  gun  or  pistol  witliin  said  village,  sueli  person 
so  offending  shall,  upon  conviction,  lie  fined  in  any  sum  not  exceeding 
five  dollars,  nnr  nndci-  fifty  cents.  I'nr  tlie  use  of  tlie  said  vil]ag(>."     In 

ion 


1815]  \ll.l;A(iE  AND  TOWN  101 

1820,  ordinances  were  passed  furhiddinji;  the  running  of  swine  at 
large,  or  butchering  within  the  limits  of  the  village  except  under  cer- 
tain regulation ;  prescribing  permits  for  the  giving  of  shows  and  pen- 
alties for  allowing  geese  to  run  at  large;  forbidding  horse  racing  and 
fast  driving,  etc.  In  1823,  the  i)lanting  of  shade  trees  in  the  streets 
was  regulated  by  ordinance.  In  1825,  a  tax  of  one-fourth  of  one  per 
cent  was  laid  on  all  the  property  in  the  village,  and  Canal  Street, 
Michigan  Street,  Champlain  Street,  and  a  part  of  Seneca  (now  West 
Third)  Street  were  laid  out.  In  1828,  a  tax  of  two  mills  per  dollar 
was  ordered  and,  when  the  village  trustees  appropriated  $200  to  put 
the  village  in  proper  order,  it  was  earnestly  asked  "what  on  earth  the 


A.  W.  Wat. WORTH 

trustees  could  find  in  the  village  to  spend  two  hundred  dollars  on?" 
In  1829,  the  first  fire  engine  was  bought  for  $285,  a  market  was 
established  and  regulated  by  ordinance,  and  the  delinquent  tax  list 
was  rather  robust.  In  1830,  a  village  seal  and  a  tax  of  half  a  mill 
on  the  dollar  were  ordered.  In  1831,  Prospect  Street  from  Ontario  to 
Erie  (Ea.st  Ninth)  Street  was  laid  out.  In  1832,  a  tax  of  two  mills 
on  the  dollar  was  ordered;  Dr.  David  Long  and  Orville  B.  Skinner 
were  made  a  committee  to  buy  a  village  hearse,  harness  and  bier; 
and,  in  fear  of  the  coming  of  the  cholera,  the  first  board  of  health 
was  appointed  as  is  set  forth  in  the  following  record:  "At  a  meet- 
ing of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  village  of  Cleaveland,  on  the  24th 
of  June,  1832.  present  J.  W.  Allen,  D.  Long,  P.  May,  and  S.  Pease, 
convened  for  the  appointment  of  a  board  of  health,  in  pursuance  of  a 
resolution  of  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  the  village  on  the  23rd  in- 


102  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      LChap.  VIII 

staiit,  the  following  gentlemen  were  appointed:  Dr.  [E.  W.]  Cowles, 
Dr.  [Joshua]  Mills,  Dr.  [Oran]  St.  John,  S.  Belden,  Charles  Deni- 
son."  Subsequently,  Dr.  J.  S.  Weldon  and  Daniel  Worley  w-ere  added 
to  the  board.  The  preparations  made  in  fear  of  the  approaching 
plague  were  quickly  justified  bj^  events,  as  will  appear  in  the  account 
of  the  "cholera  scares"  described  in  Chapter  IX.  In  1833, 
River  Street,  Meadow  Street  (West  Eleventh  Place),  and  Spring 
Street  were  laid  out  in  the  section  between  Water  (West  Ninth) 
Street  and  the  river.  ^Many  new  streets  were  laid  out  in  1834.  While 
these  things  were  being  done,  the  township  of  Cleveland,  of  which 
the  village  was  a  part,  was  doing  well.  As  was  common  then,  even 
in  the  older  parts  of  the  country,  many  persons  were  notified  to  leave 
lest  they  become  a  charge  upon  the  public.  The  trouble  of  an  inade- 
quate revenue  seems  to  have  been  chronic,  and  relief  was  sought 
in  1817  by  taxing  every  horse  half  a  dollar  and  every  head  of  horned 
cattle  twent.y-five  cents  per  year,  with  the  result  that  by  1821  the 
township  tax  had  been  increased  to  $86.02.  The  desire  for  holding 
office  was  not  universal;  about  1821,  Peter  ^I.  Weddell  refused  to 
serve  as  an  overseer  of  the  poor  and  was  fined  two  dollars  for  his  un- 
willingness; several  j'ears  later  we  find  this  entry  in  the  records:  "Be 
it  remembered  that  Leonard  Case  and  Samuel  Cowles,  declining  to 
serve  as  overeecrs  of  the  poor,  after  being  duly  elected  for  the  town- 
ship of  Cleaveland  for  1827,  paid  their  fines  according  to  the  requisi- 
tion of  the  statutes."  John  S.  Clark,  John  Blair,  and  Reuben  Cham- 
pion in  turn  declined  the  proffered  honor  and  paid  their  fines.  The 
records  also  show  that  the  indenturing  of  apprentices  was  not  in- 
frequent and  throw  light  upon  the  details  of  transactions  now  little 
understood.  Thus,  in  one  ca.se  it  was  provided  that  "he  will  cause  the 
said  minor  to  be  taught  to  read  and  write,  and  so  much  of  arithmetic 
as  to  include  the  single  rule  of  three,  and  at  the  expiration  of  said 
time  of  service,  to  furnish  the  said  minor  with  a  new  r>ible.  and  at 
least  two  suits  of  common  wearing  apiiarel." 

Notable  Arkivals  op  181G 

Having  thus  briclly  (lis])oscil  of  the  chief  legislative  events  of  the 
village  era,  we  turn  to  a  short  aci-dunt  of  other  matters  not  less  im- 
portant. In  1816,  the  as.sessed  valuation  of  the  real  estate  of  "The 
City  of  Cleveland"  as  surveyed  in  17!)6  (see  Seth  Pease  map,  ])age 
24),  was  $21,065.  A  visitor  to  the  village  that  year  declared 
that  "Cleaveland  never  would  amount  to  anything  because  the  soil 
was  too  poor,"  and  spent  the  night  at  the  Newburg  tavern  "because 


1816] 


VALUABLE  RECRUITS 


103 


it  was  the  most  ik'sirablc  place  for  man  and  beast."  Among  the. 
arrivals  of  that  year  were  Leonard  Case,  Philo  Seovill,  and  Noble  H. 
Jferwiii,  "iiotal>le  additions  to  the  popnlation."  ]\Ir.  Case  had  come 
to  Ohio  with  his  father,  who  settled  on  a  farm  near  Warren  in  1800. 
In  the  following:  year,  when  the  son  was  about  fifteen  years  of  age,  a 
severe  illness  left  him  a  cripple.  Seeing  that  he  could  not  be  a  farmer, 
the  lad  determined  to  be  a  surveyor;  in  1806,  he  became  connected 
with  the  office  of  the  laud  commissioner  at  Warren  and  thus  gained 
much  knowledge  concerning  the  Western  Reserve  and  the  Connecticut 
Land  Company.  During  the  war  with  England,  he  was  engaged  in 
the  collection  of  taxes  from  non-residents  of  the  Reserve  and  thus 
added  to  his  knowledge  of  land  values,  etc.    In  addition  to  his  regu- 


X   IB   9  ^  IS   S   S. 

■  It  AN  K  I.  IN    HoTsK 

1  SB  J  ,!!'  E  ^ 


If] 


FRANKLIN      HOUSE 

f.    SI  IIV  II.  I.. 

vi.v;v?.AX?iii'.  »\uv. 

Franklin  House,  1825 


lar  work,  he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Why  he  came , 
to  Cleveland  in  1816  will  soon  appear.  Philo  Scnvill  was  the  son  of 
Timothy  Seoville  and  came  to  Cleveland  from  Buffalo,  then  the  fam- 
ily residence.  The  father  was  a  millwright  and  his  son  was  familiar 
with  the  use  of  tools,  in  fact,  a  carpenter  and  joiner.  But  in  Cleve- 
land he  soon  established  himself  in  the  drug  and  grocery  business, 
which  proved  to  be  distasteful  and  unprofitable.  Then,  in  company 
with  Thomas  0.  Young,  he  built  a  sawmill  on  Big  Creek,  a  little 
stream  that  empties  into  the  Cuyahoga  River  near  the  southern  limits 
of  the  city.  After  the  mill  was  in  successful  operation,  he  branched 
out  as  a  building  contractor,  the  first  competitor  of  Levi  Johnson. 
Cleveland  was  growing  in  population,  and  ilr.  Seovill  was  busy 
building  stores  and  dwellings — and  prosperous.     In   1820,   Nathan 


104  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  VIII 

Perry  sold  to  Timothy  Scoville  fifty  feet  fi'out  of  lot  No.  50  (see 
the  Spafford  map,  page  97)  on  the  north  side  of  Superior  Street 
for  $300.  Here  Philo  Scovill,  in  1825,  built  the  Franklin  House,  the 
largest  tavern  that  Cleveland  had  yet  seen,  a  three-story,  frame  • 
building,  "very-  spacious  and  furnished  in  a  style  not  surpassed  in 
this  part  of  the  state."  In  addition  to  managing  his  hotel,  Mr.  Sco- 
vill continued  his  business  as  builder  and  invested  his  savings  in 
land.  One  of  these  purchases  consisted  of  one  hundred  and  ten  acres 
extending  along  the  north  side  of  what  is  now  Woodland  Avenue  from 
East  Ninth  Street  to  East  Twenty-eighth  Street.  In  this  year  (1816), 
Noble  H.  Merwin  brought  his  family  from  Connecticut.  It  is  said  that 
he  had  visited  Cleveland  and  built  a  log  warehouse  at  the  comer  of 
Superior  and  Merwin  streets  in  1815.  For  years,  Amos  Spafford, 
the  surveyor,  had  kept  a  small  inn  on  lot  73  (see  Spafford  map,  page 
97)  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Superior  Street  and  Vineyard  Lane 
(later  called  South  Water  Street  and  now  Columbus  Road).  In  1815, 
the  lot  was  sold  to  George  Wallace,  and  "Spaft'ord's  Tavern"  became 
the  "Wallace  House."  Since  1812,  W^allace  had  kept  a  tavern  on  the 
south  side  of  Superior  Street  west  of  Seneca  (West  Third)  Street. 
When  he  bought  Spafford 's  tavern,  his  former  place  passed  to  ilichael 
Spangler  who  there  kept  Spangler's  Inn  until  1824  or  later.  In 
1817,  Wallace  .sold  the  "Wallace  House"  to  David  :\Ierwin  of  Pal- 
myra, Portage  County;  in  1822,  the  buyer  sold  it  to  Noble  H.  ]\Ier- 
win.  The  Merwins  built  a  new,  two-story  tavern,  the  "Mansion 
House."  For  more  than  twenty  years  "it  was  Cleveland's  favorite 
hotel  and  its  owner,  a  popular  and  progressive  man,  was  a  leader  in 
business  and  civic  affairs."  In  1822,  ilr.  ^Merwin  hniiu-hed.  at  the 
foot  of  Superior  Street,  the  "Minerva,"  a  schooner  of  forty-four  tons, 
built  l>y  him  at  the  corner  of  Superior  and  Jlerwiii  streets.  In  this 
year  (1816),  the  "Cleavcland  Pier  Company"  was  iucoriKiratcd  "for 
the  purpose  of  erecting  a  pier  at  or  near  the  village  of  Cleaveland 
for  the  accommodation  of  vessels  navigating  Lake  Eric."  The  in- 
corporators were  Alonzo  Carter,  A.  W.  AVahvorth,  David  Long, 
Alfred  Kellcy,  Datus  Kelley,  Eben  llosincr,  l^aniel  Kelley,  George 
Wallace,  Darius  E.  Henderson,  Samuel  Willianisoii,  Sr.,  Irad  Kellcy, 
James  Kingsbury,  Horace  Perry  and  Levi  Joliiison.  But  storms  and 
quicksand  quickly  wrecked  what  tlicy  built  and  the  i)rojeet  was  a 
failure.  No  other  pier  was  built  into  the  lake  for  doekage  until  the 
famous  Stockly's  pier  was  built  at  the  foot  of  Hank  (West  Si.xth) 
Street,  a  thii-d  of  a  eeiiturv  later. 


1S16]  THE  FIRST  CHURCH  105 

First  Church  Organized. 

The  lament  of  the  Rev.  .Mr.  Badger  over  the  apparent  lack  of 
piety  in  Clevehuul  in  l.sdl'  has  hcon  already  noted  in  these  pages. 
Whatever  the  canse.  the  Clevehuul  villagers  refrained  from  doing 
mueh  in  the  way  of  organized  religious  eti'ort  for  inoi'e  than  a  dozen 
veal's  longer,  hut,  on  the  ninth  of  November,  1816,  there  was  a  meet- 
ing at  the  house  of  Phineas  Shepherd  "for  the  purpose  of  nominating 
ofBeers  for  a  Protestant  Kpiseopal  Chureh."  Timothy  Doan  was 
chosen  moderator;  Charles  Gear,  clerk;  Phineas  Shepherd  and  Abra- 
ham Seott.  wardens ;  Timothy  Doan,  Abraham  ITickox,  and  Jonathan 
Pelton,  vestrymen;  Dennis  Cooper,  reading  clerk.  The  little  com- 
pany then  adjourned  "till  Easter  Jlonday  next."  This  Phineas 
Shepherd  (or  Shephard)  had  come  from  Connecticut  in  1815,  and 
soon  took  up  his  residence  on  the  west  side  of  the  river.  His  log 
house,  in  which  this  first  church  organization  in  Cuyahoga  County 
was  tlnis  inaugiii-ated  was  located  on  Pearl  Street,  Brooklyn,  now 
called  West  Twenty-fifth  Street,  within  a  few  hundred  feet  of  the 
present  St.  John's  Church,  which  stands  at  the  corner  of  Church 
Avenue  and  West  Twenty-sixth  Street.  On  the  second  of  the  fol- 
lowing March  (3817),  at  a  vestry  meeting  held  at  the  court-house, 
attended  by  the  church  officers  chosen  at  the  meeting  held  at  Phineas 
Shepherd's  house  in  November,  and  by  John  Wilcox,  Alfred  Kelley, 
Irad  Kelley,  Thomas  i\l.  Kelley,  Noble  H.  Jlerwin,  David  Long,  D.  C. 
Henderson,  Philo  Seovill.  the  Rev.  Roger  Seaii  of  Plymouth,  Con- 
necticut, and  others,  it  was  resolved  that  the  persons  present  were 
attached  to  the  Protestant  P^piscoj^al  Church  of  the  United  States 
and  that  they  did  unite  themselves  into  a  congregation  by  the  name 
of  "Trinity  Parish  of  Cleaveland,  Ohio,  for  the  worship  and  services 
of  Almighty  God  according  to  the  forms  and  regulations  of  said 
church."  A  second  election  was.  held  a  few  days  later  at  which  offi- 
cers were  chosen  for  "Trinity  Parish  of  Cleaveland,"  but  the  village 
was  small  and  the  church  had  no  house  in  which  to  hold  its  meetings. 
There  was  no  settled  minister,  but  the  services  of  lay  readers  were 
secured,  and  ^Ir.  Searl.  who  for  nine  years  looked  after  the  struggling 
parishes  in  northern  Ohio,  made  occasional  visits.  In  1818,  says  Dr. 
John  Wesley  Brown,  a  former  rector  of  Trinity  Parish,  Cleveland, 
^Ir.  Seai-1  "organized  the  Episcopal  Chnrcli  called  Trinity,  Brook- 
lyn," and  on  that  day.  Philander  Chase,  tiie  first  Episcopal  bishop 
of  Ohio,  "confirmed  a  class  of  ten  candidates  in  Trinity,  Brooklyn, 
among  whom  was  the  Hon.  George  L.  Chapman."  Then,  for  a  time, 
there  was  a  Trinitv  Parish,  Cleveland,  and  a  Trinity  Parish,  Brook- 


106 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  VIII 


lyn,  but,  in  May,  1820,  a  meeting  of  the  Cleveland  vestiy  declared 
"that  it  is  expedient  in  future  to  have  the  clerical  and  other  public 
services  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Trinity  Parish,  heretofore  located 
in  Cleveland,  held  in  Brooklyn  ordinarily,  and  occasionally  in  Cleve- 
land and  Euclid,  as  circumstances  may  seem  to  require."  At  the 
next  annual  convention  of  the  diocese,  Mr.  Searl  reported  that  ' '  most 
of  the  efficient  members  of  Trinity  Church,  Cleveland,  being  residents 
in  the  township  and  very  flourishing  village  of  Brooklyn,  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Cuyahoga  River,  and  directly  opposite  the  village  of 
Cleveland,  the  Parish  was  induced  at  the  last  regular  Easter  meet- 


^Old  Trinity"  Church,  1828-29 


ing,  to  vote  its  permanent  Incation  and  public  services  in  Brooklyn. 
In  consequence  of  this  resolution,  the  word  'Cleveland"  will  in  future 
be  omitted  in  the  records  of  that  Parish.  Their  number  is  small,  but 
the  members  are  res]K'ctal)Ie  and  they  now  have  the  services  of  the 
Church  regularly  performed  every  Sunday."  In  1.S23  and  1825, 
Bishop  Chase  "preached  in  Cleaveland  but  went  over  to  Brooklyn 
for  confinnation."  In  1825,  "the  (luestion  of  building  a  Church 
edifice  having  been  raised,  it  was  decided  to  have  it  located  in 
Cleaveland  and  hold  services  on  tlie  east  side  of  the  river  from  thence- 
fortli.  Conseqnently,  at  the  Ninth  Annual  Convention  of  the  diocese 
held  June  7,  1826,  Trinity  Parish  was  designated  as  being  in  Cleave- 


18161 


A  QUESTION  OF  PKIOIUTY 


107 


laud."  In  that  year,  tlie  liev.  Silas  C.  Freeiuaii  beeaaie  rector  of  Trin- 
ity Parish  ou  a  salary  of  $500  per  annum,  with  the  understanding 
that  the  eliureh  of  the  .same  denomination  at  Norwalk  should  employ 
him  one-third  or  one-half  of  the  time,  paying  their  proportion  of  the 
five  hundred  dollars.  Under  this  arrangement,  Trinity  Parish  reerossed 
the  river  and  services  were  held  in  the  court-house.  In  1827,  Mr.  Free- 
man succeeded  in  raising  funds  for  a  church.  A  lot  was  secured  at  the 
corner  of  St.  Clair  and  Seneca  (West  Third)  streets,  and  a  frame 
church  building,  "distinctly  Gothic  as  to  its  details,"  was  put  up 
thereon  "at  a  cost  of  $3,000.00  which  was  consecrated  the  12th  of 
August,  1829,  and  was  the  first  house  devoted  to  the  worship  of  God 
in  the  present  City  of  Cleveland."  In  1828  (August  12),  Trinity 
Parish  of  Cleveland  was  incorporated  by  special  act  of  the  general 


St.  John's  Ciiuecm,  1828-29 


assembly,  with  Josiah  Barber,  Phineas  Shepherd,  Charles  Taylor, 
Henry  L.  Xoble,  Eeuben  Champion,  James  S.  Clark,  Sherlock  J. 
Andrews,  Levi  Sargeant,  and  John  W.  Allen  as  vestiymen  and  war- 
dens. The  first  named  three  of  these  had  taken  part  in  the  meeting 
held  at  Phineas  Shepherd's  house  in  Brooklyn  in  November,  1816, 
and  later,  after  Trinity  was  taken  away  from  Brooklyn,  were  among 
the  organizers  of  the  still  existing  St.  John's  parish.  In  December, 
1835,  the  Rev.  Seth  Davis  became  the  first  rector  of  St.  John's  and, 
in  1836,  a  stone  church  was  built  at  the  corner  of  Church  an*!  Wall 
streets,  now  known  a.s  Church  Avenue  and  West  Twenty-sixth 
Street.  The  old  church  is  still  occupied  as  a  church  by  St.  John's 
parish.  In  1855,  Trinity  parish  consecrated  a  large  stone  church 
on  Superior  Street  near  Bond  (East  Sixth)  Street  which  became  the 
cathedral  and,  in  its  turn,  gave  way  to  the  present  Trinity  Cathedral 


108  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVlhONS      [Chap.  VIII 

at  the  corner  of  Euclid  Avenue  and  East  Twenty-second  Street. 
Whether  Trinity  Cathedral  .or  St.  John's  Chui'ch  is  the  oldest  church 
organization  in  Cuyahoga  County  is  still  a  mooted  question,  but  the 
matter  was  prettily  stated  in  the  congratulations  sent  by  the  church 
to  the  cathedral  on  the  occasion  of  their  respective  centennials, 
(November  9,  1916)  :  "Trinity  Cathedral,  Cleveland — our  twin 
brother,  born  in  the  same  log  cabin,  on  the  same  day  and  hour,  under 
the  protecting  roof  of  the  Pioneer  of  Brooklyn,  Phineas  Shepherd. 
We  have  long  since  forgiven  Ti-inity  for  leaving  our  bed  and  board 
and  changing  its  name  from  Trinity,  Brooklyn,  to  Trinity,  Cleveland, 
as  it  was  obliged  to  do  w-hen  it  set  up  housekeeping  for  itself 
because  its  members  ou  that  side  of  the  river  became  weary 
or  afraid  of  crossing  over  to  Brooklyn  on  Sundays  on  a  floating 
bridge  which  sometimes  floated  out  into  the  lake." 

Kelley's  Large  Stone  House 

Alfred  Kelley  owned  a  piece  of  land  extending  from  Water  (West 
Ninth)  Street  to  the  river  and  overlooking  the  lake  at  the  north. 
Here,  near  the  corner  of  Water  and  Lake  streets  (West  Ninth  Street 
and  Lakeside  Avenue),  he  built  a  ".somewhat  pretentious"  house, 
intending  it  for  his  parents,  but  before  it  wa.s  finished  his  mother  died 
and  the  house  became  his  home,  for  he  soon  went  back  to  Lowville 
whence  he  had  come  and  took  thence  a  bride.  Most  of  the  accounts 
speak  of  this  as  Cleveland's  second  brick  house  and  say  that  it  was 
built  in  1816,  but  the  Kelley  Famili/  History  says:  "In  1814,  he 
began  the  construction  of  a  stone  house  on  the  bluff  overlooking  Lake 
Erie,  a  short  distance  easterly  from  the  old  lighthouse."  In  the 
summer  of  1817,  Mr.  Kelley  married  and  brought  his  bride  to  his 
still  unfinished  house  in  Cleveland.  Some  of  the  incidents  of  the 
home-coming  are  thus  recorded  by  Mr.  Kennedy:  "He  had  pur- 
eha.sed  a  carriage  in  Albany,  and  after  the  wedding  the  young  couple 
set  out  in  that  vehicle  for  the  new  home  he  had  found  in  the  west. 
They  drove  to  Buffalo,  and  as  the  roads  had  become  quite  difficult 
to  travel,  they  decided  to  come  the  remainder  of  the  distance  on  a 
schooner  that  was  then  lying  in  the  harbor.  As  she  was  not  yet 
ready  to  sail,  they  drove  to  Niagara  Falls,  and  on  the  return  found 
that  the  vessel  had  taken  advantage  of  a  favoring  breeze,  and 
gone  on  without  them.  They  thereupon  concluded  to  continue  in 
their  vehicle.  Seven  days  were  occupied  in  Ihe  trip,  as  the  roads 
were  in  a  fearful  condition,  and  for  portions  of  the  distance  both 
W'ere  compelled  to  walk.     Upon  reaching  Cleveland  they  discovered 


ISHil 


THE  FIRST  BANK 


1(J<) 


that  tlie  scliooner  had  not  yet  arrived  in  port.  Their  earriage  was 
the  first  one  seen  in  Cleveland,  and  was  for  a  long  time  in  demand 
upon  spceial  occasions.  It  was  used  by  the  senior  L(M)nard  Case,  when 
he,  also,  went  forth  to  bring  home  a  bride."  The  house  was  occupied 
by  Mv.  Kelley  and  his  wife  until  1827 ;  in  it  the  fii-st  five  of  their  chil- 
dren  were  born.      Tiie   oldri-  of  these  ehiitlren   used   to  play  on   the 


Jt<2H..'^".'~  -■■■ : ^  ■ 


Alfred  Kelley 's  Home 

beach  of  the  lake  where  the  so-called  "Union  Depot''  now   (1918) 
stands.    The  house  was  torn  uowu  about  1850. 


Cleveland's  First  Bank  and  Bankers 

In  this  year  of  Cleveland's  first  church  organization,  also  came 
its  first  bank.  A  new  general  banking  law,  enacted  by  the  general 
assembly  for  the  improvement  of  the  banking  interests  of  Ohio,  in- 
corporated half  a  dozen  banks,  including  the  Commercial  Bank 
of  Lake  Erie,  and  extended  the  charters  of  several  more.  The  incor- 
porators of  this  pioneer  bank  of  Cleveland  were  John  H.  Strong, 
Samuel  "^'illiamson,  Philo  Taylor,  George  Wallace,  David  Long, 
Erastus  Miles,  Seth  Doan,  and  Alfred  Kelley.  The  bank  was  opened 
for  business  in  a  building  that  stood  at  the  corner  of  Superior  and 
Bank  (West  Sixth)  streets.  The  rest  of  the  short  stoi-y  of  its  life 
is  told  by  an  entrj'  on  a  fly  leaf  of  the  largest  of  four  record  books 
still  preserved  by  the  'Western  Reserve  Historical  Society.  The  rec- 
ord runs  thus : 


110 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  VIII 


This  ledger,  with  the  two  journals  and  letter-book,  are  the  tirst 
books  used  for  lianking  in  Cleveland.  They  were  made  by  Peter 
Burtsell,  in  New  York,  for  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Lake  Erie,  which 
commenced  business  in  August,  1816, — Alfred  Kelley  president,  and 
Leonard  Case,  cashier.  The  bank  failed  in  1820.  On  the  second  day 
of  April,  1832,  it  was  reorganized  and  resumed  business,  after  paying 
off  its  existing  liabilities,  consisting  of  less  than  ten  thousand  dollars 
due  the  treasurer  of  the  United  States.     Leonard  Case  was  chosen 


''%:;/j?^^^ 

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HppfLF 

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v 

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T.    P.    II.\NDY 


president,  and  Truman  V.  Handy,  cashier.  The  following  gentle- 
men constituted  its  directory:  Leonard  Case,  Samuel  AViJIiamson, 
Edward  Clark,  Peter  ^M.  Weddell,  llenian  Oviatt,  Charles  M.  Gid- 
dings,  John  Blair,  Alfred  Kelley,  David  King,  James  Duncan,  Kos- 
well  Kent,  T.  P.  Handy,  John  W.  Allen.  Its  charter  expired  in  1842. 
The  legislature  of  Ohio  refusing  to  extend  the  charter  of  existing 
banks,  its  affairs  were  placed,  by  the  courts,  in  the  hands  of  T.  P. 
Handy,  Henry  B.  Payne,  and  Dudley  Baldwin,  as  special  commis- 


i'ir- 


/v//> 


D 


fOMMKIidVI.    1!\NK   (IT    r.\Ki;    KltlK, 


j    C/liy  fi  ■ 


ir   .  Unrri; 


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^  Cf^U^     &<2c^    .<^c^ 


Commercial  Ba>jiv  Check 


4 


i«M*«-j-Ti»w  .  '  *r.*jc<wx»n'ax:inic»»-*;MB3ii»rt  ^ 


«n*ft  ^--^nmc^n"^  i  T     if  rii^^ — t~t-' 


Bank  Note 


112 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS       [Chap.  VIII 


sioners,  who  proceeded  to  pay  off  its  lialiilities  and  wind  up  its  affairs. 
Thej-  paid  over  to  its  stockhohlors  the  balance  of  its  assets  in  land 
and  money,  in  June,  1844.  T.  P.  Handy  was  then  appointed  trustee 
of  the  stockholders,  who,  under  their  orders,  distributed  to  them  tlie 
remaining  assets  in  June,  1845.  Its  capital  was  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars.  The  books  were,  prior  to  1832,  kept  by  Leonard  Case,  cashier. 
[Presented  to  the  Historical  Society  of  Cleveland  by  T.  P.  Handy, 
January.  1877.] 

ilr.   Case  was  called  from   Warren   to  serve  as  the  first  cashier 
of   the  bank,    on   the   recommendation    of   Judge   James   Kingsbury, 


LeON.VKD   C-\bE 


"because  he  \vi'(}tc  a  frdml  liaiid  and  was  a  good  accountant."  The 
village  was  small  and  Ihe  business  nf  the  hank  did  not  keep  the  i-ash- 
iei-  busy.  Although  he  had  l)e('n  admitted  to  the  bar.  "he  nr\cr  was 
a  trial  lawyei-,  but  he  used  his  knowledge  in  ad.iusting  business  differ- 
ences, particularly  as  to  land,  was  frugal  and  bought  land,  so  that 
at   his  death   he  was  one  nl'   llic   rich   nu>n   nf  Clcvt'land."      lie  died 


1816] 


MEDIA  OF  EXCHANGE 


113 


ill  18(J4,  li'uviiig  Ills  property  to  his  sou,  the  second  Leonard  Case 
who,  by  his  generous  contributions  to  philanthropic  work  in  Cleve- 
land, and  by  his  ondownn'iit  of  the  Case  Library  and  the  Case  School 
of  Applied  Science,  has  forever  linked  the  name  of  Case  with  that  of 
Cleveland.  As  Alfred  Kelley  and  Leonard  Case  were  men  of  integ- 
rity and  of  the  highest  order  of  financial  ability,  we  may  safely 
assume  that  the  early  failure  of  Cleveland's  pioneer  bank  was  due  to 


c: 


I^JVt 


-^s 


-V 


(>i|i  i    THE  CORl'OR.\TJ«)N  OF  tI-V;AVKl-\N^\ 


I'l^iiscs  to  pay  the  Ikaici 


Xi  ?-^  f    TWKLVE  .\XJ)  AN  ILVLF  CENTS.  ^| 


Y-d/^Ti'i'L 


(■If  ■/ 


"SlIINPL.\STERS" 

existing  conditions  and  not  to  any  fault  of  theirs.  The  local  money 
market  was  then  so  cramped  that,  about  1817,  the  village  trustees, 
to  relieve  the  needs  of  the  people,  issued  corporation  scrip,  popu- 
larly known  as  '"shinplasters,"  ranging  in  value  from  six  and  a  quar- 
ter cents  to  fifty  cents,  and  "a  silver  dollar  was  divided  into  nine 
pieces,  each  pa.ssing  for  a  shilling,"  i.  e.,  twelve  and  a  half  cents. 
According  to  'My.  Orth,  "the  reorganization  of  this  bank,  in  1832, 


114  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  VIII 

.  was  due  to  the  distinguished  historian,  George  Bancroft,  who  was 
then  in  Washington  where  he  heard  that  its  charter  was  good  for 
several  years  and  that  the  prospects  for  a  bank  in  Cleveland  were 
of  the  best.  He  provided,  with  others,  capital  of  $200,000,  and  sent 
Truman  P.  Handy,  one  of  Cleveland's  ablest  and  wisest  bankers,  to 
be  its  cashier.  Cleveland  has  thus  become  a  double  debtor  to  this 
national  historian."  As  we  shall  see,  Mr.  Handy  served  Cleveland  in 
various  capacities,  and  always  faithfully  and  well. 

At  this  time,  the  assessed  "value  of  the  real  estate  within  the 
city,  including  the  entire  plat  suiweyed  in  1796,  was  $21,065."  To 
this  information,  add  several  descriptions  that  have  been  preserved 
for  us  and  we  get  a  pretty  clear  idea  of  what  the  village  and  its  envi- 
rons then  were.  In  a  persojial  statement  by  Captain  Lewis  Dibble, 
printed  in  the  Annuls  of  the  Early  Settlers  Association,  we  are  told 
that  (going  west),  "on  leaving  Doan's  Corners,  one  would  come  in  a 
little  time  to  a  cleared  farm.  Then  down  about  where  A.  P.  Wins- 
low  now  lives  [Euclid  Avenue  and  East  Seventy-first  Street]  a 
man  named  Curtis  had  a  tannery.  There  was  only  a  small  clearing, 
large  enough  for  the  tannery  and  a  residence.  There  was  nothing 
else  but  woods  until  Willson  avenue  [East  Fiftj'-fifth  Street]  was 
reached,  and  there  a  man  named  Bartlett  had  a  small  clearing,  on 
which  there  was  a  frame  house,  the  boards  running  up  and  down. 
Following  down  the  line  of  what  is  now  Euclid  avenue,  the  next 
sign  of  civilization  was  found  at  what  is  now  Erie  [East  Ninth 
Street],  where  a  little  patch  of  three  or  four  acres  had  been  cleared, 
surrounded  by  a  rail  fence.  Where  the  First  Methodist  Church  [the 
Cleveland  Trust  Company's  building]  now  stands,  a  man  named 
Smith  lived,  in  a  log-house.  I  don't  remember  any  building  between 
that  and  the  Square,  which  was  already  laid  out,  l)ut  covered  with 
bushes  and  stumps." 

Mrs.  Philo  Scovill  tells  us  that  "many  stumps  and  uncut  bushes 
disfigured  the  Public  Sipiare,  its  only  decoration  being  the  log  jail. 
Tlie  land  south  from  Superior  Street  to  the  river  was  used  as  a  cow 
pasture  and  was  thought  to  lie  of  little  value."  Wo  also  have  the 
statement  of  Leonard  Case  that  "the  only  streets  fairly  cleared  were 
Superior  west  of  the  S(|nare;  Euclid  road  was  made  passable  for 
teams,  as  was  also  part  of  Ontario  street.  Water  street  was  a  wind- 
ing path  in  the  bushes;  and  TTnion  and  \'ineyard  lanes  mere  jiiitlis 
to  tile  river.  -Mandrake  laiu'  and  Seneca  and  Rank  streets  were  prac- 
tically all  woods;  while  Ontario  street  noi-lli  of  the  Square,  Superior 
ea.st  of  it,  Erie,  P.ond  and  Wood,  were  in  a  stale  of  nature.     ,\  pass- 


18171 


A  VILLAGE  SCHOOL-HOUSE 


115 


able  roail  van  out  by  (.)iitario  street  aud  the  modern  Broadway,  to 
Newburg.  The  Kinsman  road  (Woodland  avenue)  was  then  alto- 
gether out  of  town." 

First  Scuoul-House  Built  in  Clevel^\nd 

In  a  small  grove  of  oak  trees  on  St.  Clair  Street  near  Bank  (West 
Sixth)  Street,  on  the  east  side  of  the  lot  now  occupied  by  the  Ken- 
iiard  House,  a  little  school-house  had  been  built  by  private  subscrip- 
tion, the  donors  being  John  A.  Ackley,  Walter  Bradrock,  Alonzo 
Carter,  John  Dixon,  Stephen  S.  Dudley,  J.  Heather,  D.  C.  Hender- 
son, Levi  Johnson,  Daniel  Kelley,  T.  &  I.  Kelley,  David  Long,  Edward 


Cleveland's  First  School-house 


MeCarney,  T.  &  D.  Mills,  Plinney  Mowrey,  Joel  Nason,  N.  H.  Mer- 
win,  Geo.  Pease,  Horace  Perry,  J.  Riddle,  James  Root,  William  Trim- 
ball,  Geo.  Wallace.  A.  W.  Walworth,  Jacob  Wilkerson,  and  Samuel 
W'illiamson,  the  several  amounts  ranging  from  two  and  a  half  to 
twenty  dollars.  In  January,  1817,  the  village  trustees  voted  that  the 
sums  given  for  this  purpose  by  these  public  spirited  citizens  should  be 
refunded  to  them  from  "the  treasury  of  the  corporation  at  the  end  of 
three  years  from  and  after  the  13th  of  June,  1817,"  and  that  "the  cor- 
poration shall  be  the  sole  proprietors  of  the  said  school-house."  In 
later  years.  Miller  'SI.  Spangler,  who  learned  to  read  at  one  of  the 
schools  kept  in  this  building,  made  a  sketch  of  it  which  is  herewith  re- 
produced. In  his  Enrhj  Ilistorij  of  the  CleveUtnd  PiMlc  Sclwols,  pub- 
lished by  the  boaixl  of  education  in  1876,  Mr.  Andrew  Freese,  Cleve- 


116  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS       [Chap.  VIII 

land's  first  superintendent  of  schools,  says:  "No  description  of  this 
building  is  needed  further  than  to  say  that  it  resembled  a  country  dis- 
trict schoolhouse,  being  modeled  upon  that  well-known  and  j^eeuliarly 
constructed  edifice,  w'hicli  has  suffered  no  change  in  a  century — one 
stor^-,  the  size  about  24x30,  chimney  at  one  end,  door  at  the  corner 
near  the  chimney,  the  six  windows  of  twelve  lights  each  placed  high ; 
it  being  an  old  notion  that  children  should  not  look  out  to  see  any- 
thing. As  a  school-house  of  the  olden  time,  some  interest  attaches 
to  its  history,  but  perhaps  more  from  the  fact  that  it  was  the  first 
school  property  ever  owned  by  Cleveland  as  a  corporation.  But  the 
schools  kept  in  it  were  not  free,  except  to  a  few  who' were  too  poor 
to  pay  tuition.  The  town  gave  the  rent  of  the  house  to  such  teach- 
ers as  were  deemed  qualified,  subjecting  them  to  very  few  conditions. 
They  were  left  to  manage  the  school  in  all  respects  just  as  they 
pleased.  It  was,  in  short,  a  private  and  not  a  public  school."  Ac- 
cording to  the  Recollections  of  George  B.  Merwin,  the  school  was 
opened  with  twenty-four  pupils,  and  "the  young  men  in  the  town 
were  assessed  to  paj*  the  master  for  the  amount  of  his  wages  for  the 
children  of  those  parents  who  were  unable  to  do  so.  .  .  .  Reli- 
gious services  were  regularly  held  here.  Judge  Kelley  offering  prayer, 
a  young  man  read  the  sermon,  and  my  mother  led  the  singing ;  sing- 
ing school  was  also  kept  here,  taught  by  Herschel  Foote,  who  came 
from  Utica,  N.  Y.,  and  established  the  firet  book-store  in  town." 
In  addition  to  these  improvements  in  educational  matters,  there  wei'e, 
in  1817,  several  improvements  in  commercial  circles,  "suggestive 
of  an  upward  trend  in  business  affairs.  .  .  .  Captain  "William 
Gaylord  and  Leonard  Case  put  up  the  first  frame  warehouse  down 
by  the  river,  those  in  existence  previously  being  of  logs.  Not  long 
afterwards,  Dr.  David  Long  and  Levi  Johnson  constructed  another, 
of  like  character,  near  the  same  locality,  and  still  another  was  built 
by  John  Blair." 

The  first  printing  press  set  up  in  Cleveland  was  brnught  from 
Beaver,  Pennsylvania,  by  its  owner,  Andrew  Logan ;  with  it  he 
brought  such  type  and  outfit  as  he  had.  Ujion  this  hand  press  was 
printed  a  little  four-page  sheet  with  four  columns  to  the  page.  Ac- 
cording to  Logan's  prospectus,  his  paper,  Thf  Cleaveland  Gazette 
and  Commercial  Register,  was  to  be  issued  weekly,  a  promise  that  he 
was  not  able  to  make  good,  although  he  tried  to  keep  faith  with  his 
few  subscribers.  The  first  issue  of  this  first  Cleveland  newspaper 
bears  date  of  July  31,  1818.  Logan's  type  was  so  worn  ("down  to 
the  third  nick")  that  some  of  the  matter  printed  was  illcgilile,  and 
a  lack  of  paper  soirietimes  delayed  the  days  of  publication  Miid  some- 


1818] 


THE  FIRST  NEWSPAPER 


117 


times  foivcd  tlie  issue  oi  hali"  sheets.  Oii  the  eightli  of  December, 
Logan  told  his  patrons  that  they  need  not  expect  any  more  issues 
of  the  Gazette  and  Register  until  he  got  hack  from  a  pi'oposed  trip 


mie  Cteareland  Ga&ei    , 

I  ffl  AND 


•  iilU  li«I*l*  l»"M-i«.  lUtM  H  l«»  Cwt.ftT»T- — ft-*- 


ci«»J".i.  (m^.i  CniI.)-.  Jul;  II.  im. 


AiiM 


, .'.  ^«.W1-, 


■JM 


-..I ,  1...  ....-»>»  i«.  J 


■  "*''^.ir\''J"r*rwE  .Ttx*r.^'T.*'.'*'.'!.t*.'r,in! 


i'.tLnr;j  ■■•..^ 


-i.vr,.-:.-.r.^ir;; 


tBft  t(«lrHt-»l>(l&«INI 


-ffrtf^-—-' 


r^Sr^'".: 


The   Cleaveland   Gazette  a.nd   Cummercial   Register. 

July  31,  1818 

First  reproduction  from  the  original  copy,  by  the  courtesy  of 

The  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society. 

to  the  nearest  paper  supply  establishment,  and  the  trij)  took  two 
weeks.  On  the  twenty-tirst  of  March,  1820,  the  publication  of  the 
paper  was  discontinued ;  probably  the  result  of  the  competition  of 
a  better  equipped  rival  that  appeared  in  1819. 


118  CLEVELAXD  AND  ITS  EXVIROXS      [Chap.  VIII 

In  this  year  (1818),  the  first  Methodist  chureli  in  what  is  now 
Cleveland  was  organized  in  what  was  then  Brooklyn.  The  Centenary 
of  ^Methodism  in  Cleveland  was  celebrated  (Sunday,  September  15. 
1918)  with  a  parade  of  many  thousands  and  two  large  memorial 
meetings,  one  at  the  Euclid  Avenue  Opera  House  and  the  other  at 
the  Hippodrome. 

Reuben  "Wood 

In  1818,  came  to  Cleveland  from  Vermont  a  lawyer,  Reuben  "Wood. 
He  soon  acquired  an  extensive  legal  practice,  became  a  member  of 
the  state  senate,  eliief-justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  in  1849  and 
1850  was  elected  governor  of  Ohio ;  he  died  at  Rockport  in  Cuyahoga 


ffS-- 


Keupen  Wood 

County  in  1864.  In  the  same  year  came  Ahaz  Merchant,  a  surveyor 
who  did  a  great  deal  of  engineering  for  the  city  and  county  prior 
to  the  emi)loymcnt  of  a  city  cngincci-,  laid  out  the  most  important 
allotments  in  Ohio  City,  a  ])art  of  tlic  original  Brooklyn  township 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  and,  in  the  early  railway  building  era, 
built  the  "Angler  House,"  now  long  known  as  "The  Kcnnard."  He 
was  the  father  of  Silas  Mcrcliaiit,  a  famous  business  man  and  liii-:d 
politician  of  a  later  generation.  The  A\\i\/.  Merchant  map  of  Cleve- 
land in  1SI55  ai)pcars  on  a  later  i)agc  of  this  vohunc  In  the  same 
year  also  came  Oi'lando  ( 'niter  who  began  business  iiere  witli  a  stock 
of  goods  valued  at  .t20.0()(J — a  big  store  for  Cleveland  in  that  day. 
That  year  also  brought  by  schooner  Levi  Sargent  and  his  I'amily.    His 


1818]  TIIH  FIRST  STEAMBOAT  119 

soil,  John  II.  Sargent,  became  a  fanious  civil  engineer,  early  railway 
builder,  and  an  active  member  of  the  Early  Settlers  Association,  in 
the  Annah  of  which  he  has  put  on  record  that  "Orlando  Cutter  dealt 
out  groceries  and  provisions  at  the  top  of  Superior  lane,  looking  up 
Superior  street  to  the  woods  in  and  beyond  the  Public  Square,  and 
1  still  remember  the  sweets  from  his  mococks  of  Indian  sugar.  Nathan 
Perry  sold  dry  goods,  Walworth  made  hats,  and  Tewell  repaired  old 
watches  on  Superior  street.  Dr.  Long  dealt  out  ague  cures  from  a 
little  frame  house  nearly  opposite  Bank  street  at  first,  but  not  long 
after  from  a  stone  house,  that  stood  a  little  back  from  Superior 
street.  The  'Ox  Bow,  Cleveland  centre,'  was  then  a  densely  wooded 
swamp.  Alonzo  Carter  lived  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  opposite 
the  foot  of  Superior  lane.  He  was  a  great  hunter."  In  April,  1817, 
Ara  Sprague  arrived.  In  the  indispensable  Annals,  he  says:  "I 
arrived  a  few  weeks  after  the  first  census  had  been  taken.  Its  popu- 
lation was,  at  that  time,  but  one  hundred  and  seventy-two  souls;  all 
poor,  and  struggling  hard  to  keep  soul  and  body  together.  Small 
change  was  very  scarce.  They  used  what  were  called  'corporation 
shinplasters'  as  a  substitute.  The  inhabitants  were  mostly  New  Eng- 
land people,  and  seemed  to  be  living  in  a  wilderness  of  scrub  oaks. 
Only  thirty  or  forty  acres  had  been  cleared.  Most  of  the  occupied 
town  lots  were  fenced  with  rails.  There  were  three  warehouses  on 
the  river;  however,  very  little  commercial  business  was  done,  as  there 
was  no  harbor  at  that  time.  All  freight  and  passengers  were  landed 
on  the  beach  by  lighter  and  smaller  boats.  To  get  freight  to  the 
warehouses,  which  were  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  beach,  we  had 
to  roll  it  over  the  sand,  and  load  it  into  canal  boats.  The  price  of 
freight  from  Buffalo  to  Cleveland  was  $1  a  barrel;  the  price  of  pas- 
sage on  vessels  $10,  and  on  steamboats  $20." 

"W^vlk-ix-the-Wateb"  Makes  Cleveland 

The  last  item  in  ilr.  Sprague 's  schedule  of  prices,  just  quoted, 
suggests  that  there  was  a  .steamboat  on  Lake  Erie  at  that  time — and 
there  was.  For  nearly  a  hundred  years  after  the  disappearance  of 
"Le  Griffon,"  the  short-lived  vessel  that  LaSalle  had  built,  in  1679, 
on  the  Niagara  River,  five  miles  above  the  falls,*  there  were  no  sail- 
boats on  the  great  lakes.  In  1763,  two  or  three  schooners  were 
engaged  in  carrying  the  troops,  supplies  and  furs  between  the  Niagara 
and  Detroit.     In  1769,  the  "Enterprise"  was  built  at  Detroit,  the 


*  See   Avery's  History  of  the    United  States  and  Its  People,   vol.   ;i,   page* 
17:!-177. 


120 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  VIII 


beginning  of  a  great  industry  there.  As  we  have  seen,  shipbuilding 
was  begun  at  Cleveland  early  in  the  nineteenth  century.  The  build- 
ing of  the  "Zephyr"  by  Major  Carter  and  of  the  "Pilot"  by  Levi 
Johnson  have  been  i-ecorded  in  earlier  pages  of  this  volume.  Prior 
to  ISIS,  the  "Ohio"  of  sixty  tons  had  been  built  by  Murray  and 
Bixby;  the  "Lady  of  the  Lake,"  thirty  tons,  by  Mr.  Gaylord,  brother 
of  the  wife  of  Leonard  Case ;  and  the  ' '  Neptune, ' '  sixty -five  tons,  by 
Levi  Johnson,  and  several  other  of  less  burthen.     But  now,  on  the 


'  ■  W.\LK-1N-T1IE-W.\TKR 


twenty-fifth  of  August,  in  this  year.  1818,  the  inhabitants  of  the  vil- 
lage of  Cleveland  got  their  first  glimpse  of  a  now  era  in  tlic  naviga- 
tion of  the  Great  Lakes.  On  that  day,  tlic  ]»iclur('s(|uc  slranilinat. 
"Walk-in-the-Water,"  named  al'tei'  a  chief  of  tlie  Wyandot  trilie, 
stopped  at  Cleveland  on  her  way  from  l^ulTalo  to  Dftrnit.  'I'lic  inci- 
dent was  thus  recorded  in  Die  Gazette  and  Kegistir  i>f  \hr  first  of 
September;  "Tlie  elegant  sfeaml)oat,  '  Walk-in-the-\Vater.'  Cai)tain 
Fish,  from  P.ufl'alo,  arrived  in  this  place  on  Tuesday  last  on  her 
way  to  Detroit.  On  lier  ai'rival  she  was  greeted  witli  a  salute  (if  sev- 
eral rounds  of  artillery  from  the  i>oint.  She  was  visited  liy  a  num- 
ber of  gentlemen  and  ladies  fi-om  tlie  village,  who  were  treated  witli 
the  greatest  attention  and  politeness  liy  tlie  ofifieers  and  crew.  She 
is  caliMilatcil   to  I'arrv   tlii'ee  Imndri'd   Inns  and   t<i  accdnimiulate  alnint 


18191 


ANOTHER  NEWSPAPER 


121 


one  hundred  passengers  in  iln'  cabin  exelusive  of  steerage  and  fore- 
castle, for  the  aceomniodation  of  families.  After  remaining  ofif  the 
mouth  of  the  river  for  a  sliort  time  sh3  proceeded  on  her  way  to 
Detroit.  Tiie  'Walk  in  the  Water'  will  run,  propelled  by  steam  alone, 
from  eight  to  ten  miles  an  iiour.  She  is  schooner  rigged  and  in 
a  gale  will  possibly  work  as  well  as  any  vessel  on  the  lake."  The  run 
from  Cleveland  to  Detroit  was  made  in  forty-four  hours  and  ten 
minutes.  This  first  steamboat  on  Lake  Erie  was  wrecked  at  the  mouth 
of  Buffalo  Creek  in  1S21.     The  second  steamboat  on  the  lake  was  the 


as^, 


A  Present  D.\y  Mammoth  of  the  Lake 

By  way  of  contrast  to  the  " Walkin-the- Water, "  a  picture  of  one  of  her  suc- 
cessors  on    the   Cleveland   and    Buffalo   line   is   herewith   given. 


"Superior,"  which  was  launched  at  Buffalo  in  April  of  the  follow- 
ing year. 

Cleveland  Herald  Founded 

In  1819,  came  a  second  and  more  successful  venture  in  the  pub- 
lication of  a  Cleveland  newspaper.  In  his  Autobiography  of  a  Pio- 
neer Printer,  Mr.  Eber  D.  Howe  says:  "I  commenced  looking  about 
for  material  aid  to  bring  about  my  plan  for  putting  in  operation  the 
'Cleaveland  Herald.'  With  this  view,  I  went  to  Erie,  and  conferred 
with  my  old  friend  Willes,  who  had  the  year  before  started  the  'Erie 
Gazette.'  After  due  consultation  and  deliberation,  he  agreed  to  re- 
move his  press  and  type  to  Cleveland  after  the  expiration  of  the  first 
year  in  that  place.     So,  on  the  19th  of  October,  1819,  without  a  sin- 


122  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  VIII 

gle  subscriber,  the  first  number  of  the  'Cleaveland  Herald'  was  issued. 
Some  of  the  difficulties  and  perplexities  now  to  be  encountered  may 
here  be  mentioned,  as  matters  of  curiosity  to  the  present  generation. 

\ '  -^.A4  .*-afWK  «y.rf^i-if >-?-.*  >*^  '*n-^   y 
CLEAVEIyAIVD  HER.iLD. 


r\.V^\Mi.ljt\"U,  OUIO-H  KBllAX, 


,  'r«"::;«'"i:ra^.v--;:!r». 


ii  £jr-H:r-T:rE;r-v:=::---r«r-/;^^ 


^- 


;T"-1jiiSij'""^5b;^, 


Cle.vveland  Herald,  October  19,  1819 

First  rp]iroiluetion  from  the  original  copy,  by  the  courtesy  of 

Tlie  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society. 

Our  mails  wei'c  then  ;ill  ciiiM'ird  on  li(irsc-l>ack.  We  had  one  mail  a 
week  from  IJulTalo,  Pittsburfj,  Columbus,  and  Sandusky.  The  paper, 
on  which  we  printed,  was  transported  in  wagons  from  Pittsburg,  and 
at  some  seasons  the  roatls  were  in  such  condition  that  it  was  impossi- 


1818-191 


NEWSPAPER  CIRCULATION 


12:5 


ble  to  procure  it  in  time  for  publication  days.  Advance  payments 
for  newspapers  at  that  time  were  never  thought  of.  In  a  few  weeks 
our  subscription  list  amounted  to  about  300,  at  which  point  it  stood 
for  alx)ut  two  years,  with  no  very  great  variation.  These  were  scat- 
tered all  over  tiie  Western  Reserve,  except  in  the  County  of  Trumbull. 
In  order  to  extend  our  circulation  to  its  greatest  capacity,  we  were 


Joel  Scranton 

obliged  to  resort  to  measures  and  expedients  which  would  appear 
rather  ludicrous  at  the  present  day.  For  instance,  each  and  every 
week,  after  the  paper  had  been  struck  off,  I  mounted  a  horse  with  a 
valise,  filled  with  copies  of  the  'Herald,'  and  distributed  them  at 
the  doors  of  all  subscribers  between  Cleveland  and  Painesville,  a 
distance  of  thirty  miles,  leaving  a  package  at  the  latter  place ;  and 
on  returning  diverged  two  miles  to  what  is  knowni  as  Kirtland  Flats, 
where  another  package  was  left  for  distribution,  which  occupied  fully 


124 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  VIII 


two  days.  I  frequently  carried  a  tin  horn  to  notify  tlie  yeomanry 
of  the  arrival  of  the  latest  news,  which  was  generally  forty  days 
from  Europe  and  ten  days  from  New  York.  This  service  was  per- 
formed through  the  fall,  winter,  and  spring,  and  tlirough  rain,  snow> 
aud  mud,  with  only  one  additional  charge  of  fifty  cents  on  the  sub- 
scription price;  and  as  the  number  of  papers  thus  carried  averaged 
about  sixty  the  profits  ma.v  be  readily  calculated."  The  Herald  was, 
at  first,  "printed  and  published  weekly  by  Z.  Willcs  &  Company,  di- 
rectly opposite  the  Commercial  Coffee  House,  Superior  Street."  In 
tlie  following  year,  it  was  issued  from  "a  building  opposite  Mowr3''s 


Old  Weddeli.  House 


Tavern  and  a  few  rods  from  the  Court  House."  In  1823,  it  moved 
to  a  new  building  on  Superior  Street,  "a  few  steps  east  of  Spangler's 
Coffee  House."  In  1821,  Mr.  Howe  sold  his  interest  in  the  Herald 
and  moved  to  Painesville  where  he  became  editor  of  the  Telegraph. 
For  several  years  the  Herald  had  no  local  competitor. 

In  this  year  (1819),  came  John  Blair  and  the  "picturesque" 
Joel  Scranton.  Blair  came  from  Maryland  with  three  dollars  in  his 
pocket;  a  lucky  speculation  soon  increa.sed  his  capital  and  he  opened  a 
produce  and  commission  store  on  the  river.  Scranton  was  born  in 
Bctchcrtown,  ^Massachusetts,  in  1793.  He  brought  with  him  to  Cleve- 
land a  schooner  load  of  leather,  the  basis  of  his  trading  and  his  for- 
timo.  He  became  one  of  the  pi'ominent  merchants  of  the  village  and 
bought  the  "Scranton   Flats"  on   the  west  side  of  the  river  where 


1819-20]  BUY  LAND  125 

Sorauton  Road  still  pcrpcluatus  his  name,  lie  liad  a  rieh  and  plen- 
tiful fund  of  humor,  but  his  opinions  were  convictions.  "He  was 
cool,  even  calculating  and  shrewd,  yet  his  heart  was  kindly  and  his 
deeds  generous.  He  was  a  keen  reader  of  men,  and  possessed  great 
mercantile  abilities.  lie  judged  of  the  future  of  the  village  and 
judged  wisely.  He  knew  how,  when  and  where  to  buy,  when  to  sell 
and  when  to  hold.  With  the  growing  place  he  became  a  substantial 
man,  and  as  the  j-ears  went  on  became  a  wealthy  man."  In  1828, 
he  married  ^liss  Irene  P.  Ilickox.  "P"'ive  children  were  born  to  them 
all  but  one  of  whom,  together  with  their  mother,  preceded  him  to  the 
tomb.  Mrs.  'Slavy  S.  Bradford,  of  Cleveland,  is  the  only  surviving 
child  of  Joel  Scranton.  To  her  his  wealth  descended,  and  through 
her  it  has  cheered  hundreds  of  hearts,  alleviated  sui?ering,  lightened 
burdens,  and  aided  many  worthy  institutions." 

In  1820,  came  Peter  JI.  Weddell  and  Michael  Spangler.  "Weddell 
"soon  made  himself  one  of  the  leading  commercial  factors  of  the 
village"  and,  a  quarter  of  a  century  later,  built  the  long-time  famous 
"Weddell  House"  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Superior  and  Bank 
(West  Sixth)  streets,  where  the  Rockefeller  Building  now  stands; 
Spangler 's  "Commercial  House"  was,  for  some  j-ears,  one  of  the 
landmarks  of  the  village.  In  this  year,  a  line  of  stages  to  Columbus 
was  put  in  operation,  and  another  line  to  Norwalk.  "In  1821,  these 
efforts  were  followed  by  others,  and  two  additional  wagons  were 
started,  one  for  Pittsburgh,  and  another  for  Buffalo." 


CHAPTER  IX 

A  GOOD  BEGINNING  AND  A  BAD  ENDING 

111  an  interesting  paragraph.  ]\Ir.  Orth  says  that  the  Congrega- 
tionalists  and  the  Presbyterians,  acting  under  a  certain  "plan  of 
union,  cooperated  to  establish  churches  and  missions  thi-oughout 
the  Western  Reserve.  The  oldest  Congregational  church  in  the  limits 
of  the  city  is  the  Archwood  church  in  the  Brooklyn  District,  organ- 
ized in  1819  as  a  Presbyterian  church,  while  the  oldest  Presbyterian 
church  in  the  vicinity  is  that  at  the  village  of  Euclid,  organized  by 
the  Connecticut  Congregational  Jlissionarj'  society,  in  1807.  I'nder 
this  plan  of  union,  churches  organized  in  this  district  by  Congrega- 
tional missionary  societies  were  united  in  a  presbytery  and  were, 
therefore,  counted  as  Presbyterians.  Thus  the  Euclid  Presbyterian 
church  was  a  member  of  the  Hartford  Presbytery,  and  the  Doan's 
Corners  church,  which  for  years  occupied  the  corner  of  One 
Hundred  and  Fifth  Street  and  Euclid  Avenue,  now  the  Euclid  Ave- 
nue Congi'egational  Church,  was  Presbyterian  until  1862.  The  pres- 
ent First  Congregational  church  on  Franklin  Avenue  and  the  Ply- 
mouth church  were  organized  as  Pi-esbyterian  churches,  while  the 
Old  Stone  church,  organized  in  1820,  for  so  many  years  the  mother 
of  Presbyterian  churches,  was  composed  chiefly  of  Congregational- 
ists,  and  organized  by  Congregational  ministers.  These  facts  explain 
the  liberal  character  of  Cleveland  Presbyterians  as  deriving  their 
forms  of  faith,  as  well  as  their  leading  laymen  and  clergymen  from 
the  Congregational  centers  of  New  England.  At  all  events,  the 
early  hi.story  of  these  two  great  bodies  of  churches  is  inextricably 
interwoven." 

FiitsT  Presbyterian  Ciiitrcii 

On  the  nineteenth  of  September,  1820,  and  as  the  outgrowth  of 
a  union  Sunday  school  of  which  Elisha  Taylor  was  su])ci-iutendent, 
fifteen  j)ersons,  namely,  Elisha  Taylor  and  Ann,  his  wife,  T.  .1.  liaiii- 
liii,  P.  H.  Andrews,  Sophia  L.  Perry,  Hcrtiia  Jcihiison,  Sophia  "Wal- 
worth, Mabel  How.  Henry   l'>aird  and  Ann.  Ills  wife,  Rebecca  Carter, 

12(1 


Euclid  (or  Coli.amer)  I'resbyterian  Church 


i)i ..;;,'.-  (  lUiXERS  Congregational  Church 


128 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS         [Chap.  IX 


Juliana  Long,  Isabella  Williamson,  Harriet  How,  and  ]\Iinerva  Mer- 
wiu,  gathered  in  the  old  log  court-house  and  organized  a  Presbyterian 
church,  the  second  church  society  in  Cleveland,  and  chose  the  Rev. 
Randolph  Stone  as  minister.  For  a  time,  the  meetings  were  held  in 
the  court-house  and  later  in  the  Academy  building  on  St.  Clair 
Street.  The  society  was  incorporated  as  the  "First  Presbyterian  So- 
ciety of  Cleveland"  in  1827;  Samuel  Cowles  was  chosen  president; 


Old  Stone  Cihrcu 


D.  II.  Beardsley,  secretary;  and  Peter  .M.  Weddell,  treasurer.  In 
1828,  says  Mr.  L.  F.  Mellen  of  blessed  memory,  "they  worshiped  in 
a  hall  on  Superior  street,  where  now  stands  the  American  House. 
It  was  rented  for  five  yeai-s  to  be  used  on  Sunday,  but  during  the 
Aveek  was  a  dancing  hall."  Tlie  society  liaving  been  incorporated  in 
1827,  plans  were  adopted,  aiul  a  building  begun  in  1882.  On  the 
twenty-sixth  day  of  February,   1834,  the  fii-st  Presbyterian  church 


1820-21]  CHURCH  SUPPLY  129 

ill  Cleveland  was  dedicated ;  it  stood  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
Public  Square  and  Ontario  Street,  the  site  of  its  second  successor, 
the  present  "Old  Stone  Church"  as  it  is  commonly  called.  At  that 
time,  the  number  of  connnunieants  was  ninety-four.  Hitherto,  there 
had  been  no  settled  minister  and  the  supplies  had  been  transient 
rather  than  stated.  The  ministers  who  supplied  were  as  follows: 
The  Rev.  Randolph  Stone,  1820-1821;  the  Rev.  William  McLean, 
1822;  the  Rev.  S.  J.  Bradstreet,  1823-1830;  the  Rev.  John  Sessions, 
1831  (a  part)  ;  the  Rev.  Samuel  Hutchings,  1832-1833;  and  the  Rev. 
John  Keep,  1833-1835.  The  first  settled  pastor  was  the  Rev.  Samuel 
C.  Aiken,  who  was  called  from  Utica,  New  York,  and  came  in  1835. 

A  PiONTSER  Bridge  Subscription 

That  there  wa.s  a  bridge  across  the  Cuyahoga  River  built  or  con- 
templated as  earl.y  as  1821,  is  witnessed  by  a  document  recently 
received  by  The  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society.  The  document 
is  "No.  5"  of  what  probably  was  a  series  of  such  subscriptions.  It 
reads  as  follows : 

We  the  Subscribers  promise  to  pay  Samuel  Williamson,  Nathan 
Perry,  David  Long,  and  Thos  0.  Young  or  order  each  one  severally 
for  hisself  and  tlioirselvos,  the  suni  by  us  severally  subscribed  and 
which  is  annexed  fo  our  respective  name  for  the  purpose  of  erecting 
a  free  Bridge  across  the  Cuyahoga  River ;  at  the  line  between  the  lands 
of  Leonard  Case  &  Noble  it.  Mei'win.  All  Cash  Subscriptions  shall  be 
payable  on  demand  after  Said  Bridge  is  finished  all  work  &  material 
Subscription.  The  work  shall  be  doiK!  at  any  time  upon  demand  after 
said  Bridge  is  commenced.  And  all  materials  shall  be  furnished  after 
a  contract  is  made  for  building  the  Said  Bridge  on  demand  &  reason- 
able notice  allowing  sufficient  time  to  procure  the  Same.  And  when 
the  material  is  not  named  in  the  Subscription,  the  person  subscribing 
shall  furnish  siich  materials  as  he  shall  be  requested  to  procure.  If 
any  Grain  be  snbsci-ibed  it  shall  lie  delivered  at  N.  H.  Merwins  Ware 
House  in  Cleaveland;  or  in  Brooklyn,  at  the  Ware  House  of  A.  Car- 
ters unless  otherwise  agreed  upon  by  the  holders  of  the  Su])scription. 
All  materials  to  be  delivered  on  the  ground  where  the  Said  Bridge  is 
to  be  erected  at  the  usual  Cash  jirice  where  no  price  is  affixed. 

Cleav  Land,  Nov.  16th  1821. 

This  li.st  bears  the  names  of  thirteen  subscribers,  none  of  whom  promise 
the  payment  of  money;  four  promise  three  days'  work  each;  two 
promise  five  bushels  of  wheat  each;  one  promises  four  bushels;  five 
promise  three  bushels  each ;  and  one  signs  his  name  without  specifying 
the  payment  to  be  made.  This  document  is  accompanied  by  a  letter 
from  the  late  Henry  C.  White,  long  the  probate  judge  of  Cuyahoga 


130  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS         [Chap.  IX 

County,  who  says  that  his  father,  Wileman  White,  "was  the  builder  of 
the  bridge  aud  doubtless  took  this  conti-act  of  subscription  in  part 
payment."  Wileman  White  came  from  Berkshire  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, to  Cleveland  in  1815,  entered  upon  business  as  contractor 
and  builder,  and  died  in  1841.  I  find  no  further  evidence  that  the 
bridge  was  actually  built. 

By  this  time,  Cleveland  had  found  itself  and  was  certain  of  its 
further  development.  The  increase  in  popidation  soon  became 
marked — the  swift  influx  at  hand  sounds  its  warning  that  the  per- 
sonal era  of  this  municipal  history  must  soon  be  brought  to  a  close. 
But  before  the  coming  of  that  close,  I  crowd  in  a  few  more  charac- 
ter who  appeared  upon  the  village  stage — men  who  played  their 
several  parts  so  well  that  the  story  would  be  sadly  marred  by  the 
omission  of  their  names. 

John  W.  Willey 

In  1822,  John  W.  Willey,  a  native  of  New  Hampshire  and  then 
twenty-five  years  of  age,  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Cleveland.  "He 
was  thoroughly  fitted  to  make  his  way  in  a  new  and  growing  country. 
Well  learned  in  the  law,  of  a  keen  and  penetrating  mind,  a  logician 
by  nature,  and  endowed  with  great  eloquence  and  wit,  he  soon  became 
a  marked  figure  at  the  Ohio  bar."  He  became  the  first  mayor  of 
Cleveland  in  1836  and  was  re-elected  in  1837.  In  speaking  of  the 
first  city  charter.  Judge  Seneca  0.  Griswold  says:  "It  shows,  on 
the  part  of  its  author,  a  clear  understanding  of  municipal  rights  and 
duties.  The  language  is  clear  and  precise,  and  throughout  its  whole 
length  it  bears  the  impress  of  an  ediicated,  experienced  legal  mind. 
It  was,  undoubtedly,  the  work  of  the  first  mayor."  Mr.  Willey 
served  half  a  dozen  terms  in  the  general  assembly  of  the  state,  was  a 
judge  of  the  common  pleas  court  of  the  county,  and,  at  the  time  of 
his  death  in  1841,  M'as  president  judge  of  tlie  fourteenth  judicial 
district. 

The  Cleveland  Academy 

The  little  sehoolhouse  on  St.  Clair  Street  that,  in  1817,  became 
the  property  of  the  village  of  Cleveland  had  become  inadequate  to 
the  demands  of  the  citizens  of  the  coming  metropolis  of  Ohio,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  a  new  building,  about  forty-five  by  twenty-five  feet 
in  size,  was  begun  in  1821,  on  the  nortli  side  of  St.  Clair  Street  and 
about  half  way  between  Seneca  (West  Third)  and  Bank  (West  Sixth) 


1822] 


A  GRADED  SCHOOL 


131 


streets.  It  was  named  the  "Cleveland  Academy"  and,  when  it  was 
finished  in  1822,  the  Ckavchnid  Herald  called  the  attention  of  its  read- 
ers to  "the  convenient  academy  of  brick,  with  its  handsome  spire,  and 
its  spacious  room  in  the  second  story  for  public  purposes."  Late  in 
June,  1S22,  the  two  rooms;  on  the  first  floor  having  been  completed, 
the  academy  was  opened  with  the  Rev.  AVilliam  McLean  as  head- 
master. For  readiiifr.  writiiifx  and  spelling,  the  tuition  was  .$1.75  per 
term :  geography  and  grammar  might  be  added  for  another  dollar, 
while  the  full  curricuhun.  including  the  higher  mathematics,  Latin, 


TuE  Academy  Building 

and  Greek,  was  offered  for  $4.00  per  term.  Before  long,  as  we  shall 
soon  seCj  "the  spacious  room  in  the  second  story"  was  needed  and 
used  for  a  senior  department  of  the  school. 

In  1823,  Richard  Hilliard,  a  former  New  York  school-teacher, 
engaged  in  the  mercantile  business  where  the  old  Atwater  building 
used  to  stand,  and  soon  built  up  a  large  dry-goods  and  grocery  trade. 
He  later  built  a  brick  block  on  Water  Street  (West  Ninth)  at  the 
corner  of  Frankfort,  "moved  into  it,  and  extended  his  operations  still 
further.  In  company  with  Courtland  Palmer,  of  New  York,  and 
Edwin  Clark,  of  Cleveland,  he  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  on 


132  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EmaRONS         [Chap.  IX 

the  flats,  and  aided  in  opening  that  part  of  tlie  city  to  manufacturing 
purposes.  In  his  labor  in  connection  with  the  creation  of  Cleveland's 
system  of  waterworks,  as  president  of  the  incoi'poi'ated  village,  and 
as  one  of  the  promoters  of  the  city's  railroad  system,  he  gave  a  serv- 
ice of  great  value."    He  died  in  December,  1856. 


RuFus  P.  Spalding 

In  ilareh,  1823,  Judge  Rufus  P.  Spalding  made  his  first  visit  to 
Cleveland.  In  the  Annals  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association,  he  has 
given  us  a  valuable  picture  of  the  village  as  it  then  was.    He  says : 

I  came  from  Warren,  in  Ti-umbull  County,  where  I  then  lived,  in  the 
company  of  Hon.  George  Tod,  who  was  then  president  judge  of  the 


Rufus  P.  Spalding 

third  judicial  circuit,  wliich  embraced,  if  1  mistake  not,  the  wliolo 
Western  Reserve.  We  made  the  journey  on  horseback,  and  were  nearly 
two  days  in  accomplishing  it.  I  recollect  the  Judge,  instead  of  an 
overcoat,  wore  an  Lidian  blanket  drawn  over  his  head  by  means  of  a 
hole  cut  in  the  center.  Wo  came  to  attend  court,  and  ])ut  up  at  the 
house  of  Mr.  IMcrwin,  where  we  met  (|uite  a  number  of  lawyers  from 
adjacent  counties.  At  lliis  time  tlie  village  of  Warren,  where  I  lived, 
was  considered  as  altogcUier  ahead  of  Cleveland  in  im]K)rtance ;  in- 
deed, there  was  very  little  of  Clevelaiul,  at  that  day,  east  and  south- 
east of  the  Public  Square.  The  population  was  estimated  at  four 
hundred  souls.  The  earliest  burying-ground  was  at  the  present  inter 
.section  of  Prospect  and  Ontario  streets.  Some  years  afterwards 
in  riding  away  from  Clevelaiul,  in  the  stage-eoach,  I  passed  the  Erie 
street  cemeterj%  just  then  laid  out.    T  recollect  it  excited  my  surprise 


1823]  A  NOTABLE  TWO  133 

that  a  site  for  a  l)uryiiiy;-^-i'(nin(l  .sIkhiIiI  he  scloi'tod  so  iar  out  of  town. 
Tlie  eoui-t  tliat  1  attcmlcd  on  my  lirst  visit  was  held  in  the  old  eourl- 
house,  that  stood  on  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  i'ublie  Square.  The 
presiding  judge  was  the  lion.  George  Tod,  a  well-read  lawyer  and  a 
courteous  gentleman,  the  father  of  our  late  patriotic  governor,  David 
Tod.  The  associate  judges  of  the  Common  Pleas  Court  Avere  Hon. 
Thomas  Card  and  Hon.  Samuel  Williamson.  Horace  Perry  was  clerk, 
and  Jas.  S.  Clarke,  shcrilf.  The  lawyei's  atteniling  court  were  Alfred 
Kellej-,  then  acting  prosecuting  attorue.\-  for  the  county  ;  Leonard  Case, 
Samuel  Cowles,  Keubcn  Wood  and  fjohii  W.  Willey,  of  Cleveland; 
Samuel  W\  Phelps  and  Samuel  Wheeler,  of  Geauga;  Jonatlian  Sloane, 
of  Portage,  Eli.slia  Whittlesey,  Thomas  D.  Webb,  and  R.  P.  Spalding, 
of  Trumbull  County.    John  Blair  wa.s  foreman  of  the  grand  jury. 

-Ml".  Spalding  was  born  in  ]\Iassachusetts  in  1798  and  was  gradu- 
ated from  Yale  in  1817.  He  lived  at  Wari'en  from  1821  to  about 
1837,  when  he  moved  to  Ravenna  from  wliich  place  he  was  sent  to 
the  st<xte  legislature.  Later,  he  moved  to  Akron  and  was  elected  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court,  in  which  high  office  he  served  four  years. 
He  moved  to  Cleveland  about  1852;  his  name  first  appears  in  the  city 
directory  in  1853.  He  took  an  honorable  part  in  the  professional, 
civic,  and  political  activities  of  Cleveland  and  died  in  August,  1866. 

Now  enters  Harvej*  Rice,*  the  father  of  the  public  schools  of  Ohio. 
When  he  came  to  Cleveland,  Mr.  Rice  was  twenty-four  years  of  age 
and  a  graduate  of  Williams  College  in  Massachusetts.  After  a  three 
days'  rough  pa.ssage  by  schooner  from  Buffalo,  he  was  off  the  mouth 
of  the  Cuyahoga  on  the  tweutj'-fourtli  of  September,  1824.  In 
the  Antials  of  the  Early  Settlers,  of  which  association  he  was  the  first 
president,  Mr.  Rice  has  told  us  that  "a  sand-bar  prevented  the 
schooner  from  entering  the  river.  The  jolly  boat  was  let  down,  and 
two  jolly  fellows,  myself  and  a  young  man  from  Baltimore,  were 
transferred  to  the  boat  with  our  baggage,  and  rowed  by  a  brawny 
sailor  over  the  sand-bar  into  the  placid  waters  of  the  river,  and  landed 
on  the  end  of  a  row  of  planks  that  stood  on  stilts  and  bridged  the 
marshy  brink  of  the  river,  to  the  foot  of  Union  lane.  Here  we  were 
left  .standing  w^ith  our  trunks  on  the  wharf-end  of  a  plank  at  mid- 
night, strangers  in  a  strange  land.  We  hardly  knew  what  to  do,  but 
soon  concluded  that  we  must  make  our  way  in  the  world,  however 
dark  the  prospect.  Thei'e  was  no  time  to  be  lost,  so  we  commenced 
our  career  in  Ohio  as  porters,  by  shouldering  our  trunks  and  grop- 
ing our  way  up  Union  lane  to  Superior  street,  where  we  espied  a 
light  at  some  distance  up  the  street,  to  which  we  directed  our  foot- 


*  All  stand  and  give  the  Chautauqua  salute. 


134 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS         [Chap.  IX 


steps.  ...  In  the  morning:,  I  took  a  stroll  to  see  the  town,  and 
in  less  than  half  an  hour  saw  all  there  was  of  it.  The  town,  even 
at  that  time,  was  proud  of  itself,  and  called  itself  the  'gem  of  the 
West.'  In  fact,  the  Public  Square,  so  called,  was  begemmed  with 
stumps,  while  near  its  center  glowed  its  crowning  jewel,  a  log  court- 
house. The  eastern  liorder  of  the  Scjuare  was  skirted  by  the  native 
forest,  which  abounded  in  rabbits  and  squirrels,  and  afforded  the 
villagers  a  'happy  hunting  ground.'     The  entire  population  did  not, 


Harvey  Rice  Monument 


at  that  time,  exceed  four  hundred  souls.  Tlie  dwellings  were  gen- 
erally small,  but  were  interspersed  here  and  there  with  a  few  pre- 
tentious mansions.  ...  1  came  armed  with  no  other  weapons  than 
a  letter  of  introduction  to  a  leading  citizen  of  the  town,  and  a 
college  diploma  printed  in  Latin,  which  affi.xed  to  my  name  the  vain- 
glorious title  of  A.  B.  With  these  instrumentalities  I  succeeded,  on 
the  secoiul  day  after  my  arrival,  in  sei-nring  the  position  of  classical 
teacher  and  principal  of  tli(>  Clcvohind   Academy." 

In   1825,   ground   was  broken   at   Ijicking   Summit   for   the   Ohio 
Canal,  the  details  of  which  will  be  given  more  fully  in  Chapter  XI, 


1825] 


THE  CLEVELAND  HARBOR 


135 


and  the  national  government  made  its  tirst  appropriation  for  the 
improvement  of  the  Cleveland  harbor.  At  that  time  the  bar  at  the 
mouth  of  tJie  river  still  impeded  navigation  and,  in  ]\Iarch,  congress 
appropriated  $5,000,  all  of  which  was  spent  in  building  a  pier  into 
the  lake  from  tiie  east  shore  of  the  river.  As  the  channel  still 
remained  precarious  or  impassable,  eongi-ess  made  a  larger  appro- 
priation and  the  government  sent  a  member  of  the  United  States 


Sherlock  J.  Andrews 

_  engineer  corps  iinder  whose  direction  a  second  pier  was  built  parallel 
to  the  first  and  still  further  east.  Then  the  channel  was  changed 
and  the  river  made  to  flow  between  the  pai'allel  piere.  The  work 
proved  successful  and  resulted  in  giving  Cleveland  a  good  har- 
bor. By  1828,  there  were  at  least  ten  feet  of  water  in  the  channel. 
The  canal  and  the  harbor  improvements  gave  the  village  a  new  impe- 
tus and,  from  that  time,  there  was  a  marked  growth ;  the  population 
increased  ten-fold  in  a  decade. 


136  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS         [Chap.  IX 

From  the  list  of  arrivals  in  1825,  I  take  the  name  of  Melancthon 
Barnett,  who  began  life  in  the  village  as  a  clerk  in  the  store  of 
Thomas  P.  May ;  subsequently  the  firm  name  became  IMay  and  Barnett. 
Mr.  Barnett  served  as  a  member  of  the  Cleveland  city  council  and 
was  a  vice  president  of  the  City  Bank  of  Cleveland,  which  was  incor- 
porated in  1845  as  an  independent  bank  and,  in  1865,  developed  into 
the  National  Citj'  Bank  of  Cleveland.  But  the  chief  claim  of  Melanc- 
thon Barnett  upon  the  reverent  remembrance  of  Cleveland  and 
Clevelanders  lies  in  the  fact  that  he  was  the  father  of  Gen.  James 
Barnett.  Another  notable  recruit  of  1825  was  Sherlock  J.  Andrews. 
He  was  a  gi-aduate  of  Union  College  and,  like  IMr.  Allen,  Connecticut 
born  and  a  lawyer.  He  was  elected  to  congress  in  1840,  and  was 
judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Cleveland  in  1848.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  state  constitutional  conventions  of  1850  and  1873.  "A  bril- 
liant advocate,  a  model  judge,  a  cultured,  high-minded  gentleman." 
He  died  in  1880.  In  1825,  also  came  John  W.  Allen.  He  studied 
law  with  Judge  Samuel  Cowles  and  was  five  times  elected  village 
president,  the  last  of  that  tribe.  He  served  in  the  state  senate  and  in 
congress,  and,  in  1841,  was  maj'or  of  the  city.  He  was  one  of  the 
moving  .spirits  in  the  building  of  our  fir.st  railways  and,  from  1870 
to  1875,  was  postmaster;  in  short,  he  was  "conspicuously  useful." 
He  died  in  1887. 


The  Second  Courthouse 

Bj^  1826,  it  was  generally  agreed  that  the  old  court-house  and  jail 
in  the  northwest  section  of  the  Public  Square  had  been  outgrown,  but 
when  the  matter  of  building  a  new  one  was  brought  i^p  for  discus- 
sion the  dormant  ambition  of  Newburg  Avas  aroused  and  her  old 
claim  was  again  put  forward.  In  tlie  opinion  of  the  inhabitants  of 
that  town,  "tlie  decisive  time  had  come  when  the  question  ought  to 
be  settled  for  all  time  and  before  any  more  money  was  expended  in 
Cleveland.  The  battle  was  fought  out  to  the  end,  and  was  the  last 
one  of  whicli  we  sliall  hear,  in  the  liistory  of  these  two  pUicos  that 
have  now  become  one.  There  wore  llirce  county  commissioners  by 
whom  the  qui'stion  must  be  decided.  One  of  them  was  removed  by 
dcatl),  and  it  was  found  that  the  otlier  two  were  equally  divided,  one 
favoring  Ne\vl)urg,  and  the  other  Cleveland.  An  election  was  held  in 
1826  to  fill  the  vacancy.  It  was  one  of  the  hottest  and  most  exciting 
that  had  as  yet  been  seen  in  that  section,  all  other  issues  being  swal- 
lowed up  in  this  great  question.  Dr.  David  Long,  the  Cleveland 
nominee,  was  elected  by  a  sinjill  majority,  and  Cleveland's  last  str>iggle 


1826] 


A  NEW  COURT-HOUSE 


137 


with  Newburg  was  won."  It  was  tU-uidcd  to  locate  the  new  eourt-house 
on  the  southwest  section  of  the  Public  Square.  Plans  were  adopted  and 
work  was  begun  that  year.  Tlie  building  was  finished  in  1828  and 
court  was  held  tlierein  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  October  of  that  year. 
As  described  by  ]Mr.  Kennedy,  "it  was  two  stories  high,  of  brick,  sur- 
mounted by  a  wooden  dome,  faced  the  lake,  and  was  entered  by  a 
half  dozen  steps,  front  and  rear.  The  lower  story  was  divided  into 
offices  for  use  of  the  county  officials,  while  the  upper  lloor  was  used 
for  court  pui-jioses.  Two  or  three  years  later  a  substantial  stone  jail 
was  erected  in  the  rear  of  the  court-house  and  across  the  .street — a 
structure  that,  from  its  sombre  appearance,  was  usually  called  'the 


1828— The  Second  Couki  house— 1858 


blue  jug.'  "  A  description  of  rare  architectural  merit  will  be  given 
in  the  account  of  the  contents  of  the  fir.st  directory  of  Cleveland  and 
Ohio  City  (1837)  a  few  pages  further  on.  In  this  building  the  public, 
judicial  and  administrative  business  of  the  county  was  carried  on  for 
nearly  thirty  years.  In  this  year,  Philo  Seovill  completed  the  Franklin 
House  and  opened  its  doors  for  the  accommodation  of  his  probable 
patrons,  and  a  new  cemetery  was  dedicated.  This  burying  ground  was 
then  called  the  City  Cemetery  and  contained  two  acres.  Its  area 
was  subsequently  enlarged  to  ten  acres  and  its  name  changed  to  the 
Erie  Street  Cemetery.  For  many  years  it  was  Cleveland's  chief  place 
of  burial. 


138  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS         [Chap.  IX 

David  H.  Beardslej-  came  to  Cleveland  iu  1826,  from  Connecticut 
via  Lower  Sandusky  (now  Fremont),  Ohio,  where  he  served  as  a  judge 
and  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature.  In  1827,  he  was  appointed 
collector  for  the  Ohio  canal  at  its  northern  terminus,  a  position  that 
he  held  for  a  score  of  years.  ' '  Not  an  error,  either  large  or  small  was 
ever  detected  in  his  accounts."  In  the  same  year  came  Nicholas 
Doekstader,  bom  at  Albany  iu  1802.  He  soon  went  into  business  and 
was  the  leading  hat,  cap,  and  fur  dealer  in  the  city  until  his  retire- 
ment from  active  business  in  1858.  He  rendered  valuable  service 
iu  the  city  council  after  the  incorporation  of  Cleveland  in  1836  and 
was  elected  mayor  iu  1840.  He  died  in  1871.  Of  him,  it  is  of  record, 
"he  was  a  business  man  who  gave  his  time  freely  to  the  public  when 
he  could  be  of  service,  but  who  by  no  means  made  office-holding  the 
purpose  of  his  life." 

In  1827,  congress  made  its  second  appropriation  ($10,000)  for  the 
imi^rovemcnt  of  the  Cleveland  harbor ;  in  1828,  the  new  court-house  on 
the  Public  Square  was  completed ;  in  1829,  the  first  fire  engine  was 
bought  as  already  stated;  and,  in  1830,  a  light  house  was  built  "on  the 
bluff  at  the  end  of  Water  Street,  its  lantern  being  one  hundred  and 
thirty-five  feet  above  water  level."  In  1828,  the  first  mineral  "coal 
was  brought  to  Cleveland  and  hawked  about  the  streets.  A  few 
bushels  wei'c  purchased  for  experiment,  but  the  housewives  objected  to 
it  on  account  of  its  blackness,  preferring  wood,  a  much  cleaner  and, 
at  that  time,  more  abundant  article  of  fuel." 

George  "Worthington 

George  Woithiugton  was  born  at  Cooperstown,  New  York,  in 
1813.  After  a  few  years  of  service  as  clerk  in  a  hardware  store  at 
Utica,  he  came  to  Cleveland  in  1829  and  began  business  as  a  hardware 
dealer  on  his  own  account.  His  first  store  was  on  the  corner  of 
Superior  Street  and  Union  Lane,  but  thi'oe  yeare  later  he  moved  to 
the  northeast  corner  of  Water  (West  Ninth)  and  Superior  sti'eets. 
A  few  years  after  that,  James  Baniett  was  admitted  to  partiuM'ship ; 
the  enlarged  finn  entered  the  wholesale  trade  and  soon  had  a  l)usiness 
of  a  million  dollars  a  year.  The  firm  of  George  Worthington  and 
Company  is  still  one  of  the  strong  business  institutions  of  the  cit.y. 
Mr.  Barnctt  became  the  second  president  of  the  company,  a  major- 
general  in  the  civil  war,  president  of  the  First  National  Bank  and 
of  the  Associated  Charities,  and  wa,s  officially  connected  with  many 
similar  philanthropic  organizations.  He  was  often  called  "Cleveland's 
Grand  Old  Man."     In  1903,  in  presenting  a  certificate  designating 


1829]  THE  FIRST  IIAJRDWARE  STORE  139 

liiiii  as  ail  lioiiorary  life  member  of  the  Children's  Fresh  Air  Camp, 
Dr.  Elroy  M.  Avery,  the  president  of  the  camp,  said:  "It  is  a  matter 
of  eonfrratnlation  that  it  goes  to  one  who,  in  all  the  varied  walks  of 
a  long  and  honorable  life,  has  played  eveiy  part  well — in  war  and  in 
peace,  in  business  and  philanthropy ;  to  one  who  has  shown  his  friends 
how  to  grow  old  beautifully;  to  one  who,  by  common  consent,  is  ad- 


George  Wortiiington 

mitted  to  be  what  I  now  formally  pioclaim  you  to  be.   The  First 
Citizen  of  Cleveland." 

Various  Improvements  and  Happenings 

George  Hoadley,  Seth  A.  Abbey,  Norman  C.  Baldwin,  and  Richard 
Winslow  came  in  1830,  and  Milo  H.  Hiekox  in  1831.  IMr.  Hoadley 
had  been  a  tutor  at  Yale  College,  a  newspaper  writer,  and  had  served 
as  mayor  of  New  Haven,  Connecticut.  From  1832  to  1846,  he  was  a 
justice  of  the  peace.  One  of  our  city  historians  calls  him  "one  of  the 
marked  men  of  his  day"  and  another  says  that,  as  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  "he  remains  our  model.  He  decided  over  twenty  thousand  cases, 
few  were  appealed,  and  none  were  reversed."  lie  was  mayor  of  Cleve- 
land from  1846  to  1848.  In  1849,  the  family  moved  to  Cincinnati,  where 
his  son,  born  at  New  Haven  in  1825  and  graduated  at  "Western  Reserve 
College  in  1844,  Iw'gan  the  practice  of  law.  This  son  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio  in  1883.  ^\r.  Abbey  became  city  marshal  and  judge  of 
the  police  court:  Mr.  Baldwin  entered  the  produce  commission  busi- 
ness in  partnership  with  Noble  H.  ilerwin.  In  later  years,  Mr. 
Baldwin  was  engaged  in  banking  and  real  estate  business.    He  became 


I^'(eir^rT^u'|g-  siijiiri 


en  r>i-!i--sfl:!» 


'*\mx.  "~-^'^ 


^cr-i. 


■jy.s,t,=KJaiifc . 


1831]  DOMESTIC  DIFFICULTIES  141 

the  owner  of  a  large  tract  of  land  extending  from  East  Ninety-third 
Street  to  the  eastern  limits  of  Luna  Park  and  fi'om  Quiney  Avenue  to 
Woodland  Avenue.  Mr.  Winslow  brought  considerable  capital  and 
engaged  in  the  wholesale  grocery  business.  Mr.  Ilickox  had  hard  luck 
at  the  beginning  as  appears  from  a  confidential  letter  that  he  wrote 
to  a  friend  and  later  had  the  pluck  to  print  in  the  Annals  of  the  Early 
Settlere'  Association.     In  this  letter  he  said: 

Cleveland  is  about  two-thirds  as  large  as  Rochester,  east  side  of 
the  river,  and  is  the  pleasantost  sight  that  you  ever  saw.  The  streets 
are  broad  and  cross  each  other  at  riglit  angles.  The  court-house  is 
better  than  the  one  in  Kochcster;  the  rest  of  the  buildings  altogether 
are  not  worth  more  than  four  of  the  best  in  that  place,  and  one  room 
of  a  middling  size  rents  for  one  dollar  per  month.  Everything  that 
we  want  to  live  upon  connuands  cash  and  a  high  price.  Mechanics' 
wages  are  low.  Journeymen  get  from  •'JilO  to  $20  per  month  and 
board;  I  get  nine  shillings  and  six  pence  per  day,  and  board  myself. 
I  have  the  best  of  work.  Now  for  the  morals.  There  are  between 
fifteen  and  twenty  grogshops,  and  they  all  live.  There  was  one  opened 
here  last  week  by  a  man  from  Rochester.  There  is  a  temperance  so- 
ciety, with  ten  or  a  dozen  male  members.  The  Presbyterian  church 
has  four  male  members,  Baptist  six,  Methodist  about  the  same,  the 
Episcopal  is  small ;  they  have  a  house,  the  others  have  not.  The 
court-house  is  used  at  this  time  for  a  theatrical  company,  and  is  well 
filled  with  people  of  all  cla.sses.  My  health  has  not  been  good  since 
we  have  been  here.  About  four  weeks  since,  we  awoke  in  the  morning 
and  found  ourselves  all  shaking  with  the  ague.  I  had  but  one  fit  my- 
self. My  wife  had  it  about  a  week,  every  day,  and  my  son  three  weeks, 
every  day,  and  what  made  it  worse,  my  wife  and  son  both  shook  at 
the  same  time.  I  spent  one  day  in  search  of  a  girl ;  gave  up  the  chase 
and  engaged  a  passage  for  my  wife  to  Buffalo,  to  be  forwarded  to 
Rochester.  She  was  to  leave  the  next  morning.  I  w^as  telling  my 
troubles  to  an  acquaintance,  who  told  me  that  he  would  find  a  girl  for 
me,  or  let  me  have  his  rather  than  have  my  family  leave,  so  we  eon- 
eluded  to  stay. 

The  Cleveland  Advertiser  Appears 

In  the  early  part  of  this  year  (January  6,  1831),  the  first  number 
of  the  Cleveland.  Advertiser,  a  weekly  paper,  was  issued  by  Henry 
Bolles  and  Madison  Kelley.  Although  the  proprietors  acknowledged 
no  political  affiliation,  their  paper  was  anti-Jaeksonian  and  anti- 
Masonic.     The  Advertiser  became  a  daily  paper  in  1836. 

Henry  B.  Payne  came  to  Cleveland  in  1832  and,  as  already  stated, 
married  the  daughter  of  Nathan  Perry,  Jr.  He  ably  managed  the 
landed  estate  that  his  wife  inherited,  took  an  active  part  in  public 
affairs,  serving  as  a  member  of  the  city  council  and  the  state  senate, 
as  a  representative  in  congress  and  as  a  United  States  senator.     He 


142 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS         [Chap.  IX 


was  a  member  of  the  first  board  of  waterworks  commissioners,  one 
of  the  sinking  fund  commissioners,  and  one  of  the  congressional 
commission  that  settled  the  dangerous  Hayes-Tilden  presidential 
controversy.  He  was  actively  identified  with  the  railway  interests 
of  the  community  and  did  much  toward  the  upbuilding  of  the  city. 
He  died  in  1896.  In  any  history  of  Cleveland  the  name  of  Henry 
B.  Payne  must  be  written  large. 

r 


^.$S^,ilS^h 


Henkv  B.  Pavne 


When  th(»  Commercial  Bank  of  Lake  Erie  was  reorganized  in  1832, 
as  already  recorded,  the  directors  called  from  Butlalo  a  briglit  young 
man  to  act  as  cashier.  In  response  to  the  call,  Truman  P.  Handy,  then 
twenty-five  years  old,  came  with  his  young  bride  and  entered  upon  his 
long  and  successful  career  as  one  of  the  great  bankers  of  Cleveland.* 
He  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  education,  a  trustee  of  Adelbcrt 
(Western  Reserve  University)  and  Oliprlin  colleges,  and  of  the  Lane 


See  portrait  on  page  110. 


1832]  THE  CHOLERA  143 

Theological  Seminary.  For  more  than  fourscore  years,  he  was  an 
elder  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  church  and  actively  interested  iu 
its  Sunday  school  work.  He  died  in  1898.  Another  arrival  of  this 
year  was  Timothy  P.  Spencer,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cleveland 
Advertiser  and,  in  later  years,  the  Cleveland  postmaster.  The  year 
also  saw  the  organization  of  a  church  in  Newburg,  "Congregational 
in  form  although  attached  to  the  Cleveland  Presbytery.  It  came  into 
existence  at  the  residence  of  Noah  Graves,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Rev.  David  Peet,  of  Euclid,  assisted  by  the  Rev.  Harvey  Lyon.  A 
temporary  place  of  worship  was  fitted  up  in  a  carpenter's  shop,  and 
services  were  held  occasionally  under  the  leadership  of  the  Rev. 
Simeon  Woodruft",  of  Strongaville.  This  organization  became  known  in 
later  days  as  the  South  Presbyterian  Church." 

But  there  was  another  arrival  in  1832 — far  less  welcome  but, 
fortunately,  a  transient.  The  preparations  made  at  Cleveland  on 
account  of  the  expected  Indian  cholera,  have  already  been  men- 
tioned. At  that  time,  medical  science  "had  not  robbed  this  east- 
ern plague  of  its  terrors,  so,  when  the  alarm  was  sent  through  the 
west  that  death  in  its  worst  fonn  of  wholesale  slaughter  was  approach- 
ing, the  people  of  Cleveland,  like  their  neighbors,  were  panic-stricken, 
and  ready  to  resort  to  any  measures  for  protection.  Toward  the 
end  of  May,  an  emigrant  ship  landed  at  Quebec  with  a  load  of  pas- 
sengers, and  the  cholera  aboard.  It  spread  over  that  city  with  great 
virulence;  moved  up  the  St.  Lawrence  River;  attacked  Montreal, 
where  its  effects  were  fatal  in  most  cases.  A  feeling  of  panic  spread 
rapidly  through  all  the  lake  region,  as  it  was  known  that  the  march 
of  the  scourge,  in  that  direction,  would  lie  certain  and  rapid."  In  a 
commimication  to  the  newly-created  board  of  health  (see  page  101), 
the  village  president,  John  W.  Allen,  said:  "At  a  public  meeting 
of  the  citizens  of  this  village  yesterday  to  adopt  measures  in  relation 
to  the  anticipated  arrival  of  the  Indian  cholera  within  our  limits,  it 
was  determined  that  a  committee  of  five  persons  be  appointed,  whose 
duty  should  be  to  inspect  any  vessels  arriving  here  from  Lake  Ontario, 
or  any  port  on  the  lake  where  the  cholera  does  or  may  exist;  to 
examii>e  all  cases  that  may  be  suspicious  in  their  character,  either  on 
the  river  or  in  the  village;  to  examine  into  the  existence  of,  and 
cause  to  be  removed,  all  nuisances  that  may  have  a  tendency  to 
generate  or  propagate  the  disease.  .  .  .  And,  also,  that  they  erect 
or  procure  a  suitable  building  for  the  reception  of  strangers, 
or  others,  who  may  be  attacked,  or  who  have  not  the  proper  accommo- 
dation of  their  own."  The  village  trustees  also  passed  an  ordinance 
providing  for  the  inspection  of  vessels  and  the  placing  of  them  in 


144  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  IX 

ciuarantine.      The   apprehension   and   dread    of   the   viUagers   consti- 
tuted a  veritable  ''scare,"  the  story  of  which  Mr.  John  W.  Allen 
has  put  on  record  for  us.     The  Black  Hawk  war  was  then  raging 
in  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  and  "the  Indians  were  all  on  the  war  path. 
The  garrison  at  what  is  now  Chicago  had  been  massacred,  and  every 
white  man,  woman,  and  child  they  could  hunt  out,  murdered.    With 
a  horrible  pestilence  threatened  in  the  east  and  at  home,  too,  and 
a  war  of  extermination  in  progress  in  the  west,  it  may  well  be  in- 
ferred the  popular  mind  was  in  a  high  state  of  excitement.     About 
June,  General  Scott  was  ordered  to  gather  all  the  troops  he  could 
find  in  the  eastern  forts  at  Buffalo,  and  start  them  off  in  a  steam- 
boat   in    all    haste    for    Chicago.     .     .     .     Incipient    indications    of 
cholera  soon   appeared,  and  some  died,   and  by  the  time  the  boat 
arrived  at  Fort  Gratiot,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Huron,  it  became  appar- 
ent that  the  effort  to  reach  Chicago  by  water  would  prove  abortive. 
Genei-al  Scott,  therefore,  landed  his  men,  and  prepared  to  make  the 
march  through  the  wilderness,  three  hundred  miles  or  more  to  Chi- 
cago" and  sent  the  boat,  with  a  number  of  sick  soldiers,  back  to 
Buffalo.     Befoi-e  the  boat,  the  "Henry  Clay,"  arrived  at  Cleveland, 
half  a  dozen  men  had  died  and  their  bodies  had  been  thrown  overboard, 
and  others  were  sick.    "Early  in  the  morning  of  the  tenth  of  June," 
continued  Mr.  Allen,  "we  found  the  'Clay'  lying  fast  to  the  west 
bank  of  the  river,  with  a  flag  of  distress  flying,  and  we  knew  the  hour 
of  trial  had  come  upon  us,  thus  unheralded.    The  trustees  met  imme- 
diately, and  it  was  determined  at  once  that  everything  should  be  done 
to  aid  the  suffei-ers,  and  protect  our  citizens  so  far  as  in  us  lay.     I 
was  deputed  to  visit  Captain  Norton  and  find  what  he  most  needed, 
and  how  it  could  be  done.     A  short  conversation  was  held  with  him 
across  the  river,  and  plans  suggested  for  relieving  them.     The  result 
was  that  the  men   were  removed   to   comfortable   barracks  on   the 
West  Side  and  needed  appliances  and  physicians  were  furnished. 
Captain  Norton  came  ashore  and  went  into  retirement,  with  a  friend, 
for  a  day  or  two,  and  the  'Clay'  was  thoroughly  fumigated,  and  in 
three  or  four  days,  she  left  for  BufTalo.     Some  of  the  men  having 
died  here,  the.y  were  buried  on  a  bluff  point  on  the  West  Side.    But, 
in   the   interim,    the   disease   showed    itself   among    our   citizens    in 
various   localities,    among  those   who   had   not  been   exposed   at  all 
from  proximity  to  the  boat,  or  to  those  of  us  who  had  been  most 
connected  with  the  work  that  had  been  done.     The  faces  of  men 
were  blanched,  and  they  .spoke  with  bated  breath,  and  all  got  away 
from  here  who  could.    How  many  persons  were  attaeked  is  unknown 
now,  but  in  tlie  course  of  a  fortnight  llie  disease  became  less  virulent 


1832]  SICKNESS  AND  SERVICE  145 

ami  oiidod  witliiu  a  mouth,  about  lifty  having  died.  About  the 
middle  of  October  following,  a  cold  rain  storm  occurred,  and  weeks, 
perhaps  months,  after  the  last  case  had  ceased  of  the  previous  visi- 
tation, fourteen  men  were  seized  with  cholera  and  all  died  within 
three  days.  No  explanation  could  be  given  as  to  the  origin,  no 
others  being  affected,  and  that  was  the  last  appearance  of  it  for 
two  years.  In  1834,  we  had  another  visitation,  and  some  deaths 
occurred,  but  the  people  were  not  so  much  scared."  In  the  personal 
statement  printed  in  the  Annals  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association, 
from  which  statement  1  liave  already  made  quotation.  Captain  Lewis 
Dibble  says :  "I  was  here  in  the  two  cholera  scares.  We  had  heard  a 
great  deal  of  it,  and  some  marvelous  tales  were  told  of  men  walking 
along  the  streets  and  falling  dead,  with  others  of  the  same  character. 
It  was  in  1832.  I  was  on  the  schooner  'America,'  and  Mr.  May 
asked  me  whether  I  would  lay  up  or  go  on  to  Buffalo,  where  the 
disease  was  then  raging.  I  replied  that  I  would  probably  have  to 
face  it  one  place  or  another,  and  that  it  might  as  well  be  Buffalo 
as  here.  We  accordingly  went  down.  We  saw  a  great  many  hearses 
going  to  and  fro,  and  I  must  confess  that  things  did  not  look  pleasant. 
When  we  came  back  (to  Cleveland)  we  found  a  guard  on  the  dock, 
as  the  people  wore  determined  that  no  ships  with  cholera  on  board 
should  stop  here.  .  .  .  When  the  'Henry  Clay'  came  in  here  on 
her  way  back  from  carrying  troops  up  to  the  Black  Hawk  war,  she 
had  a  number  of  cases  on  board.  There  was  great  excitement,  and 
many  declared  she  should  not  remain,  some  wishing  to  go  down 
and  burn  her.  ...  On  one  occasion  water  was  wanted  at  the 
cholei-a  hospital  on  Whisky  Island,  and  no  one  could  be  got  to 
take  it  there.  My  vessel  was  at  the  foot  of  Superior  street.  We  took 
two  casks  to  a  spring  near  Supei'ior  street,  filled  them,  and  then 
rowed  them  down  the  river  to  the  point  of  destination.  Word  came 
in  from  Doan's  Cnrnors  that  Job  Doan,  the  father  of  W.  H.  Doan, 
was  down  with  it  and  needed  help.  A  man  named  Thomas  Coolihan 
and  I  agreed  to  go  out  and  see  him.  AVe  got  a  huggy  and  went 
to  the  Franklin  House,  where  we  waited  a  long  time  before  a 
couple  of  doctors  whom  we  expected  came  in.  They  then  mounted 
another  buggy  and  we  drove  out,  the  hour  being  quite  late.  We 
all  four  went  in.  The  doctors  looked  at  him,  shook  their  heads, 
and  going  out  returned  to  the  city.  He  was  in  great  agony.  When 
we,  the  other  two,  went  up  to  the  bed,  he  took  our  hands,  and  by  his 
look  showed  that  he  was  in  great  pain.  Captain  Stark  and  a  man 
named  Dave  Little  stood  over  him,  rubbing  him  all  the  time.  It 
was  no  use.  We  remained  about  an  hour  and  then  returned  to  the 
city.    An  hour  after  we  left,  he  died." 

Vol.  1—10 


CHAPTER  X 

GROWTH  OF  MIND  AND  BODY 

Charles  Whittlesey,  now  better  known  as  Colonel  Whittlesey, 
was  born  at  Southington,  Connecticut,  in  1808 ;  his  father  settled  in 
Tallmadge,  Ohio,  in  1815.  In  1827,  the  son  entered  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point.  He  was  g:raduated  in  1831 
and  became  a  brevet  second  lientenant  in  the  Fifth  United  States 
Infantry  and,  in  November,  set  out  to  join  his  regiment  at  Maeljinac. 
At  the  close  of  the  Black  Hawk  war,  he  resigned  from  the  army. 
About  that  time  (1832)  he  opened  a  law  ofBce  in  Cleveland  and  soon 
became  part  owner  and  co-editor  of  the  Whig  and  Herald.  In  1837, 
he  was  appointed  assistant  geologist  of  Ohio ;  associated  with  him  was 
Dr.  J.  P.  Kirtland  who  was  entrusted  with  the  natural  history  work. 
At  the  end  of  two  years,  the  survey  was  discontinued,  but  not  until 
it  had  disclosed  the  rich  coal  and  iron  deposits  of  eastern  Ohio; 
thus  laying  the  foundations  for  the  vast  manufacturing  industries 
that  have  made  that  part  of  the  state  populous  and  prospei'ous. 
In  a  resume  of  this  work.  Professor  Newberiy  has  said  that  the 
benefits  derived  "conclusively  demonstrate  that  the  geological  sur- 
vey was  a  producer  and  not  a  consumer,  that  it  added  far  more  than 
it  took  from  the  public  treasury,  and  deserved  special  encourage- 
ment and  support  as  a  wealth  producing  agency  in  our  darkest 
financial  hour.  ...  It  did  much  to  arrest  useless  expenditure 
of  money  in  the  scarcli  for  coal  outside  of  the  coal  fields.  .  .  . 
It  is  scarcely  less  important  to  let  our  i)eople  know  what  we  liave 
not,  than  what  we  have,  among  our  mineral  resources."  But  that 
is  an  economic  truth  that  often  has  proved  diiifieult  to  pound  into 
the  understanding  of  an  Ohio  legislature.  In  1839  and  1840,  he  made 
examination  of  many  of  the  preliistoric  works  then  known  to 
exi.st  in  the  state,  including  the  extensive  works  at  Newark  and 
Marietta.*     For  several   years,   he   was  engaged    in   surveys  of  tlie 


"See    Avery's    History    of    the    Uiiili-il    .S'(<;fc,5    oitd   Its    People,    vol.    I,    jip. 
44-49,  .59-62. 

14G 


Colonel  Charles  Wjuttlesey 

Historian  of  Early  Clevpland  nnd  one  of  the  founders  and  first  jiresidpnt  of  The 

Western  Reserve  Historical  Society;   reproduced  from  an  oil  painting 

by  courtesy  of  The  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society. 


148  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  X 

copper  and  iron-ore  regions  of  iliehigan  and  Wisconsin,  but  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  turned  from  such  employment  and 
soon  became  colonel  of  the  Twentieth  Regiment  of  Ohio  Volunteer 
Infantry.  He  planned  and  constructed  the  defences  of  Cincinnati 
and  was  in  command  of  his  regiment  at  the  taking  of  Port  Donelson. 
At  Shiloh,  he  commanded  a  brigade,  soon  after  which,  because  of 
long-continued  ill  health,  he  tendered  his  resignation  and  retired  from 
the  army.  General  Grant  endorsed  his  resignation  thus:  "We  cannot 
afford  to  lose  so  good  an  otiReer." 

Colonel  Whittlesey  soon  turned  his  attention  again  to  explora- 
tions in  the  Lake  Superior  and  Upper  Mississippi  basins,  researches 
that  added  to  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  country.  But  the  work  for 
which  he  is  now  best  known  was  at  liaud.  The  Western  Reserve 
Historical  Society  was  organized  in  May,  1867,  upon  the  sugges- 
tion of  Judge  Chai'les  Candee  Baldwin  who  became  its  secretary, 
but  Mr.  Baldwin  says  that  all  looked  to  Colonel  Whittlesey  "to  lead 
the  movement  and  none  other  could  iiave  approached  his  efficiency 
or  ability  as  president  of  the  society."  In  a  memorial  notice  be- 
fore the  Civil  Engineer's  Club,  Mr.  J.  P.  Holloway  said: 

Colonel  Whittlesey  will  be  best  and  longest  remembered  in  Cleve- 
land and  on  the  Reserve,  for  his  untiring  interests  and  labors  in  seeking 
to  rescue  from  oblivion  the  pioneer  history  of  this  portion  of  the  state 
and  which  culminated  in  the  establishment  of  the  present  Western 
Reserve  Historical  Society,  of  which  for  many  years  he  was  the  presid- 
ing officer.  It  will  be  remembered  by  many  here,  how  for  years  there 
was  little  else  of  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Societ}',  except  its 
active,  hardworking  president. 

For  several  years  before  liis  death.  Colonel  Whittlesey  was  con- 
fined to  his  home  by  rheumatism  and  other  disorders,  but  if  he  could 
no  longer  travel  about  the  city  he  could  write.  His  Early  History 
of  Cleveland  was  pul)lislied  in  1867;  the  list  of  his  books  and  pam- 
phlets, compiled  by  Judge  Baldwin,  enumerates  one  hundred  and 
ninety-one.  In  his  last  few  years,  the  relation  of  religion  to  science 
engaged  much  of  his  thought ;  his  last  published  work  consists  of  a 
series  of  articles  on  Theism  and  Atheism  in  Science.  On  the  morning 
of  Sunday,  the  .seventeenlli  of  October,  1886,  be  was  seized  witli  a 
chill;  he  died  early  in  the  moi'ning  of  llie  following  day.* 


*  III  the  prpparatioii  of  thin  skofcli,  I  liave  made  very  full  ami  free  use  of  a 
Mrmo-ruil  of  Colonel  Cluirlm  Whitllrscii.  Idle  Prrxirlrnt  of  Ihr  Wculern  Fcscrve 
HistoricM  Soeirty,  prepared  liv  .Tmly;r  Balilwiii,  and  ]iriiitc'd  in  the  Society's 
Tra<4,  No.   68.  " 


1832]  OHIO'S  BLACK  LAWS  149 

The  Fugitive  Slave  Law 

lu  1793,  congress  passed  a  fugitive  slave  law  providiug  that,  ou 
the  owner's  giving  proof  of  ownership  before  a  magistrate  of  the 
locality  where  the  slave  was  found,  the  magistrate  should  order  the 
slave  delivered  up  to  him  without  trial  by  juiy.  Hindering  arrest 
or  harboring  a  runaway  slave  was  punishable  by  fine  of  five  hundred 
dollars.  The  law  was  ojien  to  much  abuse  and  was  much  abused  ;  many 
free  negroes  were  kidnapped  from  the  northern  states.  In  1804,  the 
Ohio  legislature  decreed  tliat  "no  black  or  mulatto  person  shall  be 
permitted  to  settle  or  reside  in  this  state  unless  he  or  she  shall  tirst  pro- 
cure a  fair  certifieate  from  some  court  within  the  United  States  of  his 
or  her  actual  freedom  and  requiring  every  such  person  to  have  such 
certificate  recorded  in  the  clerk's  office  in  the  county  in  which  he  or  she 
intended  to  reside."  Anj-  person  who  employed  a  negro  or  mulatto 
person  not  thus  registered  was  subject  to  a  fine.  In  the  same  year,  the 
legislature  made  it  a  legal  offense  to  harbor  or  secrete  any  black  or 
mulatto  person  and  levied  a  fine  of  one  thousand  dollars  upon 
any  one  who  aided  the  escape  of  any  such  person  who  was  "the 
property  of  another."  Three  years  later  (1807),  Ohio  law  required 
every  such  person  to  give  a  bond  before  settling  in  the  state,  such 
bond  to  be  signed  by  two  or  more  freehold  sureties  and  "conditioned 
for  the  good  behavior  of  such  negro  or  mulatto  and  to  pay  for  the 
support  of  such  person  in  case  he  or  she  be  found  within  any  town- 
ship unable  to  support  him  or  herself."  For  years,  while  there  was 
little  north  and  south  traffic  through  the  state,  these  statutes  were 
practically  dead  letters,  mere  "scraps  of  paper;"  but  when  the  Erie- 
Ohio  "canal  was  opened  and  colored  people  began  to  pass  through 
Cleveland,  then  the  rigor  of  the  law,  particularly  of  the  national 
fiigitive  slave  law,  aroused  the  slumbering  animosities  of  the  people." 

Local  Anti-Slavery  Sentiment 

The  fact  that  there  was  an  anti-slavery  society  in  Cleveland  as 
early  as  1810,  has  already  been  noted.  In  1827,  was  organized  the 
short-lived  Cuyahoga. County  Colonization  Society.  This  was  a  branch 
of  a  national  organization  that  sought  the  removal  of  negi-oes  from 
the  United  States  to  Africa,  hoping  thus  to  secure  the  voluntary 
emancipation  of  slaves  by  their  masters  and  the  gradual  abolition 
of  the  peculiar  institution.  Its  president  was  Samuel  Cowles;  its 
vice  presidents  were  the  Eev.  Randolph  Snow,  Nehemiah  Allen,  Datus 
Kelley,  Josiah  Barber,  and  Lewis  R.  Dille.     A.  W.  Walworth  was 


la  for  the 

«c«  of  in-' 
appran. 

,{$0  dol- 
iry,  24 J, - 
e  for  the 
:  (be  last 
doDan. — - 
lUtbosiscd 
;  the  leii 
.riDfttaJ-at 
:icncr  of 
198  doll=. 
able,  dur- 

71  ceots. 
Implied  to 
7  i9,  »o(h 

meet Ibe 
or  I8«0,'' 
it  amount 
The  re- 
:eipl3  aod 
1  result  of 
i,000  dol- 

ark  up6a 
f  recom  • 
ly  io  Iht 
tb  »  res- 
e  Udited 
h  plan  lu 
ess,  at  ils 
n<t  in  the 
rtufeit,  .as 
(i  Dances 


iUHKo  Jf. 
I ;',  in  les- 
I  inlry  ant) 
le  00  Ibe 
the  late 
ed  to  (hat 
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oonjcres* 
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iCoenling 
ntiy'%  ap- 
im  at  foj. 

;h  if  Tery 
late  war, 
Mg  ;  00 
frontien, 
I  e.     Hoo- 


aftnmunteau  lo  nirn, 

Clearelaod,  Mar  9.  1820. 


30-3 


500  Dollars  Reward. 

UAxlvYTAY, 

FROM  ibe  subscribers,  in  Clarksburg,  Vir- 
(inra,  on  ibe  6th  of  the  present  mootb, 
llie  following  negro  men,  viz. 

MJRTIJVtf  SjfM. 

MAKTlN  i«  a  tcry  handsome  negro,  about 
5  feet  6  or  3  inches  hiKh,  compactly  built,  of 
a  Iig1>t  black  complexion,  bin  teelh  usually 
yellow  from  the  cbewiogor  tobacco,  not  lal!;* 
ative,  «recl  in  his  appearance,  and  about  20 
years  of  age.  Had  on  when  he  absconded,  a 
aew  ftir  hat,  black  cloth  coatee,  white  vroulen 
pantaloons,  Stc. 

SAM  is  very  bhck.  5  feel  9  or  10  inches 
high,  about  30  rears  of  age,  sloop.s  in  walking, 
has  large  while  eyes,  {ree  and  easy  to  talk, 
aod  white  l-^lking,  blows  much,  from  n  phibis- 
ical  complaint,  lauf^bs  readily,  look  a  quantity 
of  cloathing  with  him,  and  wore  a  while  fur 
hat,  blue  ami  while  round-about  and  panfa- 
loons.  Tliey  have  made  their  \ray  into  the 
stale  of  Ohio,  at  the  moulh  of  Fishing  Creek, 
anri  porlMps  will  be  found  in  Ihp  direction  of 
Wooclvilje,  Barnsrille.  i^Iount  Ple.nsant,  St- 
ClairsvilJe,  Freeport,  Cadiz  and  Cleaveland; 
or  they  will  lurn  thrviugh  Cainbrid;;e,  by  Co* 
^bocton.  Mount  Vernon.  Upper  Sandusky,  bv 
{he  way  of  Cn'^en«ville,  lo  Canada  ;  or  from 
Sandusky  to  I'err^'svilie  and  Detroit,  into 
Canada. 

The  ahore  reward  of  five  hundred  dollars 
will  be  paid  lo  any  person,  who  will  appre- 
hend and  dfliver  sai-^  qlave?>  to  u§,  at  Clarks- 
burg, or  ibret:  hundred  dollars  wdl  be  given 
if  Ibey  are  secured  in  jail,  eo  that  we  may 
get  thera  again — or  two  hundred  dollars  will 
be  given  to  any  person  who  will  pMticuIarty 
inforra  ua,  by  letleror  otherwise,  where  (hey 
are,  so  that  we  gel  them  again  ;  which  infor- 
mation  6haJI  by  us  he  deemed  conlidential. 

In  (he  event  of  but  one  of  them  beiiig  re* 
covered,  one  half  of  the  above  reward,  upon 
tbe  lartDS  above  mentioned,  will  be  given. 
EDWARD  B.JACK.SOV, 
JONATHAN  JACKSON. 

April  lOlb,  I8gO.  3o-3w 


JL  WOOD, 
Attorney  8c  CouiuieUor  at  Law, 


the  imporli 
Ibe  AUx^en: 
All  kind- 
livcred  by- 
Eve  ry  at 
the  subscril 
bic  for  acci 

BYnrt, 
court 
and  (o  mc  < 
po^e  for  sal 
ii.yy  of  Ma^ , 
o^cIock,  A.  I 
house  of  r 
Cleaveland 

2  Box< 
50  pairs, 
gon,  1  oi 
pairs  Pic 
Glass, 2  I 
pounds,  ; 
Beer. 

Clpavel.1 


I 


N  the  to- 
her  fori 

60 


lliirty-five 
wbich  arc 
quality  can 
orchard,  jut  | 
ty  lo  filly  b 
i»es  there  i 
House,  twi 
pan  finisbei 
in  e.icli,  an' 
is  a  franieil 
with  a  smai 
of  lire  kite 
cellar,  liS  Tl 
ihp  kilchcn 
irciler.  i 

The  com 
nip)  can  he 
John  Rnple 
to  IVlr.  S.iini 


1833]  ANTI-SLAVERY  SENTIMENT  151 

treasurer,  and  .lames  S.  Clark  was  secretary.  Mordecai  Hartley 
was  chosen  as  delegate  to  the  national  society.  The  Clevelanders  of 
that  day  who  liad  given  any  serious  thought  to  the  question  of  Ameri- 
can slavery  seem  to  have  been  divided  in  opinion.  The  "Coloniza- 
tionists"  looked  to  state  compensation  as  a  supplement  to  voluntary 
manumission;  between  them  and  the  out-and-out  "Abolitionists" 
there  was  often  heated  controversy.  The  abolitionists  gained  in  num- 
bers and  the  Colonization  Society  soon  died  out.  In  1833,  the  Cleve- 
land Antislaveiy  Society  was  organized  with  Dr.  David  Long  as  its 
president  and  his  son-in-law,  Solomon  L.  Severance,  as  its  sccjretary, 
as  already  recorded.  J.  H.  Harding  was  vice-president  and  John  A. 
Foote  was  treasurer.  In  1835,  Josiah  Barber  of  the  "Colonization- 
ists"  presided  at  a  public  meeting  at  which  the  "Abolitionists"  were 
hotly  denounced.  But  the  on-coming  tide  could  not  be  turned  back 
and,  on  the  fourth  of  July,  1837,  the  Cuyahoga  County  Antislavery 
Society  was  formed  at  a  meeting  in  the  Old  Stone  Church,  presided 
over  by  John  A.  Foote.  A  committee  on  constitution,  consisting 
of  J.  M.  Sterling,  J.  F.  Hawks,  and  Solomon  L.  Severance,  reported 
that  "the  object  of  this  society  shall  be  the  entire  abolition  of  slavery 
throughout  the  United  States  and  the  elevation  of  our  colored  breth- 
ren to  their  proper  rank  as  men."  Edward  Wade  was  elected  presi- 
dent ;  Samuel  Freeman  of  Pal-ma,  Asa  Cody  of  Euclid,  J.  A.  Foote 
of  Cleveland,  J.  L.  Tomlinson  of  Rockport,  and  Samuel  Williamson 
of  Willoughby  were  vice-presidents;  L.  L.  Rice  was  corresponding 
secretary ;  II.  F.  Brayton  was  recording  secretary ;  and  Solomon  L. 
Severance  was  treasurer. 

Among  the  arrivals  of  1833  was  John  A.  Foote,-  a  son  of  Governor 
Samuel  A.  Foote  of  Connecticut,  and  a  graduate  of  Yale.  He  en- 
tered into  partnership  with  Sherlock  J.  Andrews.  In  addition  to 
practising  his  profession,  he  took  an  active  part  in  reformatory, 
educational,  and  philanthropic  work  and  held  many  public  offices. 
He  died  in  1891.  Another  notable  accession  of  that  year  was  Thomas 
Burnham  who  had  been  master  of  a  freight  boat  running  on  the 
Champlaiu  canal  from  Whitehall  to  Albany.  He  and  his  newly 
married  wife  came  by  team  from  Glens  Falls  to  Saratoga  where  they 
took  the  cars  for  Scheneetadj-.  The  cars  on  that  line  at  that  time 
were  fashioned  like  stage  coaches,  ran  on  strap  rails,  and  were  drawn 
by  three  horses  driven  tandem.  From  Schenectady  to  Buffalo  they 
came  by  boat  on  the  Erie  canal  and  from  Buffalo  to  Cleveland  by  the 
steamer  "Pennsylvania"  which  stopped  at  all  the  way  stations  and 
took  four  days  and  nights  to  make  the  trip.  Mr.  Burnham  soon  took 
charge  of  a  school  on  the  west  side  of  the  river   (in  what  was  still 


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1833] 


CHEERFUL  GIVERS 


153 


Brooklyn    township),    subsequently    entered    business,    and    became 
mayor  of  Ohio  City  after  its  incorporation  in  1836. 

First  Baptist  Church 

The  Fii-st  Baptist  Church  of  Cleveland  was  organized  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1833,  with  the  Rev.  Richmond  Taggart  as  pastor;  it  became 
alTiliatcd  with  the  Rocky  River  Baptist  Association  in  the  following 
September.  Dr.  II.  C.  Applcgarth  tells  us  that,  in  1833,  Cleveland 
had  a  population  of  one  thousand  three  hundred  of  whom  only  six  or 
seven  were  Baptists,  and  that  deplorable  darkness  pervaded  the  set- 
tlement.    "The  first  meetings  were  held  in  either  that  universally 


First  Baptist  Church 

useful  place  of  gatherings,  the  old  Academy  on  St.  Clair  Street,  or 
the  Court-house,  until  the  erection  of  their  own  place  of  worship  on  the 
comer  of  Seneca  [West  Third]  and  Champlain  streets.  This  was  a 
brick  structure,  the  foundations  of  which  were  laid  in  1834,  the 
dedication  occurring  on  February  25th,  1836.  The  church  cost 
thirteen  tliousand  dollars,  and  was,  at  that  time,  considered  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  attractive  in  that  section  of  the  west."  Dr. 
Applegarth  further  tells  us  that  by  1834,  the  population  of  the 
town  had  increased  to  about  five  thousand,  and  that  the  faithful 
few  "prepared  a  subscription  paper  and  set  about  soliciting 
pledges  for  a  building.  The  people  gave  liberally  and  cheer- 
fully. Many  made  great  sacrifices  in  order  to  be  able  to  help. 
Deacon    Pelton,  then    living    at    Euclid,    mortgaged    his    farm    for 


154  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  X 

two  thousand  dollars  that  he  might  contribute  that  amount  to 
the  project.  His  neighbors  thought  him  to  be  demented,  so  com- 
pletely astounded  were  they  at  his  action.  But  in  the  end  the  Lord 
blessed  him  and  restored  the  money  many  fold.  Nor  was  lie  alone 
in  his  devotion  to  the  work  of  the  Lord.  It  was  said  of  John  Seaman 
that  he  gave  more  thought  to  the  finances  of  the  church  than  to  his 
own  business.  One  morning,  coming  into  his  store,  he  said  to  his 
partner,  Mr.  William  T.  Smith :  '  Smith,  you  go  to  the  meeting  tonight 
and  put  me  down  for  a  thousand,  and  you  put  down  a  thousand,  and 
go  to  Sylvester  Ranney  and  tell  him  to  put  down  a  thousand.'  The 
thousands  were  put  down  and  paid.  Soon  a  suitable  location  was 
found,  on  the  corner  of  Seneca  and  Champlain  streets,  and  there, 
finally,  was  finished  the  meeting  house  of  the  First  Baptist  church." 
The  society  gained  steadily  in  strength  and  usefulness,  and,  in 
1855,  purchased  of  the  Plymouth  Congregational  Chui'ch  a  brick 
building,  on  the  corner  of  Euclid  Avenue  and  Erie  (East  Ninth) 
Street,  where  services  were  first  held  on  the  eighth  of  April.  This 
building  gave  way  for  the  Hickox  building  of  today.  The  church 
now  has  a  beautiful  building  on  the  corner  of  Prospect  Avenue  and 
East  Forty-sixth  Street. 

Black  Hawk  and  John  Stair 

Among  the  ' '  transients ' '  of  that  year  were  a  famous  Red  man  and 
an  observant  Englishman.  Harvey  Rice  tells  us  that  "at  the  close 
of  the  Black  Hawk  War  in  1833,  the  chieftain.  Black  Hawk,  and 
several  of  his  band  were  taken,  in  the  custody  of  a  government  offi- 
cer, to  Washington  as  captives,  to  be  dealt  with  as  the  authorities 
might  decide.  The  captives,  instead  of  being  shot  as  they  expected, 
were  kindly  received,  and  lionized  by  being  taken  about  town,  showh 
its  wonders,  and  then  sent  througli  several  eastern  cities,  with  a 
view  to  convince  them  of  the  invincible  power  of  the  white  people. 
They  were  then  returned,  under  escort,  to  their  homes  in  the  'far 
west.'  While  on  their  return,  the  party  stopi)ed  over  a  day  at  Cleve- 
land, as  requested  by  Black  Hawk,  in  order  to  give  him  an  oppor- 
tunity to  visit  the  grave  of  his  mother,  who,  as  he  said,  was  buried 
on  the.  banks  of  the  Cuyahoga."  From  "Ncwburg,  county  of 
Cuyahoga,  August  16,  1833,"  John  Stair  of  England,  then  teach- 
ing a  private  .school  in  Newburg,  wrote  a  letter  that  has  been  jire- 
.served  in  the  Annals  of  the  Early  Settlers'  A.ssociation.  Some  of 
Mr.  Stair's  impressions  recorded  in  tliis  letter  were  tliat  Ckn'ehiiid 
was  "an   increasing  place,"  and,   "for  ibc  size  of  it,   the   protliest 


1833]  FIRE  PROTECTION  155 

town  I  have  seen  in  America."  Tlie  postage  on  a  letter  to  England 
was  twenty-five  cents,  but  large  turkeys  could  be  bought  for  fifty 
cents  each;  fowls,  a  shilling;  roasting  pigs,  twenty-five  cents;  mutton, 
beef,  pork,  veal,  etc.,  from  two  to  four  cents  a  pound;  butter,  nine 
cents;  and  cheese,  six  cents.  No  wonder  that  he  added:  "This  is 
a  poor  man's  eountry.  .  .  .  Many  raise  all  they  eat,  with  few 
exceptions,  such  as  tea,  coffee,  etc.  They  raise  their  own  wool  and 
flax  which  are  spun  and  woven  by  the  women  for  clothing,  so  that  a 
farmer  is  the  most  independent  person  in  the  country." 

Chiefly  because  of  its  mention  of  a  canal,  the  following  supple- 
mentary quotations  from  a  letter  said  to  have  been  written  in  1833, 
are  here  given : 

Few  places  in  the  western  country  are  so 'advantageously  situated 
for  commerce  or  boast  greater  population  and  business.  Here  is  the 
northern  termination  of  Ihe  Ohio  Canal,  309  miles  in  length,  by  which 
this  village  will  communicate  with  Columbus  and  Cinciiniati,  with 
Pittsburg,  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans.  .  .  .  An  inspection  of 
the  map  will  show  that  Cleveland  has  a  position  of  extraoi'dinary 
advantage,  and  it  only  requires  a  moderate  capital,  and  the  usual 
enterprise  of  the  American  character,  to  advance  its  destiny  to  an 
equality  with  the  most  flourishing  cities  of  the  west.  Two  years  ago,  it 
had  one  thousand  inhabitants;  it  has  now  two  thousand,  and  is  rap- 
idly increasing.  The  vicinity  is  a  healthy,  fertile  country,  as  yet 
mostly  new,  but  fa.st  filling  up.  An  artificial  harbor,  safe  and  commo- 
dious, constructed  by  tlie  United  States,  often  presents  twenty  to  thirty 
sloops,  schooners,  and  steamboats. 

Fire  and  Water 

The  primitive  water  supply  for  fire  protection  at  the  beginning 
of  the  second  decade  of  the  century  was  described  in  the  sixth 
chapter  of  this  volume.  By  1833,  the  villagers  recognized  the  neces- 
sity for  something  more  ample  and  efficient.  In  June  of  that  year, 
the  legislature  incorporated  the  Cleveland  "Water  Company  for  fur- 
nishing water  for  the  village — it  seems  that  the  company  did  not  get 
much  if  anything  beyond  the  charter  era  of  development.  But  the 
year  1833  saw  the  beginning  of  Cleveland's  volunteer  fire  depart- 
ment in  the  loosely  organized  company  called  "Live  Oak,  No.  1."  In 
the  following  year,  the  "Live  Oak"  was  reorganized  as  "Eagle,  No. 
1."  Captain  MeCurdy  was  chosen  foreman  and  a  new  engine  was 
bought.  "The  organization  of  a  regular  department  soon  followed, 
and  Neptune  No.  2,  Pha?nix  No.  4.  Forest  City  Hook  and  Ladder 
Company  No.  1,  and  Hope  Hose  Company  No.  1,  were  the  component 
parts  thereof;  there  was  a  No.  3,  but  it  was  composed  of  boys  and  had 


156  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS  [Chap.  X 

no  official  recognition.  In  April,  1836,  Cataract  No.  5  was  added. 
The  first  chief  of  the  department  was  Samuel  Cook,  with  Sylvester 
Pease  as  first  assistant,  and  Erastus  Smith  as  second  assistant." 
On  the  seventeenth  of  May,  1836,  the  newly  constituted  city  council 
passed  an  ordinance  providing  that  "the  fire  department  of  the 
city  of  Cleveland,  shall  consist  of  a  chief  engineer,  two  assistant 
engineers,  two  fire  wardens,  in  addition  to  aldermen  and  council- 
men  (who  are  ex  officio  firewardens),  and  such  fire  engine  men,  hose 
men,  hook  and  axe  men  as  are,  or  may  be,  from  time  to  time,  ap- 
pointed by  the  city  council."  The  ordinance  then  determined  the 
duties  of  each  of  these  officers  and  prescribed  penalties  for  injuring 
the  property  of  the  department  or  for  obstimcting  the  firemen  at 


Cleveland  from  Courthouse,  1834 

their  woi'k.  All  members  of  the  fire  companies  were  exempted  from 
the  i^ayment  of  poll-tax — an  institution  now  obsolete  in  this  part  of 
the  country.  A  few  days  before  this,  the  council  had  established  the 
fire  limits  for  tlie  city  as  follows:  "Following  Die  center  of  Cuyahoga 
River  from  the  lake  to  the  center  of  Huron  Ivoad,  thence  easterly 
along  the  center  of  Huron  Road  to  the  center  of  Erie  [East  Ninth] 
Street,  thence  northerly  in  Erie  Street  to  Lake  Erie,  tlience  west- 
erly along  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie  to  the  Cuyalioga  River."  This 
virtually  embraced  the  whole  town.  Tlie  several  companies  were 
housed  in  buildings  rented  for  the  purpose ;  No.  1  on  what  is  now 
Superior  Avenue  just  west  of  West  Ninth  Street;  No.  2,  where  the 
Blackstonc  building  now  is  (No.  1426  West  Third  Street)  ;  No.  4 
and  the  Hook  and  Ladder  Company,  on  St.  Clair  Avenue  at  the  corner 


1833]  LAND  SPECULATION  157 

of  West  Fourth  Street,  wliero  a  steam  engine  company  and  a  liook 
aud  ladder  company  still  stand  semper  parati.  The  growth  of  the 
department  and  the  splendid  record  of  those  unpaid  firemen  until 
the  reorganization  of  the  department  in  1863  will  receive  further 
attention  in  a  later  chapter. 

As  will  soon  be  told  in  fuller  detail,  a  canal  from  Cleveland  to 
the  Ohio  River  had  been  opened  and  was  doing  not  a  little  to  ad- 
vertise the  village  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuj'ahoga,  the  inhabitants 
of  which  were  dreaming  of  the  dignity  and  getting  i-eady  for  the 
responsibilities  of  an  incorporated  city.  Young  men  and  old  were 
moving  from  the  East  into  the  already-opened  but  undeveloped  sec- 
tions of  the  West.  Earl_y  in  1833,  Alfred  Kelley  made  an  allotment 
of  land  west  of  Water  Street  and  south  of  Bath  Street  (see  map 
on  page  160)  and,  later  in  the  year,  James  S.  Clarke,  Edmund 
Clark,  and  Richard  Ililliard  allotted  all  the  land  in  the  first  bend 
of  the  river,  Cleveland  Center  it  was  called,  laid  out  Columbus  Street 
from  the  north  line  thereof  to  the  river,  and  offered  town  lots  at 
immoderately  high  prices.  In  1834,  Leonard  Case  laid  out  a  10-acre 
lot  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  old  city  plat  and  widened  the  New- 
burg  Road  (Pittsburgh  Street)  now  called  Broadway.  In  the  same 
year,  John  M.  Woolse.y  allotted  the  2-acre  lots  south  of  Superior  Street 
and  west  of  Erie  (East  Ninth)  Street.  In  1835,  Lee  Canfield, 
Sheldon  Pease,  and  others  allotted  the  2-acre  lots  at  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  old  city  plat  and  dedicated  Clinton  Park  to  the  pub- 
lic. In  January,  1836,  Thomas  Kelley  and  Ashbel  W.  Walworth  laid 
out  the  2-acre  lots  south  of  Ohio  Street  (Central  Avenue)  and  an 
adjoining  tract  of  land  that  extended  to  the  river.  In  short,  the 
fever  of  land  speculation  followed  close  upon  the  heels  of  the  cholera. 

Thomas  Bolton 

Thomas  Bolton  was  born  at  Scipio,  Cayuga  County,  New  York, 
in  1809,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1833.  In  September,  1834, 
he  came  to  Cleveland  where  he  studied  law  for  a  year  in  the  office 
of  James  L.  Conger.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1835  and  went 
into  partnership  with  his  mentor.  In  1836,  he  bought  the  interest 
of  Mr.  Conger  in  the  firm  and  sent  for  his  college  classmate,  Moses 
Kelley  and,  with  him,  formed  the  law  firm  of  Bolton  and  Kelley. 
In  1851,  Seneca  0.  Griswold,  who  had  been  a  student  in  their  office 
and  from  whom  I  have  already  quoted,  was  admitted  to  the  firm  which 
then  took  the  name  of  Bolton,  Kelley  and  Griswold.  Mr.  Bolton  was 
one  of  the  committee  appointed  to  draft  the  coming  city  charter  of 


158 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS 


[Chap.  X 


1836,  was  elected  to  the  citj'  council,  and,  in  1839,  was  elected  pros- 
ecuting attorney  of  the  county.  In  1841,  he  declined  a  renomination 
on  account  of  the  inadequacy  of  the  salary  of  the  county  prosecutor 
and  renewed  his  connection  with  the  city  government  as  alderman. 
Dissatisfied  with  the  Democratic  national  platform  of  1848,  he  left 
that  party  and  served  as  a  delegate  to  the  Buffalo  convention  of 


Thomas  Bolton 


the  Free  Soil  party.  He  was  active  in  the  organization  of  the  Repub- 
lican party  iVi  1856  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  that  nom- 
inated Fremont  and  Dayton.  In  this  year,  1856,  he  was  elected 
judge  of  the  court  of  common  ])leas  and  retired  from  the  law  firm 
of  Bolton,  Kcliey  and  (iriswold.  At  the  ciid'or  his  second  term  as 
judge  in  1866,  he  retired  from  the  bench  and  hai-.  He  died  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1871. 


1834-35]  A  MANUFACTURING  CORPORATION  159 

First  Western  Locomotive  Works 

As  recorded  by  Mr.  Orth  in  his  History  of  Cleveland,  the  first 
niamifacturiiitr  cdrporation  organized  in  Cleveland  under  a  state 
eharter  was  the  Cuyahoga  Steam  Furnace  Company  (March  3,  1834), 
with  an  authorized  capital  of  $100,000,  a  very  large  sum  for  those 
years.  The  incorporators  were :  Charles  Iloyt,  Luke  Risley,  Ricjiard 
Lord  and  Josiah  Barber.  The  plant  was  located  on  tlie  corner  of 
Detroit  and  Center  streets.  It  was  prosperous  from  the  beginning. 
It  was  the  first  furnace  in  this  vicinity  to  utilize  steam  power  instead 
of  horse  power  for  "blowing"  the  furnaces.  It  not  only  did  a 
general  foundry  business,  but  early  manufactured  a  patent  horse- 
power device.  In  1841,  it  made  cannon  for  the  government.  In 
1842,  Ethan  Rogers  entered  its  employ  and  developed  the  manufac- 
ture of  construction  machinery  to  be  used  in  building  railroads, 
and  later,  the  manufacture  of  locomotives.  At  this  plant  was  built 
the  first  locomotive  west  of  the  Alleghenies.  Here  were  made  the 
first  locomotives  used  by  the  Cleveland,  Columbus  and  Cincinnati, 
and  the  Cleveland  and  Painesville  railways.  The  first  successful  lake 
screw  propeller  was  the  "Emigrant,"  and  its  machinery  was  made  in 
this  establishment.  Thus,  Cleveland's  first  manufacturing  corpora- 
tion abundantly  kept  pace  with  the  rapid  expansion  of  machine 
development. 

James  D.  Cleveland,  "then  a  sturdy  boy,"  came  in  1835.  In 
1896,  he  pictured  for  us  "The  City  of  Cleveland  Sixty  Years  Ago." 
The  judge  tells  us  that : 

As  the  steamer  came  up  the  river,  the  boy  read  the  signs  on  the 
warehouses — Richard  Winslow,  Blair  &  Smith.  Foster  &  Dennison, 
W.  V.  Craw.  Robert  H.  Backus,  Gillett  &  Hickox,  C.  M.  Giddings,  N.  M. 
Standart,  :M.  B.  Scott.  Griffith  &  Standart,  Noble  H.  Mei-win— and 
passed  scores  of  .steamers,  schooners  and  canal  boats,  exchanging  wheat 
and  flour  from  interior  Ohio  for  goods  and  salt  to  be  carried  to  the 
canal  towns  all  the  way  to  the  Ohio  River.  Walking  up  Superior 
lane,  a  steep.  uni)aved  road,  you  passed  the  stores  of  Denker  &  Borges; 
Deacon  Whitaker's,  full  of  stoves;  George  Worthington.  hardware; 
at  the  corner  of  T'nion  lane,  where  Captain  ^IcCurdy  had  lately  re- 
tired from  the  dry  goods  basiness;  Strickland  &  Gaylnrd,  drugs,  etc.; 
Sanford  &  Lott,  printing  and  book-store :  and  T.  W.  Morse,  tailor. 
On  reaching  the  top,  Superior  street,  132  feet  wide,  spread  before 
you — the  widest  of  unpaved  streets,  with  not  a  foot  of  flagged  side- 
walk except  at  the  corner  of  Bank  [West  Sixth]  street,  in  front  of  a 
bank.  It  was  lined  with  a  few  brick,  two  and  three-story  buildings. 
A  town  puinj)  stood  at  the  corner  of  Bank  street,  near  tlie  old  Com- 
mercial Bank  of  Lake  Erie,  on  the  corner,  of  which  Leonard  Case 
was  president,  and  Truman  P.  Handy  cashier.     There  were  three  or 


1835]  AS  IT  WAS  THEN  161 

four  hotels.  Pigs  ran  in  tlio  street,  and  many  a  cow  browsed  on  all 
the  approaches  to  it.  Ur.  Long  had  a  fine  two-story  residence  on  the 
corner  of  Seneca  [West  Third]  street.  Mr.  Case,  C.  M.  Giddings, 
Elijah  Bingham,  AVilliani  Ijcinon,  .Toliii  W.  Allen,  and  a  few  others, 
had  residences  dotted  around  the  l'ul)lie  Square,  upon  wliieli  the  old 
Stone  Church  occnpicd  its  present  site,  and  in  the  southwest  corner 
stood  the  court-house.  The  post-office  occupied  a  little  ten  by  fifty 
feet  store-room  in  Levi  Johnson's  building,  below  Bank  street,  and 
you  received  your  letters  from  the  hands  of  Postmaster  Daniel  Worley, 
and  paid  him  the  eigliteen  pence,  or  twenty-five  cents  postage,  to 
which  it  was  subject,  according  to  the  distance  it  had  traveled.  The 
great  majority  of  the  best  residences  were  on  Water  [West  Ninth], 
St.  Clair  and  Lake  [Lakeside  Avenue]  streets.  A  few  good  houses 
had  been  built  on  Euclid  avenue,  but  thd  Virginia  I'ail  fence  still 
lined  it  on  the  north  side,  from  where  Bond  street  now  is  to  the 
Jones  residence,  near  Erie  street,  where  Judge  Jones  and  the  Senator 
(John  P.  Jones)  lived  in  their  boyhood.  There  were  groves  of  fine 
black  oaks  and  chestnuts  on  Erie  street  between  Superior  and  Pros- 
l)ect  streets,  and  a  good  many  on  the  northeast  part  of  the  Public 
Square,  and  between  St.  Clair  street  and  the  lake.  With  its  scat- 
tered houses,  its  numerous  groves,  its  lofty  outlook  upon  the  lake, 
its  clear  atmosphei-e,  as  yet  unpolluted  by  smoke,  Cleveland  was  as 
beautiful  a  village  as  could  be  found  west  of  New  Haven. 


Tol.  I— 11 


CHAPTER  XI 

THE  CANAL  AND  THE  CHARTER 

One  of  the  histories  of  Cleveland  tells  us  that  "the  population  of 
the  city  had  grown  in  1835  to  5,080,  having  more  than  doubled  in 
two  years.    There  was  at  this  time  an  immense  rush  of  people  to  the 


P"'kanklin  T.  J5At.Ki;.s 

West.  Steamers  ran  from  Huft'ald  lo  Ddroit  crowded  with  passengers 
at  a  fare  of  eiglit  dollars,  the  number  on  board  what  would  now  be 
called  small  boats,  sometimes  reaching  from  five  hundred  to  six  hun- 

162 


1835-36] 


DESIRABLE  RECRUITS 


163 


dred  pei-sons.  The  line  liired  steamers  and  fined  tliem  one  hundred 
dollars  if  the  I'ound  trip  was  not  made  in  eight  days.  The  slower 
boats,  not  being  alile  to  mak-  tliat  time  with  any  eertainty,  frequently 
stopped  at  Clevelaiul,  discharged  their  passengers,  and  put  back  to 
Buffalo.  It  sometimes  chaneed  that  the  shore  accommodations  were 
insufficient  for  tlie  great  crowd  of  emigrants  stopping  over  at  this 
port,  and  the  steamers  were  hired  to  lie  oft'  the  port  all  niglit,  that  the 
passengers  might  have  sleeping  accommodations.  In  that  year  fire 
destroyed  a  large  part  of  the  business  portion  of  Cleveland." 


William  Bingham 


The  first  dentist  to  open  an  office  in  Cleveland  was  Benjamin 
Strickland  who  came  in  1835.  In  1836,  came  Franklin  T.  Backus, 
"William  Bingham,  William  A.  Otis,  and  Moses  Kelley.  Mr.  Backus 
was  a  lawyer  and  is  remembered  as  one  who  won  an  enviable  position 
among  the  leading  lawyers  of  Ohio;  he  took  an  active  part  in  the 
consolidation  of  Cleveland  and  Ohio  Citv  in  1854,  and  was  one  of 


164  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS         [Chap.  XI 

the  counsel  for  the  defense  in  the  Oberlin-Wellington  Rescue  case 
in  1859,  probably  the  most  famous  trial  in  the  history  of  Cleveland. 

William  Bingh-IM 

Mr.  Bingham,  when  twenty  years  of  age,  "bade  adieu  to  the 
home  and  scenes  of  his  youth  [in  Massachusetts]  traveling  west- 
ward over  the  old  pioneer  railroad  from  Albaii.y  to  Schenectady," 
thence  by  canal  packet  to  Rochester,  and  then  by  stage  and  canal 
to  Buffalo,  where  he  became  a  passenger  on  the  steamboat,  "Robert 
Fulton,"  bound  for  Cleveland.  Soon  after  his  an'ival  in  this  city, 
he  secured  a  position  as  salesman  in  the  hardware  store  of  George 
"Worthington ;  that  his  ability  and  enterprise  wei*e  soon  recognized 
is  indicated  in  the  fact  that  after  two  years  he  was  admitted  to  part- 
nership. He  remained  in  that  connection  for  another  two  years, 
after  which  he  disposed  of  his  interest  in  the  firm  and,  in  1841, 
bought  the  hardware  stock  of  Clark  and  Murphy,  and  organized  the 
firm  of  William  Bingham  and  Company.  From  the  outset  the  busi- 
ness prospered  and  its  trade  constantly  expanded  with  the  growth 
and  development  of  the  city.  Mr.  Bingham  was  prominent  in  financial 
circles,  serving  for  years  as  director  of  the  Merchants  National  Bank 
and  of  its  successor,  the  Mercantile  National  Bank,  of  the  Society 
for  Savings,  etc.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  active  of  the 
promoters  of  our  municipal  waterworks  system,  a  member  of  the 
city  council  and  the  state  senate,  and  for  many  years  a  member 
of  the  city  sinking  fund  commission.  In  short,  he  neglected  no 
opportunity  for  the  promotion  of  the  city's  welfare;  "in  commer- 
cial and  political  life  his  record  alike  remained  unsullied."  He 
died  in  1904. 

William  A.  Otis 

Mr.  Otis  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts  and  the  direct  descendant 
of  James  Otis  of  Revolutionary  fame.*  About  1818,  he  traveled  on 
foot  to  Pittsburgh  where  he  was  employed  for  two  j^ears  in  an  "iron 
establishment"  which  he  made  the  depositary  of  his  savings.     When 


•  This  Williani  Aujjiistiia  Otis  was  lioin  at  Oummingtou,  Massachusetts,  in 
1701.  ITis  father's  iianio  w.as  William,  and  lie  seems  to  have  liked  it  very  well, 
for  he  gave  it  to  each  of  his  six  sons,  William  Augustus,  William  Oushiu};, 
William  Harrison,  William  Shaw,  William  Francis,  ami  William  Lucius.  William 
Francis   was   the   father   of   Waldcmar   Otis. 


1836]  THE  PIONEER  IRON  MASTER  165 

the  t'omi)aiiy  failed  and  liis  wealth  was  tlms  wiped  out,  Mr.  Otis 
walked  westward  to  Bloomfield,  Triinihull  County,  Ohio,  where  ho 
cleared  laud,  kept  a  tavern,  and  established  a  primitive  mercantile 
establishment,  furnishing  the  settlers  with  groods  in  exchange  for 
ashes,  wheat  and  other  produce.  The  ashes  were  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  a  crude  potash  "which  was  the  only  strict  cash  article  in 
the  country."    But  it  was  difficult  to  get  wheat,  flour,  or  potash  to 


William  A.  Oti.s 

the  eastern  market.  Mr.  Oti.s,  therefore,  selected  an  oak  tree  and 
had  it  cut,  sawed,  and  split  into  staves  from  which  barrels  were  made. 
A  few  miles  from  Bloomfield  was  a  custom  grist  mill.  Mr.  Otis 
bought  wheat  for  twenty-five  cents  a  bushel,  had  it  ground  into  flour, 
teamed  the  barreled  flour  and  pota.sh  tliirty-five  miles  to  Ashtabula 
Creek  whence  it  was  carried  by  schooner  to  Buffalo  and  thence  by 
canal  and  river  to  New  York — the  first  sudi  shipment  of  flour  from 


166  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XI 

the  Western  Reserve.  He  later  added  pork  and  wool  to  his  ship- 
ments; his  business  prospered  and  he  served  two  years  in  the  state 
legislature.  In  1836,  he  moved  to  Cleveland  where  "he  was  at  once 
given  rank  with  the  foremost  business  men."  He  still  dealt  in  flour, 
pork,  and  potash,  but  gradually  concentrated  his  energies  upon  iron 
manufacture  and  thus  became  the  pioneer  iron-master  of  Cleveland. 
His  increasing  shipping  interests  naturally  turned  his  attention  to 
transportation  facilities  and  he  became  an  active  advocate  of  rail- 
way building.  He  was  also  active  in  banking  enterprises  and  served 
as  president  of  the  Commercial  National  Bank.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  State  Board  of  Control,  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cleve- 
land Society  for  Savings  and  acted  as  its  president  for  thirteen  years. 
He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  that  negotiated  the  union  of  Cleve- 
land and  Ohio  City.  He  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  from  which  was  evolved  the  present  Cleveland  Chamber  of 
Commerce.    He  died  in  1868. 

Moses  Kelley 

Moses  Kelley  was  born  in  what  is  now  Livingston  County,  New 
York,  in  1809.  He  was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent  in  tlie  patei'ual  line  and 
of  German  descent  in  the  maternal  line.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  the  class  of  1833  and,  in  1836,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at 
Rochestei'.  As  already  recorded,  he  was  then  called  to  Cleveland  by 
his  college  classmate  and  became  a  member  of  the  law^  firm  of  Bolton 
and  Kelley.  He  devoted  himself  somewhat  closely  to  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  although  he  was  city  attorney  in  1839,  a  member  of  the 
city  council  in  1841,  and  served  as  a  member  of  the  state  senate  in 
1844  and  1845.  In  1849,  the  state  legislature  selected  him  as  one  of 
the  commissioners  to  represent  the  interests  of  the  city  in  the  Cleve- 
land and  Pittsburgh  Railroad  Company,  of  which  corporation  he 
was  one  of  the  directors  for  several  years  until  the  city  disposed  of 
the  stock  that  it  held.  In  1850,  he  bought  about  thirty  acres  of  the 
"Giddings  Farm,"  fronting  on  Euclid  Avenue  ea.st  of  Willson  Ave- 
nue (Ea.st  Fifty-fifth  Street)  and  there  built  the  home  in  which  he 
lived  for  many  years.  His  professional  earnings  and  the  great  in- 
crease in  the  market  value  of  real  estate  made  him  a  comparatively 
rich  man.     lie  died  in  August,  1870. 

Ti'E  Caxal  Era 

One  of  our  historians  has  told  us  that.  |u-iiu-  to  1800,  the  world 
had  made  little  or  no  iini>niv(>incnt  in  tlic  niciins  of  travel  and  trans- 


1825-50] 


THE  CANAL  ERA 


167 


portation,  but  that  the  iiiiR'tocntli  century  brought  changes  that 
wrought  nothing  short  of  revolution  in  the  cominereial  and  industrial 
domains  and  oiiangi'd  the  face  of  the  civilized  world.  In  the  first 
half  of  that  century,  there  were  three  marked  stages  of  improvement ; 
the  era  of  turnpike  construction,  then  the  era  of  canal  digging,  and 
then  the  era  of  railways  and  steam  navigation.  At  an  early  day 
congress  had  provided  that  five  per  cent  of  the  net  proceeds  of  the 


Moses  Kelley 

sale  of  public  lands  in  Ohio  should  be  devoted  to  "the  laying  out  and 
making  public  roads  leading  from  the  navigable  waters  emptying 
into  the  Atlantic  to  the  Ohio."  In  1805,  a  senate  committee  reported 
in  favor  of  a  road  from  Cumberland,  Maryland,  to  the  mouth  of  Grave 
Creek,  a  little  below  "Wheeling  on  the  Ohio  River.  In  1810,  con- 
gress appropriated  $60,000  for  the  work  and,  in  1818,  mail  coaches 
were  running  over  the  road  from  Cumberland  to  Wheeling.  As  the 
Cumberland  road  was  the  child  of  congress  so  it  was  the  especial 


168  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS         [Chap.  XI 

object  of  its  care.  The  original  object  was  to  open  a  waj^  from  the 
Potomac  to  the  Ohio,  but  the  road  was  extended  through  Ohio  and 
Indiana  bj'  way  of  Zanesville,  Columbus,  and  Indianapolis  to  Van- 
dalia  in  Illinois.  The  aggregate  of  appropriations  for  this  road  was 
nearly  $7,000,000  and  the  number  of  congressional  acts  was  about 
sixty:  the  last  act  was  passed  in  1838,  about  which  time,  and  chiefly 
because  of  the  advent  of  the  I'ailway,  the  general  government  turned 
from  turnpikes  to  the  improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors — a  policy 
that  still  persists  as  a  perennial  spring  of  scandal.  When  the  Cum- 
berland road  was  abandoned  by  the  national  government,  it  was  given 
over  to  the  several  states  in  which  it  lies.  But  the  principle  of  gov- 
ernmental aid  for  internal  improvements  had  been  well  established. 
The  first  canal  in  America  was  built  around  the  falls  of  the  Con- 
necticut River  at  South  Hadley,  Massachusetts,  in  1793.  Similar 
enterpi'ises  followed  in  quick  succession  and,  in  a  few  decades,  canal 
building  became  almost  epidemic.  By  far,  the  most  important  of 
these  early  waterways  was  the  Erie  Canal,  the  great  advocate  and 
promoter  of  which  was  DeWitt  Clinton.  The  first  spadeful  of  earth 
was  turned  in  1817.  The  work  was  finished  in  1825  and,  on  the 
twenty-sixth  of  October,  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  were  admitted  to 
the  ditch  that  linked  Buffalo  and  Albany  and  gi'afted  the  Empire 
State  upon  the  American  metropolis.  Costly  as  the  canal  was,  it 
paid  by  greatly  enhancing  the  value  of  land  along  its  route  and  les- 
sening the  price  of  everything  else;  freight  rates  dropped  to  a  tenth 
of  what  they  had  been,  and  Rochester,  Syracuse,  aud  Utica  rapidly 
grew  from  small  towns  to  prosperous  cities,  and  New  York  City 
began  the  wonderful  growtli  that  made  it  the  second  city  in  the  world. 
The  great  success  of  the  Erie  Canal  produced  a  sort  of  mania  for 
canal  building  and  other  states  followed  in  the  way  that  New  York 
had  opened.  Even  prior  to  this,  canal  projects  had  become  political 
issues  in  Ohio  where  the  struggle  for  a  canal  to  connect  Lake  Erie 
with  the  Ohio  River  had  begun  as  early  as  1819.  In  1814,  Alfred 
Kelley  had  been  elected  to  the  Ohio  legislature — and,  from  that  time 
to  1823,  he  was  almost  continuously  a  member  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives or  of  the  senate.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  believer  in  the 
practicability  and  the  importance  of  canals  and  tlirew  himself  heart 
and  soul  into  the  proposition  to  construct  a  waterway  that  should  do 
for  Ohio  what  the  Erie  Canal  has  done  for  New  York.  He  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  first  canal  commissionci-s  of  the  state.  After  some 
study  and  much  di.scussion,  largely  concerning  the  relative  merits 
of  rival  routes,  the  legislature  took  decisive  action  and  contracts  for 
digging  the  Erie  and   Oliio  Canal  wore  let.     As  lie  had  been   the 


1825-32]  THE  DAWN  OP  A  CITY  169 

foremost  advocate  of  the  work,  so  lu'  was  the  Icadinj?  member  of  the 
board  of  canal  commissioners.  "During  the  construction  of  the 
canal,  eveiy  part  of  the  work  was  subjected  to  his  supervision.  Con- 
tractors soon  learned  that  no  fraud  or  artifice  could  escape  his  vigil- 
ance. He  was  inflexibly  true  to  the  interests  of  the  state  and  sacri- 
ficed both  his  health  and  his  private  interests  in  his  untiring  devo- 
tion to  the  public."  In  short,  the  Ei"ie  and  Ohio  Canal  was  a  monu- 
ment to  the  enterprise,  energy,  integrity,  and  sagacity  of  Alfred 
Kelley.*  "While  the  work  was  in  progress,  Mr.  Kelley  moved  from 
Cleveland,  first  to  Akron,  and  in  1830  to  Columbus  where  he  resided 
until  his  death  in  December,  1859. 

"Boom"  Following  the  Building  of  the  Can.\l 

On  the  Fourth  of  July,  1825,  the  year  that  saw  the  completion  of 
the  Erie  Canal,  tlic  digging  of  the  Erie  and  Ohio  Canal,  to  extend 
from  Cleveland  to  Portsmouth,  was  begun,  the  first  spadeful  of  earth 
being  lifted  by  DeWitt  Clinton,  the  lion  of  the  day,  and  the  second 
by  Governor  Morrow,  at  Licking  Summit,  about  three  miles  west  of 
Newark.  The  Akron-Cleveland  section  was  completed  in  two  years 
and,  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  1827,  with  much  display,  the  first  canal 
boat  arrived  at  Cleveland,  having  traversed  thirty-seven  miles  of 
waterway  and  having  passed  through  forty-one  locks.  In  July, 
1830,  the  first  boat  passed  from  Cleveland  to  Newark  and,  in  1832, 
the  route  wa.s  open  from  Cleveland  to  Portsmouth.  The  village  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  quickly  felt  the  powerful  influence  of  the 
new  traffic,  a  veritable  "boom"  began,  "and  the  impression  sud- 
denly came  into  the  minds  of  Clcvelanders  that  their  village  had  been 
touched  by  the  wand  of  destiny."  Log  houses  still  lingered,  frame 
structures  were  common,  and  brick  buildings  had  begun  to  break  the 
•wooden  monotony.  Euclid  Street  had  entered  upon  its  career  of 
splendor  (now  vanishing)  and  had  one  of  these  brick  dwellings  near 
the  site  subsequently  occupied  by  the  T'nion  Club,  west  of  East  Ninth 
Street.  But  the  magnificent  succession  of  lawn  and  mansion  on  "the 
avenue"  was  still  a  dream;  in  the  prosaic  waking  moments  of  even 
the  most  enthusiastic  dreamer,  it  was  still  unbroken  forest  in  which 
deer  and  bear  were  caught — as  the.y  are  unto  this  day.  Fuller  details 
of  the  cause  and  of  the  effect  of  the  boom  will  be  given  in  a  later 
chapter.  Suffice  it  now  to  say  that  the  village  was  ready  to  become  a 
citj'.     In  the  language  of  the  first  directory  of  Cleveland,   "some 


See    Biographical    Sketch. 


170  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XI 

6  to  8  thousauds  of  inhabitants  had  come  together  from  the  four 
winds — some  wished  to  do  more  things,  and  some  wished  to-do  things 
better ;  and  to  effect  all  these  objects,  and  a  variety  of  others,  no  means 
seemed  so  proper  as  a  City  Charter  in  due  form  and  style,  which  was 
petitioned  for  and  obtained."  On  the  third  of  March,  1836,  the 
Ohio  legislature  passed  a  bill  incorporating  the  City  of  Ohio,  on 
the  western  side  of  the  Cuyahoga  and,  two  days  later,  passed  another 
bill  incorporating  the  more  important  "City  of  Cleveland."  The 
limits  of  the  city  thus  incorporated  on  the  fifth  of  March,  1836,  were 
thus  described  (See  Ahaz  Merchant  map  on  page  160):  "Begin- 
ning at  low  water  mark  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie  at  the  most  north- 
eastwardly corner  of  Cleveland,  ten-acre  lot  number  one  hundred  and 
thirty-nine,  and  running  thence  on  the  dividing  line  between  lots  num- 
ber one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  and  one  hundred  and  forty,  num- 
bers one  hundred  and  seven  and  one  hundred  and  eight,  numbers 
eighty  and  eighty-one,  numbers  fifty-five  and  fifty-six,  numbers 
thirty-one  and  thirty-two,  and  numbers  six  and  seven  of  the  ten- 
acre  lots  to  the  south  line  of  the  ten-acre  lots,  thence  on  the  south 
line  of  the  ten-acre  lots  to  the  Cuyahoga  River,  thence  down  the  same 
to  the  extreme  point  of  the  west  pier  of  the  harbor,  thence  to  the 
township  line  between  Brooklyn  and  Cleveland,  thence  on  that  line 
northwardly  to  the  county  line,  thence  eastwardly  with  said  line  to 
a  point  due  north  of  the  place  of  beginning,  thence  south  to  the 
place  of  beginning."  The  trustees  of  the  village  held  their  final 
meeting  on  the  twenty-first  of  March  and  ordered  that  the  election 
for  city  officers  under  the  charter  should  be  held  in  the  several  wards 
(of  which  there  were  three)  on  the  second  Monday  of  the  following 
April.  It  was  also  ordered  that  the  election  in  the  first  ward  should 
be  held  in  the  court-house;  in  the  second  ward,  in  the  lower  room  of 
the  Stone  Church;  and  in  the  third  ward,  at  the  Academy.  Mr. 
Kennedy  notes  that  "the  new-boni  city  started  off  well,  holding  its 
first  election,  as  it  were,  within  the  visible  portals  of  the  law,  the  gos- 
pel, and  education." 


CHAPTER  XII 

THE  CITY  OF  CLEVELAND  AND  THE  CITY  OP  OHIO 

As  already  reeortled,  General  Cleaveland,  in  1796,  bought  the 
Indian  claims  to  the  lauds  of  the  Reserve  east  of  the  Cuyahoga  River 
and,  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  1805,  a  treaty  was  signed  by  the  terms  of 
which  the  Indians  surrendered  all  claims  to  all  the  lands  of  the  Re- 
serve. The  last  division  of  the  lands  by  the  Connecticut  Land  Company 
was  held  in  1807  at  which  time  Samuel  P.  Lord  and  others  drew  town- 
ship No.  7  in  Range  13,  i.  c.  Hrooklyn ;  the  lands  were  surveyed  in 
1809.  At  that  time,  as  Colonel  Whittlesey  tells  us,  "on  the  west  side  of 
the  river,  opposite  St.  Clair  street,  where  the  Indians  had  a  ferry,  a 
trail  led  out  across  the  marshy  ground,  up  the  hill  pa.st  the  old  log 
trading  house  where  there  were  springs  of  water,  to  an  opening  in  the 
forest,  near  the  crossing  of  Pearl  and  Detroit  streets.  In  this  pleasant 
space  the  savages  practiced  their  games,  held  their  pow-wows,  and  when 
whiskey  could  be  procured,  enjoyed  themselves  while  it  lasted.  The 
trail  continued  thence  westerly  to  Rocky  River  and  Sandusky.  An- 
other one,  less  fre(|uented,  led  off  southerly  up  the  river  to  the  old 
French  trading  post,  where  JIagenis  was  found  in  1786,  near  Brighton ; 
and  thence,  near  the  river  bank,  to  Tinker's  Creek,  and  probably  to 
the  old  Portage  path.  A  less  frequented  trail  existed  from  the  Indian 
villages  of  Tawas  or  Ottawas  and  Wingoes,  at  Tinker's  Creek,  by  a 
shorter  route,  direct  to  the  crossing  of  the  Cuyahoga  at  the  'Standing 
Stone,'  near  Kent.  The  paekhorsemen,  who  transported  goods  and 
flour  to  the  northwest  from  1786  to  1795,  followed  this  trail,  crossing 
the  Cuyahoga  at  Tinker's  Creek."  Soon  after  the  survey  of  the  west 
side  lands,  the  irrepressible  Ma.jor  Lorenzo  Carter,  who  now  was  "well 
to  do,"  and  his  son,  Alonzo,  bought  land  over  there  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river;  the  son  occupied  the  land  and  there  kept  the  Red  House 
tavern  opposite  Superior  Lane.  Most  of  the  settlers  on  the  west  side 
lived  near  the  lake  in  the  vicinity  of  Main  and  Detroit  avenues,  but  a 
"squatter"  from  Canada  by  the  name  of  Granger  had,  prior  to  1812, 
found  a  gras.sy  slope  running  up  from  the  river  near  the  present 
Riverside  Cemetery.  This  slope  was  long  known  as  "Granger's  Hill ;" 
when  the  squatter  came  I  can  not  tell  because  I  do  not  know,  but,  in 

171 


1812-18]  EARLY  WEST  SIDERS  173 

1815,  ho  moved  on  to  the  Maumee  country.     In  May,  1812,  James 
Fish  came  from  Groton,  just  across  the  Thames  River  from  New 
London,  Connecticut,  the  first  pennanent  settler  of  Brooklyn  town- 
ship.   According  to  the  record  made  by  Mr.  Kennedy,  he  had  purchased 
land  from  Mr.  Lord  and  his  partners,  the  owners  of  the  township,  and, 
in  the  summer  of  1811,  left  the  old  Nutmeg  State  "with  his  family 
stored  away  in  a  wagon  drawn  by  oxen.     He  was  accompanied  by 
quite  a  company  of  pioneers,  and  spent  forty -seven  days  upon  Ihe  road. 
He  passed  the  winter  in  Newburg;  early  in  the  spring  of  1812,  he 
crossed  over  to  Brooklyn,  erected  a  log-house  at  a  cost  of  eighteen  dol- 
lars, and  in  May  took  his  family  over  and  commenced  house-keeping. 
In  the  same  year  came  Moses  and  Ebenezcr  Fish,  the  last  named  serv- 
ing as  one  of  the  militiamen  guarding  the  Indian  murderer,  whose 
execution  in  1812  has  been  elsewhere  recorded.    In  1813,  came  Ozias 
Brainard,  of  Connecticut,  with  his  family;  while  in  1814,  six  families 
arrived  as  settlers  within  one  week — those  of  Isaac  Hinckley,  Asa 
Brainard,    Elijah   Young,    Stephen   Brainard,    Enos   Brainard,   and 
Wan-en  Brainard,  all  of  whom  had  Wen  residents  of  Chatham,  Middle- 
sex County,  Connecticut.     They  had  all  exchanged  their  farm  lands 
at  home  for  those  placed  upon  the  market  in  this  section  of  the  New 
West."    In  his  History  of  Cuyalwga  County,  Crisfield  Johnson  tells 
a  story  of  their  reception  which,  whether  wholly  authentic  or  not,  is 
interesting.    Thus  we  ire  told  that  they  set  out  from  Chatham  on  the 
same  day.     "The  train  consisted  of  six  wagons,  drawn  by  ten  horses 
and  six  oxen,  and  all  journeyed  together  until  Euclid  was  reached 
(forty  days  after  leaving  Chatham),  where  Isaac  Hinckley  and  his 
family  rested,  leaving  the  others  to  push  on  to  Brooklyn,  whither  he 
followed  them  within  a  week.     It  appears  that  the  trustees  of  the 
township  of  Cleveland,  to  which  the  territory  of  Brooklyn  then  be- 
longed, became  alarmed  at  the  avalanche  of  emigrants  just  described, 
and  concluding  that  they  were  a  band  of  paupers,  for  whose  support 
the  township  would  be  taxed,  started  a  constable  across  the  river  to 
warn  the  invaders  out  of  town.    Alonzo  Carter,  a  resident  of  Cleveland, 
heard  of  the  move,  and  stopped  it  by  endorsing  the  good  standing  of 
the  new-comers, — adding  that  the  alleged  paupers  were  worth  more 
than  all  the  trustees  of  Cleveland  combined." 

Improvements  in  Cleveland  and  Ohio  Citt 

Samuel  Lord,  his  son,  Richard,  and  Josiah  Barber  removed  to  what 
is  now  the  "West  Side"  of  Cleveland  as  early  as  1818  and,  in  June  of 
that  year,  Brooklyn  was  organized  as  a  tomiship  separate  from  Cleve- 


174  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XII 

]aud.  In  1831,  au  orgauizatiou  known  as  the  Buffalo  Company  bought 
the  Carter  farm  and  the  boom  of  Brooklyn  was  begun.  There  were 
expectations  of  a  thriving  city  there  with  warehouses  on  the  low  lands 
and  stores  and  residences  covering  the  bluffs.  In  1834-35,  water  lots 
ou  the  old  river  bed  had  a  higher  market  value  than  they  had  three 
decades  later.  "In  the  flush  times  of  1836-37,  land  contracts  on  long 
lime,  became  a  kind  of  circulating  medium,  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
daily  passing  from  hand  to  hand,  by  indorsement;  the  speculation 
accruing  to  each  successive  holder,  being  realized  in  cash ;  or  in 
promises  to  pay.  The  company  excavated  a  short  ship  canal  from  the 
Cuyahoga  to  the  old  river  bed,  at  the  east  end,  and  the  waters  being 
high,  a  steamboat  passed  into  the  lake,  through  a  natural  channel 
at  the  west  end."  Early  in  March,  1836,  the  City  of  Ohio  was  incor- 
porated, two  days  ahead  of  the  incorporation  of  the  City  of  Cleveland, 
as  recorded  in  the  preceding  chapter.  From  the  beginning,  the  City 
of  Ohio  was  commonly  called  Ohio  City.  A  few  years  after  its  incor- 
poration, Ohio  City  made  a  canal  from  the  Cuyahoga  River  opposite 
the  end  of  the  Ohio  Canal,  through  the  marsh,  into  the  old  river  bed, 
above  the  ship  channel.  This  canal  was  thus  to  be  made  the  terminus 
of  the  Ohio  Canal,  and  Ohio  City  was  to  have  a  harbor  of  its  own  en- 
tirely independent  of  Cleveland's  and  to  tlie  advantages  of  which  that 
city  could  lay  no  claim. 

The  Bridge  War 

In  1833,  James  S.  Clark  and  others  had  allotted  the  land  in  the 
first  bend  of  the  Cuyahoga,  "the  Ox  Bow"  alias  "The  Flats,"  and 
laid  out  Columbus  Street  through  it  to  the  bank  of  the  river,  as  re- 
lated in  an  earlier  chapter.  In  1837,  they  laid  out  a  large  allotment 
in  the  Ohio  City;  "Willeyville,"  they  called  it,  in  honor  of  Mayor  Wil- 
ley  of  Cleveland.  Through  this  Willeyville  they  laid  out  an  extension  of 
Columbus  Street  to  connect  with  the  Wooster  and  Medina  turnpike  at 
the  south  line  of  the  older  and  smaller  city.  The  northern  end  of  the 
Columbus  Street  in  Ohio  City  was  directly  opposite  the  southern 
end  of  the  Columbus  Street  in  Cleveland.  Mr.  Clark  and  his  partners 
spent  considerable  money  in  grading  the  hill  to  bring  their  new  street 
down  to  the  river  and  then  spent  fifteen  thousand  dollars  more  to  build 
a  bridge  across  tlie  stream  at  that  point,  thus  completing  a  short  route 
to  Cleveland  for  travel  and  traffic  from  the  south  and  west  with  a 
comparatively  easy  grade  up  Michigan  Street  to  Ontario  Street.  As 
far  as  such  travel  and  traffic  were  conecrned,  the  bridge  and  the  two 
sections  of  Columbus  Street  practically  side-tracked  Ohio  City  which 


1833-37]  THE  BATTLE  OF  THE  BRIDGE  175 

lay  uearer  the  mouth  of  the  river,  as  laay  be  seen  by  refcreiiee  to  the 
map  ou  page  160.  The  first  eity  directory  (of  wliieh  furtlier  mention 
will  be  made)  was  printed  in  that  year;  as  therein  described,  the 
bridge  was  ' '  supported  bj'  a  stone  abutment  on  either  shore  and  piers 
of  solid  masonry  erected  in  the  center  of  the  river.  Between  the  piers, 
there  is  a  draw  sufficient  to  allow  a  vessel  of  forty-nine  feet  beam  to 
pass  through.  The  length  is  two  hundred  feet,  the  breadth,  including 
the  sidewalks,  thirty-thrw  feet,  and  the  height  of  the  piers,  above  the 
surface  of  the  water,  may  be  estimated  at  twenty-four  feet.  The  whole, 
with  the  exception  of  the  draw,  is  roofed  and  enclosed,  presents  an 
imposing  appearance,  and  reflects  much  credit  on  the  architect,  Nathan 
Hunt.  This  splendid  bridge  was  presented  to  the  corporation  of  Cleve- 
land by  the  owners,  with  the  express  stipulation  that  it  should  forever 
remain  free  for  the  accommodation  of  the  public,  although  the  Legis- 
lature had  previously  chartered  it  as  a  toll  bridge."  The  bridge  soon 
bred  trouble  between  cities  that  were  sisters  and  almost  twins.  As  re- 
ported by  Colonel  Whittlesey,  "city  rivalry  ran  so  high,  that  a  regular 
battle  occurred  ou  this  bridge  in  1837,  between  the  citizens  and  the 
city  authorities  on  the  west  side,  and  those  on  the  east.  A  field  piece 
was  posted  on  the  low  grouinl,  on  the  Cleveland  side,  to  rake  the  bridge, 
very  much  as  the  Austrians  did  at  Lodi,  and  crowbars,  clubs,  stones, 
pistols,  and  guns  were  freely  used  on  both  sides.  Men  were  wounded 
of  both  parties,  three  of  them  seriously.  The  draw  was  cut  away,  the 
middle  pier  and  the  western  abutment  partially  blown  down,  and  the 
field  piece  spiked,  by  the  west  siders.  But  the  sheriff,  and  the  city 
marshal  of  Cleveland,  soon  obtained  possession  of  the  dilapidated 
bridge,  which  had  been  donated  to  the  city.  Some  of  the  actors  were 
confined  in  the  county  jail.  The  bridge  question  thus  got  into  court, 
and  was  finally  settled  by  the  civil  tribunals."  The  story-  of  this  more- 
or-less  dramatic  incident,  famous  in  local  histon'  as  "The  Bridge 
War,"  is  thus  told  by  :Mr.  Orth :  "The  people  of  Ohio  City  saw  the 
traffic  from  Elyria,  Brooklyn,  and  the  intervening  farming  country 
avoid  their  town  and  pass  over  the  new  bridge  to  their  rivals  on  the 
east  side,  ileanwhile,  the  Cleveland  city  council  directed  the  removal 
of  one  half  of  the  old  float  bridge  at  Main  Street,  one  half  of  this 
bridge  belonging  to  each  town.  The  mandate  of  the  council  was 
obeyed  at  night,  and  when  the  people  of  Ohio  City  realized  that  they 
were  the  victims  of  strategy,  they  held  an  indignation  meeting  and 
declared  the  new  bridge  a  public  nuisance.  Their  marshal  organized 
a  posse  of  deputies  and  the  bridge  was  damaged  by  a  charge  of  pow- 
der, exploded  under  the  Ohio  City  end.  Two  deep  ditches  were 
dug  near  the  approaches,  on  either  side,  and  the  bridge  virtually  rend- 


1836-37]  IN  OHIO  CITY  177 

ered  useless.  Then  a  mob  of  west  siders  with  evil  intent  marched  down 
on  tlie  bridge,  led  by  C.  L.  Kussoll,  one  of  tlieir  leading  attorneys.  But 
they  were  met  by  tlie  mayor  of  Cleveland,  who  was  backed  by  some 
militiamen,  a  crowd  of  his  constituents,  and  an  old  field  piece  that  had 
been  used  in  Fourth  of  July  celebrations.  There  wa.s  a  niixup ; 
planks,  stones  and  lists  were  freely  used.  But  the  old  cannon  remained 
silent  because  benevolent  Deacon  House,  of  the  west  side,  had  spiked 
it  with  an  old  file.  The  fight  was  stopped  bj'  tlic  county  sherifi'  and  the 
Cleveland  marshal.  The  city  council,  October  29,  1837,  ordered  tlie 
marshal  to  keep  an  armed  guard  near  the  bridge.  But  the  courts  soon 
put  a  stop  to  the  petty  quarrel  between  tlie  two  villages.  In  ten  years 
the  old  bridge  had  grown  too  small,  and  in  1846  agitation  was  begun 
to  build  a  larger  one.  The  towns  could  not  agree  an  a  plan,  Ohio  City 
iiiaintaining  that  Cleveland  owned  only  to  the  middle  of  the  river. 
The  county  promptly  settled  the  dispute  and  built  the  bridge.  In 
1870,  Columbus  street  was  still  'one  of  the  leading  thoroughfares,'  and 
an  iron  bridge  was  built,  which  was  replaced  in  1898  by  a  new  bridge 
at  a  cost  of  eighty  thousand  dollars." 

Ohio  City's  First  Election 

The  first  election  held  in  Ohio  City  took  place  in  March,  1836, 
some  time  before  the  fii-st  election  was  held  in  Cleveland,  and  Josiah 
Barber  was  elected  mayor.  From  the  old  first  book  of  records  of  the 
City  of  Ohio,  now  carefully  preserved  in  the  office  of  the  city  clerk  of 
Cleveland,  I  copy  the  minutes  of  the  first  meeting  of  the  first  council 
of  the  newly  incorporated  city  on  the  west  side  of  the  river: 

The  Mayor  and  members  elect  of  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of 
Ohio  assembled  at  the  office  of  E.  Fol.som  in  said  city  on  the  evening  of 
March  thirtieth,  1836. 

The  Hon.  Josiah  Barber,  mavor. 

Messrs.  E.  Folsom,  C.  Williams,  N.  C.  Baldwin  and  B.  F.  Tyler 
from  the  First  ward;  F.  A.  Burrows,  C.  E.  Hill,  L.  Risley  and  E. 
Slaght  from  the  Second  ward ;  R.  Lord,  William  Beuton,  H.  N.  Ward 
and  E.  Conklin  from  the  Third  ward  were  present. 

The  oath  of  otfice  having  been  duly  administered,  on  motion  F.  A. 
Burrows  was  elected  clerk  of  the  Council  pro  tem.  The  members 
from  the  several  wards  produced  their  certificates  setting  forth  that 
they  had  met  in  their  several  wards  and  determined  by  lot  their 
respective  periods  of  .service,  viz. — in  the  First  ward,  Cyrus  Williams 
and  E.  Folsom  each  drew  the  term  of  two  years  and  B.  F.  Tyler  and 
N.  C.  Baldwin  each  drew  the  term  of  one  year. 

In  the  second  ward,  C.  E.  Hill  and  Luke  Risley  each  drew  the 
term  of  two  years  and  F.  A.  Burrows  and  Edgar  Slaght  each  drew 
the  term  of  one  year. 


178  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS       [Chap.  XII 

In  the  Third  wax-d,  H.  N.  Ward  and  E.  Coiiklin  each  drew  the 
term  of  two  years  and  Rich.  Lord  and  L.  W.  Benton  each  drew  the 
term  of  one  year. 

On  motion  the  Council  proceeded  to  elect  by  ballot  a  president 
of  the  Council,  City  Recorder,  City  Treasurer,  and  City  Marshal. 
On  the  first  ballot  for  president,  Richard  Lord  received  a  majority 
of  all  the  votes  and  was  duly  elected  president  of  the  Council  for 
one  year.  On  the  ballot  for  City  Treasurer,  Asa  Foote  received  eleven 
votes  and  was  duly  elected  Treasurer  for  one  year.  On  the  ballot 
for  City  Marshal,  George  L.  Chapman  received  eleven  votes  and  was 
duly  elected  Marshal.  On  the  ballot  for  City  Recorder,  Thomas 
"Whelpley  received  twelve  votes  and  was  unanimously  elected. 

On  motion  of  N.  C.  Baldwin,  Messrs.  Benton,  Folsom  and  Burrows 
were  appointed  a  Committee  on  By  Laws  and  Ordinances  with  instruc- 
tions to  report  at  the  next  stated  meeting  such  ordinances  as  in  their 
opinion  the  interests  of  the  city  require. 

E.  Folsom  offered  the  Council  a  chamber  in  the  Columbus  Block 
for  the  use  of  the  city  at  an  annual  rent  of  eighty  dollars,  whereupon 
the  following  resolution  was  adopted: 

Resolved  that  the  City  Council  accept  the  offer  of  E.  Folsom  of 
a  room  in  the  Columbus  Block  to  be  lased  as  a  Council  Chamber; 
Messrs.  Benton,  Burrows,  Conklin,  Hill,  Lord,  Risley,  Slaght,  Wil- 
liams, Tyler  and  Ward  voting  in  the  affirmative,  and  N.  C.  Baldwin, 
negative.  On  motion  of  L.  Risley,  N.  C.  Baldwin  wa,s  appointed  a 
committee  to  procure  the  necessan-  furniture  and  fixtures  for  the 
Council  Chamber  and  provide  stationery  for  the  use  of  the  Council. 

On  motion  of  E.  Folsom,  the  City  Recorder  was  added  to  the 
Committee  on  By  Laws  and  Ordinances. 

On  motion  the  City  Council  then  adjourned  to  the  second  Friday 
in  April  at  six  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  to  meet  in  the  Council 
Chamber. 

F.  A.  Buri'ows    Clerk 
pro  tem.  of  City  Council 

At  the  next  election,  as  recorded  in  the  "Directory  of  the  Cities 
of  Cleveland  and  Oliio,  for  the  Years  1837-38,"  the  municipal  govern- 
ment of  Ohio  City  was  vested  in  the  following  officers : 

Hon.  Francis  A.  Burrows,  Mayor. 

COUNCILMEN 

Ezokicl  Folsom,  H.  N.  Ward, 

S.  W.  Sayles,  Norman  C.  Baldwin, 

H.  N.  Barstow,  William  Burton, 

Josiah  Barber,  Edward  Conklin, 

Edward  Broiisou,  C.  E.  Hill, 

Cyrus  Williams,  Luke  Risley. 

D.  C.  Van  Tine,  Timsurer. 
C.  L.  Rnsscll,  h'rcordn: 
Geo.  L.  Chajuuaii.  Marslial. 
J.  Freeman,  Inspector. 


1836-54]  THE  SUCCESSION  OF  MAYORS  179 

Mayors  op  the  Two  Cities 

In  1855,  the  rival  cities  of  Ohio  and  Cleveland  were  united  under 
the  name  of  the  latter.  From  the  beginning  to  the  end,  the  list  of 
mayors  of  Ohio  City  is  as  follows : 

1836 — Josiah  Barber, 
1837 — Francis  A.  Burrows, 
1838-39— Norman  C.  Baldwin, 
1840-41— Neodham  M.  Standart, 
1842 — Francis  A.  Burrows, 
1843— Richard  Lord, 
1844-45-46— Daniel  II.  Lamb, 
1847— David  Griffith, 
1848— John  Beverlin, 
1849— Thomas  Burnham, 
1850-51-52— Benjamin  Sheldon, 
1853-54— William  B.  Castle. 

From  the  incorporation  of  the  City  of  Cleveland  to  the  annexation 
of  the  City  of  Ohio,  the  list  of  Cleveland  mayors  is  as  follows: 

1836-37— John  W.  Willey, 
1838-39— Joshua  Mills, 
1840 — Nicholas  Doekstader, 
1841— John  W.  Allen, 
1842— Joshua  Jlills, 
1843 — Nelson  Hayward, 
1844-45 — Samuel  Starkweather, 
1846— George  Iloadley, 
1847 — Josiah  A.  Harris, 
1848' — Lorenzo  A.  Kelsey, 
1849— Flavel  W.  Bingham, 
1850-51 — William  Case, 
1852-53-54— Abner  C.  Brownell. 

At  the  first  election  after  the  annexation,  the  choice  fell,  as  by 
previous  informal  agreement,  upon  a  "West  Sider,"  and  so  William 
B.  Castle,  the  last  mayor  of  Ohio  City,  become  the  first  mayor  of  the 
consolidated  Cleveland. 

In  the  City  of  Cleveland 
The  new  charter  of  Cleveland  ])rovi(led : 

Sec.  11.  That  the  governnunt  of  said  city,  and  the  exercise  of 
its  coi^porate  powers,  and  managemc7it  of  its  fiscal,  prudential  and 
municipal  concerns,  shall  be  vested  in  a  mayor  and  council,  which 
council  shall  consist  of  three  members  from  each  ward,  actually  resid- 
ing therein,  and  as  many  aldermen  as  there  may  be  wards,  to  be 


180  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS       [Chap.  XII 

chosen  from  the  city  at  large,  no  two  of  which  shall  reside  in  any 
cue  ward,  and  shall  be  denominated  the  City  Council;  and  also  such 
other  ofScers  as  are  hereinafter  mentioned  and  provided  for. 

See.  III.  That  the  said  city,  until  the  city  council  see  tit  to  in- 
crease, alter  or  change  the  same,  be  divided  into  three  wards,  in  the 
manner  following,  to  wit :  The  first  ward  shall  comprise  all  the  terri- 
tory l.ying  easterly  of  the  centre  of  the  Cuyahoga  river,  and  southerly 
of  the  centre  of  Superior  lane,  and  Superior  street  to  Ontario  street, 
and  of  a  line  thence  to  the  centre  of  Euclid  street  and  of  said  last 
mentioned  centre.  The  second  ward  shall  comprise  all  the  territory, 
not  included  in  the  first  ward,  lying  easterly  of  the  centre  of  Seneca 
street.  The  third  wai'd  shall  include  all  the  territory  westerly  of  the 
centre  of  Seneca  street,  easterly  of  the  westerly  boundary  of  the  citj% 
and  northerly  of  the  centre  of  Superior  street  and  Superior  lane. 

On  the  day  fixed  for  that  purpose  by  the  village  trustees  at  their 
last  meeting,  the  first  annual  election  of  the  City  of  Cleveland  was  held 
(April  11,  1836)  in  the  several  wards  as  ordered.  The  charter  pro- 
vided that  the  election  should  ' '  be  held  on  the  first  IMonday  in  March, ' ' 
but  as  the  act  of  incoi-poration  did  not  become  a  law  until  the  fifth  day 
of  that  month,  the  election  had  to  be  postponed  until  a  practicable  date. 
In  succeeding  years,  the  annual  election  was  held  in  ]March. 

The  clerks  of  the  said  first  election  were : 

First  Ward:  Judges,  Richard  Winslow,  Scth  A.  Abbey,  Edward 
Clark.    Clerks,  Thomas  Bolton,  Henry  li.  Dodge. 

Second  Ward:  Judges.  Gurdon  Pitch,  Henry  L.  Noble,  Benjamin 
Rouse.     Clerks,  Samuel  Williamson,  George  C.  Dodge. 

Third  Ward:  Judges,  John  Blair,  Silas  Belden,  Daniel  Worley. 
Clerks,  John  A.  Vincent,  Dudley  Baldwin. 

The  officers  elected  were: 

31  ay  or,  John  W.  Willcy. 

Aldermen,  Richard   Ililliard,   Nicholas   Dockstader,  Joshua  Mills. 

Marshall.  George  Kiik. 

Treasurer,  Daniel  Worley. 

Coimcilmen: 

First  Ward,  Jlorris  TTepburn,  Jolin  R.  St.  John,  William  V.  Craw. 

Second  Ward,  Sherlock  J.  Andrews,  Henry  L.  Noble,  Edward 
Baldwin. 

Third  Ward,  Aaron  'l\  Strieklaml.  Archibald  M.  C.  Smith,  Horace 
Canfield. 

City  CouNCiii  First  Mkets 

The  first  meeting  of  thr  city  (Miinicil  was  h(>l(i  on  the  lifteenth  of 
April,  ls:!(l.     'I'he  rcrciilly  I'lci-lcd  oflicci's  Iodic  tlieir  (ifllcial  oatlis  and 


1836]  IN  THE  CITY  OF  CLEVELAND  181 

George  Hoadley  was  sworn  in  as  "a  justice  of  the  peace  for  said 
county."  By  unanimous  vote,  Sherlock  J.  Andrews  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  council  and  Henry  B.  Payne  as  city  clerk  and  city  attorney. 
In  the  following:  Auirust,  the  president  of  the  council  ami  the  city 
clerk  resigned  and  tiie  vacancies  were  filled  by  the  election  of  Dr. 
Joshua  A.  ]\lills  vice  Aiulrews  and  of  George  B.  Mcrwin  vice  Payne. 
The  gift  of  the  now  famous  Columbus  Street  bridge  to  the  city  was 
accepted  and  a  councilmanic  committee  was  appointed  to  confer  with 
the  Philadelphia  councils  concerning  "the  nnitual  advantages  to  he 
ilcrivcd  from  the  building  of  the  proposed  Cleveland  and  Warren  Kail- 


Mayor  John  W.  Willey 

road  to  Pittsburgh."  Steplien  Woolverton  and  Samuel  Brown  were 
appointed  wood  inspectors.  One  public  stand  for  the  sale  of  wood  was 
established  at  the  intersection  of  Water  (West  Ninth)  and  Superior 
streets  with  Woolverton  on  duty  there  or  near  by,  and  another  at  the 
Public  Square  with  Brown  in  office  not  far  awaj- ;  they  were  to  enforce 
the  just  decree  that  "eaeh  cord  shall  contain  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  cubic  feet,"  as  prescribed  by  one  of  the  tables  of  weights  and 
measures  printed  in  the  old  arithmetics.  Fire  limits  were  fixed  and  an 
ordinance  was  passed  establishing  a  fire  department  as  recorded  in  an 
earlier  chapter.  The  fee  for  a  theater  license  was  fixed  at  seventy-five 
dollars  and  the  first  one  issued  was  granted  to  Messrs.  Dean  and  Mc- 
Kinney.  John  Shier  was  appointed  city  surveyor  and  engineer,  the 
street  commissioner  was  authorized  and  instructed  to  procure  a  ferry- 
boat suitable  for  carrying  persons  and  property  across  the  river  at  such 
point  as  the  council  should  direct,  and  tJie  marshal  was  directed  "to 


182  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS       [Chap.  XII 

prosecute  every  person  retailing  ardent  spirits  coutrarj'  to  tlie  provis- 
ions of  tlie  ordinance  regulating  licenses,  after  giving  such  person  six 
daj-s'  notice  to  procure  a  license,  and  also  to  prosecute  every  person 
who  fails  to  take  out  a  license  within  one  week  after  the  same  has  been 
granted  by  the  council."  In  this  year,  chartere  were  issued  to  the 
Cleveland,  Columbus,  and  Cincinnati  Railroad  Company  and  to  the 
Cleveland,  AVarren,  and  Pittsburgh  Railroad  Company,  but  the  quick 
coming  of  the  panic  of  1837  laid  tliem  on  the  shelf  until  a  later  decade, 
although,  as  we  soon  shall  see,  the  city  voted  liberal  aid  to  the  latter 
in  1838. 

FmsT  Board  op  School  ]VL\nagers 

The  record  of  a  meeting  of  the  council  held  in  ilay  says:  "A  com- 
munication was  received  from  the  Mayor  in  relation  to  common 
schools."  Just  what  the  mayor  said  on  this  subject  does  not  appear 
but  on  the  ninth  of  June,  Mr.  Craw  introduced  the  following  resolu- 
tion which  was  adopted :  ' '  Resolved — That  a  committee  be  and  is  here- 
by appointed  to  employ  a  teacher  and  an  assistant,  to  con- 
tinue the  Free  School  to  the  end  of  the  quarter,  or  until  a 
school  system  for  the  city  shall  be  organized,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  city."  The  story  of  this  "Free  School,"  as  told 
by  Samuel  H.  Mather,  is  that  "a  Sunday  School  was  organized  in  the 
old  Bethel  Church,  probably  in  1833  or  1834,  a  kind  of  mission  or 
ragged  school.  The  children,  however,  were  found  so  ignorant  that 
Sunday  School  teaching,  as  such,  was  out  of  the  question.  The  time 
of  the  teacher  was  oljliged  to  be  spent  in  teaching  the  children  how 
to  read.  To  remedy  this  difficulty  and  make  the  Sunday  School  avail- 
able, a  day  school  was  started.  It  was  supported  by  voluntary  con- 
tributions, and  was  a  charity  school,  in  fact,  to  which  none  sent  but 
the  very  poorest  people."  As  above  stated,  the  management  and 
expense  of  this  previously  "missionary  enterprise"  were  assumed  by 
the.  city — the  first  public  school  of  Cleveland.  In  June,  Mr.  Dock- 
stadcr  presented  an  ordinance  for  the  levy  and  collection  of  a  school 
tax  and,  in  September,  Mr.  R.  L.  Gazlay,  the  principal  of  the  school, 
reported  that  22!)  children  had  received  instruction  during  the  last 
quarter  and  that  the  expense  of  maintaining  the  school  had  been 
$131.12.  In  the  following  month  (October,  1836),  the  council  ap- 
pointed the  first  board  of  school  managers,  the  members  of  which  were 
John  W.  Willey,  Anson  Hayden,  and  Daniel  Worlcy.  In  November, 
IMr.  Baldwin  introduced  a  resolution  ordering  an  enumeration  of  the 
vouth  of  the  citv  between  the  ages  of  four  and  twenty-one  years.   In 


1836]  SCHOOL  MANAGERS  183 

the  following  March,  1837,  the  school  managers  reported  that  they 
had  continued  the  "Common  Free  School"  and  that  its  cost  for  the 
quarter  then  ending  had  been  $185.77,  and  urged  a  more  liberal  outlay 
for  schools  and  school-houses.  Then  Mr.  Noble  introduced  a  resolution 
requesting  the  committee  on  schools  ' '  to  ascertain  and  report,  as  soon 
as  convenient,  what  lots  may  be  purchased,  the  price  and  tenns  of 
payment,  to  be  used  for  school  purposes — two  in  the  First  Ward,  one 
in  the  Second  Ward  and  one  in  the  Third  Ward. "  The  council  had  not 
yet  passed  an  ordinance  for  establishing  a  system  of  schools,  but,  in 
that  month  (March,  1837)  about  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year,  the  mayor 
was  allowed  five  hundred  dollars  for  his  services  during  the  year  while 
each  member  of  the  council  was  awarded  one  dollar  for  each  session 
of  the  municipal  legislature  that  he  had  attended,  a  "salary-grab" 
that  seems  to  have  been  condoned  by  the  public. 


CHAPTER  XIII 
THE  YEAR  OF  THE  FIRST  DIRECTORY 

The  election  of  1837  in  Cleveland  resulted  as  follows: 

Mayor,  John  W.  Willey. 

Treasurer,  Daniel  Worley. 

Marshal,  George  Kirk. 

Aldermen,  Joshiia  A.  Mills,  Nicholas  Doekstader,  Jonathan  Wil- 
liams. 

Councilmen: 

First  Ward,  George  B.  Merwin,  Alfred  Hall,  Horace  Canfield. 

Second  Ward,  Henry  L.  Noble,  Edward  Baldwin,  Samuel  Cook. 

Third  Ward,  Samuel  Starkweather,  Joseph  K.  ililler,  Thomas 
Colahan. 

Council  Approves  City  Directory 

On  the  twentieth  of  March,  the  second  council  of  the  City  of  Cleve- 
land was  organized  with  Dr.  Josliua  A.  Mills  as  president  and  Oliver  P. 
Baldwin  as  city  clerk.  This  council  created  a  special  committee  "to 
inquire  into  the  expediency  of  lighting  Superior  street  from  the 
river  to  the  Public  Square,  and  how  many  lamps  will  be  necessary,  and 
the  expense  of  lamps,  lamp-posts,  oil,  etc.,  and  the  best  method  of  de- 
fraying the  expense  satisfactorily  to  the  citizens."  The  council  also 
gave  its  approval  to  the  proposal  to  publish  a  city  directoiy.  Before 
the  end  of  the  year,  Sauford  &  Lott,  book  and  .job  printers  and  book- 
binders, "17  Superior  Street,  three  doors  west  of  the  Franklin  House," 
is.sued  a  directory  for  Cleveland  and  Oliio  City,  a  small  book  of  144 
pages,  each  full  typepage  of  which  measured  about  3x514  inches.  There 
were  forty-two  additional  pages  of  advertisements,  some  of  which  have 
real  historical  value  as  will  appear  from  the  facsimiles  of  some  of  them 
given  in  this  chapter.  As  this  publication  opens  wide  the  front  door 
of  Cleveland's  municipal  life,  it  seems  worth  while  to  enter  and  to 
spend  a  while  in  taking  account  of  the  stock  then  on  liand.  This 
directory  names  and  locates  eighty-eight  streets,  lanes,  and  alleys  in 
Cleveland  and  explains  the  system  of  numbering  the  houses  thereon. 
It  contains  a  brief  history  of  Cleveland  (eleven  of  the  small  pages)  and 

184 


DIRECTORY 

CLEVELAND  AND  OHIO  CITY, 

Wm  ilk®  ¥"©®2g  IL©D^=4)§o 

Comprititg 


msTOmcAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  SKETCHES  OF  EACH  PLiCE-AN  AtPKABETIC. 
hi.  MST  or  INHABITANTS, THEla  B0S1NE9S  AND  RE31UENCE— A  LIST  OP  THE 
MUNICIPAL  OPPICERS-EVERY  INPORMATION  RELATIVE  TO  THE  PUBLIC  OF. 
FICES  AKD  OPFICERa.  CHURCHEg,  ASSOCIATIONS  AND  INSTITUTIONS,  SHIP- 
flNC,  rTEAMBOATS,  STACES,  fe<-,-iLeo.  A  LIBT  OF  THE  OFFICERS  OF  THE 
C0VE4NMENT  OP  0«tO-A  TABLE  OF  FOREICN  COINS  AND  CIJRRENCLE3-.VN0 
A  VARIETJr  or  OTHER  USEFUL  INFORMATIOK. 


BY  JULIUS  P.  BOLZVAJR  MAC  CABE. 


CLEVELAND: 
SANFOKD  &  LOTT,  BOOK  &  JOB  PRINTERS, 

ia37. 


186  CLE VEL ANT)  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIII 

a  copy  of  the  charter  of  that  city.  It  gives  the  uames  and  residences 
of  1,086  firms  and  persons,  "heads  of  families,  householders,  etc., 
in  the  city  of  Cleveland,  July,  1837,"  and  of  290  in  Ohio  City  in 
August,  1837,  with  addenda  for  both  cities,  a  total  of  about  1,400. 
The  Cleveland  directory  for  1918  is  made  up  as  follows : 

Alphabetical  list  of  names 1984  pages 

Business  Directory 328  pages 

Miscellaneous  Directory 42  pages 

Street  Directory 39  pages 

Total 2393  pages 

It  is  estimated  that  the  alphabetical  list  contains  about  300,000 
names.  The  directory  of  1837,  also  contains,  among  other  things,  an 
account  of  each  of  the  "eight  congregations  of  Christians  in  the  city 
of  Cleveland,  viz. :  one  Episcopal,  two  Presbyterians,  one  Baptist,  one 
Catholic,  one  Episcopal  Methodist,  one  Reformed  Methodist,  and 
one  German  Protestant." 


Churches  of  1837 

The  First  Presbj^terian  church  (north  side  of  Public  Square  at 
intersection  of  Ontario  Street)  held  services  at  10:30  o'clock  a.  m., 
and  at  3  and  7  o'clock  p.  m.,  on  Sundays.  The  minister  was  the 
Rev.  Samuel  C.  Aikin ;  the  deacons  were  T.  P.  Handy,  Stephen  "Whit- 
aker,  Henry  Sexton ;  and  the  elders  were  F.  W.  Bingham,  A.  -D.  Cutter, 
Thos.  Davis,  William  Williams  and  Jas.  F.  Clarke.  The  Second  Pres- 
byterian church  held  services  "until  the  completion  of  their  new 
church  which  is  now  being  erected,"  in  the  Commercial  Building  at 
the  same  hours  on  Sundays.  The  minister  was  the  Rev.  Joseph  Whit- 
ing; the  deacons  were  C.  L.  Lathrop,  L.  Ij.  Rice;  the  elders  were  A. 
Penfield,  H.  Ford,  J.  A.  Foote;  and  the  trustees  were  A.  Seymour,  S. 
J.  Andrews,  F.  Whittlesey,  S.  L.  Severance  and  J.  Day.  Trinity 
Episcopal  church  (Seneca  Street,  corner  of  St.  Clair)  held  services 
at  the  same  hours  on  Sundays.  The  rector  was  the  Rev.  E.  Boydcn ; 
the  organist  was  H.  J.  IMould ;  the  chui'ch  wardens  were  Simeon  Ford, 
H.  L.  Noble;  the  vestrymen  were  the  Hon.  John  W.  Allen,  Dr.  Rol)ert 
Johnstone,  James  Kellogg,  William  Cleveland,  William  Sargeant,  and 
T.  M.  Kellcy.  The  Baptist  church  (Seneca  Street,  corner  of  Cham- 
plain  Street)  had  "preaching  three  times  every  Sabbath."  The  min- 
ister was  the  Rev.  Levi  Tucker;  the  deacons  were  Moses  White,  Alex- 
ander Sked,  John  Bcnncy;  and  the  clerk  was  William  Chard.  The 
Catholic  church  (Shakspeare  Hall  on  Superior  Lane)  is  recorded  thus: 


1837] 


THE  CITY  DIRECTORY 


187 


"Under  tlie  direction  of  the  Bishop  of  Cincinnati.  Minister— None 
stationed  here  at  present."  In  this  chapel,  "the  congregation  of  about 
one  thousand  souls,"  Irish,  English,  Scotch,  American,  German,  and 
French,  "worshipped  God  until  the  death  of  Jlr.  Dillon,  which  took 
place  sometime  in  September  last.  Since  then,  there  has  been  no  Cath- 
olic priest  in  Cleveland,"  but  "the  Rt.  Rev.  Di-.  Purcell,  Bishop  of 
Cincinnati,  is  expected  in  this  place  in  a  few  days  to  make  arrange- 
ments for  the  erection  of  a  sjjlendid  church  for  his  flock  in  Cleveland 
and  Ohio  City."  The  Methodist  Episcopal  church  ("meetings  at 
present  held  at  the  Court-IIouse")  held  services  at  10:30  o'clock, 
a.  m.,  and  6  o'clock,  p.  m.,  on  Sundays.  The  minister  was  the  Rev. 
Mr.    Low.      The   Protestant   Methodist   church    ("meetings  held   in 


First  Catholic  Church 

Read's  School-House  at  present")  held  services  at  10  o'clock,  a.  m., 
and  6  o'clock,  p.  m.,  on  Sundays.  Both  of  the  Methodist  congrega- 
tions "are  now  erecting  large  and  substantial  bi'ick  churches  which 
•they  expect  to  finish  this  summer."  The  Bethel  church  (corner  of 
Diamond  Street) ,  an  off-shoot  of  the  First  Presbyterian,  held  services 
twice  every  Sunday.  The  minister  was  the  Rev.  V.  D.  Taylor.  The 
German  church  (Protestant)  held  services  at  the  Academy  on  St. 
Clair  Street  at  10  o'clock,  a.  m.,  and  1  o'clock,  p.  m.,  on  Sundays. 
The  pastor  was  the  Rev.  William  Stoinmeir;  the  church  wardens  were 
H.  Heissel,  E.  Geneiner,  C.  Gentsch,  II.  Schuhmachei',  and  C.  Scher. 


Courthouse  Described 

Then  come  descriptions  of  the  court-house  on  an  eminence  in  the 
Public  Square  with  its  front  ornamented  with  "pilasters  of  the  Dorick 


188  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIII 

order  supporting  a  Dorick  entablature ;  tlie  whole  is  crowned  with  an 
Ionic  belfry  and  dome."  The  Cuyahoga  County  prison,  a  stone  build- 
ing two  stories  high,  was  "situated  on  Champlain  Street,  convenient 
to  the  rear  of  the  court  house."  The  city  hospital  was  "situated  upon 
Clinton  Street,  in  the  easterly  part  of  the  city  and  upon  the  most 
elevated  ground  in  it.  The  grounds  connected  with  the  hospital  are 
about  four  acres  and  consist  of  part  of  the  land  purchased  at  the  public 
expense  and  occupied  as  a  public  cemetery.  .  .  .  The  expenses 
of  the  institution  are  paid  from  the  revenue  of  the  city,  and  for  the 
J) resent  year  are  estimated  at  from  four  to  five  thousand  dollars." 
The  Cleveland  Free  School  was  established  in  March,  1830,  "for  the 
education  of  male  and  female  children  of  eveiy  religious  denomination 
and  is  supported  by  the  city. ' '  Its  sessions  were  held  in  the  basement 
of  the  Bethel  church.  "The  average  number  of  pupils  in  attendance- 
may  be  stated  at  ninety  males  and  forty -six  females."  Clinton  Park, 
on  the  bank  of  Late  Erie  and  half  a  mile  from  the  courthouse, 
"altliough  a  wildei'ness  of  unsightly  stumps  and  girdled  trees  two  years 
ago,  is  already  encircled  with  some  suburban  villas  embosomed  in 
gardens  of  the  most  picturesque  beauty.  .  .  .  It  is  intended  to  be 
laid  out  in  the  landscape  style  of  gardening,  comprising  lawns,  shrub- 
bery, ornamental  trees  and  flowers,  which  with  the  Mineral  Spring 
adjacent,  will  be  open  to  the  public."  At  tbe  park  was  the  Spring  Cot- 
tage and  Bathing  Establishment,  "decidedly  a  summer  retreat  from 
the  bustle  and  care  of  business,  of  no  ordinary  character,  combining 
utility  and  gi'atification  with  pleasure."  Clinton  Park  still  holds  its 
ground  on  Lakeside  Avenue  between  East  Sixteenth  and  East  Eight- 
eenth streets,  but  is  not  living  up  to  the  magnificence,  actual  and 
prospective,  as  set  forth  in  the  glowing  phrases  of  the  eloquent  Mr. 
MacCabe. 

Associations  and  Institutions  op  1837 

Among  the  other  associations  and  institutions  mentioned  are  the 
following : 

The  Cleveland  Reading  Room  Association  "was  fornu-d  by  the  vol- 
untary subscriptions  of  a  number  of  gentlemen  in  the  fall  of  1835, 
.  .  .  to  furnish  Reviews,  Pamphlets,  and  Newspapers  from  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  country  on  all  topics  of  general  interest  to  the 
community.  .  .  .  The  Reading  Room  is  open  daily,  and  is  lighted 
and  open  in  the  evening  until  ten  o'clock."  Jolin  M.  Sterling  was 
president;  S.  W.  Crittenden,  treasurer;  George  T.  Kingsley,  secretary. 

The  Young  Men's  Literary  As.sociation,  organized  in  November, 


1837]  THE  CITY  DIRECTORY  189 

1836,  already  had  a  library  of  800  volumes  that  might  be  drawn  from 
the  reading-room  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday  evenings.  Charles 
Whittlesey  was  president;  George  C.  Davies,  secretary;  W.  U.  Oat- 
iiian,  corresponiling  secretary;  and  S.  W.  Crittenden,  treasurer. 

The  Cleveland  City  Temperance  Society  ("on  the  tetotal  plan") 
was  organized  in  March,  1836.  Other  temperance  societies  had  been 
formed,  "but  this  may  now  be  said  to  be  the  only  one  that  shows 
any  considerable  signs  of  life."  Alexander  Seymour  was  president; 
Samuel  Cowles  and  David  Long  wei-e  vice-presidents ;  Dudley  Baldwin 
was  recording  secretary ;  Samuel  Williamson  was  corresponding  sec- 
retary ;  C.  G.  Collins  was  treasurer ;  and  Philip  Battel,  William  Day, 
B.  Stedman,  A.  W.  Walworth,  J.  A.  Briggs,  John  Seaman,  Ahaz  Mei'- 
chant,  S.  W.  Crittenden,  H.  F.  Brayton,  and  J.  A.  Foote,  were  mana- 
gers. 

The  Cleveland  Maternal  Association,  formed  in  January,^  1835, 
was  "composed  of  benevolent  ladies,  parents  or  guardians  of  children, 
.  .  .  imited  together  for  the  purpose  of  providing  for  the  reli- 
gious education  of  the  children  under  their  care."  Mrs.  L.  C.  Gay- 
lord  and  Jlrs.  II.  Brainard  were  directore;  Mrs.  Lathrop  was  secre- 
tary; and  Airs.  L.  A.  Penfield  was  treasurer. 

The  Cleveland  Jlozart  Society  was  organized  in  April,  1837,  for 
"the  promotion  of  ]\Iusieal  Science  and  the  cultivation  of  a  refined 
taste  in  its  members."  T.  P.  Handy  was  president;  J.  F.  Hanks, 
vice-president;  T.  C.  Severance,  secretary;  H.  F.  Brayton,  treasurer; 
George  W.  Pratt,  conductor;  and  William  Alden,  librarian. 

The  German  Society  of  Cleveland  was  organized  in  February,  1836, 
for  "benevolence  and  the  diffusion  of  useful  knowledge  [kultur?] 
among  its  members."  G.  Meyer  was  president;  Th.  Umbstattcr,  sec- 
retary; and  J.  J.  Meier,  treasurer. 

The  Cleveland  Antislavery  Society,  organized  in  1833,  had  about 
two  hundred  membei"s.  Dr.  David  Long  was  president;  S.  J.  Hard- 
ing, vice-president;  Solomon  L.  Severance,  secretary;  and  John  A. 
Foote,  treasurer. 

The  Cuyahoga  Antislavery  Soeiet.v  was  organized  on  the  Fourth 
of  July,  1837,  with  officers  as  already  recorded. 

Of  the  Western  Seaman's  Friend  Society,  Samuel  Cowles  was 
president;  Alexander  Seymour  was  vice-president;  the  Rev.  V.  D. 
Taylor  was  corresponding  secretary;  A.  Penfield  was  recording  sec- 
retan':  Benjamin  S.  Lyman  was  treasurer;  and  the  Rev.  S.  C.  Aikin, 
J.  A.  Foote,  Jarvis  F.  Hanks,  the  Rev.  Levi  Tucker,  T.  P.  Handy, 
William  Day,  and  the  Rev.  William  Dighton  were  directors. 

On   the   third   of  April,   1837,   the  "Cleveland   Female   Orphan 


190  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIII 

Asylum"  and  the  ''Cleveland  Female  Seminaiy"  were  incorporated. 
The  trustees  of  the  former  were  ]Mrs.  Laura  Willey,  Mi-s.  Martha 
Kendall,  Mrs.  Jane  Foster,  Mrs.  Sophia  K.  Ford,  Mrs.  Catherine  Kel- 
logg, ill's.  Hoplj-  Noble,  Mrs.  Mary  D.  Johnstone,  Sirs.  Mary  Boyden, 
Mrs.  Jerusha  Foster,  jMrs.  Helen  Maria  Woods,  ilrs.  Mai-y  Davis,  and 
Mrs.  jNIargaret  Sterling.  The  trustees  of  the  latter  were  Henry  Sexton, 
Benjamin  Rouse,  Henry  H.  Dodge,  A.  D.  Smith,  and  A.  Wheeler. 
There  was  also  a  Young  Ladies  Seminary  at  75  St.  Clair  Street  of 
which  Mrs.  Howison  was  principal. 

There  was  a  Cleveland  City  Band  with  seventeen  members;  also  a 
newly  foi'med  volunteer  military  company  with  sixty-four  members — 
the  City  Guards. 

Financial  Institutions 

The  chief  financial  agencies  of  the  city  were  two  banks  and  an  in- 
surance company : 

The  Commercial  Bank  of  Lake  Erie,  No.  53,  Superior  Street  (cor- 
ner of  Bank  Street)  had  a  capital  of  $500,000.  Leonard  Case  was 
president;  Truman  P.  Handy  was  cashier;  James  Rockwell  was 
teller;  J.  L.  Severance  was  assistant  teller;  and  D.  G.  Saltonstall  was 
book-keeper.  The  directors  were  Leonard  Case,  John  W.  Allen,  Charles 
M.  Giddings,  Edmund  Clark,  T.  M.  Kelley,  P.  M.  Weddell,  Samuel 
Williamson,  Truman  P.  Handy,  Daniel  Worley,  S.  J.  Andrews,  Richard 
Hilliard,  John  Blair,  and  David  Long. 

The  Bank  of  Cleveland,  No.  7,  Superior  Street,  had  a  capital  of 
.$300,000.  Norman  C.  Baldwin  was  president;  Alexander  Seymour 
was  cashier;  T.  C.  Severance  was  teller;  James  J.  Tracy  was  assistant 
teller ;  and  H.  F.  Brayton  was  book-keeper.  The  directors  were  Samuel 
Cowles,  Lyman  Kendall.  Frederick  Wadsworth,  John  M.  Woolsey,  Joel 
Scranton,  Charles  Denison,  Benjamin  F.  Tyler,  D.  C.  Van  Tine,  N. 
C.  Baldwin,  A.  Seymour,  and  Joseph  Lyman. 

The  Cleveland  Insurance  Company  had  a  perpetual  charter  and  a 
capital  of  $500,000.  Edmund  Clark  was  president,  and  Sctli  W.  Crit- 
tenden wa.s  secretary.  The  directors  were  A.  W.  Walworth,  Jas.  S. 
Clai'k,  Jolin  W.  Willey,  Thomas  M.  Kelley,  Robert  H.  Backus,  and 
Edmund  Clark. 

Newspapers 

The  directoi-y  further  informs  us  that  "four  papers  arc  pnblislied 
in  this  city.  The  oldest  is  the  Daily  Ilrrald  and  Gazette  (originally 
styled  tlie  'Herald'),  issued  by  Messrs.  F.  Whittlesey  &  J.  A.  Harris, 


•i.-«rc«rllr< 

0 


WESTERN  RESERVE  REAL  ESTATE  ASSOCIATION 


«r.-- . 


.A.I   1^     l.X   .1 

iTreserve  re^v-estate  association. 


JL  ^^-c'lLij  ry'^"S^..\\ 


Western  Ke^ekve  Keal  Estate  Association  Notes 


w9 


^c^l^J^ 


^ 


Bank  op  Cleveland  Note 


192  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIII 

editors  and  proprietors — James  Hull,  printer.  The  Avcekly  Herald  and 
Gazette  is  published  at  the  same  ofiSee,  and  are  republications  of  the 
Daih".  They  are  Whig  in  polities.  The  Cleveland  Daily  Advertiser 
is  next  in  succession ;  IMessrs.  Canfield  and  Spencer,  editors  and  pi'o- 
prietors. — A  weekly  made  up  from  the  Daily  is  published  by  the  same 
gentlemen.  Democratic  in  polities.  These  papcre  are  managed  with 
admirable  editorial  tact,  and  have  large  subscription  lists.  The  third, 
devoted  to  the  promulgation  of  the  Presbyterian  creed,  and  is  called 
the  Cleveland  Journal.     It  is  published  by  ^Icssi's.  John  M.  Sterling, 


Dr.  Saml.  irnderluU,  Editor. 

PUBLISHED  BYUNDERHILL  &  SON. 
DEVOTED  TO  FREE  ENQUIRY,      Opposed  fo  all  monopolies— 

In  favor  of  universal  equal 
opportunities  for  knowledge 
in  early  life  for  every  child ; 
discourager  of  all  preten- 
sions to  spiritual  knowledge; 
teaches  that  virtue  alone 
produces  happiness ;  that 
vice  always  produces  mise- 
ry ;  that  Priests  are  a  use- 
less order  of  men  ;  that 
school  masters  ought  to  be 
better  quahfied,  and  then 
should  have  higher  wages ; 

I  ^        inr.  ^ '-- 1    '   V^i.  -  "^^t  *^°  producing  classes 

arc'i-njustly  fleeced";  that  nobles  by  wealth  are  as  offensive 
to  sound  democracy  as  nobles  by  birth— both  are  base 
coin ;— and  it  inacrt*  the  other  sido  or  the  question,  when 
furnished  in  well  written  articles. 


Samuel  C.  Aiken  aiul  .\.  Pcnticld,  and  edited  by  the  Rev.  0.  P.  Hoji;— 
F.  B.  Penniman,  printer.  The  fourth  is  the  Cleveland  Libcralist,  pub- 
lished weekly  by  Messrs.  Ll^nderhill  &  Son,  and  edited  by  Dr.  Samuel 
Underhill."  The  last  named  publication  was  so  startlingly  "Pro- 
gressive" that  its  half-jjage  adverti.senient  in  llic  dirci-foi-y  is  herewith 
reprodnced  in  full-size  facsimile. 

Industries  and  Railro.mis 

As  to  manufactories,  the  dii-eclory  tells  us  that  "There  are  four 
very  e.\tensive   Iron   J-'ouiidries  and   Steam    I'^nginc  maiuifaclories  in 


1837]  THE  CITY   DIRECTORY  19:3 

this  cit.y ;  also,  tlirce  suup  aiul  caiuUc  uuuui factories,  two  breweries, 
one  sash  factory,  two  rope  walks,  one  stoneware  pottery,  two  cai'riage 
manufactories,  ami  two  Frencli  l?iirr  millstone  manufactories,  all  of 
whii'h  are  in  full  operation.  The  l''lourinj?  Mill  now  being  erected 
by  'Sir.  Ford,  will,  when  fini.shed,  be  the  largest  and  most  complete 
establishment  of  the  kind  in  the  state  of  Ohio."'  It  devotes  five  and  a 
lialf  pages  to  the  "Cleveland,  Warren  and  I'ittsburgli  Railroad"  which 
had  been  incorporated  by  the  general  assembly  of  Ohio  with  authority 
to  construct  a  railroad  from  Cleveland  in  the  direction  of  Pittsburgh 
to  the  Pennsylvania  state  line  and  to  unite  the  same  "with  any  other 
Road  which  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  may  authorize  from  Pittsburgh, 
or  any  other  point  below  the  Ohio  river,  running  in  the  direction  of 
Cleveland,  in  order  that  a  continuous  route  may  be  perfected  from 
Cleveland  to  Pittsburgh,  under  the  authoritj^  of  both  states." 

As  a  prospectus,  the  following  sample  paragraphs  are  admirable: 

Piv  the  rejxirt  of  the  iMisiincer  in  the  service  of  the  com])any,  it 
appears  that  the  whole  exi^ense  of  constructing  the  Road  from  Cleve- 
land to  tiic  Pennsylvania  state  line,  about  eighty  miles,  is  less  than 
$7,000  per  mile.  In  no  instance  is  the  ascent  or  descent  more  than 
forty  feet  to  the  mile.  In  no  event  can  statioiuiry  power  be  required 
at  any  point.  There  are  no  natural  obstructions  to  be  encountered. 
Timlicr,  stone,  and  every  necessary  material  for  the  construction  of 
the  Road  are  abundant  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  its  location.  It 
passes  over  a  section  of  country  not  oidy  jjoinilous,  but  in  a  high 
state  of  ajrricultui'al  prosperity,  and  the  interests  of  those  inhabitants 
are  intimately  lilended  with  its  completion.  This  road  projioses  to 
form  a  continuation  of  that  branch  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail 
Road,  which  terminates  in  Pittsburgh,  by  extending  that  road  to 
Lake  Erie  at  Cleveland:  making  thereby  a  continued  line  of  Rail 
Road  from  Baltimore  to  the  great  lakes.  It  pi-oposes  the  same  bene- 
fits to  the  city  of  Philadelphia  by  being  a  continuation  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania canals  and  rail  roads  which  lead  from  Philadelphia  to  Pitts- 
burgh by  prolontring  them  in  effect  to  Lake  Erie.  It  jn-oposes  when 
completed,  to  give  to  Phibidelpliia  aiul  Baltimore  the  same  advantages 
of  the  western  trade  which  New-York  now  possesses,  with  the  addi- 
tional advantage  of  having  the  distance  diminished  three  hundred 
miles.  It  ]iroposcs  to  give  the  whole  vast  region  of  the  western  lakes 
an  opportunity  of  marketing  their  products  in,  and  receiving  their 
foreign  merchandise  from,  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  at  least  five 
weeks  earlier  in  the  season  and  at  much  less  expense,  than  is  now 
accomplished  at  Xcw-York.  The  management  of  the  Company  is  in 
rlie  hands  of  a  board  of  seven  Directors,  elected  by  the  Stockholders. 

In  such  elociuent  style,  the  reader  is  led  on  for  four  more  touching 
pages  that  very  few  possible  investors  would  be  able  to  resist.  The 
oflScers  of  the  company  were  John  W.  "Willey,  president :  Charles  ^Vhit- 
tlesey,  secretary;  Edmund  Clark,  treasurer;  David  Tod,  "William  R. 


194  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIII 

Heury.  and  John  AV.  "Willey,  executive  eommittee.  The  directors  were 
David  Tod,  Elisha  Garrett,  "WiUiaui  R.  Hussey,  Horace  Caiifield,  John 
W.  Alien,  Edmund  Clark,  and  John  W.  WiUey.  A.  C.  Morton  was 
principal  engineer. 

Three  other  railway  projects  were  also  in  evolution,  as  appears  from 
the  following  paragraphs : 

The  Cleveland.  Colujvibus  &  Cincinnati  Railroad  Company 
was  chartered  in  1S36,  connecting  Cleveland  and  Cincinnati  by  the 
way  of  Columbus,  the  seat  of  government  for  the  state.  The  con- 
struction of  this  road  is  regarded  generally  as  a  work  of  great  impor- 
tance, as  it  would  connect  the  two  great  commercial  emporiums  of 
the  state,  Cleveland  and  Cincinnati,  and  traverse  two  hundred  and 
sixty  miles  of  the  rich  and  populous  portions  of  its  soil.  It  com- 
prises the  most  direct  route  between  Quebec,  Montreal,  the  Canadas, 
Buffalo,  and  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valley,  which  is  becoming  a 
great  thoroughfare.  It  is  safe  to  conclude  that  this  road  will  soon 
be  made. 

The  Cleveland  and  Newbubg  Railroad  Company,  capital 
$50,000  was  incorporated  by  the  Legislature  in  183.5,  is  now  being 
put  under  contract,  tlie  greater  part  of  the  route  being  surveyed ;  and 
it  is  expected  that  four  miles  of  the  road  will  be  ready  for  cars  the 
ensuing  autumn.  This  Railroad  passes  through  a  section  of  country 
abounding  with  inexhaustible  quarries  of  building  and  grindstone, 
and  every  description  of  timber  necessaiy  for  ship  and  house  build- 
ing. It  must  therefore  be  of  incalculable  advantage  to  the  city  of 
Cleveland. 

The  Cleveland  &  Bedford  Railroad  Company  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1835.  to  connect  Bedford,  a  thriving  village  twelve  miles 
south  of  Cleveland,  on  the  Pittsburgh  road,  with  the  Lake  and  Ohio 
canal  at  Cleveland. 

The  officers  of  the  Cleveland  and  Newburg  road  were  AVilliani 
^lilford,  president;  J.  C.  Fairchild,  secretary;  Nicholas  Dockstadcr, 
treasurer;  William  Milford,  Benjamin  HarringtoiL  C.  .M.  (liddings, 
Nicholas  Dockstadcr,  Reuben  Champion,  Frederick  Whittlesey,  Aaron 
Barker,  John  W.  Allen  and  Gurdon  Fitch  were  directors.  Ahaz 
Merchant  was  the  principal  engineer  and  the  building  of  the  road  had 
been  begun.  It  was  a  tramway  of  hewed  timbers  built  from  the 
quarries  east  of  the  city  to  its  western  termintis  near  tiic  southwest 
section  of  the  Public  Square.  The  Cleveland,  Columbus  and  Cincin- 
nati company  and  the  Cleveland  and  I'l'dTord  coinpiiiiy  luul  not  yet 
chosen  their  officers. 

CleveIjAnd  IIarhor 

On  page  57  of  the  directory,  we  are  told  tiiat  ''Tlie  hai'bor  of  Cleve- 
land is  formed  by  two  piers  extentling  al)out  four  IniMdred  and  twenty- 


1837]  TIIH  CITY    DIRECTORY  195 

live  yanls  iuto  Lake  Erie,  ami  Wiug  eleven  feet  in  width.  These  piers 
are,  at  present,  e()mj)osed  of  piles  and  eribbing  tilled  in  with  stone; 
but  aiTaugements  are  making  to  remove  the  wood  work  above  the  water, 
and  snbstitnte  substantial  stone  blocks  laid  in  mason  work.  The  pas- 
sage into  the  harbor,  between  the  piers,  measures  two  hundred  feet  and 
the  depth  of  water  is  about  fourteen  feet — while  the  Cuyahoga  river 
itself  is  navigable  for  steamboats  and  vessels  as  far  up  as  the  rapids, 
wliieh,  to  follow  the  eonrse  of  the  river,  is  not  less  than  six  miles  from 
its  mouth.  In  181'.')  the  general  government  granted  the  sum  of  five 
thousand  dollai-s  a.s  the  first  appropriation  for  the  erection  of  a  harbor 
at  this  place,  since  which  tiuie  various  appropriations  have  been  made 
by  congress  for  the  same  purpose,  amounting  in  all  to  seventy-seven 
thousand  five  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  and  fifty-six  cents.  The  dis- 
bui"sements  were  made  by  A.  W.  Walworth,  Esq.,  as  agent  for  the 
engineer  department." 

The  paragraphs  on  navigation  and  commerce  are  very  instructive 
and  ought  to  be  interesting.  "Owing  to  her  peculiar  and  advantageous 
location  at  the  tennination  of  the  Ohio  canal  and  at  a  point  of  Lake 
Erie  the  most  commanding  for  commercial  operations,"  the  trade  of 
Cleveland  had  considerably  increased  within  the  few  years  preceding 
1837.  According  to  an  official  statement,  in  "the  year  1836,  property 
to  the  amount  of  one  hundred  and  seventeen  millions  two  hundred 
and  seventy-seven  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty  pounds,  arrived 
by  the  way  of  the  canal  at  this  port,  and  was  shipped  hence  for  distant 
markets."  The  value  of  this  property  was  estimated  at  $2,444,708.54. 
That  fiftj'-four  hundredths  of  a  dollar  forcefully  testifies  to  the  pains- 
taking care  with  which  the  estimate  was  made.  The  largest  items  in  the 
detailed  statement  of  the  year's  exports  were  464,765  bushels  of  wheat 
valued  at  $534,469.40,  and  167,539  barrels  of  flour  valued  at  $1,005,- 
234.80.  Then  came  392,281  bushels  of  com  worth  $215,764,  and  13,495 
barrels  of  pork  worth  $203,425.40,  and  3,851  hogsheads  of  tobacco  worth 
$192,550.  The  total  shipments  of  mineral  coal  were  valued  at  only 
$3,492.09. 

During  the  year  1836,  there  entered  the  port  of  Cleveland,  nine 
hundred  and  eleven  vessels  and  nine  hundred  and  ninety  steamboats, 
with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  four  hundred  and  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  tons;  of  these,  one  hundred  and  eight  vessels  were  foreign. 
Within  the  same  period,  nine  hundred  and  eleven  vessels  and  nine 
hundred  and  ninety  steamboats  cleared  in  this  port,  the  aggregate 
tonnage  of  the  vessels  alone  being  ninety  thousand. 


DAILY  LINE  OF  OHIO  CANAL  PACKETS 


Bettrcen  Cleveland  &  PorUiuoulb. 

DISTANCS  309  MIL3S-THR0TTOH  IXT  SO  E0TTR3. 

at  9o'clocK  A.  M. 

OTIS  &  CURTIS.  Ccn«-a/&ageO>-',  <^"  ^  .wcjit*. 

G    J    LEET. PomnKw/ft. ) 

NCH,  MOOHE  ♦  OO.'S  'l.«  cr  8«.i  to.»CW.,d  U.M,  r.,  C.k...»^  ,,.  w^u,  ..J  H.u~- 

OTB  »  CURTIS'  l;»  .f  sur.  ■<•«'  <:i"rf-J  "»'» '•■'  P''»>»»k  "•»'°.  """•"  ""•  «"'■'*• 


PIONEER  FAST  STAGE  LINE 


rrom  CIXVZXAND  to  FITTaBCBa, 

Le«v««  daily  at  6  o*clf>ck  A.  M.,  via  Ji^lfoni.  HvdMm.  Ka. 

Goiao,  DfitT^ld,   Salon   and  AVie  LUbon,   to  Weltjvill*, 

where  iticy  wiD  talco  Iha 


8^22^^ 


£<I>At£S. 


WELLSVILLE  AND  NEW  USBON, 

TO  PITTSBBRO. 

TBuroogh  In  30  honn  from  ClovelaMd* 

Being  (ttp  sfanrleat  rculv  bclwoon  the  two  cttioa,  nnij  klTattl- 

iBg  4  p)ea*oj)t  trip  ihroiiKl)  a  llourjshinf;  p.irt  of  Ohio,  on  ■ 

good  road,  and  in  b«llcT  Coaches  thui  aoy  lino  njomn^  to 

•aid  ploco. 

Thf"  tbove  lino  i»  connected  \rith  Iho 

Good  Intent  Fast  Mail  Stage^ 

Pioneer  Packet  A  Rnil-Ronil  Linen, 

For  PhUadflphia.  Nca-York,  BaUimorr,  and  Wash'iRf^UiR 
City,  in  whi<h  pait9CDf:i:r9  IrovcHinx  id  ibo  aliovo  Iido  have 
Iho  pn:r«rcncc. 
Orncain  Mr.  Kdlupg'i  now  ImiWinj;.  oppowlc  (he 
FDnklin.Ilnuai'.  No.  30  ^iip«rior-«(m'<,  uoilcr  llio  iVmcri- 
cut  House. 

J.  R.  CUNNINGHAM.  Agm. 
Clovelud,July,  lf)37. 


CLMCIL   t.  tvinit)  . 


V\U    I  LAMDACArt  XMCK^ 


1837]  TIIK  CITY   DIRECTORY  197 

l,KAi>i.\\;  L'lkvei.am)  Hotels 

The  pi'iiR-ipal  luituls  in  Cleveland  were  thus  recorded  in  tlie  direc- 
tory : 

American  Iloiisf.  1.  Newton.  42  Superior  street. 

Clcvrlaiid  Iluiisr.  A.  Selover,  Public  Square. 

Cleveltnid  V(  nirv  llousr, ,  Cleveland  Centre  Hloek. 

Cifij  Hotd.  Perry  Allen.  Seneea  street. 

Clinton  Ilonsr.  AViUiani  Ilarland,  Union  lane,  corner  St.  Clair 
street. 

E(if;lr  Tav(  rn,  Kichanl  CiuiUe.  Water  street,  coi'ucr  St.  Clair  street. 

Franklin  Honsc,  H.  Ilarrinf^ton,  25  Supqrior  street. 

Farmers'  and  Mcchanirs'  Hotel,  George  W.  Sanford,  Ontario 
street,  eorner  Miehigan  street. 

(ilohr  Tavern,  Isaac  Van  Valkenbnrg.  Merwin  st. 

^Vashington  House,  William  ^Martin.  31  Water' st. 

Stage  Lines 
The  list  of  stage  lines  were  given  thus : 

Buffalo  via  Erie. — A  Stage  leaves  the  office  of  Otis  &  Curtis,  23 
Superior  street,  every  day  at  2  a 'clock,  P.  ;\1. 

Pittshurf/h  via  Bedford,  Hudson,  Ravenna,  Deerficld,  Salem,  etc. — 
A  Stage  leaves  the  Pioneer  Stage  Co's  office,  under  the  American 
House.  38  Superior  st.  every  morning  at  8  o'clock,  A.  M.  J.  R.  Cun- 
ningham.  Agent. 

Pittshurgh.—ThQ  Mail  Stage  leaves  at  half  past  10  o'clock,  P.  M. 
from  Otis  &  Curtis'  office.  23  Superior  street. 

Pittshurgli. — The  Pha-ni.x  Line  Stage  leaves  at  8  o'clock,  A.  M. 
every  day.  from  Otis  &  Curtis'  office,  23  Superior  st. 

Detroit. — A  Stage  leaves  daily  at  5  o'clock,  A.  M.  from  Otis  & 
Curtis"  office,  23  Superior  street. 

Columbus  and  Cincinnati. — A  Stage  leaves  every  other  day,  via 
"Wooster  and  ilount  Vernon,  frtmi  Otis  &  Curtis'  office,  23  Superior 
street. 

The  li.st  of  county  officers  was  given  thus: 

Judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas 

Hon.  Van  R.  Humphrey.  President  Judge. 
Hon.  AVatrous  I'shei'l 
Hon.  Simeon   Fuller  [-A.ssociate  Judges. 
Hon.  Josiah   Barlier  J 

The  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  hold  three  sessions  in  the  year :  gen- 
erall.v  in  ^yfarch.  June  and  October.  The  Supreme  Court  usually  sits 
in  August,  and  holds  but  one  term. 

Harve.v  Rice.  Clerk  of  the  Courts.  ^ 

Aaron  Clark  /    t-.       *     r-i    i 

Henry  G.  WeldonJ  deputy  Clerks. 


198  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIII 

Joseph  B.  Bartlett,  County  Recorder. 

Samuel  Williamson,  County  Auditor. 

James  B.  Finney,  Deputy. 

Edward  Baldwin,  County  Treasurer. 

Seth  S.  Henderson,  Sheriff. 

Theodorick  Brooks] 

H.  N.  Wilbur 

E.  A.  Ward  [-Dcputv  Sheriffs. 

H.  Beebe  J 

Henry  H.  Dodge  was  the  commissioner  of  the  insolvent's  office  for 
the  county. 

The  list  of  state  officers  was  given  thus : 

Joseph  Vance,  Governor. 

Carter  B.  Harlan,  Secretary. 

John  A.  Bryan.  Auditor. 

Joseph  Whitehill,  Treasurer. 

N.  Medbury,  Superintendent  of  the  Penitentiary. 

Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court 

Ebenezer  Lane,  Chief  Justice. 
Reuben  Wood        ] 
Peter  Hitchcock      Associate  Judges. 
Frederick  GrimkeJ 

Government  Officials 

As  to  officers  of  the  national  government,  we  are  told  that  the 
custom  house,  at  No.  39  Superior  Street,  was  "open  from  7  to  12 
o'clock,  A.  M.,  and  from  2  to  6  P.  M."    The  officers  were: 

Samuel  Starkweather,  Collector. 
David  W.  Cross,  Deputy  Collector  and  Inspector. 
Clark  Warren,  Deputy  Insjicctor. 
and  Stephen  Woolverton  was  the  light-house  keeper. 

The  postoffice,  at  No.  37  Superior  Street,  was  "o]ien  on  week  days 
from  l^U  o'clock,  A.  M.  till  9  P.  M.  On  Sundays  from  S  till  9,  A.  i\I. 
and  from  6  till  71/..  P.  M. 

Daniel  Worlcy,  Post  Master. 
James  Worley,  Deputy  Post  Master. 
John  Tnmlinson  )  ^„     , 
SoK)mon   .Sawt('M\ 

Arhiv.\i<  .vnd  Di:i'ai(I  1  I!k  of  thic  Maii,s 

Nortlirrn  Mail  via  Erie,  arrives  daily  by  4  o'clock,  A.  M.  and 
departs  daily  at  2  o'clock,. P.  M. 


1837]  THE  CITY  DIRECTORY  199 

Eastern  via  Pittsburg,  arrives  dailv  liv  6  o'clock,  P.  ^I.  and  departs 
daily  at  half  past  1,  P.  M. 

Soiithcni  via  Coliiinhiis,  arrives  odd  days  by  1  o'clock,  P.  ]\I.  and 
departs  oven  days  at  ">  P.  JI. 

^^'fst('r)l  via  Saxdiisk)/  and  Detroit,  arrives  daily  hy  1  o'clock, 
P.  M.  and  departs  daily  at  5  o'clock,  A.  ]\I. 

Huron  via  Mouth  of  liUuk  River,  arrives^ every  Wednesday  by  6, 
P.  M.  and  departs  evei'j'  ]\Ionday  at  7,  A.  M. 

Xewburt)  via  ^YarrensviIle  and  Oranqc,  arrives  every  Friday  at 
6,  P.  M.  and  departs  every  Satnrday  at  6,  A.  M. 

Erie  and  Pittshurgh  Alail  doses  "daily  at  1  o'clock,  P.  II. 

Detroit,  Huron  and  Newbury  ]\Iail  closes  daily  at  9  o'clock,  P.  ]M. 

Rates  of  Postage 

On  Letters. — 614  cents  for  any  distance  not  exceeding  30  miles; 
10  cents,  if  over  30  and  not  exceeding  80  miles;  12Vi;  cents,  if  over 
80  and  not  exceeding  150  nules;  18%  cents,  if  over  150  and  not 
exceeding  400  miles;  'J5  cents  if  over  400  miles.  Double  letters  are 
charged  double,  treble  letters,  treble,  and  quadruple  letters,  quadruple 
these  rates.    Postage  on  heavier  packages  in  proportion. 

On  Xewspapers. — Not  carried  over  100  miles,  or  for  any  distance 
within  the  state  where  they  are  printed,  one  cent  each.  If  carried 
over  100  miles,  and  out  of  the  state  where  they  are  printed,  one  and 
a  half  cents  each. 

Periodicals,  Pamphlets  and  Magazines. — Carried  not  over  100 
miles,  one  cent  a  sheet :  carried  over  100  miles,  two  cents  a  sheet. 
Those  not  periodicals,  100  miles  or  less,  4  cents  a  sheet ;  over  100 
miles,  6  cents  a  sheet. 

No  deduction  will  be  made  on  postage  on  letters  charged  double, 
treble,  or  quadruple,  unless  they  are  opened  in  the  presence  of  the 
post  master,  his  assistant,  or  some  one  belonging  to  the  office. 

Some  poetic  souls  are  not  much  concerned  with  statistics  of  man- 
ufactures, commerce,  etc.,  but  there  are  few  Clevelanders  (or  resi- 
dents in  rival  cities)  who  will  not  "sit  up  and  take  notice"  of  reports 
concerning  the  growth  of  population.  If  some  of  my  readers  have 
been  wearied  by  some  of  the  preceding  paragraphs,  I  trust  that  they 
will  find  relief  in  the  following  final  extract  from  Cleveland's  fii*st 
directory : 

According  to  the  census  taken  in  the  year  of  1825,  Cleveland  con- 
tained only  five  hundred  souls ;  in  1831,  the  ]iopulati(ni  was  not  more 
than  one  thousand  one  hundred ;  in  1832,  it  amounted  to  one  thousand 
five  hundred:  in  1833,  to  one  thousand  nine  hundred;  in  Jauuan', 
1834,  it  was  found  to  have  increased  to  three  thousand  three  hundred 
and  twenty-three;  in  November,  1834,  it  was  four  thousand  two 
hundred  and  fifty;  and  in  August,  1835,  it  was  five  thousand  and 
eighty.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  city  of  Cleveland  at  pres- 
ent exceeds  nine  thousand,  and  judging  from  the  rapid  increase  of 


200  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIII 

that  number,  and  the  flattering  prospects  of  tliis  infant  city,  we  an- 
ticipate its  being  doubled  in  less  than  three  years. 

As  we  now  take  leave  of  this  really  illuminating  little  volume,  it 
is  only  fitting  that  we  take  off  our  hats  and  send  back  over  the  sea 
of  more  than  fourscore  years  a  grateful  salute  to  that  enthusiastic 
local  historian  and  able  editor  and  compiler,  3Ir.  Julius  P.  Bolivar 
MacCabe.  Nor  may  we  fail  to  vote  our  thanks  to  the  Guardian  Sav- 
ings and  Trust  Companj'  which,  in  1908,  had  the  public  spirit  that  led 
them  to  reprint  the  work. 

In  this  memorable  j'ear,  18.37,  the  Cleveland  city  council  adopted 
a  resolution  submitted  by  Alfred  Hall,  and  declaring  that  ''for  the 
erection  of  a  market  or  markets,  the  purchase  of  grounds  whereon  to 
build  school-hoitses  and  the  erection  of  school-houses,  it  is  expedient 
for  the  city  to  borrow  on  the  good  faith  and  credit  thereof,  the  sum 
of  fifty  thousand  dollars,  for  a  term  of  years,  at  six  per  cent  annual 
interest,  by  creating  that  amount  of  stock,  jn'ovided  said  stock  shall 
not  be  sold  under  par." 

In  April  (1837),  the  Cleveland  council  appointed  the  second 
board  of  school  managers,  the  members  of  which  were  Samuel  Cowles, 
Samuel  Williamson,  and  Pliilip  Battell ;  they  continued  the  school 
authorized  in  1836,  which  "was  the  only  one  that  had  any  existence 
by  authority;  neither  did  the  city  own  a  school  house  or  a  foot  of 
ground  upon  which  to  erect  one.*  Cleveland  had  then  a  population 
of  about  5,000;  and  although  no  records  are  extant  to  show  it,  there 
must  have  been  in  attendance  upon  the  schools,  private  and  public,  no 
less  than  eight  hundred  children.  But  the  school  maintained  by  the 
eity  had  an  enrollment  of  less  than  three  hundred,  so  that  the  Acad- 
emy and  other  private  schools  still  furnished  instruction  to  a  very 
large  majority  of  the  youth  of  the  city."  But,  in  July,  the  council 
passed  a  school  ordinance  introduced  by  Horace  Canfield.  This  step 
was  of  importance  sufficient  to  justify  the  presentation  of  the  docu- 
ment in  full : 

An   Ordinance  to  Provide  for  the  Est.\blishment   of  Common 

Schools 

Section  1.  Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of 
Cleveland,  Thfit  the  School  Committee  of  the  Council  is  hereby  au- 


*  The  liUlf  Kc-hdol  lioiisc  oil  St.  C'liiir  Slreot,  li.ni^rlil  liy  (lie  villii^'c  in  1817, 
must  have  ]iiish('(1  away  or  bocoinp  unlit  for  \iso.  Tlic  moneys  tliat  the  villape 
IrusteeB  tlien  ordered  refimded  lo  inilividnalH  amounted  to  only  .$!".),'<. 70,  and  liad 
been  sifbHcribed  "f(»r  tlie  I)nildin;,r  (tf  a  sdion]  lunise;'*  tliere  was  no  meniion  of 
the  piirehuse  of  any  land. 


1837]  SCHOOLS  AND  PANIC  201 

thorized  to  in-dcui-c.  hy  lease,  siiitalile  luiiUliiigs  or  roimis  I'or  tlie  use 
of  tlie  city,  to  he  oeeupied  as  sehool  rooms,  as  lieieinat'tei-  ])i'oviileil, 
uiidei-  the  authoi'ity  of  tlie  eity;  i)rovided,  that  such  huildliiffs  or 
rooms  shall  he  appi'opriated  hy  the  Board  of  JMaiia^ers  of  Commou 
Sehools.  The  expense  of  tlie  lease  of  the  same  shall  not  exceed  oiie- 
lialf  the  amount  which  the  City  Coimeil  is  authorized  to  appropriate 
annually  foi-  tlie  construction  of  huildings  for  school  purposes. 

Sec,  '2.  The  Sciiool  Coinmittee  of  the  Council  is  furthei-  author- 
ized and  instructed  to  provide,  at  the  expense  of  the  cit.v,  the  needful 
aj)i)aratus  and  furniture  for  the  Iniildiufrs  or  rooms  thus  provided, 
and  the  added  exi)ense  of  which  shall  not  exceed  the  limits  prescribed 
in  tlu'  tirst  section  of  this  act. 

Sec,  ;!.  It  is  further  ordained  that  the  15oard  of  Managers  of 
Common  Sduiols  in  the  city  is  hereby  authorized  to  establish,  imme- 
tliately.  in  the  premises  pi'ovided  aforesaid,  such  schools  of  elementary 
education  as  to  them  shall  seem  necessary,  and  i)roeure  instructors 
for  the  same.  The  term  or  session  of  such  schools  shall  connuencc 
on  the  24th  of  July,  instant,  and  continue  four  months,  to  wit  :  till 
the  24th  day  of  Novend)er  next. 

See.  4.  it  lieinpr  provided  tluit  sucli  schools  are  to  be  supplied 
from  the  revenue  of  the  city  set  aside  for  said  jiurposes,  so  that  the 
expense  of  tuition  and  fuel  in  said  schools  shall  not  be  permitted  to 
exceed  said  sjjecified  revenue. 

Passed  July  7th,  1837. 

The  public  school  system  of  Cleveland  was  thus  begun ;  the  story 
of  its  development  into  the  great  and  beneficent  institution  that  it 
is  today  is  told  in  the  article  on  the  Public  Sehools,  given  in  Chapter 
XXII  of  this  volume. 


Arrival  of  the  Panic  of  1837 

Among  the  important  arrivals  of  1837  was  a  great  financial  panic. 
President  Jackson's  famous  specie  circular,  drafted  by  Senator  Ben- 
ton, had  been  issued  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  July,  1836. 
It'  directed  that  nothing  but  gold  and  silver  should  be  received  iii 
payment  for  public  land.s — Jackson's  last  financial  exploit.  This 
sent  a  flood  of  almost  worthless  western  paper  to  the  eastern  money 
centers  and,  in  Jlay,  1837,  the  New  York  banks  suspended  specie  pay- 
ment and  a  widespread  panic  followed.  It  is  said  that  it  "brought  to 
ruin  nearly  every  l)usine.ss  establishment  in  the  Western  Reserve" — 
doubtless  something  of  an  exaggeration,  but  it  certainly  hit  hard  the 
metropolis  of  that  thriving  region.  "City  lots  owned  by  the  land 
companies  of  Ohio  City  and  Cleveland,  which  shortly  before  had  been 
sold  for  prices  enormously  above  their  actual  value,  could  no  longer 


202  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIII 

be  disposed  of  ou  any  terms.  It  was  a  period  of  purging  and  of  sober- 
ing from  which  the  city  emerged  to  enter  upon  a  career  of  substantial 
prosperity. ' ' 

Ohio  Railroad  Put  to  Rest 

One  of  the  fantastic  schemes  that  received  its  quietus  in  that  panic 
was  the  famous  Ohio  Railroad  Company  of  uupropitious  memory.  In 
1S30,  the  United  States  had  a  railway  trackage  of  twenty-three  miles, 
but  the  fever  for  railway  building  soon  set  in  and  many  wild  forms  of 
speculation  caught  unwise  investors.  At  this  time,  when  '"the 
sparsely  settled  southei'n  shore  of  Lake  Erie  was  platted  into  city 
lots  at  every  indentation  of  the  coast  and  one  speculator  (just  a  little 
wilder  than  the  others)  predicted  a  continuous  city  from  the  Niagara 
to  the  Cuyahoga,"  came  the  Ohio  Raih'oad  project.  In  April,  1836, 
R.  Harper,  Eliphalet  Austin,  Ileman  Ely,  John  AV.  Allen,  P.  M. 
Weddell,  Charles  C.  Paine,  and  others  organized  the  company  at 
Painesville;  Nehemiah  Allen  of  Willoughby  a  member  of  the  state 
legislature,  secured  for  them  a  liberal  charter  that  granted  banking 
powers  as  well  as  the  usrual  rights  to  build  a  railroad.  The  banking 
privileges  were  used  with  enterprising  freedom  and  the  three  or 
four  hundred  thousand  dollars  of  currency  that  were  issued  could 
never  truthfully  say  or  sing,  "I  know  that  my  redeemer  liveth. "  By 
an  act  of  March,  1837,  the  mahKloi'ous  "plunder  law,"  the  legisla- 
ture loaned  its  credit  to  tlie  amount  of  one-third  of  the  capital  stock 
in  railroads,  turnpikes,  and  canals,  when  the  other  two-thirds  luid 
been  subscribed ;  the  state  issued  its  bond  in  payment  for  stock  in  the 
company.  The  company  ])lanncd  to  build  a  trans-Ohio  road  witli  two 
great  cities  at  its  termini,  Richmond  on  the  Grand  River  and  ^lan- 
hattan  on  tlie  .Maumee.  The  I  rack  was  ti>  rest  on  a  doui)le  line  of 
piles  or  posts,  with  ties  and  sti'ingcrs,  ami  a  light  strap-iron  rail,  a 
flimsy  structure  that  was  estimated  to  cost  $16,000  per  mile.  "The 
\-isi()nary  scheme  fitted  into  the  financial  fantasies  of  tlie  day,  but  it 
vanished  b(>fore  the  hot  breath  of  the  panic  of  1837;"  the  road  was  not 
built.  In  1840,  the  "plunder  law"  was  repealed  and  the  collapse 
of  tlie  Oliici  Railroad  was  quick  jiiid  cuniplcte.  For  many  years  after 
the  collapse,  remnants  of  th."  ])iles  were  visible  out  Loi-ain  Avenue  and 
along  the  riilge  toward  Elyria.  ]n  1843,  the  state  auditor  reported 
that  "the  original  subscription.s  to  the  stock  of  the  company  were 
one  million,  nine  hundred  and  ninety-one  thousand,  seven  hundred 
and  sixly-si.x  dollars.  Of  this  sum  only  thirteen  thousand,  nine 
liiiiidrcil  and  eighty  dollars  bad  l)een  paid  in  cash;  eight  thousand 


Ohio  Railkoad  Company  Notes 


20i  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIII 

or  teu  thousand  dollai-s  in  labor  or  material ;  and  five  hundred  and 
thirt.v-three  thousand,  seven  hundred  and  seventy-sis  dollars  in  land 
and  town  lots.  These  have  been  reported  as  a  basis  for  the  credit  of 
the  state;  also  there  has  been  added  two  hundred  and  ninety-three 
thousand,  six  hundred  and  sixtj-  dollars  in  donations  of  lands  for 
right  of  way,  all  of  which  of  course  are  conditional  to  revert  upon 
failure  to  complete  the  work.  The  lands  received  in  payment  for 
subscriptions  were  all  taken  at  the  most  extravagant  rates."  The 
state  had  paid  the  company  $249,000,  and  its  return  was  ".some  sixty- 
three  miles  of  wooden  superstructure  laid  on  piles,  a  considerable 
portion  of  which  is  already  rotten  and  tlie  remainder  going  rap- 
idlv  to  decay." 


CHAPTER  XIV 
THE  BK(ilN\IX(i  OF  THE  RAILWAY  ERA 

In  1838,  Joshua  A.  .Mills  was  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldei-mcii  were  Alfred  Hall,  Nicholas  Doekstader,  aud  Benjamin 
Harrington.  The  conncilnicn  were,  three  from  each  ward  in  order, 
George  C.  Dodge,  Closes  A.  Eldridge,  Herrick  Childs,  Leonard  Case, 
Renjaniin  Andrews,  Henry  Blair,  Tliomas  Colahan,  Tom  Tjcnien,  and 
.Melanctlion  Barnett.  On  the  nineteenth  of  ^larcli,  Mr.  Doekstader 
was  chosen  as  president  of  the  eouncil.  At  a  later  meeting,  A.  H. 
Curtis  was  chosen  as  city  clerk.  Samuel  Williamson  was  treasurer, 
and  George  Kirk  was  marshal.  Across  the  piver,  Norman  C.  Bald- 
win was  elected  mayor  of  Ohio  City.  The  councilmeu  were  H.  N. 
Ward,  C.  E.  Hill,  Cyrus  Williams,  Charles  Winslow,  Necdham  M. 
Standart,  William  H.  Hill,  George  C.  Huntington,  D.  Barstow,  E. 
Bronson,  Josiah  Barber,  W.  Burton,  and  S.  W.  Sayles.  Jlr.  Bronson 
was  chosen  president  of  the  council.  Horace  Foote  was  recorder,  D. 
C.   Van  Tine  was  treasurer,  and  G.  L.   Chapman  was  marshal. 

The  state  legislature  having  authorized  such  action,  the  Cleve- 
land council  adopted  the  following  resolution,  introduced  by  ]\Ir. 
Doekstader : 

Resolved — That  the  hoard  of  commissioners  designatwl  to  exe- 
cute the  wishes  and  directions  of  the  City  Council  and  citizens  of 
Cleveland  in  regard  to  the  construction  of  the  Cleveland,  Warren  & 
Pittsburgh  Railroad,  be  respectfully  requested  to  subscribe  for  and 
take  up  so  mucji  of  the  stock  subscribed  by  our  citizens,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  the  charter  of  the  railroad,  as  will  amount  to  two 
hundred  thousaiul  dollars,  and  that,  in  conjunction  with  the  direc- 
tors of  said  railroad,  innnediately  take  measures  to  procure  a  suffi- 
cient amount  of  subscription  to  con.struct  said  road  from  Cleveland 
to  the  Pcinisylvawia  line,  and  then  to  borrow  the  aforesaid  two  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  on  the  credit  of  the  cit.v. 

This  progres.sive  step,  in  aid  of  the  tirst  railway  project  that 
had  taken  on  definite  shape  shows  that  the  city  '"had  begun  to  emerge 
from  the  village  influences  that  had  hampered  it  in  the  first  year  of 
nnmicipal  rule. "    As  to  the  cost  of  city  maintenance  at  that  time,  a 

205 


206 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIV 


report  of  the  finance  comiuittee  of  the  council  states  that  the  amount 
that  would  probably  be  required  for  general  purposes  for  the  year 
was  $16,745,  exclusive  of  what  would  be  needed  for  the  support  of 
the  poor;   that  the  amount  to  be  collected  from  licenses  and  debts 


Dr.    JaRED    r.     KlRTLANI) 

due  the  city  would  be  $4,500;  thus  Iciivin;,'  tlic  sum  «)f  $12,265  to  be 
raised  by  the  tax  levy. 


Dr.  J.\bed  p.  KuiTi.AND 

Dr.  Jarcil  P.  Kirtland  was  born  in  Wallinpfford,  Connecticut,  in 
1795.  in  1810,  he  visited  the  Reserve  coiiiinpr  in  company  with 
Alfred  Kelley  and  Joshua  Stow  as  already  .stated;  his  father  at  that 


1838-39] 


1)K. 


K I RTLAND 


207 


tinit'  was  agent  ul'  the  Connecticut  Land  Company  at  I'olaml  in 
Trumbull  County.  He  studied  medicine  in  Philadelphia  and,  after 
twenty  yeare'  praetiee  in  Trumbull  County,  lectured  for  a  year  at 
a  medical  eollewe  in  Cineimiati  and,  late  in  1838,  accepted  a  i)ro- 
fessorship  in  the  newly  orgranized  medical  college  in  Cleveland.  His 
association  with  Colonel  Whittlesey  on  the  first  geological  survey  of 
Ohio  has  already  been  notetl.  Soon  after  his  coming  to  Cleveland, 
he  bought  an  estate  at  East  Roekport,  near  Rocky  River.  Here  he 
established  an  experimental  farn\  and  originated  many  new  varieties 
of  fruit.     Thence  he  ilrove  dailv  to  his  classes  in  the  city.     He  was 


Home  op  Doctor  Kirtland 


the  first  president  of  the  Cleveland  Academy  of  Natural  Science 
which  was  organized  in  1845  at  his  suggestion.  He  was  one  of 
Cleveland's  pioneers  in  scientific  work  and  equally  distinguished  as 
naturalist,  teacher  and  physician.  He  died  on  the  tenth  of  December, 
1877. 

Municipal  Officials  of  1839-40 

In  1839,  Mr.  Mills  was  reelected  as  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldermen  were  Harvey  Rii'e.  Edward  Baldwin,  and  Richard  Hilliard. 
The  councilmen  were,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  George  Menden- 
hall.  Timothy  P.  Speoeer,  Moses  Ross,  John  A.  Foote,  Charles  M. 
Giddings,  Jefferson  Thomas,  Thomas  Bolton,  Tom  Lemen,  and  John 


208  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS       [Chap.  XIV 

A.  Vincent.  John  A.  Foote  was  clio-sen  president  of  the  council.  Mr. 
Williamson  was  reelected  treasurer,  Isaac  Taylor  succeeded  George 
Kirk  as  marshal,  James  B.  Finnej-  became  city  clerk,  and  Moses  Kelley 
was  appointed  city  attornej'-.  A  city  market  house  wa.s  built  on 
ilichigau  Street  (Prospect  Avenue,  N.  W.),  and  L.  D.  Johnson  was 
chosen  as  market  clerk.  Improved  school  accommodations  received 
proper  and  encouraging  attention  and  an  effort  in  aid  of  temperance 
refoiTu  led  to  a  sharp  parliamentary  struggle  over  Mr.  Barr 's  jireamble 
and  resolutions,  a  proposed  "ordinance  for  the  suppression  of  dram 
shops,"  another  "ordinance  for  the  suppression  or  the  sale  of  ardent 
spirits  in  less  ciuantity  than  one  quart, ' '  together  with  futile  attempts 
to  amend  the  latter  by  striking  out  the  words  "one  quart"  and  sub- 
stituting therefor  "one  pint,"  "fifteen  gallons,"  and  "a  pound  of 
bread."  The  whole  matter  was  then  sent  back  to  committee  and  the 
"reform"  made  no  further  progress  that  year.  In  Ohio  City,  Mayor 
Baldwin  was  reelected.  The  councilmen  were  C.  L.  Russell,  C.  C. 
AValler,  Francis  A.  Burrows,  Samuel  H.  Fox,  H.  A.  Hurlburt,  Daniel 
Sanford,  Needham  M.  Standart,  H.  N.  Ward,  Cliristopher  E.  Hill, 
W.  H.  Hill,  Cyrus  Williams,  and  Charles  Winslow.  Mr.  Waller  was 
chosen  president  of  the  council  and  Alessrs.  Foote,  Van  Tine,  and 
Chapman  were  reelected  to  their  several  offices  of  the  previous  year. 

In  1840,  Nicholas  Dockstader  was  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland; 
Timothy  Ingraham,  treasurer ;  and  Isaac  Taylor,  marshal.  The  alder- 
men were  William  Milford,  William  Lemen,  and  Josiah  A.  Harris. 
The  councilmen  were,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  Ashbel  W.  Wal- 
worth, David  Hersch,  John  Barr,  David  Allen,  John  A,  Foote,  Thomas 
M.  Kelley,  Stephen  Clary,  Charles  Bradburn,  and  .John  A.  Vincent. 
William  Jlilford  was  chosen  president  of  the  council;  J.  B.  Finney, 
city  clerk;  (ieorge  A.  Benedict,  city  attorney;  and  Josiah  A.  Harris, 
city  printer.  In  Ohio  City,  Needham  M.  Standart  was  elected  mayor. 
Tlic  ((Mincilmeu  were  C.  L.  Rus.sell,  C.  C.  Waller,  Francis  A.  Burrows, 
S.  II.  I''().\,  II.  A.  Hurlburt,  Daniel  Sanford,  S.  W.  Saylcs,  Homer 
Strong,  Andrew  White,  Ben.iamin  Siieldoii,  li.  F.  'l\\ler,  and  Daniel 
IT,  Lamb.  Mr.  Waller  was  chosen  i)resident  of  the  couiicjl.  J.  F. 
Taintor  became  recorder  and  Messrs.  Van  Tine  and  Cliapniau  were 
again  choscii  to  thcii-  i-esjii'ct  i\'e  positions. 

CiTV   RiCCOKI)  OK   1^^40-4') 

In  this  year  (1840-41),  the  four  .sections  of  the  Pulilic  Square 
wci-i'  se|iai'ately  enclosed  with  fences  and  the  street  supervisor  was 
insli-nctcil    III    ■■prrpai'c    and    seed    the    Ndnllici'ii    iialf    ol'    the    j'ublic 


1840-41]  TlIK  CENSUS  REPORT  209 

Square  in  a  .suitalilo  aiul  prapcr  iiiaiiiier,"  to  "procure  some  suitable 
person  to  sink  the  pul)lie  wells,  so  that  they  will  contain  at  least  three 
and  one-half  feet  of  wate'-,  proviilod  the  expense  will  not  exceed 
thirty-five  dollars."  The  temperance  question  came  np  again  in 
May  and,  after  much  discussion,  "an  ordinance  to  regulate  taverns 
and  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  ardent  spirits  or  other  intoxicating  liquors 
by  a  less  (juantity  than  one  (|uart, "  and  providing  further  that  no 
licensed  tavern  keeper  should  give  or  sell  ardent  spirits  to  any  child, 
apprentice,  or  servant  without  the  consent  of  parent,  guardian,  or 
employer,  or  to  anj'  intoxicated  person,  was  passed.  15efore  the 
end  of  the  official  year,  annual  salaries  of  some  of  the  city's  servants 
were  fixed  as  follows:  .Mayor,  $100;  marshal,  $300;  clerk,  $400; 
street  supervisor,  .$4i)ti;  treasurer,  $200;  clerk  of  the  market,  $100. 
At  the  end  of  his  term  as  mayor,  Mr.  Dockstader  retired  fom  official 
life. 

The  federal  census  of  this  year  (1840),  in  speaking  of  the  manu- 
facturing enterprises  of  Cuyahoga  County,  says  that  there  were  two 
cast-iron  furnaces,  producing  200  tons,  consuming  1,310  tons  of  fuel, 
employing  102  men  and  using  a  capital  of  $130,000.  The  annual 
value  of  the  stone  product  was  $18,822;  twenty-eight  men  were  em- 
ployed and  $2,000  of  eai)ital  invested.  Of  pot  or  pearl  ashes,  113 
tons  were  maile  during  the  year.  The  value  of  machinery  made  was 
$43,600;  the  value  of  hardware  and  cutlery  $25,000;  and  of  metals 
refined  $31,500.  In  the  manufacture  of  brick  and  lime  $12,500  was 
invested ;  twenty -six  men  employed,  and  the  value  of  the  product 
$8,540.  There  were  four  woolen  manufactories,  with  a  capital  of 
$12,400  and  an  aninud  product  of  $14,400,  and  eighteen  men  em- 
ploj'cd.  In  the  thirteen  tanneries  twenty-one  men  were  employed ; 
capital,  $6,800;  845  sides  of  sole  leather  and  3,680  sides  of  uppers 
were  tanned.  There  were  manufactured  113,000  pounds  of  soap  and 
82,000  pounds  of  tallow  candles,  ten  men  employed  and  $4,000  of  cap- 
ital. Two  distilleries  produced  80,000  gallons  of  w'hiskey,  and  one 
brewery  50,000  gallons  of  beer.  There  were  six  flour  mills,  fifteen 
grist  mills,  seventy  sawmills,  one  oil  mill,  and  all  of  these  combined 
made  $183,875  worth  of  product  and  employed  104  men.  Athough 
the  report  is  for  the  county,  it  is  fair  to  a-ssnme  that  it  is  approxi- 
mately correct  for  the  city.  The  census  of  this  year  credited  Cleve- 
land with  a  population  of  6,071. 

In  1841,  John  W.  Allen  was  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldermen  were  William  iMilford,  Thomas  Bolton,  and  Xewton  E. 
Crittenden.  The  councilmen  were,  three  from  each  ward  in  order, 
Nelson  Hayward,  Herrick  Childs,  George  B.  Tibbets,  Moses  Kelley, 

Vol.  I— 14  .i  j«»JLI 


210  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIV 

W.  J.  Warner,  M.  C.  Younglove,  Pliilo  Scovill,  Benjamin  Harring- 
ton, and  ^liller  M.  Spangler.  Thomas  Bolton  was  chosen  as  presi- 
dent of  the  eouncil.  In  Ohio  City,  Mr.  Standart  was  reelected  mayor. 
The  couucilmeu  were  Daniel  H.  Lamb,  Richard  Lord,  Albert  Powell, 
C.  A.  Russell,  C.  L.  Russell,  Julius  A.  Sayles,  S.  W.  Sayles,  Benjamin 
Sheldon,  Homer  Strong,  Benjamin  F.  Tyler,  Andrew  AVhite,  and 
Ephraim  Wilson.  Mi*.  Lord  was  chosen  president  of  the  council. 
Christopher  E.  Hill  was  recorder,  H.  N.  Ward  was  treasurer,  and 
Homer  Strong  was  marshal.  In  this  year,  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
Canal  was  completed,  connecting  the  Ohio  Canal  at  Akron  with  the 
Ohio  River  at  Beaver  and  thus  forming  a  water  communication  with 
Pittsburgh.  On  the  twenty-first  of  September,  a  charter  was  granted 
for  Cleveland  City  Lodge,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  the  oldest  ]\Ia- 
sonic  body  in  the  city.  Its  first  meeting  was  held  a  week  later  and 
officers  were  chosen  as  follows:  Clifford  Belden,  worshipful  master; 
Andrew  White,  senior  warden;  W^illai'd  Crawford,  junior  warden; 
Edmund  Clark,  treasurer;  and  Erastus  Smith,  secretary. 

In  1812,  Joshua  A.  Mills  was  again  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland. 
The  aldermen  were  Nelson  Hayward.  William  Smyth,  and  Benjamin 
Harrington.  The  councilmen  were,  three  from  each  ward  in  order, 
William  D.  Nott,  Robert  Bailey,  Henry  Morgan,  George  Mendenhall, 
George  Witherell,  Jefferson  Thomas.  William  T.  Goodwin,  George 
Kirk,  and  Levi  Johnson.  Benjamin  Harrington  was  chosen  president 
of  the  council.  In  Ohio  City,  Francis  A.  Burrows  was  chosen  mayor. 
The  councilmen  were  G.  L.  Chapman,  David  Griffith,  Morris  Ilepliuni, 
Richard  Lord,  Albert  Powell,  C.  A.  Russell,  Julius  A.  Sayles,  S.  W. 
Sayles,  Benjamin  Sheldon,  Horace  G.  Townsend,  D.  C.  Van  Tine,  and 
Ephraim  Wilson.  Richard  Lord  was  again  chosen  as  president  of 
the  council.  Christopher  E.  Hill,  II.  N.  Ward,  and  Homer  Strong 
became  their  own  successors  as  recorder,  treasurer,  and  marshal 
respectively. 

In  1843,  Nelson  Hayward  \vu.s  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldermen  were  William  D.  Nott,  Samuel  Cook,  and  Samuel  Stark- 
weather. The  councilmen  were,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  Rol)ert 
Bailey,  John  B.  Wigman,  James  Church,  Jr.,  Stcjihen  Clai-y,  Alanson 
H.  Lacy,  George  A.  Benedict,  William  T.  Goodwin,  John  Wills,  and 
Alexander  S.  Cramer.  Mr.  Benedict  was  chosen  as  i)resident  of  the 
council.  In  Ohio  City,  Richard  Lord  became  mayor.  The  councilmen 
were  Thomas  Armstrong,  Peter  Barker,  G.  L.  Chapman.  L.  L.  Davis, 
David  Griffith,  ilorris  Hepburn,  Seth  W.  Johnson,  Albert  Powell, 
C.  L.  Russell,  Julius  A.  Sayles,  S.  W.  Sayles,  and  Benjamin  Sheldon. 
S.  W.  Sayles  was  chosen  president  of  the  council,  and  Messrs.  Hill, 


1844-45]  CITY  OFFICIALS  211 

Ward,  and  Stroiij,'  atraiii  ln'caine  tlioir  own  successors  as  recorder, 
treasurer,  and  marshal  respectively.  George  Osmuu  became  street 
supervisor. 

In  1S44,  Samuel  Starkweather  wa.s  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland. 
The  aldermen  were  Leander  .M.  Hubby,  Stephen  Clary  and  William 
T.  Goodwin.  The  councilnien,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  were 
Thomas  .Mell,  George  F.  .Marshall,  E.  St.  John  Bemis,  Charles  Stet- 
son, Jacob  Lowman,  John  Outhwaite,  W^illiam  F.  Allen,  Melancthon 
Baruett,  and  John  F.  Warner.  Jlr.  Barnett  was  chosen  as  president 
of  the  council.  The  United  States  Marine  Hospital,  on  the  bank  of 
the  lake,  was  begun  in  this  year,  but  it  was  not  finished  until  1852. 
In  Ohio  City,  Daniel  H.  Lamb  was  chosen  mayor.  The  conncilinen 
were  Peter  Barker,  E.  R.  Benton.  L.  L.  Davis,  Enoch  Hunt,  Seth 
W.  Johnson,  G.  W.  Jones,  Richard  Lord,  Albert  Powell,  C.  L.  Russell, 
Julius  A.  Sayles,  Benjamin  Sheldon,  and  E.  T.  Sterling.  Mr.  Lord 
was  chosen  president  of  the  council.  S.  W.  Sayles  was  chosen  re- 
corder; Christopher  E.  Hill,  treasurer;  Homer  Strong,  marshal;  and 
George  Osmun,  street  supervisor. 

In  1845,  Samuel  Starkweather  was  again  elected  mayor  of  Cleve- 
land. The  aldermen  w'cre  Charles  W.  Heard,  George  Withercll,  and 
L.  0.  Mathews.  The  couneilmen,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  were 
Flavel  W.  Bingham,  Peter  Caul,  Samuel  C.  Ives,  James  Gardner, 
Ellery  G.  Williams,  David  L.  Wood,  Arthur  Hughes,  John  A. 
Wheeler,  and  Orville  Gurley.  Mr.  Bingham  was  chosen  as  president 
of  the  council.  In  Ohio  City,  Mayor  Lamb  was  again  elected.  The 
couneilmen  were  Ambrose  Anthony,  E.  R.  Benton,  L.  L.  Davis,  Enoch 
Hunt,  6.  W.  Jones,  Richard  Lord,  Joseph  B.  Palmer,  Albert  Powell, 
Daniel  Sanford,  Julius  A.  Sayles,  Benjamin  Sheldon,  and  E.  T. 
Sterling.  Mr.  Lord  was  chosen  as  president  of  the  coiincil.  S.  W. 
Sayles  became  recorder;  Charles  Winslow,  treasurer;  Edgar  Slaght, 
marshal ;  and  George  Osmun.  street  supervisor. 

Young  Men  's  Literary  Association  Organized 

In  this  year,  the  Young  .Men's  Literary  Association  was  organized ; 
it  was  incorporated  in  1848  as  the  Cleveland  Library  Association. 
From  this  organization  was  developed  the  Case  Library  of  today. 
Three  banks  were  also  incorporated,  the  ''Commercial"  with  a  cap- 
ital stock  of  $150,000;  the  "Merchants'  "  with  a  capital  .stock  of 
$100,000:  and  the  "City  Bank"  with  a  capital  stock  of  $150,000.  In 
ilarch,  the  state  renewed  the  charter  of  the  Cleveland,  Columbus, 
and  Cincinnati  Railroad  Company.     The  new  charter  authorized  the 


212  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EXVIKOXS       [Chap.  XIV 

building  of  a  road  from  Lake  Erie  to  Columbus,  where  it  might 
unite  with  any  road  that  should  afterwards  be  built  leading  from  the 
capital  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state.  On  the  board  of  direc- 
tors, Cleveland  was  represented  by  John  W.  Allen,  Richard  Ililliard, 
John  jr.  Woolsey,  and  Henry  B.  Payne.  The  city  voted  its  credit 
to  the  extent  of  $200,000,  but  there  was  difficulty  in  negotiating  the 
city's  bonds.  In  1847,  and  after  prolonged  personal  effort  on  the  part 
of  the  directors,  the  amount  of  subscriptions  were  brought  up  to 
about  $70,000  and  the  work  of  construction  was  immediately  begun 
under  the  presidential  supervision  of  Alfred  Kellcy,  now  of  Colum- 
bus. In  the  same  month  (March,  1845),  the  legislature  passed  an 
act  reviving  the  charter  of  the  Cleveland.  Warren,  and  Pittsburgh 
Company  to  which,  in  1838,  the  city  had  voted  a  subscription  of 
$200,000.  By  the  first  of  November,  the  line  had  been  completed  to 
Hanover,  seventy-five  miles  from  Cleveland.  In  this  year,  the  Frank- 
lin House  that  Philo  Scovill  had  built  on  the  north  side  of  Superior 
Street  in  1825  was  rebuilt  and  Dan  P.  Rhodes  and  David  Tod 
opened  the  Briar  Hill  coal  mine  near  Youngstowu. 

Municipal  M.\tters,  1846-48 

In  1846,  George  Hoadlcy  was  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldei-men  were  Leander  M.  Hubby.  John  II.  Gorham,  and  Josiah 
A.  Harris.  The  couneilmen,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  were 
E.  St.  John  Bemis,  John  F.  Chamberlain,  John  Gill,  William  Case, 
William  Bingham,  John  A.  Wheeler,  William  K.  Adams,  iMarshall 
Carsion,  and  Liakim  L.  Lyon.  Mr.  Hubby  was  chosen  as  president 
of  the  council.  This  William  Case  was  a  son  of  the  Leonard  Case 
who  came  from  Warren  to  Cleveland  to  act  as  cashier  of  the  first 
bank  in  the  city.  As  we  shall  see,  William  Case  played  a  iinniiinent 
part  in  the  development  of  Cleveland  and  was  twice  elected  as  its 
mayor.  In  Ohio  City,  Daniel  II.  Lamb  was  for  the  third  time  elected 
as  mayor.  The  couneilmen  chosen  wri'c  Ambi'osc  Anthony,  John 
Beverlin,  G.  L.  Chapman,  L.  L.  Davis,  Oilman  Folsom,  S.  W.  Johnson, 
Jo.seph  B.  Palmer,  Albert  Powell.  Daniel  Sanford,  Julius  A.  Sayles, 
Benjamin  Sheldon,  and  S.  ^\'.  'I'm-ncr.  Mr.  Sheldon  was  elected  as 
president  of  the  coinicil  and  Messrs.  S.  W.  Sayles  and  Winslow  were 
continued  in  office  a.s  recorder  and  treasurer  respectively.  George 
Osinun  became  marshal,  and  William  II.  Xcwtmi,  street  supervisor. 

In  March  of  this  year,  the  state  legislature  incorporated  the 
Junction  Railroad.  "This  act,  together  with  amendments  subse- 
quently pa.ssed,  provided   for  railway  construction   from   Cleveland 


1846-48]  CITY   ()l''Ki('l.\l-S  213 

to  the  west  line  of  the  state,  Ihe  choice  of  i-oules  ami  other  details, 
according  to  the  liberal  fashion  o\'  tliat  time,  being  left  to  the  discre- 
tion of  the  directors."  Another  charter  was  issued  creating  the 
Toledo,  Norwalk,  anU  Cleveland  road.  In  1853,  these  companies  were 
consolidated  under  the  name  of  the  Clevelaml  and  Toledo  Railroad 
with  a  capital  stock  of  -tri.OnO.OOO.  In  this  year  (1846),  the  Cleve- 
land Ga.s  Light  and  Coke  Company  was  incorporated ;  it  supplied 
gas  for  street  illumination  three  yeare  later.  The  board  of  Fire  Un- 
derwriters of  Cleveland  was  organized  in  JunC;  J.  L.  Weatherly  was 
its  president;  C.  C.  Carleton  was  vice  president;  H.  F.  Brayton  was 
treasurer ;  and  George  May  was  secretary.  The  activities  of  the  board 
were  suspended  during  the  civil  war,  but  a  reorganization  was 
effected  in  1866. 

In  1847,  Josiah  A.  Harris  was  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldermen  were  Flavel  W.  Bingham,  William  Case,  and  Pierre  A. 
^lathivet.  The  councilmen,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  were 
David  Clark  Doan,  Henry  Everett,  John  Gill,  John  Erwin,  Charles 
Hiekox,  Henry  T?.  Payne,  Alexander  Seymour,  Alexander  S.  Cramer, 
and  Orville  Gurley.  Flavel  W.  Bingham  was  chosen  as  president  of 
the  council.  In  the  summer  of  this  year,  the  Lake  Erie  Telegraph 
Company  was  authorized  to  extend  its  line  through  the  city  and  the 
first  telegram  was  received.  In  Ohio  City,  David  Griffith  was  elected 
mayor.  The  councilmen  were  John  Beverlin,  G.  L.  Chapman,  L.  L. 
Davis,  Gilman  Folsom,  S.  W.  Johnson,  Irvine  U.  blasters,  Philo  Closes, 
C.  L.  Russell,  R.  L.  Russell,  Benjamin  Sheldon,  Homer  Strong,  and 
S.  W.  Turner.  ^Ir.  Sheldon  was  chosen  as  president  of  the  council. 
Christojjher  E.  Hill  was  elected  recorder;  S.  J.  Lewis,  treasurer;  N.  D. 
White,  marshal ;  and  William  Hartuess,  street  supervisor. 

In  1848,  Lorenzo  A.  Kelsey  was  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldermen  were  Flavel  W.  Bingham,  William  Case,  and  Alexander  Sey- 
mour. The  councilmen,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  were  Richard 
Norton,  John  Gill,  Charles  ^I.  Read,  Henry  B.  Payne,  Leander  M. 
Hubby,  Thomas  C.  Floyd,  Samuel  Starkweather,  Robert  Parks,  and 
William  J.  Gordon.  Mr.  Bingham  was  again  chosen  as  president  of 
the  council.  In  Ohio  City,  John  Bevei'lin  was  elected  mayor.  The 
councilmen  were  H.  X.  Bissett,  L.  L.  Davis,  D.  S.  Degroate,  James 
Kirby,  William  S.  Levake,  Thomas  Lindsay,  Irvine  U.  Masters,  Philo 
Moses,  F.  B.  Pratt,  C.  L.  Russell,  R.  L.  Ru.s.sell,  and  Homer  Strong. 
Mr.  Strong  was  chosen  as  president  of  the  council.  Christopher  E. 
Hill  was  elected  recorder;  Charles  Winslow,  trea.surer;  Lyman  Whit- 
.  ney,  marshal ;  and  William  H.  Newton,  street  supervisor. 


214  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIV 

Railway  Coxsteuction 

By  this  time,  railway  lines  had  been  built  from  Chicago  to  Toledo, 
from  Toledo  to  Cleveland,  and  from  Erie  to  Buffalo.  The  important 
connecting  link  of  a  through  route,  the  Cleveland-Erie  line,  had  not 
yet  been  forged,  but  in  this  year,  under  the  push  and  enterprise  of 
Alfred  Kelley  and  William  Case  as  prime  movers,  a  charter  was  se- 
cured for  the  Cleveland.  Painesville  and  Ashtabula  Railroad.  This 
corporation  was  to  build  a  road  eastward  from  Cleveland  to  the  state 
line  and  the  city  pledged  its  credit  for  the  loan  of  $100,000  in  aid 
thereof.  But  the  outlay  that  w^as  necessary  for  construction  was  so 
great  that  "for  some  time  hope  of  a  successful  outcome  was  aban- 
doned. In  this  emergency  recourse  was  had  to  Mr.  Alfred  Kelley,  who 
was  accorded  unlimited  authority  as  general  agent  for  the  company. 
It  is  needless  to  add  that  ^Ir.  Kelley 's  marvelous  executive  ability, 
with  the  tradition  of  success  which  had  come  to  be  associated  with 
his  name,  secured  for  the  entei^prise  a  new  prosperity."  On  the 
seventh  of  July,  there  was  a  large  meeting  of  merchants  at  the  Wcd- 
dell  House,  at  which  meeting-  the  Board  of  Trade  was  organized. 

In  1849,  Plavel  W.  Bingham  was  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldermen  were  William  Case,  Alexander  Seymour,  and  John  Gill.  The 
counc'ilmen,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  were  David  W.  Cross, 
Richard  Norton,  Henry  Everett,  Alexander  Mcintosh,  John  G.  Mack, 
James  Calyer,  Artliur  Hughes,  Abner  C.  Brownell,  and  Christopher 
Molleii.  W^illiam  Case  was  chosen  as  president  of  the  council.  In  Ohio 
City,  Thomas  Bundiam  was  elected  mayor,  and  J.  Beanson,  II.  N. 
Bi.sett,  S.  C.  Degroate,  ilark  Harrison,  James  Kirby.  Thomas  Lind- 
-say,  A.  W.  Merrick,  E.  M.  Peck,  F.  B.  Pratt,  Edgar  Slaght,  ^Martin 
Smith,  and  Uriah  Taylor  were  elected  couneilmen.  Mr.  Pratt  was 
chosen  president  of  the  council.  J.  A.  Redington  was  elected  re- 
corder: Charles  Winslow,  treasurer:  A.  P.  Turner,  marshal;  and 
William  II.  Newton,  street  .supervisor. 

Water  Works  Suggested 

In  this  year  (1849),  Mr.  Ilugiies  iiitrciiluccd  in  the  Cleveland  city 
council  the  rolliiwiiig  rcsoliitinn.  wliirh  was  addjilctl: 

li'caolvcd.  That  the  committee  on  tii'e  and  water  be  and  are  licreby 
directed  to  ascertain  the  cost  of  bringing  the  water  from  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river,  or  from  any  othei"  jioint,  to  some  convenient  place 
upon  the  summit  in  this  city,  where  a  general  reservoir  may  be 
located;  the  cost  of  said  reser\(iir,  nnd  the  expense  per  ivhI  i'di-  ['rvA- 


1849-50] 


WATER,  GAS,  PWIRS  AND  PIER 


215 


iiig  it.  FurtluT.  that  the  cliicf  ciij^iiiocr  of  the  tire  dei)artment  be 
associated  with  said  (•(iiiiinittee,  and  that  they  may  eall  to  tlieir 
assistaiiee  a  eoni])eteiit  i)ors()ii  to  assist  them,  and  report  to  the  coun- 
cil as  soon  as  possible. 

This  action  probably  had  its  effect  iu  educating  the  voters  up  to  the 
level  necessary,  but  definite  action  for  the  establishing  of  municipal 
water  works  was  not  taken  until  18o;3.  In  this  year  (1849),  the  Cuya- 
hoga Agricultural  Society  was  formed.  For  several  years,  it  held  fairs 
on  Kinsman  Street  (now  Woodland  Avenue).  In  later  years,  its  fairs 
were  held  at  Newburg  and  Chagrin  Falls.  Gas  works  w-ere  built  and 
the  city  first  provided  with  illuminating  gas  iu  this  year.  About  this 
time,  John  G.  Stockly  built,  at  the  foot  of  liank  (West  Sixth)  Street,  a 


pier  that  extended  924  feet  into  the  lake  and  broke  the  monotony  of 
"a  continuous  sand  beach,  strewn  with  driftwood"  that  had  existed 
since  the  destruction  of  the  fragile  and  short-lived  structure  built  by 
the  Cleveland  Pier  Company  in  1816. 

In  185U,  William  Case  was  elected  ma\or  of  Cleveland.  The  alder- 
men were  Alexander  Seymour,  John  Gill,  and  Leander  ^I.  Hubby. 
The  councilmen,  three  from  each  ward  in  order,  were  William  Given, 
George  Whitelaw,  Buckley  Stedman,  Alexander  Mcintosh,  William 
Bingham,  Samuel  Williamson,  Arthur  Hughes,  Abner  C.  Brownell. 
and  Levi  Johufson.  Alexander  Seymour  was  chosen  as  president  of 
the  council.  In  Ohio  City,  Thomas  Burnham  was  again  elected  mayor, 
and  J.  Beanson,  E.  C.  Blish,  :\I.  L.  Hooker,  John  Kirkpatrick,  Thomas 
Lindsav.  A.  AV.  Jlerrick,  E.  :\I.  Peek,  F.  B.  Pratt,  C.  L.  Russell,  Edgar 


216  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIV 

Slaght.  ilartin  Smith,  aud  Uriah  Taylor  were  elected  eouncilmcii,  Mr. 
Pratt  was  chosen  as  president  of  the  council.  J.  A.  Redington  was 
elected  recorder;  Oilman  Folsom,  treasurer;  George  Osmun,  marshal; 
and  AVilliam  H.  Newton,  street  supervisor. 

Plymouth  Congregational  Church 

In  March,  the  third  Presbyterian  church  was  organized  with  thirty 
members.  Two  years  later,  the  church  changed  its  policy  aud  became 
known  as  the  "Plymouth  Congregational  Church  of  Cleveland."  Be- 
fore the  end  of  the  official  year,  the  council  adopted  (January,  1851) 
a  resolution,  introduced  b.y  William  Bingham,  constituting  the  mayor 
and  three  others  to  be  appointed  by  him  as  a  committee  to  make  fur- 
ther investigation  concerning  a  municipal  water  supply  and  author- 
ized them  to  employ  an  engineer.  Mayor  Case  appointed  William  J. 
Warner,  Dr.  J.  P.  Kirtland,  i;nd  Colonel  Charles  Whittlesey  as  his  as- 
sociates on  said  committee.  At  this  time,  Cleveland  had  a  population  of 
17,0.34  aud  Ohio  City  one  of  3,950.  The  enumeration  "indicated  a 
steady  and  healthful  growth  for  the  ten  preceding  years.  It  was 
a  period  of  present  prosperity,  and  of  promise  for  the  future.  The 
lake  fleet  was  at  its  summit  of  popularity,  and  of  service  as  a  means 
of  passage,  as  the  railroads  had  not  yet  begun  to  make  the  destructive 
inroads  of  a  later  day.  The  stage  coaches  were  kept  busy,  carrying 
loads  of  travelers  to  and  from  Cleveland,  mamifacturers  were  reach- 
ing out  and  extending,  the  municipality  was  in  a  progressive  mood, 
and  Cleveland  had  earned  the  right  to  be  called  a  city  in  fact,  as  in 
name." 

In  1851,  William  Case  was  again  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldermen  were  John  Gill,  Leander  M.  Ilubby,  Abner  C.  Brownell,  and 
Buckner  Stedman,  four  instead  of  three,  as  formerly.  The  cotuieil- 
men,  two  from  each  of  four  wards  instead  of  three  from  each  of  tliree 
wards,  as  formerly,  were  Jabez  W^.  Fitch,  George  Whitelaw.  Alexander 
Jlclntosh,  Thomas  C.  Floyd,  Stoughton  HIiss,  ;MiHcr  I\r.  Si)angler, 
iWarsliall  S.  Ciistle,  and  James  B.  Wilbur.  As  authorizi'd  liy  the  third 
section  of  the  city  charter,  already  ((Udtcd,  the  coiincil  had  aildcil  a 
fourth  ward  to  Cleveland.  Jolni  (iill  was  chdNcii  as  iircsidcnt  nl'  the 
council.  In  Ohio  City,  Benjamin  Sheldon  was  clcricd  iiiaym-,  and 
Ambrose  Anthony,  E.  C.  Blish,  Tliomas  llmadiam,  William  I!,  (inylt^, 
]\I.  h.  Ilnoker,  John  Kirkpalriek,  Thomas  Lindsay.  William  II.  New- 
ton, F.  B.  Pratt,  Daniel  P.  Rhodes,  C.  L.  Russell,  and  Daniel  Sanford 
were  elected  councilmen.  C.  L.  Russell  was  chosen  jircsident  df  the 
conni'il.     Cliristo])h('r   ]'].   ITill   was  cliosrn    rccurdci' :   Gilman    {''nlsoni. 


1851]  HOW  TO  TTOT.D  A  CHARTER  217 

treasurer;  E.  H.  Lewis,  nuiislial;  and  George  Osimiii,  street  super- 
visor. 

The  C.  C.  &  C.  Enters  Cleveland 

In  1845,  Cleveland  had  voted  $200,000  in  aid  of  the  Cleveland,  Co- 
lumbus, and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  and  now  (1851)  a  train,  gaily 
deeked  with  flags  and  streamers,  bore  the  executive  and  legislative 
otfieials  of  the  state  from  Columbus  to  Cleveland. 

And  the  people  did  laugh  to  see 
Their  rulers  riding  on  a  rail. 

In  illustration  of  the  difficulties  that  had  been  overcome  and  of  the 
pluck  and  perseverance  that  had  brought  success,  I  quote  a  passage 
from  A  Sketcli  of  Early  Times  in  Cleveland,  written  by  Mr. 
George  T.  Marshall,  a  Cleveland  pioneer  whose  pen  and  voice  have 
given  us  many  bright  and  humorous  accounts  of  the  early  days : 

In  order  to  save  the  charter,  which  had  lain  dormant  for  a  time, 
it  was  thought  best  to  make  a  sliow  of  work  on  the  line  already  sur- 
veyed. One  bright  autumn  forenoon  about  a  dozen  men  got  them- 
selves together  near  the  ground  now  occupied  by  the  A.  &  G.  W.  Rail- 
way depot  with  the  noble  purpose  of  inaugurating  the  work  of  build- 
ing the  Cleveland,  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Railroad.  Among  the 
number  was  Alfred  Kelley  the  President,  T.  P.  Handy  the  Treasurer, 
J.  H.  Sargent  the  Engineer,  James  A.  Briggs  the  Attorney,  and  II.  B. 
Payne,  Oliver  Pen-y,  John  A.  Foote  and  others  besides  your  humble 
servant.  On  that  memorable  spot  one  could  look  upon  those  vast 
fields  of  bottom  land  and  nothing  could  be  seen  but  unbroken  wide 
meadows ;  the  brick  residence  of  Joel  Seranton  on  the  north,  and  the 
ruins  of  an  old  mill  in  the  ravine  of  Walworth  Run  on  the  south, 
were  the  only  show  of  buildings  in  all  that  region  round  about.  These 
gentlemen  had  assembled  to  inaugurate  the  work  on  the  railway,  yet 
there  was  a  sadness  about  them  that  could  be  felt,  there  was  some- 
thing that  told  them  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  make  much  of  a 
railroad  without  monc.v  and  labor.  Yet  they  came  on  pui-pose  to 
make  a  show  of  a  beginning.  Alfred  took  a  sliovel  and  with  bis  foot 
pressed  it  well  into  the  soft  and  willing  earth,  placing  a  good  chunk 
in  the  tran(|nil  wheelbarrow  close  at  hand,  repeating  the  operation 
until  a  load  was  attained  and  dumping  it  a  rod  or  so  to  the  south. 
We  all  shouted  a  good  sized  shout  that  the  road  was  really  inaugurated. 
Then  ^Ir.  Handy  did  a  little  of  the  same  work  as  well  as  Sargent  and 
Briggs.  while  I  sat  on  the  nearest  log  re.joicing  to  see  the  work  going 
on  so  lively  and  in  such  able  hands.  The  fact  was  demonstrated  that 
the  earth  was  willing  if  man  would  only  keep  the  shovel,  the  pick 
and  the  wheelbarrow  moving  lively  according  to  this  beginning.  All 
that  fall  and  winter  one  man  was  kept  at  work  on  the  great  enter- 
prise, simply  to  hold  the  charter  with  a  hope  that  some  thing  would 
turn  up  to  enable  the  directors  to  push  things  with  a  greater  show 


218  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIV 

for  ultimate  success.  During  the  winter  that  followed  any  one  pass- 
ing up  Pittsburgh  street  [Broadway]  near  the  bluff  could  see  day 
by  day  the  progress  this  one  man  power  was  making  in  his  work. 
Foot  by  foot  each  day  the  brown  earth  could  be  seen  gaining  on  the 
white  snow  on  the  line  towards  Columlnis,  and  hope  remained  lively 
in  the  breast  of  everyone  tliat  saw  the  progress,  tliat  if  tlie  physical 
powers  of  that  solitary  laborer  held  out  long  enough,  he  woidd  some 
day  be  able  to  go  to  state's  prison  bj'  rail.  There  was  a  serious  hin- 
drance in  the  progress  of  the  work,  which  came  in  this  wise.  The 
laborer  who  had  so  great  a  job  on  his  hands  took  a  look  and  a  thought 
of  what  he  had  to  do — it  was  one  hlmdred  and  forty  miles  to  Colum- 
bus and  it  was  best  to  hurry  up  or  the  road  would  not  be  ready  for 
use  for  quite  a  spell  to  come ;  he  set  to  work  with  renewed  energy  for 
a  while,  then  threw  himself  (|uite  out  of  breath  on  the  ground  for  a 
brief  rest  when  tlie  rheumatism  took  hold  of  him  and  sciatica  troubled 
his  limbs  so  much  that  the  great  work  was  brought  to  a  standstill : 
he  struck  for  his  altars  and  his  fires  at  home,  while  the  next  fall  of 
snow  obliterated  the  line  of  his  progress  towards  the  south,  and  the 
directors  got  together  to  devise  ways  and  means  to  keep  the  work 
moving  onward.  It  was  said  that  the  best  thing  they  could  do  under 
this  stress  of  circumstances  was  to  devise  a  method  for  drying  and 
warming  the  ground  so  that  a  like  calamity  would  not  occur  to  their 
workman,  wishing  to  encourage  every  freak  he  had  to  work  a  little 
faster,  provided  he  would  do  so  at  the  same  wages.  Soon  after  this 
calamity  befell  the  laborer  and  the  road,  a  meeting  was  called  at 
Empire  Hall  and  it  was  a  jam.  Alfred  Kelley  discoursed  on  the 
subject  of  the  railwa.y  and  telling  us  that  if  we  did  not  take  hold  of 
this  opportunity  to  make  an  iron  way  to  the  center  of  the  state 
Cleveland  would  only  be  known  in  the  Gazeteers  as  a  small  town  on 
Lake  Erie  about  six  miles  from  Newburgh  where  steamers  sometimes 
stop  to  wood  and  water.  By  a  sudden  stroke  of  generalsliip  the  exit 
doors  of  the  hall  were  locked  and  the  audience  were  held  until  all 
were  converted  to  the  faith  and  pooled  in  enough  to  secure  the  road 
and  add  a  few  more  men  to  the  work,  when,  after  a  reasonabU^  time, 
the  solons  of  our  legislature  came  up  here  on  the  22d  of  February 
and  celebrated  the  completion  of  tlie  Cleveland,  Columbus  and  Cin- 
cinnati Railroad,  and  the  l)irth(lay  of  Washington  all  at  once. 


CleveIjAnd  &  .Maiion'ing  Railroad  Completed 

The  Cleveland  and  .Malmniiig  Ixailmad  was  diai'tered  in  lliis  year 
(1851).  It  was  comi)leted  from  Cleveland  to  Voungstown  in  ISf)?. 
This  road  was  later  known  as  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh  Railroad. 
The  completion  of  these  railways  produced  great  i'i>joicings,  for  "dm-- 
ing  till'  prriiid  of  llii'ir  construction  the  city  had  been  almost  daily 
ailding  to  tlie  number  of  its  inhaliitants,  so  that  it  liad  nearly  doubled 
in  the  last  six  years,  its  poinilation  being  now  21.140,  and  in  the  fol- 
liiwing  year    flS.")2)    it    added    S7   ]icrs(iiis   ])(>r   week   to   its   nnmliers. 


1851]  WOODLAXD  rE:\rETEKY  219 

being  then  25,670."  In  August  of  tliis  ycai-,  (in  motion  of  Mr.  Bliss, 
detinite  aetion  was  taken  hy  tlie  council  toward  .securing  a  new  cem- 
etery. Tlu>  resolution  dii-oetod  the  mayor  to  buy  a  certain  sixty 
aeres  of  land  and  authorized  him  to  '"issue  in  payment  for  said  land 
bonds  of  the  I'ity  of  Cleveland  in  sums  of  $1,000  .  .  .  for  the 
aggregate  sum  of  .i<13,689.''  The  cemetery  thus  secured  was  named 
"Woodland"":  it  is  still  used  for  the  piii'[)oses  for  which  it  was  bought. 


CHAPTER  XV 

THE  UNION  OF  CLEVELAND  AND  OHIO  CITY 

In  1852,  Abner  C.  Brownell  was  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland.  The 
aldermen  were  John  B.  Wigman,  Leander  M.  Hubby,  Basil  L.  Spaug- 
ler,  and  Buckley  Stedman.  The  eouncilmen,  two  from  each  ward  in 
order,  were  Henrj'  Morgan,  Aaron  Merchant,  William  H.  ShoU,  Rob- 
ert B.  Bailey,  Stoughton  Bliss,  John  B.  Smith,  Admiral  N.  Gray,  and 
Henry  Howe.  Mr.  Hubby  was  chosen  as  president  of  the  council.  In 
Ohio  City,  Benjamin  Sheldon  was  elected  mayor,  and  Ambrose  An- 
thony, E.  C.  Blish,  Thomas  Burnham,  M.  Crasper,  William  B.  Guyles, 
James  Kirby,  William  H.  Newton,  Daniel  P.  Rhodes,  Daniel  Sanford, 
Homer  Strong,  D.  C.  Taylor,  and  Charles  Winslow  were  elected  as 
eouncilmen.  Mr.  Winslow  was  chosen  as  president  of  the  council. 
Christopher  E.  Hill  was  chosen  recorder;  Sanford  J.  Lewis,  treas- 
urer; Nathan  K.  McDole,  marshal ;  and  A.  C.  Beardsley,  street  super- 
visor. 

Municipal  Water  Supply 

As  town  and  village,  Cleveland  had  three  sources  of  water  supply, 
springs,  wells,  and  the  lake.  "There  was  a  fine  spring  on  the  hill- 
side near  Superior  lane  where  Lorenzo  Carter  first  built  his  cabin  in 
IT!)?,  and  another  near  the  foot  of  Maiden  lane,  where  Biyaut's  dis- 
tiller_v  was  built  a  few  years  later.  It  was  easy  to  dig  wells  through 
the  saudy  loam  into  the  gravel,  and  the  town  folks  had  no  trouble  in 
finding  an  abundance  of  water.  A  town  pump  was  put  up  on  the 
corner  of  Superior  and  Water  streets  and  one  on  the  Square,  and  deep 
cisterns  were  placed  at  numerous  intervals  for  storing  water  to  put 
out  fires.  A  favorite  drinking  well  w-as  the  spring  near  the  barn  of 
the  ClevcJaiul  House,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  Square.  On  the 
corner  of  Pi-ospect  street  and  Ontario,  was  a  ])uiiip  aiul  a  drinking 
tank  or  reservoir  for  horses."  In  the  Annuls  (if  Ihe  Early  Settlers' 
Association,  Mrs.  George  B.  JFerwin  has  told  us  that  "on  the  south 
side  of  Superior  street,  nearly  opposite  the  City  Hall,  T  should  think, 
there  was  a  spring  of  soft   water,  and  near  it   a  shelter  was  Imilt  of 

220 


1851]  WATER  AND  ECONOMICS  221 

boughs  of  trees  in  suninier,  and  here  many  of  the  women  used  to  eou- 
gregate  for  washing:,  hanging  tlieir  eUjthes  on  the  surrounding 
bushes.  The  wells,  what  few  there  were,  eontaining  only  hard  water. 
The  only  water  carrier  for  a  long  time  was  Beuhu  Johnson,  wlio  with 
his  sister,  a  JIi-s.  White,  lived  on  Euclid  street,  about  where  the 
Vienna  Coft'oe  House  is  now  [1880].  Henhu  with  his  wooden  leg, 
little  wagon  and  old  hoi-se,  was  in  great  demand  on  Mondays,  when  he 
drew  two  barrels  of  water  at  a  time,  covered  with  blankets,  up  the 
long,  steep  hill  from  the  river,  now  known  as  Vineyard  street,  to 
parties  requiring  the  element.  In  fancy  I  see  him  now,  with  his  un- 
painted  vehicle,  old  white  horse,  himself  stumbling  along  keeping  time 
to  the  tune  of  'Roving  Sailor'  which  he  was  fond  of  singing,  occa- 
sionally starting  'Old  Whitey'  with  a  kick  from  the  always  ready 
leg,  especially  if  he  had  been  imbibing  freely."  In  1838,  Philo  Scovill 
and  others  received  a  charter  for  the  Cleveland  Water  Company,  as 
already  recorded,  and,  in  1850,  an  extension  of  the  charter  rights  was 
secured  and  a  little  of  the  stock  was  sold,  but  nothing  more  had  come 
of  the  scheme.  But  now,  the  unsanitary  condition  of  the  city  and  the 
frequent  fire  losses  urged  the  city  to  action.  Water  works  had  be- 
come a  necessity  and  public  meetings  were  held  to  consider  the  matter ; 
of  course  "there  was  considerable  doubt  whether  the  city  or  private 
parties  should  build  the  water  works."  In  1850,  George  A.  Benedict 
and  others  petitioned  the  city  council  to  employ  an  expert  to  study 
the  various  sources  of  water  supply  and  the  probable  cost  of  city 
water  works.  In  January,  1851,  an  able  committee  was  appointed  by 
the  council  with  authority  to  employ  a  hydraulic  engineer.  On  the 
twenty-ninth  of  October,  1852,  and  after  nearly  two  years  of  investi- 
gation, the  special  committee  that  was  appointed  in  January,  1851, 
made  a  report  to  the  council  concerning  a  municipal  water  supply. 
The  committee  had  investigated  the  Chagrin  River,  Tinker's  Creek, 
Mill  Creek,  and  Shaker  Run,  and  thought  that  any  one  of  these  might 
be  adequate  for  the  purpose,  but  their  conclusion  was  that  "Lake 
Erie  is  the  only  source  to  which  we  can  resort  for  an  unfailing  supply 
of  pure  soft  water."  *  As  to  control,  they  agreed  that  ''all  experience 
shows  that  such  undertakings  can  be  carried  on  more  economically 
by  individuals  or  companies  than  by  municipal  corporations  and 
also  better  managed  after  construction,"  l)ut  that,  for  want  of  .suffi- 
cient available  capital,  private  construction  of  water  works  for  Cleve- 
land was  not  practicable.  To  this,  was  added  the  following  chunk  of 
wisdom:     "One  thing  is  clear  to  us,  the   city  should  by  no  means 

*  The  pollution   of  the  waters  of  the  lake  by  the  sewage  of  the  cities  on 
its  borders  was  nut   tlicii  a]iprociabU'. 


222  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XV 

allow  the  power  to  pass  from  them  of  keeping  the  control,  or  assum- 
ing it  at  such  times  as  they  might  think  proper,  upon  certain  stipu- 
lated terms.'"  As  to  methods  of  operation,  they  recommended  the 
iise  of  powerful  engines  to  pump  the  water  from  the  lake,  sufficient 
in  quantity  for  the  wants  of  .seventy-five  thousand  persons,  and  that 
the  water  be  stared  in  a  resei'voir  at  least  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
above  the  lake  for  distribution  over  the  city.  They  further  recom- 
mended that  the  intake  should  be  at  least  one  mile  east  from  the  foot 
of  Water  (West  Ninth)  Street  and  that  the  suction  pipe  should  extend 
"some  one  thousand  feet  into  the  lake  to  avoid  the  impurities  of  the 
shore."  They  estimated  that  the  two  Cornish  engines  contemplated, 
the  adequate  reservoir,  distributing  pipes,  real  estate  and  labor 
would  cost  $.353.335.9.5,  urged  the  immediate  employment  of  a  compe- 
tent engineer,  and  warmly  commended  ilr.  Theodore  R.  Scowden  of 
the  Cincinnati  water  works  as  "a  gentleman  whose  science  and  ex- 
perience entitle  him  to  great  confidence  in  the  planning  and  execu- 
tion of  such  works,  and  we  feel  no  hesitancy  in  suggesting  his  name 
to  the  council."  This  important  and  interesting  report  was  accom- 
panied by  a  not  less  interesting  report  of  analyses  of  waters  from 
various  springs,  wells,  and  other  near-by  sources.  By  way  of  illus- 
tration, it  was  stated  that  the  water  from  a  well  between  Superior 
and  Center  streets,  the  oldest  part  of  the  city,  "is  used  for  many  pur- 
poses, but  is  not  much  used  for  drink.  Its  taste  is  unpleasant  and 
color  yellowish.  The  water  is  bad  and  contains  much  organic  matter. 
.  .  .  Water  from  the  Cuyahoga  River,  taken  at  the  time  of  low 
water,  iu  August,  at  a  depth  of  ten  feet  at  the  railroad  bridge  so  as  to 
avoid  the  impurities  of  the  surface  and  the  slime  of  the  bottom," 
was  found  to  be  "clear  and  soft  and  almost  limpid  and,  by  standing 
some  days,  became  entirely  limpid  with  a  scarcely-  perceptible,  light, 
flocculent  .sediment"  [!],  while  water  taken  "in  the  calm,  sultry  eve- 
ning in  .\ugust"  from  the  lake,  half  a  mile  off  shore  and  a  mile  east 
of  the  lighthouse,  wa.s  "limpid,  cool,  and  pleasant  to  the  taste."  The 
report  of  the  committee  and  that  of  tlie  analyst  were  referred  by  the 
council  to  a  special  committee  that  they  aiifhorized  to  employ  com- 
petent engineers  and  instructed  to  "make  the  necessary  survey  and 
draw  plans  for  the  work  to  be  suliinittcil  In  the  rouiiril  at  an  early 
date."  Mr.  Scowden  got  llic  appiiintiiK'nt  as  rccnimiicndcd  by  the 
committee. 

The  Clevel.vno  or  1853 

In  accordaiu'c  with  the  provisions  of  a  new  stale  constilutidii.  the 
state  legislature  pa.ssed  a  law  rejiealing  all  the  municipal  chai'tiTs  Ihrn 


l\Ui 


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224  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XV 

in  force  and  providing  new  regulations  for  the  organization  and  gov- 
ernment of  such  corporations.  In  Cleveland,  aldermen  were  dis- 
peu.sed  with;  a  police  court,  the  duties  of  which  had  previously  been 
performed  by  the  mayor,  was  established,  and  the  number  of  elected 
officials  wa.s  increased.  In  1853,  Abner  C.  Brownell  was  again  elected 
mayor  of  Cleveland,  and  two  trustees  from  each  of  the  four  wards 
were  elected,  viz.,  John  B.  Wigman,  George  F.  Marshall,  William  H. 
Sholl,  James  Gardner,  William  J.  Gordon,  Robert  Reilley,  Henry 
Everett,  and  Richard  C.  Parsons.  Mr.  Sholl  was  chosen  as  president 
of  the  council.  John  Barr  was  elected  police  judge;  Orlando  J. 
Hodge,  clerk  of  the  police  court ;  Bushnell  White,  prosecuting  attor- 
ney; James  Barnett,  Onson  Spencer,  and  Alexander  W.  Walter,  di- 
' rectors  of  the  infirmary;  Alexander  Mcintosh,  J.  ]\I.  Hughes,  and  J.  B. 
Wheeler,  commissioners  of  streets ;  Michael  Gallagher,  marshal ;  J.  B. 
Bartlet,  auditor;  William  Hart,  treasurer;  James  Fitch,  solicitor; 
William  Cowan,  chief  engineer  of  the  fire  department;  C.  Stillman, 
harbor  master;  James  A.  Craw,  sexton;  W.  A.  Morton,  superin- 
tendent of  markets ;  .David  Shut,  sealer  of  weights  and  measures;  A. 
Wheeler,  weigher;  J.  W.  Pillsbury,  civil  engineer;  W.  R.  Simmons, 
John  Odell,  Barney  Mooney,  and  James  Hill,  constables;  James 
Whitaker,  William  Redhead,  David  Sehub,  and  James  Proudfoot, 
assessors.  In  spite  of  the  economic  folly  of  such  a  scattering  of  ad- 
ministrative responsibility,  serious  mistakes  in  the  choice  of  men  seem 
to  have  been  generally  avoided.  If  any  such  mistakes  were  made,  the 
account  was  evened  up  by  the  choice  that  the  electors  made  for  mem- 
bers of  the  city's  firat  board  of  water  works  commissioners  or  trustees, 
Henry  B.  Payne,  B.  L.  Spangler,  and  Richard  Hilliard.  Upon  this 
trio  devolved  the  duty  of  building  Cleveland's  first  municipal  water 
works.  Late  in  the  preceding  official  year  (February  28,  1853),  Mr. 
Seowdeii,  the  water  works  engineer,  submitted  a  preliminai-y  report  to 
tlu;  city  council.  In  the  following  April,  the  electors  voted  on  a  propo- 
sition to  issue  water  works  bonds,  with  the  following  result : 

For  Against 

First    ward    365  55 

Second  ward    285  218 

Third   ward    423  61 

FonHli  ward    l.')7  265 

Total   1,2.30  599 

'I'd  ilir  iirwiy  elected  board  of  watci-  works  trustees.  Engineer  Scow- 
don,  in  June,  reported   Ihrce  jJans.     The  first  ]>lan  contcini)lat(>d   a 


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226  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XV 

reservoir  of  1.000,000  gallons  capacity,  at  the  corner  of  Sterling 
Avenue  and  Euclid  Street,  and  a  pumping  station  at  the  foot  of  Ster- 
ling Avenue,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $431,335.60.  The  second  plan 
included  either  the  building  of  an  embankment  reservoir,  with  a 
5,000,000  gallon  capacity,  at  Sterling  Avenue  and  St.  Clair  Street, 
costing  $544,807.04,  or  with  the  reservoir  at  Superior  Street  and 
Sterling  Avenue,  costing  $670,419.84.  The  third  plan  placed  the 
entire  works  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  a  5,000,000  gallon  reser- 
voir on  Kentucky  (West  Thirty-eighth)  Street  and  Franklin  Avenue, 
with  an  engine  house  or  pumping  station  at  the  foot  of  Kentucky 
Street  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $436,698.40.  The  annexation  of  Ohio 
City  seems  to  have  been  accepted  as  a  foregone  conclusion,  for  the 
third  plan  was  chosen.  In  October,  the  coiuicil  adopted  a  resolution 
that  the  water  works  should  be  built  on  the  West  Side  and  at  once 
took  measures  to  appropriate  the  necessary  land.  The  city  subse- 
quently i.ssued  and  delivered  to  the  water  works  trustees  bonds  to  the 
amount  of  $400,000  and  the  work  was  done  without  exceeding  the 
amount  of  the  appropriation — a  rare  and  commendable  perform- 
ance. Work  on  the  pumping  station  was  begun  in  August,  1854,  and 
work  on  the  reservoir  in  the  following  month,  but  before  the  contem- 
plated protection  was  afforded  came  a  hot  and  fiery  lesson  on  the 
wisdom  of  timely  preparedness — as  we  shall  soon  see.  In  this  year 
(1853),  the  Cleveland  and  JIarquette  Iron  Company  landed  here  the 
first  iron  ore  brought  to  the  city — half  a  dozen  barrels  of  it,  it  is  said. 

Great  oaks  from  little  acorns  grow. 

Ohio  City  op  1853 

In  the  spring  of  this  year  (1853),  Ohio  City  had  elected  William 
B.  Castle  as  mayor  and  Plimmon  C.  Bennett,  Daniel  0.  Hoyt, 
A.  C.  Messenger,  Wells  I'orter,  Albert  Powell,  Charles  L.  Rhodes, 
and  D.  C.  Taylor  as  trustees.  Albert  Powell  was  chosen  as  president 
of  the  council.  Christopher  E.  Hill  was  elected  recorder;  Sanford  J. 
Lewis,  treasurer ;  Nathan  K.  McDole,  marshal  and  street  supervisor. 

In  November,  1853,  the  council  of  the  City  of  Cleveland  adopted 
a  resolution  that  provided  for  the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  confer 
with  a  committee  from  the  council  of  the  City  of  Ohio  with  a  view  to 
"taking  initiatory  steps  toward  the  annexation  of  said  city  to  the  City 
of  Cleveland,"  a  matter  that  had  long  been  under  serious  considera- 
tion. This  committee  reported,  on  the  fir.st  of  February,  18.54,  their 
recommendation  that  the  councils  of  the  two  cities  pass  oi'dinances 
submitting  to  the  voters  thereof  the  question  of  uniting  the  two  mu- 


1854]  ANNEXATION  227 

nieipalities.     The  ordinances  consequently  passed  and  the  vote  was 
taken  on  the  third  day  of  April,  1854,  witli  tiie  following  result: 

For         Against 

In  Cleveland  1.892  400 

In   Ohio   City 618  258 

Totals    2,510  658 

At  this  time  the  ninnieipal  government  of  Ohio  City  was  organized 
as  follows:  William  13.  Castle,  mayor;  Plinnnon  C.  Bennett,  Irvine 
U.  blasters,  A.  C.  Messenger,  Charles  W.  Palmer,  Wells  Porter, 
Albert  Powell,  Edward  Russell  and  Frederick  Silberg,  trustees;  Mr. 
Powell,  president  of  the  council;  Christopher  E.  Hill,  recorder; 
Sauford  J.  Lewis,  treasurer;  Nathan  K.  McDole,  marshal;  and  David 
Grififith,  street  supervisor.  As  Mayor  Brovvnell  had  been  elected  for 
a  term  of  two  years,  there  was  no  canvass  for  mayor  of  Cleveland 
at  this  time,  but  there  was  an  imderstanding  that  the  next  mayor 
should  be  taken  from  the  west  side  of  the  river.  The  commissionei's 
appointed  to  draft  the  terms  of  imion  were,  on  the  part  of  Cleve- 
land, W.  A.  Otis,  H.  V.  Willsou,  and  Franklin  T.  Backus ;  those  chosen 
by  Ohio  City  were  William  B.  Castle,  Needham  M.  Standart,  and 
C.  S.  Rhodes.  The  report  of  the  commissioners  was  adopted  on  the 
fifth  of  June,  and  provided,  among  other  things,  "that  the  territoi-y 
now  constituted  the  City  of  Ohio  shall  be  annexed  to,  and  constitute 
a  part  of,  the  city  of  Cleveland,  and  the  First,  Second,  Third  and 
Fourth  wards  of  the  former  city  as  now  established  shall  constitute 
the  Eighth,  Ninth,  Tenth  and  Eleventh  wards  respectively  of  the  last 
named  city ;  and  the  present  trustees  of  said  wards  ...  shall 
hold  their  ofiSces  .  .  .  for  the  terms  for  which  they  have  been 
severally  elected."  In  accordance  with  this  provision,  the  local  legis- 
lature was  constituted  as  follows :  Mayor,  Abner  C.  Brownell. 
Trustees,  two  from  each  ward  in  order,  John  B.  Wigman,  Chai'les 
Bradburn,  William  H.  Sholl,  James  Gardner,  Christopher  Mollen, 
Robert  Reilley,  Henry  Everett,  Richard  C.  Pai-sons,  Chauucey  Tiee, 
-Alathew  S.  Cotterell,  Bolivar  Butts,  John  A.  Bishop,  W.  C.  B.  Rich- 
ardson, George  W.  ^lorrill,  A.  C.  Messenger,  Charles  W.  Palmer, 
Wells  Porter.  Albert  Powell,  Plimmon  C.  Bennett,  Irvine  U.  Masters, 
Edward  Russell  and  Frederick  Silberg.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the 
council  after  the  annexation  (June  10,  1854),  Richard  C.  Parsons 
was  chosen  as  president,  and  "the  venerable  J.  B.  Bartlett"  was, 
for  the  third  or  fourth  time,  elected  as  clerk  and  auditor.  The  Daily 
Express  and  the  Waechter  am  Erie  were  made  the  official  papers  and, 


228 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EXVIR0X8        [Chap.  XV 


in  Au^st,  proceedings  were  begun  to  appropriate  land  for  the  "West 
Side  reservoir. 

At  this  time,  there  was  "not  a  square  yard  of  stone  paving  on 
either  side  of  the  river,  except  on  Superior  street  hUl  from  Water 
street  to  the  public  landing  on  the  river.  Soon  followed,  however, 
the  paving  of  Union  street,  from  River  street,  to  its  intersection  with 
Superior  street  hill,  while  Superior  .street  from  the  public  square 
to  Water  street  was  a  slushing,  twisted  and  rotten  plank  road,  and 
every  other  street  in  the  city  was  a  mud  road  of  almost  unfathomable 
depth  in  the  rainy  season."  Anything  like  a  system  of  sewers  was 
nonexistent  and  hardly  contemplated :  the  records  of  the  city  show 
that  when,  as  a  sanitary  measure  to  prevent  the  ravages  of  cholera, 


New  England  House 

an  ordinance  was  passed  prohibiting  tlie  throwing  of  dirty  water  into 
the  streets  and  alleys,  the  citizens  protested  and  urged  that  tempo- 
rary drains  be  cut  to  answer  as  sewers. 


Destructive  Fires 

In  this  year  (1854),  Cleveland  suffered  serious  losses  by  lire.  In 
April,  an  incendiary  fire  on  Seneca  (West  Third)  Street  near 
Superior,  destroyed  an  engine  house,  a  drug  store,  and  two  or  three 
other  hoases;  the  sparks  set  fire  to  a  planing  mill  on  Michigan  Street, 
a  paint  shop,  a  cooper  shop,  a  brewery  and  dwelling  house ;  the  total 
lo.ss  was  estimated  at  if^lS.OOO.  On  the  seventh  of  October,  a  fire  broke 
out  at  noon  and  destroyed  more  than  a  score  of  buildings,  nearly  all 


1854]  FIRE  AND  FAILITRE  229 

that  there  were  on  the  soutli  side  of  the  sciuare;  the  ohl  courthouse 
eaujrht  fire  but  tlie  flames  were  put  out,  and  tlie  old  Baptist  elmreh, 
at  the  corner  of  yeueea  and  Champlain  streets,  dedicated  in  1836, 
narrowly  escaped  the  flames.  Twenty  days  later  (October  27),  a 
livery  stahle  was  set  on  fire  and  the  flames  spread  disastrouslj-.  The 
New  I]nglaud  House,  at  the  corner  of  Superior  and  ]\Ierwin  streets, 
the  Commercial  Exchange,  a  three-story  brick  building,  and  the  St. 
Charles  Hotel,  were  burned.  Nearly  every  building  on  Merwin  Street 
and  the  entire  block  enclosed  by  Superior  Lane,  James  Street,  and  the 
railroad  were  destroyed,  and  Oviatt's  three-story  brick  block  on  the 
north  side  of  Suj)crior  Street  was  gutted.  It  was  the  greatest  fire 
that  Cleveland  had  ever  experienced ;  the  lo.sses  were  estimated  at  $215,- 
000.  In  the  following  month,  the  Episcopal  chiireh  at  the  corner 
of  Seneca  and  St.  Clair  streets,  the  oldest  church  building  in  the 
city,  suffered.  The  experiences  of  the  year  empha.sized  the  need  of 
better  fire  protection  and  especially  a  more  ample  water  supply. 

The  Canal  Bank  Closes  Its  Doors 

But  the  great  fires  were  not  the  only  disasters  that  had  of  late 
huddled  on  the  back  of  the  city.  In  1845,  the  Canal  Bank  of  Cleve- 
land had  been  organized  as  an  independent  bank.  Early  in  Novem- 
ber, 1854,  the  Canal  Bank  closed  its  doors,  "exploded  into  thin  air" 
is  the  phra.se  of  Jlr.  Kennedy,  who  tells  us  further  that  "those  were 
exciting  times  to  men  who  held  the  paper  money  then  afloat,  and 
who  made  haste  to  get  rid  of  it  in  fear  that  it  might  turn  to  worth- 
less paper  in  their  hands."  During  the  day  there  was  a  crowd  about 
the  door  of  the  bank  where  a  foi'ce  of  police  was  stationed  to  prevent 
any  disturbance.  The  Plmn  Dealer  of  the  ninth  of  November  records 
the  fact  that  "the  billholders  who  got  the  gold  for  their  notes 
were  arrayed  in  smile.s,  and  contrasted  most  vigorou.sly  with  the 
grim-visaged  depositors  who  got  nothing."  But  not  every  depositor 
wa.s  willing  to  let  his  loss  go  by  with  nothing  more  than  sour  looks 
and  empty  pockets.  "On  the  day  preceding  the  failure,  a  fresh- 
water captain  named  Gummage  had  deposited  one  thousand  dollars, 
the  result  of  the  season's  labor  and  danger  on  the  great  lakes.  "When 
told  that  his  ca.sh  was  swallowed  up,  he  became  desperate,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  a  desperate  remedy.  Arming  himself,  he  entered  the 
bank  and  demanded  his  money.  When  it  was  refused,  he  said:  'It 
is  all  the  money  I  ovni  in  the  world,  and  I  will  have  it  or  I  will 
kill  you ! '  He  meant  what  he  said  and  looked  his  meaning,  and  his 
ca.sh  was  handed  over  without  parley.    No  one  ever  proceeded  against 


230  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XV 

him,  in  law  or  othei'wise."  Then,  too,  we  have  the  story  of  Doctor 
Ackley's  raid  on  the  outer  and  the  inner  walls  of  the  bank  vault. 
"Dr.  H.  C.  Ackley,  who  was  as  determined  as  he  was  eccentric,  had 
a  personal  deposit  in  the  Canal  Bank,  but  laid  no  claim  to  it  in 
preference  over  the  other  victims.  He  was,  however,  one  of  the 
trustees  of  the  State  Insane  Asylum  at  Newburg,  and  had  placed  in 
the  bank  nine  thousand  dollars  of  the  public  funds.  On  the  announce- 
ment of  the  suspension,  he  demanded  this  sum,  which  he  did  not 
get.  He  hurried  to  the  sheriff's  office  and  swore  out  a  writ  of  attach- 
ment. Sheriff  M.  M.  Spangler  proceeded  to  the  bank,  which  was  locat- 
ed on  Superior  street,  near  the  American  House."'  When  the  sher- 
iff's demand  for  the  keys  of  the  vault  was  refused,  he  proceeded  to 
break  open  the  vault.  According  to  the  Herald,  "the  excitement,  both 
inside  and  outside  the  bank,  wa.s  intense  while  the  work  proceeded ; 
but,  to  the  credit  of  our  citizens,  no  signs  of  riot  were  displayed. 
Dr.  Ackkn-  has  a  heavy  deposit  of  his  own,  but  has  procured  an 
attachment  only  on  behalf  of  the  State,  claiming  that  unless  its  money 
is  procured,  the  asylum  at  Newburg  cannot  be  opened  for  more  than 
a  year,  and  that  during  that  time  one  hundred  insane  patients  will 
be  deprived  of  treatment."  When  Sheriff  Spangler  found  that  "brick 
walls  and  iron  doors  opposed  the  entrance  of  the  law,  he  summoned 
several  stalwart  deputies,  and.  under  the  guardianship  of  Dr.  Ackley, 
who  is  said  bj'  ancient  rumor  to  have  threatened  to  shoot  the  first 
man  who  interfered,  laid  down  such  lusty  blows  as  had  not  been 
heard  since  Richard  of  the  Lion  Heart  drove  his  battle-axe  against 
the  castle  gates  of  Front-de-Boeuf.  Sledge-hammers  swung  in  the 
air,  and  came  down  on  the  brick  work  with  a  crash;  clouds  of  lime 
and  mortar  filled  the  room.  The  population  of  Cleveland  could  almost 
have  been  enumerated  from  those  who  crowded  on  the  scene.  The 
officers  and  clerks  of  the  hank  looked  on,  helpless  to  prevent,  and  in 
no  position  to  aid.  F.  T.  Backus,  a  part  owner  of  the  building  and 
the  attorney  of  the  bank,  rushed  in  and  ordered  a  halt,  on  the  grounds 
of  trespass.  The  sheriff  replied  that  he  had  come  for  the  money,  and 
that  it  was  a  part  of  his  official  oath  to  get  it.  The  blows  still  fell, 
and  at  one  o'clock  the  outer  wall  of  the  vault  was  Ijroken,  and  meas- 
ures set  on  foot  to  break  into  the  burglar-proof  safe.  Truces  were 
held,  from  time  to  time,  lawyers  rushed  here  and  there,  witli  mes- 
sages, advice,  and  papers;  but  the  sheriff  knew  no  law  but  that  of  his 
writ,  and  had  but  one  purpose,  which  was  to  get  at  the  cash.  Finally, 
late  at  night,  to  .save  the  safe  from  damage,  the  assignees  gave  up  the 
keys,  and  the  hard-earned  money  was  carried  away  by  the  sheriff. 
There  were  .$400  in  gold  and  $1,460  in  I)ills."    The  liabilities  of  the 


1854]  A      i\ON-SECTARIAN  AGENCY  231 

bank  were  $308,000  and   its  assets  $282,000.      In   that  day,   such   a 
failure  was  a  iiKinientous  tiiiaiicia!  event. 

Young  JLen's  Christian  Association  Organized 

It  is  pleasant  to  turn  for  a  moment  from  the  consideration  of 
tire  losses  and  bank  failures  to  that  of  an  enterprise  that  has  been 
productive  of  increasing  good  through  all  the  years  that  have  since 
passed.  On  the  evening  of  ]Monday,  the  sixth  of  February,  1854,  a 
meeting  was  held  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association.  The  Rev.  S.  C.  Aiken  was  chairman ;  Samuel 
B.  Shaw  was  secretary;  and,  "on  motion,  S.  II.  Matlier,  Presbyterian; 
Loren  Prentiss,  Baptist;  L.  M.  H.  Battey,  Congregational;  E.  W. 
Roby,  Episcopal;  and  E.  P.  Young,  Methodist,"  were  appointed  as 


Northrop  and  Spangler  Block 

a  committee  to  draft  a  plan  of  operations,  a  constitution,  and  by- 
laws, and  to  report  at  as  early  a  date  as  possible.  On  the  twenty- 
eighth  of  February,  a  second  meeting  was  held  in  the  lecture  room  of 
the  Fii-st  Baptist  Church  on  Seneca  (West  Third)  Street.  Sixty 
names  were  included  in  a  list  of  members,  the  constitution  and  by-laws 
were  adopted,  and  officers  were  chosen:   John  S.  Newberrj-,  pi-esident; 

E.  W.  Rob}',  vice-president;  Samuel  B.  Shaw,  recording  secretary; 
Loren  Prentiss,  corresponding  secretary ;  A.  W.  Brockway,  treasurer ; 
Dan  P.  Eells,  R.  F.  Humiston,  James  M.  Iloyt,  J.  J.  Low,  and  H. 
Montgomery,  directors;  S.  W.  Adams,  G.  W.  Whitney,  F.  T.  Brown, 

F.  B.  Culver,  E.  F.  Young.  D.  C.  Hoffman,  T.  G.  Cleveland,  Henry 
Childs,  L.  M.  II.  Battey,  :\I.  C.  Sturtevant,  S.  L.  Severance,  and  S. 
P.  Churchill,  board  of  managers.  The  first  rooms  of  the  association 
were  in  the  Northrup  and  Spangler  Block,  on  the  southeast  corner  of 
Superior  and  Seneca   (West  Third)   streets.     In  1858,  the  Associa- 


232 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XV 


tion  was  housed  iu  the  Strickland  Block  fronting  on  the  Public 
Square.  In  1871,  it  was  in  its  own  building  (the  gift  of  James  F. 
Clark)  on  the  north  side  of  the  Public  Square.  Ten  years  later,  the 
five-story  building  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Euclid  Avenue  and 
Sheriff  (East  Fourth)  Street  was  bought.  At  the  end  of  another 
decade  (1891),  more  adequate  accommodations  were  provided  in 
the  beautiful  building  erected  especially  for  it  on  the  southeast  cor- 


STHKKI.AXn   Pl.OCK 

ncr  of  Prospect  Avenue  ami  East  Ninth  Street.  But  Cleveland  aiul 
its  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  would  not  stop  gi-owing.  Tn 
half  of  February,  19]0,  the  members  of  the  Association  i)usbed  their 
campaign  for  half  a  million  dollars  and  secured  more  tliau  17,000 
subscribers,  and  an  oversubscription  of  more  than  forty  thousand 
dollars.  The  building  at  the  corner  of  ProspiH't  and  East  Ninth  was 
sold  and  the  present  building  at  No.  2200  Prosjiect  Avenue  was  liuilt. 
A  more  extended  account  of  the  association  will  be  given  in  a  later 
chapter. 


CHAPTER  XVI 


ON  THE  WAY  TO  CIVIL  WAR 

When  the  City  of  Clevoliuul  was  incorporated,  its  offices  were  first 
established  in  the  Commercial  Building  on  lower  Superior  Street. 
For  many  years  they  had  no  fixed  abode  but  w^ere  moved  "from 
pillar  to  post;"  they  were  not  housed  in  the  same  building  and  some- 
times not  even  in  the  same  neighborhood.  In  1855,  John  Jones  built 
a  three-story  brick  block  on  the  south  side  of  the  Public  Square  and 
near  the  southwest  corner  thereof;  the  building  is  still  there.  The 
city  leased  the  two  upper  stories  of  the  building  and  established  its 
various  offices  on  the  second  floor;  the  third  floor  was  used  for  the 
meetin.gs  of  the  city  council.  The  council  first  met  in  its  new  quarters 
on  the  fourteenth  of  November,  1855.  Here  the  municipal  govern- 
ment was  housed  for  two  decades. 

The  M.\yobs  op  Cleveland 

As  stated  in  the  preceding  chapter,  there  was  an  informal  under- 
standing that  the  first  mayor  of  Cleveland  elected  after  the  annexa- 
tion of  Ohio  City  should  be  selected  from  the  citizens  of  the  West 
Side.  This  "gentleman's  agreement"  was  made  good  by  the  election 
of  AYilliam  B.  Castle.  Thus  the  last  mayor  of  the  City  of  Ohio  be- 
came the  first  mayor  of  the  amplified  City  of  Cleveland.  The 
mayoralty  lists  of  both  cities  complete  to  the  date  of  the  annexation 
has  been  given.  The  mayors  of  the  City  of  Cleveland  since  that  date 
are  named  in  the  following  list: 


1855-57— William   B.   Castle 
1857-59 — Samuel   Starkweather 
1859-61— George  B.  Senter 
1861-6.3— Edward  S.  Flint 
1863-65 — Irvine  I'.  Masters 
George  B.  Senter 
1865-67— Herman  M.  Chapin 
1867-71 — Stephen  Buhrer 
1871-73— Frederick  W.  Pelton 
1873-7.5— Charles  A.  Otis 
1875-77— Nathan  P.  Pavne 
l877.7C)_AVi]liam   G.  Rose 
1879-8.3— R.  R.  TTen-ick 
1883-85— John  H.  Farlev 


1885-87— George  W.  Gardner 
1887-89— Brenton  D.  Babcock 
1889-91— George  W.  Gardner 
1891-93— William  G.  Rose 
1893-9.5— Robert  Blec 
1895-99— Robert  E.  ]\lcKisson 
1899-01— John  IT.  Farley 
1901-10— Tom  L.  Johnson   (Four 
terms,    ending    Janu- 
ary 1,  1910) 
1910-12— Herman  C.  Baehr 
1912-16- Newton  D.  Baker 
1916-     — Harrv  L.  Davis. 


233 


234  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS       [Chap.  XVI 

Municipal  Improvements 

On  the  twenty-fourth  of  September,  1856,  the  Cornish  engines  in 
the  municipal  pumping  station  "down  by  the  old  river  bed  sent  the 
welcome  waters  of  the  lake  dancing  more  than  a  hundred  feet  into 
the  air  and  filled  the  little  lake  on  the  Kentucky  Sti-eet  mound  [i.  e., 
the  West  Side  reservoir] ,  and  from  thence  bent  on  its  mission  of  joy, 
health,  comfort  and  luxury  to  the  homes  of  the  people.  From  hence- 
forth, the  wells  of  hard  and  milky  mineral  waters  were  abandoned, 
pumps  were  no  longer  jerked,  cisterns  of  black  and  stagnant  rain 
water  were  closed,  and  even  the  pure  little  spring  down  in  the  bottom 


"^  ia^. 


William  B.  Castle 

of  some  far  off  deep  ravine  soon  became  forgotten  even  by  children." 
At  this  time,  much  of  the  marketing  was  on  the  streets,  principally 
on  Ontario  Street  and  along  the  south  side  of  the  Public  Sciuare.  In 
December,  1856,  the  commissioners  j)reviously  appointed  by  the  city 
council  reported  in  favor  of  the  junction  of  Pittsburgh  (now  Broad- 
way) and  Bolivar  streets  as  the  site  for  a  public  market  and  there  the 
still  standing  Central  Market  was  begun  in  the  spring  of  1857. 

The  Court-house  of  1885 

With  tlie  rapid  growth  of  Clevcliuid  augmented  by  tlic  ainu'.xation 
of  Ohio  City,  as  deseril^cd  in  tlu'  ju-eceding  chapter,  came  a  corre- 
sponding growth  of  Cuyahoga  County  and  an  incroa.sc  of  its  exooUive, 
administrative,  and  legal   business.     The  court-house  built  in   1828 


1857] 


A  NEW  COUNTY  BUILDING 


235 


was  inadequate  for  the  necessities  of  tiic  new  era  ami  it  was  decided 
to  build  a  new  structure  on  a  new  site.  One  of  the  earlier  histories 
of  Cleveland  states  that  about  this  time,  the  city  council  "instructed 
the  city  clerk  to  notify  the  county  commissioners  to  remove  tlie  old 
court-house  from  the  public  square  as  soon  as  possible.  It  had  been 
abandoned  as  a  place  for  holding  courts,  and  none  of  its  former 
official  tenants  remained  within  its  walls  l)ut  the  county  recorder.  The 
new  court-house  on   tlie   north  side  of  tlie  square   was  not  yet  con- 


The  Court-house  in  1885 


structed,  and  the  ancient  Baptist  church  on  the  corner  of  Seneca  and 
Champlaiu  streets  had  been  fitted  up  and  was  used  for  court  purposes. 
The  commissioners  took  uml)rage  at  the  civil  and  courteous  notifica- 
tion, and  were  not  very  diplomatic  in  thoir  answer  when  they  reminded 
the  council  that  they  had  better  confide  their  labors  to  their  own 
legitimate  business."  Land  on  the  north  side  of  Rockwell  Street, 
just  across  the  narrow  street  at  tlie  northwest  corner  of  the  Public 
Square  was  secured,  and  a  contract  was  let  (November  10,  1857)  for 
a  three-story  stone  building  thereon  at  a  cost  of  $152,500.  This  build- 
ing (now  called  "the  Old  Court  House")  was  supplemented  in  1875, 


236  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIEONS       [Chap.  XVI 

by  an  additional  building  extending  from  it  westward  to  Seneca  (West 
Third)  Street.  This  somewhat  stately  addition  housed  the  probate 
court  and  some  other  appendages  of  county  government  and  cost 
$250,000.  In  1884,  the  old  building  received  two  additional  stories  at 
a  cost  of  $100,000.  The  accommodations  thus  provided  gradually 
wei'e  outgrown  and,  in  1902,  the  need  for  something  better  had  become 
imperative,  and  the  opportane  campaign  for  "The  Group  Plan"  for 
the  civic  structures  of  city  and  county  (elsewhere  described)  deter- 
mined the  site  for  the  court-house  of  today.  This  fine  building  was 
completed  in  1911,  at  a  cost  of  $950,000  for  land,  and  of  $4,706,343.44 
for  the  biiilding. 

In  1857,  came  another  panic  with  consequent  refusal  of  many 
persons  to  make  new  investments  and  a  general  stagnation  of  business. 
But  the  Cleveland  banks  stood  the  strain  without  any  failures  and  the 
storm  went  by  without  causing  general  wreckage  like  that  of  1837. 
Another  unhappy  incident  of  that  year  (March  8)  was  the  burning 
of  the  "Old  Stone  Church"  on  the  Public  Square.  The  fact  that  the 
"Western  Reserve  was  earnestly  antagonistic  to  the  institution  of  negro 
slavery,  one  of  "the  hot-beds  of  abolitionism,"  is  pretty  well  known; 
.Joshua  R.  Giddings  and  rare  "Old  Ben  Wade"  made  "benighted 
Ashtabula"  famous.  As  already  recorded,  Cleveland  had  an  anti- 
slavery  society  as  early  as  1810  and,  in  the  fourth  decade  of  that  cen- 
tury (1833-37),  such  organizations  were  noteworthily  energized. 

Oberlin- Wellington  Rescue  Cases 

In  1858,  events  in  Kansas  aroused  the  North  to  feverish  excitement 
and,  on  the  twelfth  of  March,  the  anti-Lecompton  Democrats  of 
Cleveland  held  in  Melodeon  Hall  a  meeting  that  was  addressed  by 
Frederick  P.  Stanton,  lately  the  secretary  and  acting-governor  of 
"lilceding  Kfiusas."  ]\Ir.  Stanton  had  resigned  his  office  on  account 
of  the  presidential  policy,  especially  as  it  related  to  the  fraudulent 
returns  of  the  vote  by  which  the  notorious  Leeompton  state  constitu- 
lion  had  been  "adopted."  James  M.  Coftinbcrrv  was  chairman  of  the 
meeting,  and  Dan  P.  Rhodes,  Jabez  W.  Fitcli,  and  John  H.  Farley 
were  among  tlie  vice-presidents.  One  of  the  resolutions  adopted 
declared  "That  the  Leeompton  constitution,  in  view  of  its  parentage 
and  histor\%  is  unworthy  of  the  consideration  of  the  president  and 
congress."  It  is  not  on  record  that  President  Buchanan  enjoyed  this 
practical  repudiation  by  these  honest  Democrats  who  had  lately  voted 
for  him.  Tlie  iniquities  of  the  fugitive-slave  law  also  piled  their  bur- 
den on  the  conscience  of  New  Connecticut  and  paved  the  way  for  stir- 


1858]  THE  OBERLIN-WELLINGTON  RESCUE  237 

ring  events  in  Cleveland  and  its  environs.  In  1859,  the  trial  of  the 
Oberliu-Wellington  rescue  cases  in  the  United  States  court  in  Cleveland 
created  groat  excitement  in  the  city  and  elsewhere.  At  that  time, 
Oberlin,  Ohio,  had  a  population  of  about  three  thousand,  exclusive 
of  the  twelve  hundred  or  more  students  at  the  college  which  drew 
no  restrictions  on  the  line  of  color,  sex,  or  creed.  The  collegiate 
advantages  thus  offered  brought  to  the  town  many  free  negroes,  and 
the  public  sentiment  thus  announced  made  Oberlin  a  haven  of  refuge 
for  enterprising  runaway  slaves,  some  of  whom  had  the  courage  to 
remain.  Here,  in  September,  1858,  a  slave-catcher  found  John  Price 
who  had  escaped  from  slavery  in  Kentucky.  John  was  decoyed  from 
the  town,  seized,  and  taken  to  Wellington  nine  miles  away  and  on  the 
railway  between  Cleveland  and  Columbus.  The  slave-catcher  was 
intending  to  take  John  before  the  United  States  commissioner  at 
Columbus.  News  of  the  abduction  floated  into  Oberlin,  and  "was  all 
over  town  in  a  flash."  From  shops,  stores,  and  offices,  men  rushed 
into  the  streets,  took  the  first  vehicles  found,  and  drove  rapidly 
toward  Wellington.  Some  of  the  students  started  on  foot  and  had 
a  lively  race  to  beat  their  professors  who  went  by  any  transportation 
that  could  be  obtained.  The  minute  men  increased  in  numbers  on 
the  way  and  were  further  reinforced  at  Wellington.  The  four  kid- 
nappers with  their  victim  were  behind  the  closed  door  of  an  upper 
room  of  the  village  hotel,  awaiting  the  arrival  of  the  train  to  take 
them  to  Columbus.  The  excited  crowd  surrounded  the  hotel ;  the 
train  came  and  went.  While  the  prudent  were  parleying  and  the 
calm  were  discussing  plans,  the  door  was  forced,  John  was  taken 
down  to  the  street,  and  driven  out  into  the  country  before  many  of 
the  rescuers  understood  what  was  being  done.  The  citizens  of  Ober- 
lin, having  made  good  their  boast  that  a  slave  should  never  be  taken 
from  their  town,  quietly  returned  to  their  homes.  For  several  days, 
John  was  secreted  in  the  house  of  James  H.  Fairchild,  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  and  theology,  and,  subsequently,  the  president  of 
the  college.  John  was  finally  shipped  in  safety  to  the  free  land 
across  Lake   Erie. 

For  participation  in  this  rescue,  twenty-four  residents  of  Oberlin 
and  thirteen  of  Wellington  were  indicted  (December  7,  1858)  under 
the  provisions  of  an  act  of  1850,  and  arraigned  before  the  United 
States  district  court  at  Cleveland.  No  more  respectable  prisoners 
than  these  ever  pleaded  "not  guilty."  They  were  dismissed  upon  their 
own  recognizance  to  appear  for  trial  in  the  following  March.  In 
Jlarch,  the  trial  was  deferred  another  month.  Four  eminent  attor- 
neys, Rufus  P.  Spalding,  Franklin  T.  Backus,  Albert  G.  Riddle,  and 


238  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XVI 

Seneca  0.  Griswolcl,  volunteered  their  services  for  the  defense  without 
fees.  The  district  attorney,  George  W.  Belden,  was  aided  by  an  able 
associate  and  both  sides  put  forth  extraordinary  efforts.  The 
prosecution  had  the  sympathy  of  the  judge;  the  defense,  that  of  the 
community.  The  first  to  be  brought  to  trial  (April  7,  1859)  was 
Simeon  Bushuell.  The  evidence  was  clear,  the  law  was  plain,  and 
the  verdict  was  "guilty."  The  prisoner  was  sentenced  to  pay  a 
fine  of  six  hundred  dollars  and  costs  and  to  be  imprisoned  in  the 
county  jail  for  sixty  days.  At  the  end  of  the  Bushnell  trial,  the 
court  made  a  ruling  so  unfair  that  the  others  who  had  been  indicted 
refused  to  continue  their  words  of  honor  to  appear  in  court  when 
wanted.  The  ruling  was  subsequently  recalled  and  the  prisoners 
notified  that  their  recognizances  would  be  accepted  as  before.  De- 
clining to  renew  their  recognizances  or  to  give  bail,  the  indicted  men 
became  real  prisoners.  From  the  middle  of  April  to  July,  the  Cleve- 
land jail  was  the  center  of  an  intense  and  wide-spread  interest. 
"It  was  a  self-imposed  martyrdom;  but  the  fact  could  not  be  ignored 
that  these  respectable  people  were  in  prison,  and  the  preaching  on 
Sunday  of  Professor  Peek  from  the  jail-yard  produced  a  remarkable 
sensation." 

The  second  person  to  be  tried  was  Charles  Langston,  a  colored 
man.  He  was  found  guilty.  Before  receiving  sentence,  Langston 
took  advantage  of  the  opportunity  generally  given  and  made  an 
eloquent  speech,  a  pathetic  description  of  the  negro's  disabilities, 
and  a  claim  that  he  had  not  been  tried  by  his  peers.  When  he  took 
his  seat,  the  court-room  rang  with  applause  and  the  court  fixed  the 
sentence — a  hundred  dollars  fine  and  twenty  days  imprisonment.  At 
the  clpse  of  Langston 's  trial,  and  wlion  the  remaining  cases  were 
about  to  be  continued  from  the  middle  of  May  to  the  July  term, 
three  of  the  Wellington  prisoners  entered  a  plea  of  nolo  contendere 
and  were  sentenced  each  to  pay  a  fine  of  twenty  dollars  and  cost  of 
prosecution  and  to  remain  in  jail  twenty-four  houi's.  When  "Father 
Gillette,"  an  old  man  from  Wellington,  was  entreated  thus  to  leave 
the  jail  he  replied:  "Not  until  I  liavc  shrunk  small  enough  to  slip 
through  that  keyhole."  rontiimanee  in  jail  had  lieconie  a  point  of 
honor. 

Ill  the  recess  of  the  United  States  court  at  Cleveland,  Bushnell 
and  Langston  were  taken,  on  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  before  the 
judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  Ohio.  The  case  was  ably  argued  for 
a  week,  the  attorney-general  of  the  state  appearing  as  counsel  for 
the  prisoners.  The  court  divided  three  against  two,  and  the  prisoners 
were  remanded.     The  vote  of  one  man  had  turned  the  scale;  had  it 


1859]  ANTISLAVERY  PROPAGANDA  239 

been  turned  the  other  way,  Dliio  might  have  been  brought  into 
armed  conflict  with  the  national  government  and  in  defense  of  state 
rights.  "Had  tiie  party  of  freedom  throughout  the  North  then 
rallied,  as  seemed  probable,  the  war  might  have  come  in  1859  instead 
of  1861,  with  a  secession  of  the  nortliei-n  instead  of  the  southern 
States."    Dazzling  speculation ! 

The  interest  excited  by  these  trials  was  deep  and  wide-spread. 
Public  meetings  were  held  in  all  parts  of  the  Western  Reserve  and  an 
immense  mass  convention  of  the  opponents  of  the  fugitive-slave  law 
was  held  (May  24,  1859)  in  Cleveland.  Delegations  came  from  many 
counties  of  northern  Ohio;  they  came  "by  trainload  and  wagonload. 
Thei'e  were  multitudes  of  bands  and  banners.  A  vaSt  parade  formed 
and  marched  by  the  pi'ison  yard  cheering  the  martyrs."  A  large 
platform  was  built  in  the  Public  Scjuare  so  near  to  the  high  fence 
around  the  jail  that  speakers  could  address  the  crowd  from  one  side 
of  the  fence  or  the  other  as  occasion  required.  From  the  inside  of 
the  fence,  speeches  that  were  free  from  any  attempt  to  move  the 
passions  of  the  crowd  were  made  by  Langston,  Professor  Peck,  Super- 
intendent Fitch,  and  other  prisoners.  On  the  other  side  of  the  fence, 
there  was  more  fire.  Cassius  M.  Clay  of  Kentucky  wrote:  "Are  you 
ready  to  fight?  If  you  have  got  your  sentiments  up  to  that  manly 
pitch,  I  am  with  you  through  to  the  end.  But  if  not,  I'll  have  none 
of  your  conventions."  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  the  president  of  the  con- 
vention, was  radical,  almost  revolutionary.  Governor  Salmon  P.  Chase 
advised  patience  and  dependence  upon  legal  and  constitutional 
agencies,  affirming,  however,  that  when  his  time  came  and  his  duty 
was  plain,  the  governor  of  Ohio  would  meet  it  as  a  man.  Speeches 
were  also  made  by  Daniel  R.  Tilden,  Rufus  P.  Spalding,  and  others. 
The  resolutions  that  were  adopted  had  something  of  the  tone  of  a 
state-rights  convention,  but  the  crowds  that  had  assembled  to  denounce 
one  law  were  not  there  to  break  another. 

Meantime,  the  men  behind  the  walls  of  the  Cuyahoga  County  jail 
were  doing  propaganda  work,  writing  to  the  newspapers,  issuing 
pamphlets,  and  advising  the  preachers  of  the  North  to  make  sermons 
on  the  ease.  The  fire  they  started  extended  throughout  all  the  states 
in  the  North.  The  railways  carried  relatives  and  friends  to  Cleve- 
land at  reduced  rates  and  the  prisoners  were  bountifully  supplied 
with  all  the  delicacies  of  the  market  by  the  sympathizing  public. 
Sheriff  "Wightman  and  the  jailor  treated  the  prisoners  as  guests  and 
friends  rather  than  as  criminals.  Prisoner  Fitch's  Oberlin  Sunday- 
school  decided  to  pay  a  visit  to  the  Cuyahoga  jail  to  see  their  super- 
intendent instead  of  having  their  usual  picnic.     "When  hopes  of  a 


240  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XVI 

speedy  release  vanished,  the  prisoners  secured  the  tools  of  their 
several  callings,  and  soon  the  jail-yard  was  a  busy  hive  of  industry. 
The  professors  and  students  read  Latin  and  Greek  and  metaphysics, 
keeping  up  with  their  class  work  at  college,  and  sending  to  the  outside 
world  stirring  antislavery  epistles.  A  printing  office  was  established 
and  The  Rescuer  issued.  Religious  exercises  formed  a  considerable 
part  of  the  daily  life  of  this  remarkable  penal  colony. 

In  the  meantime,  the  grand  jury  of  Lorain  County,  in  which  were 
Oberlin  and  "Wellington,  indicted  the  four  men  who  had  abducted  the 
negro  in  violation  of  the  laws  of  Ohio  against  kidnappers.  The  pen- 
alty for  this  offense  was  imprisonment  for  three  years  in  the  peniten- 
tiary, ' '  and  if  there  was  any  one  fact  in  the  matter  more  certain  than 
another,  it  was  that  if  the  indicted  men  should  fall  into  the  clutches 
of  the  Lorain  County  court  they  would  serve  the  last  hour  allowed 
by  the  law."  When,  at  the  end  of  the  second  trial,  counsel  for  the 
defense  moved  to  take  up  the  third  case,  the  United  States  district 
attorney  indignantly  explained  that  his  four  witnesses  were  in  the 
custody  of  the  Lorain  County  court  and  that  he  was  obliged  to  ask 
for  a  continuance  to  the  sixth  of  July.  After  a  skilful  and  amusing 
display  of  thrust  and  parry  between  the  officials  of  the  United  States 
district  court  and  those  of  the  Lorain  County  court,  in  which  the 
latter  scored  the  more  points,  it  became  evident  that  the  kidnappers 
must  stand  trial  with  a  certainty  of  conviction,  or  leave  the  state  and 
thus  abandon  the  cases  against  the  untried  rescuers.  The  outcome 
appears  in  the  following  paragraph  from  the  Cleveland  Leader  (July 
7,  1859)  : 

Considerable  excitement  was  created  in  this  city  by  the  announce- 
ment that  a  proposition  had  been  made  by  the  Kentucky  kidnappers 
to  have  mutual  nollcs  entered  in  their  own  case  and  the  case  of  the 
Oberlin  rescuers.  The  consequence  was  the  most  intense  anxiety 
among  men,  both  Black  Republicans  and  Yellow  Democrats,  to  learn 
the  upshot  of  the  whole  matter.  The  negotiations  between  Judge 
Belden  and  the  kidnappers  on.  the  one  side,  and  the  authorities  of 
Lorain  (holding  the  kidnappers)  on  the  other  (the  Oberlinites  refus- 
ing to  be  parties),  were  consummated  yesterday  when  Marshal  John- 
son called  at  the  jail  and  ainiounccd  to  the  rescue  prisoners  that  they 
were  free.  The  news  spread  rai)idly  that  the  government  officials 
had  caved.  Huiulrods  inunediately  called  on  the  rescniers  to  tender 
their  congratulations  at  this  signal  triumph  of  the  Higher  Lawites. 
In  tlie  afternoon,  about  five  o'clock,  one  hnndi-ed  guns  were  firetl,  and 
several  hundreds  of  our  citizens  gathered  at  the  jail  to  escort  the 
rescuers  to  the  depot. 

On  the  other  side,  the  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer  said:  "So  the  gov- 
ernment has  been  beaten  at  last,  with  law,  justice  and  facts  all  on  its 


1859]  THE  ADVENT  OF  THE  STREET  RAILWAY  241 

side;  and  Oborlin,  witli  its  irl)ollioiis  lii^hcr-law  i-reod,  is  triomphant. " 
At  Oberliii  the  whole  ooimnuiiity  iiiot  tlic  rescuers  with  music  aud 
cheers  and  prayers.  A  few  days  hitor,  Bnslinell,  who  had  served  out. 
Ids  sentence,  returned  to  Oherlin  and  was  received  as  a  conquering 
hero. 

The  H.\nging  of  Joirx  Rrown 

Later  in  the  year,  Jolm  Rrown  was  hanfied.  He  had  lived  in 
northern  Ohio  and  his  pieturestiue  career  was  familiar  to  the  people 
of  that  section,  many  of  w-hom  sympathized  w  ith  his  purposes,  con- 
doned his  illegal  doings,  and  now  were  thoi-oughly  aroused.  On  the 
twenty-nintli  of  Xoveml)er  (1859),  a  meeting,  presided  over  by  Judge 
D.  R.  Tilden,  was  heUl  to  make  preparation  for  a  proper  observance 
of  the  day  of  Brown "s  exv''eution.  It  was  recommended  "that  the 
bells  of  the  churches  in  the  city  be  tolled  for  half  an  hour  from 
2  p.  m.,  Tuesday,  December  2 ;  that  a  general  meeting  be  held  at 
Melodeon  Hall  at  7:00  o'clock  p.  m.  on  that  day  to  give  expression  to 
public  sentiment  on  the  occasion  of  the  sacrifice  to  the  Moloch  of 
■  Slavery  by  the  killing  of  the  body  of  Jolm  Rrown  by  the  common- 
wealth of  Virginia."  On  the  day  of  the  execution,  the  Herald  was 
printed  with  black  bordei's,  tiags  were  at  half  mast,  and  a  white  ban- 
ner bordered  with  black  was  stretched  across  Superior  Street  quoting 
the  famous  declaration  of  "the  martyr":  "I  do  not  think  I  can 
better  serve  the  cause  I  love  so  much  than  to  die  for  it;"  words  that 
were  made  prophetic  by  the  quick  intensifying  of  antislavery  senti- 
ment, one  result  of  which  was  the  election  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

In  1859,  the  East  Cleveland  Railway  Company  was  organized  and, 
in  1860,  it  was  opened  for  business  between  Bank  (West  Sixth)  Street 
and  Willson  Avenue  (East  Fifty-fifth  Street).  On  the  sixth  of 
October,  on  that  year  (1860),  ground  was  broken  at  the  eastern  ter- 
minus and  the  president  of  the  company,  Henry  S.  Stevens,  "invited 
the  stockholders  and  patrons  present  to  meet  at  the  other  end  of  the 
route,  near  Water  (West  Ninth)  Street,  three  weeks  from  that  day 
to  celebrate  the  completion  of  the  first  street  railroad  in  Cleveland 
and  in  the  state."  The  line  was  extended  to  Doan's  Corners  in  1863. 
In  1859,  the  Kinsman  Street  Railway  Company  was  organized  and 
part  of  the  present  Woodland  Avenue  line  was  built.  In  1863,  the 
West  Side  Railway  Company  was  formed.  These  pioneer  lines  "had 
a  great  influence  in  developing  Cleveland,  and  in  placing  her  business 
and  manufacturing  districts  in  touch  with  the  residence  portions.  To 
these  lines  more  than  to  anything  else,  perhaps,  is  it  the  fact  that 


242  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XVI 

Cleveland  is  a  city  of  homes  and  that  somewhere  within  reach  of  daily 
business  or  employment  can  be  found  a  location  for  home-owning 
and  home-building  that  is  not  beyond  the  financial  means  of  the  most 
humble  laborer.  A  city  in  which  the  great  majority  are  their  own 
landlords  is  built  upon  a  rock  of  stability  that  nothing  can  shake." 
The  detailed  story  of  the  development  of  Cleveland's  street  railway 
system,  including  the  coming  and  the  doings  of  the  unique  Tom  L. 
Johnson,  deserves  a  chapter  by  itself. 

Journeys  op  the  Perry  Monument 

In  1860,  came  the  erection  and  dedication  of  the  Perry  Monument, 
commemorative  of  the  naval  victory  on  Lake  Erie  in  1813.  The  idea 
of  such  a  material  tribute  to  him  who  wrote  the  laconic  dispatch, 
"We  have  met  the  enemy  and  they  are  ours,"  seems  to  have  originated 
in  18.57  with  Hai-^'ey  Rice,  then  a  member  of  the  city  council.  The 
council  appointed  a  select  committee  of  five,  of  which  Harvey  Rice 
was  chairman,  with  authority  to  solicit  contributions  from  the  citizens 
to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  project.  The  committee  entered  into  eon- 
tract  for  the  work  with  T.  Jones  and  Sons  of  Cleveland,  the  con- 
tractors taking  on  themselves  the  risk  of  obtaining  the  required  amount. 
The  five  thousand  dollars  raised  by  public  subscription  was  supple- 
mented by  a  little  more  than  three  thousand  dollars  appropriated  by 
the  city  council  to  make  up  the  deficiency.  William  Walcutt  designed 
the  statue,  the  marble  wa,s  brought  from  Italy,  and  the  work  was  done 
in  Cleveland.  The  pedestal  was  of  granite  from  Rhode  Island,  Perry's 
native  state.  The  city  council  ordered  that  the  monument  should  be 
placed  in  the  Public  Square,  at  the  intersection  of  the  middle  lines 
of  Superior  and  Ontario  streets,  and  there  it  was  originally  placed. 
On  the  forty-seventh  anniversary  of  Perry's  victory,  witli  elaborate 
formalities  and  in  the  presence  of  as.sembled  thousands  including  the 
governors  of  Rhode  Island  and  of  Ohio,  the  monument  was  unveiled 
by  the  sculptor  (September  10,  1860),  presented  in  an  address  by 
Harvey  Rice,  and  accepted  on  behalf  of  the  city  by  Mayor  Senter.  A 
formal  oration  was  delivered  by  the  eminent  historian.  George  Ban- 
croft, after  which  tlic  nioiTument  was  dedicated  according  to  the 
ritual  of  the  Masonic  fraternity.  The  monument  was  subsequently 
moved  to  the  southeast  section  of  the  Square  where  the  Soldiers' 
Monument  now  stands.  It  was  taken  thence  years  later  to  AVade 
Park  where 'it  stood  between  Euclid  Avenue  and  Iho  site  of  the  Art 
Museum,  proudly  pointing  to  the  waters  of  the  mimic  pond  that  were 
occasionally  i)lowcd  by  the  prows  of  skifTs  and  canoes  and  smootlied 


1860] 


A  MONUMENT  AT  REST 


243 


by  the  Hat  bottoms  of  goiulolas  manned  by  the  maidens  of  the  near-by 
Women's  College  of  the  Western  Reserve  University.  Finally,  the 
monument  was  given  a  more  fitting  site  in  Gordon  Park  on  the  bank 
of  Lake  Erie. 

In  the  last  deeade.  1850-60,  the  population  of  Cleveland  had  in- 


The  Pekky  Monument 


creased  from  17,034  (plus  about  3,950  in  Ohio  City)  to  43,838  and 
every  loyal  Clevelander  "pointed  with  pride"  to  the  United  States 
census  records. 

Capture  and  Return  of  The  Slave  Lucy 
A  few  months  after  the  conclusion  of  the  trials  of  the  Oberlin- 
Wellington  rescue  cases  and  close  on   the  heels  of  the  election   of 


244  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XVI 

Abraham  Lincohi  and  in  continuation  of  the  barrage  fire  that  went 
before  the  fatal  "drive'"  that  the  slaveocraey  launched  at  Fort  Sum- 
ter, came  the  capture  in  Clevehind  of  a  runaway  slave  named  Lucy  and 
her  return  to  her  "■  owner"'  at  Wheeling  in  Virginia.     Early  in  the 
morning  of  the  nineteenth  of  January,  1861,  a  deputy  United  States 
marshal,  Seth  A.   Abbey,   supported  by  a   posse  of  federal   officials, 
forcibly  entered  the  residence  of  L.  A.  Benton  on  Prospect  Street  and 
carried  awaj-  the  young  mulatto  girl  who  was  there  employed  as  a 
servant.    Lucy  was  at  once  contined  in  the  county  jail  around  which 
a   great   mob   of  angry   and   excited   citizens   quickly   gathered   with 
threats  to  burn  the  building  and,  by  force,  to  set  Lucy  at  liberty. 
Kufus  P.  Spalding,  A.  G.  Riddle,  and  C.  W.  Palmer  promptly  offered 
to  act  as  counsel  for  the  prisoner  and  made  application  for  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus.     The  application  for  the  writ  was  acted  upon   (Jan- 
uary 21)   by  Judge  D.  R.  Tilden  who  held  that  the  sheriff,  a  county 
ofSeer,  had  no  right  to  hold  the  prisoner  and  ordered  her  release.    The 
girl   was,   however,    innnediately   taken   into   custody   by   the   United 
States  marshal  and  transferred  from  the  court-house  to  the  federal 
building  for  a  hearing  before  United  States  Commissioner  White.    The 
r.xoitement  of  the  populace  was  so  great  that  but  little  would  have 
been  needed  to  precipitate  a  bloody  riot,  to  prevent  which  the  marshal 
employed  a  hundred  and  fifty  special  deputies  to  guard  the  unfor- 
timate  prisoner  in  transitu.     It  was  said  that  some  of  the  special 
deputies  were  men  "who  have  often  honoi-ed  the  records  of  the  police 
court."     The  hearing  before  Commissioner  White  was  held  on  the 
twenty-third.     But  the  law  was  plain,  the  identity  and  ownership 
of  the  property  were  beyond  question,  and,  in  a  fervid  plea.  Judge 
Spalding  surrendered  the  girl  to  the  law,  the  tender  mercies  of  which 
are  cruelties.     Recognizing  llie  return  of  the   girl   to  her  owner  as 
inevitable,  he  said : 

I  am  constrained  to  say  that,  according  to  tlie  law  of  slavery,  the 
colored  girl  Lucy  does  owe  service  to  William  S.  Goshorn,  of  Virginia. 
Nothing  now  remains  that  may  impede  the  performance  of  your  pain- 
ful duty.  sir.  unless  I  may  be  permitted  to  trespass  a  little  further 
upon  your  indulgence,  and  say  to  this  assemblage,  we  are  this  day 
offering  to  the  ma.iesty  of  constitutional  law,  a  homage  that  takes 
with  it  a  virtual  sun-ender  of  the  finest  feelings  of  our  nature  ;  the  van- 
(|uishing  of  many  of  our  strictest  resolutions;  the  mortification  of  a 
free  man's  pride,  and.  T  almost  said,  the  contraventions  of  a  Chris- 
tian's duty  to  his  God.  While  we  do  this,  in  the  City  of  Cleveland, 
in  the  Connecticut  Western  Reserve,  and  permit  this  poor  i)iece  of 
humanity  to  be  taken,  peaceably,  through  our  streets,  and  upon  our 
railways"    back  to   the  land   of  bondage,   will    not   the   frantic   South 


1861]  LINCOLN  IN  CLEVELAND  245 

stay  its  parricidal   luiiul.'     Will   luit   our  compromising  Legislature 
cry :     Hold,  enough  ! 

Although  oft'cred  double  her  market  value  for  the  freedom  of  the 
girl,  Mr.  Goshorn  refused  to  sell.    Lucy  was  eseorteil  to  the  train  by 
an  armed  guard  and  safely  carried  back  to  "Wheeling — the  last  slave 
ever  returned  to  the  South  under  the  fugitive-slave  law.     liut  war  ■ 
soon  drew  with  the  sword  its  drop  of  blood  for  every  drop  that  had 
been  drawn  with  the  lash,  and  the  Great  Emancipator's 
iron  pen 
Freed  a  race  of  slaves  to  lie  a  race  of  men. 

After  the  war,  Lucy  went  to  Pittsburgh  where  she  was  married. 
Later,  she  came  back  to  Cleveland  and,  in  September,  1904,  was  intro- 
duced to  the  audience  at  a  meeting  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association. 

Lincoln  Visits  Cleveland 

A  few  days  after  the  enforced  return  of  Lucy  to  bondage,  Al)raham 
Lincoln,  president-elect,  visited  Cleveland  (February  15,  1861),  on 
his  way  to  Washington.  On  the  fourth  of  March,  he  was  inaugurated 
as  president  of  the  United  States  from  which  several  of  the  states  had 
seceded.  On  the  twelfth  of  April,  came  the  first  fiery  kiss  of  war  at 
Fort  Sumter,  followed  soon  by  the  call  to  arms.  How  Cleveland 
promptly  answered  that  and  subsequent  calls  and  faithfully  served 
the  cause  of  the  Union  to  the  end  of  the  civil  war  is  a  story  that  may 
not  be  told  in  detail  here.  ^Mass  meetings  were  held,  troops  were 
hastened  toward  the  front,  military  and  hospital  camps  and  a  soldiers' 
home  were  established,  home  guards  were  organized,  and  the  city  took 
on  a  truly  martial  air.  The  women  were  as  patriotic  and  self-sacri- 
ficing then  as  they  are  today  and  the  ministrations  of  the  Soldiers' 
Aid  Society  and  other  agencies  that  they  created  and  administered 
still  awaken  grateful  memories  in  the  souls  of  the  still  surviving 
"Boys  who  wore  the  Blue."  New  Connecticut  did  her  full  duty, 
Cuyahoga  neither  failed  nor  flinched  in  the  day  of  trial  and,  in  the 
days  of  piping  peace  that  came  after,  testified  to  her  reverent  regard 
for  those  who  came  not  back  in  a  monument  *  in  the  Public  Square, 
built  with  the  proceeds  of  a  county  tax  that  was  levied  and  collected 
without  authority  of  law  but  was  not  resisted  by  any  tax  payer. 
Within  the  monument,  cut  in  stone  tablets,  are  the  names  of  ten  thou- 
sand Cuyahoga  volunteers.  Of  course,  there  were  alarms,  and  sorrows, 
and  tears,  but  the  war  brought  no  disaster  to  the  city  and  business 
was  carried  on  as  of  old.    The  end  of  the  war  brought  to  Cleveland  a 


*  See  picture  on  page  284. 


246  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  .ENVIRONS       [Chap.  XVI 

great  joy  aud  a  great  sorrow,  wild  rejoieiug  over  the  accomplished 
preservation  of  the  Union  quickly  followed  by  deep  sorrow  for  the 
tragic  death  of  President  Lincoln.  When  on  its  last  journey,  the  body 
of  the  martyred  president  lay  in  state  in  Cleveland's  Public  Square, 
the  city  was  draped  in  mourning  and  all  classes  united  to  do  honor  to 
his  memorv.  Of  necessity,  we  now  hasten  on,  leaving  word  for  the 
searcher  for  further  facts  of  Cleveland's  war  history  to  consult 
Col.  J.  F.  Herriek's  chapters  in  ;\Ir.  Orth's  Hisfory  of  Cleveland,  or 
to  examine  the  shelves  of  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society,  where 
may  be  found  the  most  extensive  collection  of  material  relating  to  the 
civil  war  that  has  been  made — thanks  to  the  zeal  aud  liberality  of 
Mr.  W.  P.  Palmer,  the  president  of  the  society. 


CHAPTER  XVII 

AN  ERA  OP  REMARKABLE  DEVELOPMENT 

About  this  time  (1861),  the  discovery  of  petroleum  in  western 
Pennsylvania  attracted  attention  and  several  oil  refineries  began 
operation  in  Cleveland.  Among  these  enterprising  adventurers  were 
John  D.  Rockefeller  and  Henry  M.  Flagler  who,  in  1861,  began  the 
business  that,  in  1870,  developed  into  the  Standard  Oil  Company, 
the  wonderful  story  of  which  is  given  in  a  later  chapter  of  this 
volume.  The  old  volunteer  fire  system  of  the  city  had  been  outgrown 
and,  in  January,  1863,  the  city  council  constituted  J.  D.  Palmer, 
J.  J.  Benton,  and  William  I\Ieyer  as  a  committee  on  fire  and  water. 
In  the  April  following,  the  council  passed  an  ordinance  creating  a 
paid  fire  department  with  a  force  of  fifty-three  men.  From  this 
beginning,  has  been  developed  the  extensive  and  efficient  department 
as  it  exists  today.  In  1918,  George  A.  "Wallace  was  chief  of  the 
municipal  divisions  of  fire,  with  secretaries,  assistant  chiefs,  battalion 
chiefs,  etc.,  fire  hj'drants,  fire  alarm  telegraph,  fire  boats,  high  pressure 
pumping-stations  and  lines,  three  dozen  engine  companies,  a  "baker's 
dozen"  of  hook  and  ladder  companies,  a  few  additional  hose  com- 
panies, etc.  The  need  of  an  increased  force  and  additional  equip- 
ment is,  of  course,  perennial  and  always  will  be  while  the  city  con- 
tinues to  grow,  but  the  efficiency  of  what  is  above  outlined  has  com- 
manded nation-wide  commendation. 

Cleveland's  Trade,  Commerce  and  Manufactures,  1865 

In  1866,  the  Cleveland  Board  of  Trade  i.ssued  its  first  "Annual 
Statement  of  the  Trade,  Commerce,  and  Manufactures  of  the  City  of 
Cleveland,"  the  report  covering  the  transactions  of  the  year  1865. 
According  to  that  report,  the  amount  of  coal  shipped  to  Cleveland  in 
the  five  preceding  years  varied  from  400,000  to  900,000  tons,  the  total 
for  1865  being  465,550  tons.  The  iron-ore  trade  aggregated  $1,179,200 ; 
pig-iron  and  scrap,  !j)l,051,000.  The  aggregate  sales  of  manufactured 
wrought  iron,  a  large  part  of  which  wa-s  manufactured  in  Cleveland, 

247 


248 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS     [Chap.  XVII 


was  more  than  $6,000,000.  The  blast  furnaces,  rolling  mills,  forges, 
foundries,  etc.,  employed  three  thousand  men  and  a  capital  of  three 
million  dollars,  and  turned  out  20,510  tons  of  railroad  iron ;  7,925  tons 
of  merchant  iron ;  2,250  tons  of  forgings ;  705  tons  of  boiler  and  tank 
iron ;  and  4,627  tons  of  bolts,  nuts,  washers,  rivets,  nails,  etc.  The 
receipts  of  lumber  were  84,038,160  feet;  of  shingles,  54,744,850;  of 
lath,  14,153,000;  and  of  cedar  posts,  50,000.  The  hide  and  leather 
trade  was  about  $1,500,000.     There  were  thirty  refineries  of  crude 


1  iS»f 


s 


'm§mi"',*t---^riumii^:^  ^ 


SuPEBiOB  Street  in  1865 

petroleum  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  more  than  $1,500,000,  and 
turning  out  products  worth  not  less  than  $4,500,000.  The  boot  and 
shoe  sales  were  put  down  at  $1,250,000;  clothing  at  $2,500,000  or 
more;  and  dry-goods  "in  millions"  not  numerically  stated;  banking 
capital,  $2,250,000;  deposits,  $3,700,000.  Some  of  the  other  items 
were : 


Cattle  head,         25,300 

Hogs    liwxl,  18.850 

Copper  refined tons,  1,500 

Stoves  made  l'"!."t'0 

Barrels  made   200,000 

Shingles  made   15,500,000 

White  lead  made   tons,  000 

Lard  oil  made gallons,  50,000 

Stearine  candles  made    pounds,        547,000 

Flour  barrels,        212,000 

Gas   produced    f''''t.  4:!,0()(),()00 

Coke   1'hs1h-1s,  90,000 


1865]  THE  BOARD  OK  TRADE  REPORT  249 

Powder    kogs,  20,000 

Bricks    7,0011,000 

^[altiiiy:  and  brewing $,s()(),(i()0 

^lacliiiK'  shops,  stock  used $7(1(1,000 

Furniture    ^(idO.ODO 

Cigars    ^(iOO.OdO 

Bridges,  iron  and  wood $")():"),( )00 

Railway  ears  luanufaetured $r)()0,()()0 

.Marble  and  stoue  works $400,000 

^Voolens    $:}r)0,000 

Paper    .$215,0(10 

Carriages    $200,000 

Lightning  rods    $1;!1,0(I0 

Musical  instruments $100,000 

Burr  mill   stones $  75,000 

Hats   and   caps $  50.000 


Leading  Shipbuilding  Pcjrt 

As  to  ships  and  shipbuilding,  tiie  Herald  said  in  September,  1865, 
that  "Cleveland  now  stands  confessedly  at  the  head  of  all  places  on 
the  chain  of  lakes,  as  a  shipbuilding  port.  Her  proximity  to  the 
forests  of  Jliehigan  and  Canada  affords  opportunity  for  the  selection 
of  the  choicest  timber,  while  the  .superior  material  aud  construction 
of  the  iron  manufactures  of  the  city  give  an  advantage.  Cleveland  has 
the  monopoly  of  propeller  building,  its  steam  tugs  are  the  finest  on 
the  lakes,  whilst  Cleveland-built  sailing  vessels  not  only  outnumber  all 
other  vessels  on  the  chain  of  lakes,  but  are  found  on  the  Atlantic 
Coast,  in  English  waters,  up  the  Mediterranean,  and  in  the  Baltic." 
Such  was  our  account  of  stock  three  score  years  and  ten  after  the 
arrival  of  General  Moses  Cleaveland  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga 
River. 


New  Passenger  Depot 

In  the  annual  report  of  the  president  of  the  Cleveland,  Columbus 
and  Cincinnati  Railway  Company  for  1866,  that  official  said : 

The  new  pas.scnger  depot  at  Cleveland,  costing  some  $475,000,  and 
in  which  this  company  has  one-fourth  interest,  was  so  far  eomi)leted 
as  to  be  opened  for  use  cm  the  12th  day  of  November,  last.  .  .  . 
Its  erection  was  indispensable,  as  the  old  depot,  being  erected  over 
the  waters  of  the  lake,  upon  piles,  from  general  decay  had  become  un- 
safe for  the  passage  onto  it  of  heavy  locomotives  and  trains  of  cars 
loaded  with  passengers. 


250  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS     [Chap.  XVII 

The  other  railway  companies  that  were  co-partners  in  what  was 
then  considered  one  of  the  largest  and  best  appointed  in  the  country 
were  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh,  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo,  and 
the  Cleveland,  Painesville  and  Ashtabula.  The  opening  of  this  stately 
structure  of  stone  and  iron,  603  feet  long  and  108  feet  wide,  on  tlie 
lake  front  at  the  foot  of  Bank  and  Water  (West  Sixth  and  West 
Ninth)  streets  was  fittingly  celebrated  by  a  banquet  given  by  the 
four  ineorpoi'ated  owaiers.  Although  somewhat  changed  by  design  and 
decay,  the  venerable  structure  is  still  used  for  its  original  purpose  by 
the  legal  heii-s  of  the  original  owners.  The  public  is  waiting  (1918) 
for  something  better  in  tlie  belated  realization  of  oft  repeated  prom- 
ises. Another  notable  event  of  that  year  (1866)  was  the  organization 
of  a  metropolitan  police  system  which  was  something  of  a  "fad"  with 
the  legislators  of  several  states  about  that  time.  By  a  law  that  went 
into  effect  on  the  fii-st  of  May,  the  police  powers  of  the  mayor  and 
marshal  and  city  council  were  transferred  to  a  board  of  police  com- 
missioners consisting  of  the  mayor  of  the  city  and  four  others  who 
were  appointed  by  the  governor  of  the  state.  The  first  board  con- 
sisted of  Mayor  H.  M.  Chapin  and  Citizens  James  Barnett,  Philo 
Chamberlain,  W.  P.  Fogg,  and  Nelson  Purdy;  in  their  hands  all 
police  matters  rested.  The  law  was  so  changed  in  1872  that  the  mem- 
bers of  the  board  were  elected  by  the  people. 

Educational  and  Charitable 

In  1867,  came  the  organization  of  the  Western  Reserve  Historical 
Societ}'  and  of  the  Cleveland  Public  Library.  The  detailed  stories  of 
these  two  beneficent  institutions  are  told  in  later  chapters  of  this 
volume.  In  the  same  year  (1867),  the  Bctliel  Union  was  incorporated 
for  mission  work  and  the  maintenance  of  the  boarding-house  for 
sailors  and  others  in  need.  In  1882,  the  Society  for  Organizing 
Charity  was  formed  for  tlie  i)urp()sc  of  making  investigations  that 
would  tend  to  i)revent  imposition  and  decrease  pauperism.  In  18SG, 
this  society  and  the  Bethel  Union  were  consolidated,  forming  what  is 
now  known  as  the  Associated  Cliaritics,  the  most  imi)ortant  of  our 
local  organizations  existing  for  welfare  work.  In  1868,  the  fii-st  iron 
ship  built  in  Cleveland,  the  little  steamer  ' '  J.  K.  AVhite, ' '  w-as  launched, 
and  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  was  organized.  In 
1869,  Stilhnan  Witt  gave  the  association  a  "II(mie"  nn  Walnut  Street 
whence  the  good  work  was  carried  on  in  an  cnbii-gcd  form.  Historical 
and  descriptive  sketches  of  these  several  organizations  ai-e  given  in 


1867-70]  AGRICULTURAL  FAIRS  251 

later  chapters  of  this  volume.  In  1809,  the  Cleveland  City  Hospital 
began  its  work  in  a  small  frame  building  ou  Willsou  Avenue  (East 
Fifty-fifth  Street),  and  the  Cleveland  Law  Library  was  organized. 


Founding  op  Cuyahoga  County  Agricultub.vl  Society 

In  the  third  decade  of  the  century,  the  Cuyahoga  County  Agri- 
cultural Society  was  organized  and  held  its  first  fair  in  the  then  new 
court-house  and  the  Public  Square  in  October,   1829.     The  ladies' 
deitartment  showed  its  patch-work  quilts,  carpeting,  woolen  fiannels, 
and  other  exhibits  in  the  Old  Stone  Church  and  the  cattle  were  ar- 
ranged along  the  fence  that  eudosed  the  four  sections  of  the  Square.  The 
wife  of  Dr.  David  Ijong  received  a  premium  of  five  dollars  for  a  pair 
of  silk  hose  that  she  had  "made  from  the  mulberry  the  present  season," 
Mrs.  Mary  L.  Severance  of  Cleveland  received  a  premium  for  "speci- 
mens of  silk  twist"  and  Mrs.  Brainard  of  Brooklyn  one  for  "eight 
different  colors  of  sewing  silk,  the  silk  manufactured  by  her  and 
colored  with  dyes  derived  from  the  products  of  the  farm."    Premiums 
were  awarded  "for  a  ba.sket  of  cocoons"  and  for  "the  best  half-acre 
of  mulberty  trees. ' '    Evidently,  silkworm  culture  was  something  of  a 
fad  in  this  community  at  that  time.    Of  course,  there  were  prizes  for 
crops  of  wheat,  oats,  rutabagas,  etc.,  and  for  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and 
brood  mares  and  stallions.     For  years,  the  annual  county  fairs  were 
affairs  of  importance  and  popularity.     In  1854,  the  Ohio  State  Fair 
was  held  ou  the  new  fair  grounds  on  Kinsman  Street,  now  Woodland 
Avenue,  "20  acres  of  land  about  one  mile  from  the  Square,"  and  then 
"the  most  complete  fair  grounds  in  the  state;"  there  were  thirty 
thousand  paid  admissions.    But  when  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture 
refused  Cleveland's  request  for  the  fair  of  1870,  the  Northern  Ohio 
Fair  Association  was  incorporated  (Februarj-,  1870)  by  Amasa  Stone, 
Jeptha  H.  Wade,  Dr.  Worthy  S.  Streator,  Azariah  Everett,  Amos 
Townsend,   William   Bingham,    and   others,   for  "the   promotion   of 
agriculture,  horticulture,  and  the  mechanic  arts  in  the  northern  sec- 
tions of  Ohio,"  and  incidentally  to  encourage  the  development  of  the 
two-minute  trotting  horse  and  the  enjoyment  that  was  concomitant 
with  such  development.     The   capital  stock  of  the  association  was 
$300,000.    A  large  tract  of  ground  near  the  lake  shore  east  of  the  city 
and  extending  southward  beyond  St.  Clair  Street  was  bought.     For 
several  years,  the  fairs  here  held  were  interesting  and  made  more 
picturesque  and  memorable  by  the  omnipresent  secretary  and  general 
manager,  the  genial  Sam  Briggs  whom  everybody  knew  and  liked. 


252 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS     [Chap.  XVII 


But  the  fairs  were  uot  financially  successful  and,  in  the  winter  of 
1880-81,  the  association  went  out  of  existence.  The  part  of  the  fair 
grounds  south  of  St.  Clair  Street  was  continued  as  the  Glenville  racing 
track,  made  famous  by  the  record-breaking  performances  of  ilaude  S., 
Goldsmith  Maid.  Smuggler,  Cresceus,  and  other  horses  that  bore 
names  that  still  are  familiar  in  the  racing  world.  Thanks  largely  to 
the  dominating  influouee  of  Colonel  "William  Edwards,  one  of  Cleve- 
land's foremost  business  men,  and  the  father  of  a  major-general  in 
the  United  States  army,  but  better  known  at  the  track  as  "Billy" 
Edwards,  the  Glenville  track  was  recognized  by  the  fraternity  as 
"a  model  turf,  one  of  the  cleanest  and  most  sportsmanlike  ovals  in 
all  the  circuits."    In  1909,  the  tracks  were  abandoned  and  the  grounds 


NoRTiiEiiN  Ojuo  Fair  Grounds 


allotted.  The  place-  tliat  tlic  Glenville  track  so  worthily  licld  was 
soon  worthily  filled  by  the  present  tracks  at  North  Randall,  the  home 
of  the  amateur  driving  club  and  the  scene  of  some  of  the  most  brilliant 
"society"  events  of  each  successive  year.  In  the  decade  just  closed, 
1860-70,  and  in  spite  of  war  and  panic,  the  population  of  Cleveland 
had  increased  from  43,838  to  92,825  and,  as  they  had  done  ten  years 
before,  all  loyal  Clevelanders  again  "pointed  with  pride"  to  the  census 
tables.  It  is  an  open  question  as  to  which  they  were  more  vocal,  the 
growth  of  the  city  or  the  magnificence  of  Euclid  Avenue. 


A  Projected  City  ITali, 

In  this  year    (1870),  a  project  foi-  building  a   city  hall   in   the 
southwest  .section  of  the  Public  Scjuare  came  1o  an  obscure  and  now 


1870]  A  MUNICIPAL  PFASCO  253 

uiiiiioiii-iicd  ciiil.  The  iiu'('tiiiy:s  of  tlu"  rity  council  were  tlieii  licld  in  the 
buililing  that  it  liad  leased  in  1855  as  stated  at  the  beginning-  of  Chap- 
ter XVI;  tlie  biiildiiis:  was  then  called  the  City  Hall.  On  the  twelfth 
of  January.  18()9,  ^Ia\(ir  Stei)heii  Hnhrer  sent  to  the  city  council  a 
communieation   in   wliich  he  said: 

1  deem  it  wise  that  this  council  should  issue  bonds  runniuy;  such 
time  and  eainiiig  such  rates  of  interest  as  may  be  deemed  mcxst  ad- 
vantagfeous  to  the  city,  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  cost  and 
expense  of  erecting  a  new  City  Hall  building,  containing  the  city 
offices,  a  council  and  public  hall,  and  such  other  rooms  as  might  be 
thought  necessary  or  expedient  for  the  i)ublic  welfare. 

The  council  took  no  action  on  the  subject  until  a  meeting  which  was 
held  on  the  twenty-fifth  of  August  of  the  same  year.  At  that  meet- 
ing. IMr.  Rogers  introduced  a  resolution  which  was  as  follows: 

Whereas,  The  city  has  gone  to  a  large  expense  in  getting  up  maps 
and  records  of  the  city,  and  has  no  safe  place  for  the  keei)ing  of  these 
maps  and  i-ecords,  and  as  at  the  present  they  are  kept  in  a  jniblic  busi- 
ness building  which  at  any  time  is  liable  to  take  tire  and  burn  all  the 
public  papers  belonging  to  the  city,  therefore, 

Resolved,  That  the  board  of  improvements  be,  and  the  same  is 
hereby  authorized  to  jirepare  a  plan  for  the  erection  of  a  city  hall  on 
the  southwest  corner  of  the  Public  Square,  where  the  old  court  house 
formerly  stood,  where  all  the  records,  maps,  and  papers  can  be  kept 
in  safety. 

This  resolution  was  referred  to  the  board  of  improvements  which 
recommended  (October  5)  the  adoption  of  the  resolution.  At  the 
same  meeting,  Mr.  Silas  Merchant  offei-ed  a  resolution  authorizing 
and  requesting  the  board  of  improvements  to  advertise  for  plans, 
specifications,  and  estimates  for  a  new  city  hall  to  be  constructed  in 
the  southwest  corner  of  the  Public  Square.  His  resolution  also  pro- 
vided that  the  council  should  pay  IGOO  for  the  best  plan,  .i<5nO  for  the 
second  best,  and  $400  for  the  third  best. 

On  the  first  of  March,  1870,  the  board  of  improvements  reported 
that  they  had  "advertised  for  plans  for  a  city  hall,  the  cost  of  which 
was  not  to  exceed  $300,000  unless  a  fourth  story  above  the  basement 
was  added,  in  which  case  $50,000  more  w-as  to  be  added  to  the  amount. 
We  received  in  an.swer  to  our  advertisement  ten  sets  of  plans,  seven 
from  Cleveland  and  three  from  abroad,  the  elevation  plans  of  which 
are  all  exhibited  to  your  honorable  bodv.     The  estimated  cost  varies 


254 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENWIRONS     [Chap.  XVII 


from  $292,000  to  $365,000. "  Three  plans  were  reported,  all  by  Cleve- 
land architects,  and  the  three  prizes  were  paid,  the  first  going  to 
Walter  Blythe,  whose  plan  was  adopted.  It  is  said  that  no  further 
record  of  the  project  can  be  found  in  the  council  proceedings,  and  no 
one  seems  to  know  just  how  the  matter  ended.  Five  years  later,  the 
Case  Block  was  rented  as  a  city  hall  as  will  be  related  a  few  pages 


"tr^-nssi 


t7~M:i-' 


^H' 


A  City  Hall  That  Was  Not  Built 

further  on.  About  1894,  the  project  for  building  a  city  hall  in  the 
Public  Square  was  again  agitated  by  Mayors  Blee  and  McKisson,  for 
the  sake  of  saving  the  cost  (.f  needed  land,  but  it  met  with  so  much 
opposition  that  the  uniioly  scheme  was  dropped  into  the  limbo  of 
things  that  should  never  be. 


Cleveland  Wokk  House  and  House  of  Correction 

In  January,  1871,  tlie  "Cleveland  Workhouse  and  House  of  Cor- 
rection" was  completed  at  a  cost  of  $250,000 — a  large  and  well  ap- 
pointed building  that  still  stands  (in  mutilated  form  and  otherwise 


1871] 


THE  CLEVELAND  WORKHOUSE 


255 


used)  on  Woodlaiul  Avi'imo  at  East  Seventy-ninth  Street;  The  first 
board  of  workhouse  directors  consisted  of  Harvey  Kice,  J.  H.  Wade, 
George  H.  Burt,  S.  C.  Brooks,  and  William  Edwards.  Under  the 
efiSeient  and  humane  administration  of  Superintendent  William  D. 
Patterson,  the  Cleveland  workhouse  became  famous.  The  institution 
was,  years  later,  transferred  to  the  "Cooley  Farms"  in  Warrensville, 
a  monument  to  the  wisdom  and  large  vision  of  the  Rev.  Harris  R. 
Cooley  who  was  Jlayor  Tom  L.  Johnson's  director  of  charities  and 
correction.  In  this  year  (1871),  the  city  council  created  its  first  board 
of  park  commissioners,  the  first  serious  attempt  to  give  the  city  a  park 
system.    The   first  members  of  the  board  were  Azariah  Everett,  Oscar 


The  Old  Workhouse 


A.  Childs,  and  J.  H.  Sargent,  who  began  their  work  by  beautifying  the 
Public  Square.  In  1874,  Lake  View  Park,  near  the  so-called  Union 
Depot  and  overlooking  the  lake  from  which  it  was  and  is  cut  off  by 
railway  tracks,  was  begun.  Soon  after  this,  work  was  begun  on  "the 
old  and  long- forgotten  Clinton  Park"  that  had  been  dedicated  to  the 
public  in  1835.  A  few  years  later  came  the  gifts  of  Wade  and  Gordon 
parks,  and  the  development  of  a  park  and  boulevard  system,  pride  in 
which  is  as  characteristic  of  Clevelanders  today  as  the  adulation  of 
Euclid  Avenue  was  in  the  Seventies.  The  story  of  this  evolution  will 
be  told  in  a  later  chapter.  In  this  year  (1871),  also  came  the  creation 
of  the  office  of  city  auditor  and  the  transfer  to  him  of  certain  duties 
that  had  been  previously  performed  by  the  clerk  of  the  city  council. 
The  new  department  was  intended  to  serve  as  "a  cheek  upon  extrav- 
agance and  a  safeguard  against  the  misappropriation  of  funds."    The 


-  ailt^AVM 


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MQ.TK  OLMs'rm 


KEY  TO  ANNEXATION  MAP 


A.  Orlsiiial   vllIaKe    of    ('Icvoland.    Iiicorporatect    by 

legislative  act  of  DocomlxT  23.   1811. 

B.  AimexaUoii  by  net  of  DixvmtHT  31.   IS29. 

C.  Annexation   by   act  of  Fvbruary    18,    1834. 

D.  Iiicnrporatwl    with    A,    n    ajul    C   as    City    of 

Cleveland,   by  act  of  March  5,    1830. 

E  Remainder  of  Cleveland  township  annexed  by 
act  of  March  22,    1850. 

F,    city  of  Ohio  annexed  by  art  of  June  5,  1854. 

Q.  Annexation  of  part  of  Bmolcljrn  township 
pasM>d  by  IcglAladvi*  act  of  February  1 1>. 
IStM.  and  granted  by  county  commlsBlonera, 
September  6.    18(1-1. 

HI  I'nrtlPns  of  Hnniklyn  nnd  Newhtir«  townships 
annexed  by  ai'.t  of  Pebruao'  28.  1867,  and 
approval  of  county  commissioners  granted 
Autrust    0.    1867. 

K.  Aiiiu-xiitltm  of  part  of  Xewburg  town3hii» 
irranted  by  county  commissioners  August  6. 
1867. 

L.  Ordinance  to  annex  East  Cleveland  vUIaea 
parsed  October   24.    1872. 

MNO.  Annexation  of  parts  of  Ilrooklyn.  New- 
bnrg  and  Kiist  Cii'veland  tnwn.'«hlj-»,  granted 
by  comity  coramUsloners   February   8,    1873. 

p.  .\nni-vaii<n  of  portion  of  NVwhurg  trwnship 
granted    by   county    commissioners   December 

8,    1873. 

R.  Annexation  of  pan  of  Brooklyn  village  grantetl 
by  county  commissioners  November  10.  1890. 

S.  Annexation  of  iwrtlon  of  Kast  Cleveland  town- 
ship granted  by  county  commissioners,  Sep- 
tember 28,    1892. 

T.  Annexation  of  ponlon  of  Nrwburg  fwnshlp 
granted  by  county  commissioners.  Novem- 
ber  15.    1893. 

U.  Annexation  of'  West  Cleveland  village  granied 
by  county  commissioners.  March  5.   1894. 

V.  Date  of  annexation  of  BnK>kI>'n  village  fixed 
by  passage  of  ordinance  by  its  council,  Junu 
15.    1894. 

W*  Portion  of  village  of  GlenvlIIe  annexed  by 
grant  of  county  commissioners.  February  26, 
1898. 

X .  Annexation  of  portion  of  Glenvillo  village 
granted  by  county  commissioners.  November 
8.    1902. 


Y.  Annexation  of  portion  of  IJnndale  village  or- 
dered by  county  cmimilss loners,  December  19, 
1903. 

X.  Ordlnnnco  to  atniex  a  portion  of  Brooklyn  town- 
ship reJtH-twl,   May  31.    1904. 

AA.  Annexation  of  portion  of  Brooklyn  township 
ordered  by  county  commissioners,  July  1 1 , 
1904. 

BB.  AniM'XHtion  of  norllon  of  Xewbunr  HelRhts 
village  ordered  by  county  commissioners.  Sep- 
temh.T  25.    1905. 

CC.  Ordinance  to  annex  Glenville  city  passed. 
June  19,   1905. 

DD.  Ordinance  to  annex  village  of  Stjuth  Brook- 
lyn  passe*!,  December   11,    1905. 

EE.  Secretary  of  state  notified  of  passage  of  ordl- 
nanco  to  annex  Corlett  village.  December  28, 
1909. 

FF.  Se<-retftr>-  of  state  notified  of  passage  of  ordi- 
nance annexing  the  village  of  Coltlnwood. 
January   21,    1910. 

GG.  Secretary  of  state  notified  of  passage  of  ordi- 
nance annexing  a  portion  of  Shaker  town- 
ship. Juno    2  2.   1912. 

HH.  Secretary  of  state  notified  of  passage  of  ordi- 
nance annexing  the  village  of  Nottlngliajn, 
January    14,    1913. 

II.  Secretary  of  state  notified  of  passage  of  ordi- 
mincf  annevintr  the  city  of  Newlmrg,  Feb- 
niary    10.    1913, 

KK.  Secretarj'  of  state  notified  of  passage  of 
ordlnaJice  annexing  portion  of  Euclid  vll- 
lane.    AuyusL    27.     1914. 

LL.  Seeretao'  ''f  state  notified  of  passage  of  ordi- 
nance annexing  portinn  of  Kastview  village. 
December   1.    1914. 

MM.  Secretary  of  state  notified  of  passage  of 
ortilnanr-e  annexing  portion  of  Shaker  Heights 
village.   February   12.    1915. 

NN.  Sc<Tfiary  of  state  notified  of  passage  of 
ordinance  annexing  portion  of  Brooklyn  town- 
ship,  August  7,    1915. 

OO.^    Secretary     of     state     notified     of     passage     of 
PP.)    ordinances     annexing    portions     of     Brooklyn 

township.   vVugust    10.    1916.    and    April   12, 

1917.    respectively. 

QQ.  )    Secretary    of    state    notified    of    passage    of 
RR.  y   ordinances     annexing    portions    of    Kastview 

village  and  Warrenaville  township.  September 

15.    1917. 


NOTK— In  all  (aaes.  the  dnips  of  annexation  given  are  those  which  are  legally  onsidere^l  final.  Up  to 
G  the  annexations  were  i)erfecte<l  bv  ar-t  of  tlie  state  legislature.  From  G  to  EE  the  fljial  stajup  of 
annexation  had  to  be  placed  by  the  county  commissioners,  and  from  EE  to  the  end  of  the  list,  the 
secretary  of  state  had  to  be  formally  notified  before  the  annexation  wds  cotisldered  binding. 


258  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EN'^aRONS    [Chap.  NVIT 

first  auditor  was  Thomas  Jones,  Jr.,  and  he  soon  took  the  stand  that 
no  warrant  on  the  city  treasury  could  be  legally  drawn  unless  the 
mouej-  for  the  paj-ment  thereof  was  already  in  the  treasury  and  to 
the  c-redit  of  the  proper  fund  to  \\hich  it  should  be  charged. 


East  Cleveland  Annexed 

The  village  of  East  Cleveland  extending  along  both  sides  of  Euclid 
Avenue  eastward  from  Willson  Avenue  (East  Fifty -fifth  Street)  was 
commercially  and  socially  a  part  of  the  city  of  Cleveland,  but  legally 
it  was  a  separate  corporation.  In  April,  1872,  the  question  of  the 
annexation  of  the  village  to  the  city  was  submitted  to  the  voters. 
There  was  little  opposition  in  the  city  but,  in  the  village,  the  proposed 
annexation  was  vigorously  antagonized  and  won  by  a  majority  of 
only  seventy  votes.  The  commissioners  on  behalf  of  the  city  were 
Henry  B.  Payne,  J.  P.  Robinson,  and  John  Himtington ;  those 
appointed  for  the  village  were  John  E.  Hurlbut,  John  W.  Heisley,  and 
William  A.  Netf.  The  terms  agreed  upon  by  them  were  approved  on 
the  twenty-ninth  of  October,  1872,  and  the  two  became  one. 

Organization  op  Cuyahoga  County  Medical  Society 

On  the  second  of  April,  1872,  the  Cuyahoga  ]Medical  Society  was 
organized  by  the  amalgamation  of  the  Cleveland  Academy  of  ^Medicine 
(organized  in  1867)  and  the  Pathological  Society  (organized  about 
1868).  The  objects  of  the  new  organization  were  "to  cultivate  the 
science  of  Medicine  and  all  its  collateral  branches;  to  elevate  and 
sustain  medical  character;  to  encourage  a  system  of  medical  etiquette 
and  to  promote  mental  improvement,  social  intereourse.  and  good 
feeling  among  the  members  of  tlie  medical  i)rofcssion."'  Its  first 
president  was  Erasmus  Darwin  r>urtoii.  Tlie  Cleveland  Aledical 
Society  was  formed  in  F\^liruary,  1898;  in  .June,  1902,  it  and  the 
Cuyahoga  Medical  Society  were  united  to  form  the  present  Academy 
of  Mediciiu'  wiiich  now  (1918)  has  a  total  nieniliership  of  about 
700.  In  September  (1872)  the  Union  Cluh  was  organized  "foi-  phys- 
ical training  and  education" — at  least  the  charter  so  sets  forth  its 
objects.  Tlic  (irst  jn'csiilcnt  ot  lln'  clnli  was  Willi^ini  Uiiifiliani;  Henry 
B.  Payne  was  one  of  tlie  vice-])rt'sid('nts ;  C.  1'.  Lchuul  was  secretary; 
and  (leoi'ge  E.  .\rnistrong  was  treasurer.  Tiic  rlnli's  (irst  home  was  a 
comnidilions  hnildin;;-  (in  i'lnclid  A\rnuc  just  w<'st  of  ()ak  rhire,  now- 
East    MiLrlitli    !~itr('e).      This   prdpci'ty   was  Nnliscipu'ntly   sold   and   the 


1872-73]  COLONEL  HODGE'S  GOOD  WORK 


259 


present  cluliluuisi'  nn  tlir  iKirtlu'iist  corner  of  Eufliil  Avenue  and  lOast 
Twelfth  Street  was  Imilt  ami  occupied. 

Origin-  ov  tiik  Ci.kvki.and  Hi'mane  Society 

In  Jlan-li,  1873,  Orlando  J.  Ilodoe  introduced  in  the  city 
council  a  i-esolution  invitiner  i)ersons  interested  in  the  t'oi'niation  of  a 
society  for  the  iirotection  of  dunih  animals  to  meet  in  the  council 
chamber  at  a  tiuio  specified.  On  the  evenins:  named,  about  a  dozen 
men  responded  and  arrangements  for  a  permanent  organization  were 
made.  On  the  foui-th  of  April,  the  Cleveland  Society  for  the  Preven- 
tion of  Crueltv  to  Aninnds  was  fully  organized  with  Jabez  W.  Pitch 


Tiik  Old  Union  Clubhouse 


as  president  and  H.  F.  Rrayton  as  secretary.  The  scope  of  the  society 
was  subsequently  widened  to  include  helpless  children  and  mothers 
and  its  name  was  changed  to  the  Cleveland  Humane  Society.  The 
beneficent  work  of  this  now  great  society  has  been  continuous  to  the 
present  time.  As  a  reward  of  merit,  if  for  no  other  reason,  it  is  proper 
to  record  the  fact  that  Colonel  Hodge  had  previously  introduced  an 
ordinance  to  prevent  and  punish  cruelty  to  dumb  animals  which 
ordinance  was  pas.sed  by  the  city  council  in  1871 — "the  first  .step 
taken  liy  the  Cleveland  lawmakers  in  that  direction."  Subsequently, 
as  a  member  of  the  Ohio  legislature,  he  introduced  three  bills  for  the 
better  protection  of  children  and  dumb  animals;  all  of  the  bills  became 
laws.  At  his  call,  prominent  men  from  various  parts  of  the  state  met 
at  Columbus  and  organized  a  state  society  for  similar  purposes. 

Palmam  qui  meruit  fcrat. 


260  CLEVELAND  A^D  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XVII   . 

Legal  jMatters  op  IMoment 

In  this  same  month  (ilareli,  1873)  the  Clevehmd  Bar  Association 
was  organized  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  maintaining  "the  honor  and 
dignity  of  the  profession  of  the  hiw,  to  cultivate  social  intercourse  and 
acquaintance  among  the  members  of  the  bar,  to  increase  our  usefulness 
iu  aiding  the  administration  of  justice,  and  in  promoting  legal  and 
judicial  reform."  The  tirst  president  was  Sherlock  J.  Andrews;  the 
vice-presidents  were  James  ]\Iason,  John  W.  Ileisley,  and  John  C. 
Grannis;  the  i-eeording  secretary  was  Virgil  P.  Kline;  the  correspond- 
ing secretary  was  L.  R.  Critchficld ;  and  the  treasurer  was  Gershom 
il.  Barber.  In  spite  of  the  almost  universal  and  universally  recognized 
tendency  of  laymen  to  "poke  fun"  at  lawyers,  it  would  not  be  fair  to 
fail  to  say  that  the  Cleveland  Bar  As^sociation  has  lived  and  labored 
in  close  proximity  to  the  lines  laid  down  in  the  beginning  and  described 
iu  the  quotation  above  made. 

In  ^May,  1873,  the  Ohio  legislature  passed  an  act  for  the  relief  of 
the  chronically  overburdened  court  of  common  pleas  of  Cuyahoga 
County  by  establishing  a  "superior  court"  with  jurisdiction  limited  to 
civil  cases  coming  from  the  city  of  Cleveland.  A  special  election  was 
held  in  June  and  Gershom  I\I.  Barber,  Seneca  0.  Griswold,  and  James 
I\I.  Jones  were  elected  as  judges  of  said  superior  court.  But  the  ex- 
pected relief  was  not  thereby  secured ;  in  less  than  two  years  both  of 
the  courts  were  again  overburdened  and  further  relief  became  im- 
peratively necessary.  In  March,  1875,  the  legislature  again  came  to 
the  rescue  and  added  four  to  tlie  number  of  the  judges  of  the  court 
of  common  plea.s  and  abolished  the  superior  court.  In  the  regular 
state  election  in  October,  Judges  Barber  and  Jones  were  elected  as 
two  of  the  additional  four  occupants  of  thi'  bench  of  the  court  of 
coiniiKiii  jilcas,  ;ui(i  -ludge  Griswold,  who  was  recognized  as  one  of  tlie 
ablest  members  of  the  Ch'vi'land  bar,  rcsnined  tlie  practice  of  his 
])rofession. 

Newburg  Village  Annexed 

In  August,  1873.  the  citizens  of  Newburg  village  formally  resolved 
that  the  time  had  come  for  .umcxation  to  the  cit.v  and  K.  T.  Hamilton, 
A.  Topping,  and  Joseph  Turney  were  eonstituti'd  a  coinnnttee  to 
secure  favorable  action.  The  Cleveland  council  met  the  city's  old 
ri\al  hall'wa.v,  and  named,  as  its  representatives  in  the  matter,  John 
lliiiitingtoM,    II,    II.   Tlioi-pi'.   and    .\.    T.    \'an    Tassel.      The  vote   was 


1873)  ANXEXATIOX,  I'ANK',  AND  Tl'XXKL  261 

favorable  to  tlie   proposed   r.iiiiexatioii   and  Xuwburg  village  became 
Cleveland's  Ward  Eighteen. 

Time  at  last  makes  all  things  even. 

Tin:  Panic  of  187:5 

The  year  1S73  was  made  memorable  by  an  extraordinary  finaneial 
panie.  The  eonntry  had  been  enjoying  an  unpreeedented  prosperity 
that  caused  general  speeidation,  excessive  inflation  of  business  enter- 
jirises,  the  projection  of  railways  that  were  not  needed,  and  similar 
causes,  all  lit  which  combined  with  the  falling  of  the  high  prices  inci- 
dent to  the  civil  wai-  brought  about  a  sudden  and  unexpected  cheek. 
On  the  nineteenth  of  September,  1873,  known  in  financial  history  as 
"Black  Friday,"  the  banking  firm  of  Jay  Cooke  and  Company  of 
Philadelphia,  the  institution  that  had  successfully  negotiated  the 
great  war  loans  of  the  United  States  government  and  thereby  acquired 
universal  conlidcnce  in  its  stability,  suddenly  "went  to  the  wall"  and 
ushered  in  the  panic.  In  Cleveland  tlicrc  were  failures  of  commercial 
and  manufacturing  establishments,  and  the  savings  banks  allowed 
withdrawals  of  money  only  in  limited  amounts  and  after  previous 
notice.  Hut  the  banks  weathered  the  stcnnn  without  disaster  and  thus 
saved  the  community  from  much  of  the  loss  and  general  wreckage 
that  were  sufl'ered  in  some  other  cities.  The  shock  did  however  throw 
many  out  of  employment,  hit  real-estate  speculators  w^ith  a  sort  of 
selective  severity,  flooded  the  courts  with  oases  and  thus  probably 
hastened  the  abolition  of  the  superior  court.  The  check  thus  given  to 
the  prosperity  and  importance  of  the  city  was  recognizable  for  several 
years  but  recovery  was  gradually  made. 

Improvement  of  \V.\ter  Supply 

By  this  time,  the  Cuyahoga  River  had  become  a  sort  of  intercepting 
sewer  and  the  combination  of  river  outflow  and  shore  washing  with 
other  contaminating  influences  had  led  to  loud  complaints  concerning 
the  quality  of  the  water  pumped  by  the  city  from  the  lake  and  dis- 
tributed to  the  citizens.  The  remedy  that  promised  most  was  to  draw 
the  water  from  a  point  out  in  the  lake  and  well  off  the  shore.  Surveys 
for  a  tunnel  were  made  in  1867.  In  1869,  a  shaft  was  sunk  on  the 
sliore  near  the  pumping  station.  From  the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  about 
sixty-seven  feet  below  the  lake  level,  a  tunnel  five  feet  in  diameter 
was  pushed  under  the  lake  I'lid  outward  from  the  shore.  In  August, 
1870,  a  crib  about  eighty-seven  feet  in  diameter  was  towed  to  a  point 


262  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EXVIROXS    [Chap.  XVII 

about  6,600  feet  off  shore  and  there  sunk  in  thirty-six  feet  of  water. 
Under  the  interior  of  this  crib  a  shaft  was  sunk  to  the  depth  of  ninety 
feet  below  the  lake  level.  From  the  bottom  of  this  shaft  a  tunnel  was 
built  toward  the  shore  to  meet  the  one  coming  from  the  .shore.  After 
conquering  quicksand  and  other  difSculties,  the  work  was  successfully 
completed  and,  on  the  third  of  JIarch,  1874,  water  from  the  crib  was 
admitted  to  the  tunnel.  The  crib  was  outfitted  as  an  intake  for  the 
water  and  with  a  lighthouse  and  a  domicile  for  its  keeper.  The  water 
supply  of  Cleveland  was  thus  improved  at  a  total  cost  of  $320,351.72. 
In  1890,  a  second  tunnel,  seven' feet  in  diameter,  was  constructed  from 
the  crib  in  the  lake  to  the  pumping  station  on  the  shore.  But  the  city 
kept  on  growing,  and  a  larger  and  still  better  supply  and  a  higher 
pressure  soon  were  imperatively  demanded. 

Women's  Christian  Temper.vnce  Union 

In  this  year  (1874)  was  the  inauguration  of  the  women's  crusade 
against  the  liquor  ti'affie.  In  response  to  a  call  from  the  Women's 
Christian  Association,  six  hundred  women  of  culture,  social  standing, 
and  religious  inspiration  formed  a  temperance  league  of  which 
^liss  Sarah  Fitch  was  president.  Pledge  books  were  procured  and 
praying  bauds  went  forth  to  visit  the  saloons,  four  hundred  and  fifty 
of  which  allowed  the  women  to  hold  services  therein.  Soon  there 
were  five  thousand  membei-s  of  the  league  and  many  more  thousands 
signed  tlie  pledge.  I^rom  this  movement  sprang  a  still  vigorous  agency 
for  religious,  sociological,  and  philanthropic  labor,  the  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Unioii. 

II.\RBOR  OP  Refuge  Constuicted 

Owing  to  the  nai'rowness  of  the  entrance  to  the  rix'cr  and  the  ini- 
l)rotected  condition  ol"  tlie  harlxir,  it  was  difficult  for  vessels  to  make 
tiie  Cleveland  port  in  lime  oi'  storm.  The  ti-ouble  was  made  worse  liy 
the  continued  inci'ease  in  tlie  size  of  lake  vessels,  made  necessary  by 
the  growing  demands  of  trade.  In  1870,  tlie  city  council  made  an 
initial  effort  to  secure  tlie  construction  of  a  harbor  of  refuge.  In 
1873,  the  board  of  trade  and  the  city  council  Joincil  in  urging  upon 
congress  the  importance  of  such  a  refuge.  Largely  through  the  efforts 
of  the  lion.  Richard  C.  Parsons,  the  government  mail(>  another  .survey, 
in  llie  spring  of  1875,  congress  appropriated  $50,000  I'or  tlie  begin- 
ning of  the  work  and  referred  matters  of  detail  to  a  corps  of  govern- 
ment engineers  who  reported  in  favor  of  a  harbor  of  two  hundred 


1873] 


THE  HARBOR  OF  REFUGE 


263 


acres,  the  estimated  cost  of  whicli  wcmlil  be  $1,800,000.  In  the  fall  of 
tliat  year  (1875),  work  was  hcfiiiii  on  tlie  western  arm  of  the  break- 
water which  was  completed  in  1883.  It  soon  appeared  that  increased 
protection  was  needed  and,  in  1886,  congress  made  an  appropriation  for 
the  construction  of  an  arm  eastward  from  tlie  river  entrance.  From 
time  to  time,  plans  were  enlarged,  additional  appropriations  were 
secured,  and  the  good  work  went  on,  making  available  the  long-recog- 
nized but  long-neglected  imjiortance  of  the  lake  front  and  relieving 
the  congestion  along  the  river.  Among  the  important  benelits  already 
resultant  from  the  builiiing  of  the  breakwater  are  the  city's  reelama- 


I     >. 


« i  i>. 


•  ■' 


(Jx  TiiE  Lakk  Kroxt 


tion  of  a  part  of  the  usurped  lake  front  and  the  making  of  new  laud 
(credit  for  much  of  which  goes  to  the  Hon.  Robert  E.  3\IcKisson,  for- 
mer mayor  of  Cleveland)  and  an  increase  of  dockage  facilities.  The 
possible  advantages  along  this  latter  line  have  been  already  illustrated 
by  the  construction  of  new  wharves  and  buildings  for  the  Detroit  and 
Cleveland,  and  the  Cleveland  and  Buffalo  steamboat  lines  at  the  foot 
of  East  Ninth  Street. 

Hotels  and  Amusement  Halls 

The  first  theatrical  performances  by  professional  actors  were  given 
in  1820  in  the  ballroom  of  the  Cleveland  Hotel  which  stood  at  the 


Bank  Street,  1868 


■^m 


Academy  ok  Music 


1820-75] 


i:  A  THUS,   KTC. 


265 


northeast  cornci-  of  the  southwest  section  of  tlic  I'ulilii-  Sciuarc,  where 
the  Forest  City  House  long  stood  and  tiie  Cleveland  Hotel  now  is. 
The  tii-st  theater  was  built  at  the  L-orner  of  Superior  Street  and  Union 
Lane.  Not  long  later  came  Italian  Hall  which  occupied  the  upper 
tloor  of  a  three-story  lii'ick  Ijuildinp;  on  the  west  siile  of  Water  (West 
Ninth)  Street,  north  of  Superior.  In  1840,  J.  W.  Watson  built  Wat- 
sou's  Hall  on  the  north  side  of  Superior  Street,  between  Bank  (West 
Sixth)  Street  and  the  Public  S(|uare.  In  1845,  Silas  Hrainard  bought 
it  and  changed  its  name  to  ^lelodeon  Hall.  It  was  afterwards  known 
as  Brainard's  Hall,  Brainard's  Ojiera  House,  and  the  Globe  Theater. 


City  Halt..  1875 


It  was  torn  down  in  1880:  the  Wilshire  Building  now  (1918)  occupies 
its  site.  Early  in  the  sixth  decade  of  the  century,  the  great  showman, 
P.  T.  Barnum,  opened  a  theater  in  the  Kelley  Block  on  Superior 
Street,  opposite  the  southern  end  of  Baidv  Street.  It  was  later  operated 
on  the  "varieties"  plan.  In  1852,  the  Academy  of  Music  was  built  on 
the  east  side  of  Bank  Street  and  soon  leased  to  .John  A.  Ellsler,  who 
made  it  famous.  It  was  burned  in  1892.  In  1875,  'Sir.  Ellsler  formed 
a  stock  company  that  built  the  Euclid  Avenue  Opera  House  which 
wrecked  his  fortune.  In  1878,  the  Opera  House  was  sold  to  M.  A. 
Hanna.  It  was  burned  in  1884  but  was  promptly  rebuilt  on  a  grander 
scale  and  is  today  one  of  Cleveland's  choicest  homes  of  the  "legitimate" 
drama. 


266 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XVII 


The  Old  City  Hall 

In  February,  1875,  the  city  leased  the  newly  built  Case  Bloek  on 
the  northeast  comer  of  Superior  and  Wood  (East  Third)  streets  for 
the  period  of  twenty-five  years  and  at  an  annual  rental  of  $36,000. 
This  block  became  the  "City  Hall"  and,  after  the  expiration  of  the 
lease,  was  rented  from  year  to  year  until  1906  when  it  was  bought  by 
the  city.  The  town  that  Moses  Cleaveland  planted  in  1796  had  to 
wait  a  hundred  and  ten  years  before  it  had  a  house  that  it  could  call 
its  owTi.  Late  in  1875,  an  invitation  for  the  public  to  attejul  an 
informal  midnight  reception  at  the  city  hall,  there  to  meet  the  national 
centennial  year,  was  issued  by  the  mayor  and  the  city  council.     In 


FoEEST  City  House,  187G 


response,  early  in  the  evening  of  the  thirty-first  of  December,  the 
people  began  to  throng  into  the  streets.  The  sky  was  clear  and  the 
weather  was  unusually  mild.  I  think  that  I  can  do  no  better  tlian  to 
let  ilr.  Kennedy  tell  the  rest  of  the  story  of  that  hour: 

As  eleven  o'clock  appi'Oiiched.  a  myriad  of  lights  began  to  sliow 
around  the  Pulilic  Square,  and  when  the  clock  struck,  all  the  lower 
])art  of  the  city  burst  into  a  blaze  of  illumination.  The  signal  was 
taken  up  in  all  directions,  and  street  after  street,  clear  out  to  the 
suburbs,  added  to  the  Ijrighlness  and  enthusiastic  efl'cct  of  the  sceiu'. 
On  the  stroke  of  twelve,  the  steam  whistles  all  over  the  city  broke  into 
one  vast  chorus  of  echoing  notes.  A  great  cauldron  of  oil  on  I  he  l'ui)lie 
Square  was  set  ablaze,  and  the  deep  boom  of  the  guns  was  heard.  Be- 
fore the  echo  died  away,  a  perfect  tornado  of  sound  swept  in  from  all 
(|uarters,  aiul  made  the  very  foundations  of  the  earth  seem  1o  shake. 
The  alarm  of  the  fire  bells  cleft  the  air  vvitli  sudden  sound,  and  a 
dozen   church    towers   gave   answer,    while    the   hoarse   voices   of   the 


1875-76]       .  Tin:  CENTENNIAL  YEAR  267 

steam  inonstcrs,  tli.'  Iiaii^-iiisj:  nt'  liruMrnis,  the  poppin^j;  of  fire-craekers, 
and  tlio  sliouts  of  tliousaiuls  of  excitcil  people,  were  added  to  the 
cliorus,  wliile  every  now  and  then  the  deep  boom  of  the  i-aunon  came 
in  as  a  heavy  aeeomiianinient. 

At  daybreak  of  the  foUowing  Fourth  of  July,  the  steel  flag-stat? 
in  the  Public  Sipiare.  the  gift  of  Henry  Chisholm  in  behalf  of  the 
Cleveland  Rolling  Jlill  ('omi)any,  was  formally  accepted  on  behalf  of 
the  city  by  Mayor  Nathan  V.  I'aj'ne. 

The  banner  that  a  hundred  years 
Has  waved  above  our  good  ship's  keel. 
Upheld  by  oak  or  mast  of  pine, 
Now  proudly  floats  from  staff  of  steel. 

At  this  time,  the  Cleveland  Telegraph  Supply  Company,  Ceorge 
W.  Stockley,  president,  was  occupying  rented  rooms  on  the  second 
floor  of  an  old  building  on  the  south  side  of  Superior  Street,  opposite 
Bank  (West  Sixth)  Street,  and  was  renting  power  from  the  company 
that  published  the  Leader.  The  company  made  a  business  arrange- 
ment (1876)  with  Charles  Francis  Brush  which  i-esulted  in  the  success- 
ful solution  of  a  great  electric  lighting  problem,  the  operation  of  arc 
lights  in  series.  The  Cleveland  Telegraph  Supply  Company  became 
the  Brush  Electric  Company,  the  fame  of  the  Brush  light  spread  and 
brought  orders  from  nearly  every  part  of  the  world,  and  Mr.  Stockley 
and  :\Ir.  Brush  became  millionaires. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 

ROUNDING  OUT  THE  FIRST  CENTURY 

In  1877,  the  Fifteenth  Regiment  of  the  Ohio  National  Gnard, 
Allen  T.  Brinsmade,  colonel ;  the  Cleveland  Gatling  Gun  Battery, 
W.  F.  Goodspeed,  captain ;  and  the  Cleveland  First  Troop,  W.  H.  Har- 
ris, captain,  and  Edward  S.  Meyer,  first  lieutenant,  and  George  A. 
Garretson.  second  lieutenant,  were  organized.  That  was  the  year  of 
a  great  railway  strike  tliat  paralyzed  travel  and  transportation.  In 
('leveland,  five  hundred  meji  in  the  employ  of  the  Lake  Shore  and 
^lichigan  Southern  Railway  Company  quit  work.  The  local  leaders 
of  the  strike  strongly  urged  abstinence  from  violence,  and  the  men 
remained  quiet  until  the  railways  and  their  employes  agreed  upon 
terms,  but  there  was  great  danger  that  a  mob  of  the  lawless  class  would 
take  advantage  of  the  strike  to  destroy  property  as  one  did  at  Pitts- 
burgh. The  city  government,  under  the  lead  of  ^Mayor  William  G. 
Rose,  undoubtedly,  sympathized  with  the  railroad  men  in  some  of 
their  demands,  and  counselled  peace  and  moderation,  but  they  made 
preparation  against  possible  trouble.  "The  authorities  made  no 
parade  of  their  preparation;  not  a  drum  tap  was  heard,  nor  a  body 
of  troops  seen  in  the  streets.  Yel,  in  jioliee  stations,  in  armories  and 
elsew-here,  armed  police,  militia,  independent  companies,  and  volun- 
teer veterans  of  the  war  lay  for  days  n]Min  their  arms,  ready  to  cru.sli 
at  one  blow  the  first  sign  of  violence.  When  the  railroads  and  their 
men  came  to  terms,  all  things  moved  on  as  before,  and  Cleveland 
had  no  reason  for  regi'ct,  and  no  l>ill  of  danuiges  to  pay." 

The  First  llicii  Lkvki.  P.RmcE 

Ever  since  the  first  settlement  at  the  inciutli  of  the  Cnyahoga,  they 
who  crossed  the  river  by  ferry  or  by  britlge  had  to  meet  the  weariness 
of  the  descent  and  a.scent  of  stec])  hills  and  the  fre(|uent  delays  caused 
by  the  jja.ssage  of  vessels  up  ov  down  the  river.  In  1870,  Jlayor 
Stephen  Buhrer  had  urged  the  construction  of  a  high  level  bridge ;  in 
1872,  the  city  council  apjiointed  a  special  committee  to  take  into  con- 
sideration the  construction  of  such   a   Inidge,  and  the  committee  re- 

268 


1877-79] 


THE  SITERIOK  VIADTTT 


.269 


ported  ill  favor  of  the  Suin'i'ini-  ami  Pearl  Street  Vdiite.  'I'lien  came 
lejiislatioii  at  C'oluiiilms  iieeehsary  I'or  the  istsiie  of  bonds,  the  api)roval 
of  the  voters,  and  an  injunction  that  st()pi)ed  progress  until  1873.  At 
a  special  election  held  in  .May,  1S7(>.  the  voters  approved  a  further 
issue  of  lionds  and  decreeil  that  the  coming  bridge  shoiilil  Ik  <i  toll 
bridge!  But  the  legislature  abi-ogated  the  latter  decision  and  made  it 
a  free  bridge.  After  four  and  a  half  years  of  building  with  an  ex- 
penditure of  $2.1 70,(100,  the  Superior  ^'iaduct,  as  it  lias  been  generally 
called,  was  turned  over  to  the  city  on  the  twenty-seventh  of  December, 
1878.    The  following  day  was  celebrateil  as  a  holiday  with  an  artillery 


TTiiiAM   M.   (Fathku)   Addison 

salute  at  daybreak,  a  parade  and  imlilic  meeting  in  the  daytime,  and 
a  banquet  in  the  evening.  On  the  twcnty-nintli,  the  viaduct  was 
opened  for  free  public  use  and  the  West  Sitie  and  the  East  Side  drew 
themselves  more  closely  together.  A  more  detailed  description  of  the 
bridge  will  be  given  in  a  later  chapter. 


Thk  E.\ki.y  Settlers'  Associ.\tiox 

The  Early  Settlers'  Association  of  Cuyahoga  County  was  organ- 
ized in  Xovember,  1879 — the  fruitful  result  of  the  jicrsisteiit  efforts 
of  Iliram  JI.    Addison,   a    iinii|ne    pioiieci'    philanthi'opist.    known    to 


270 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EWIROXS    [Chap.  XVIII 


almost  everyone  iu  Cleveland  as  "Father"'  Addison.  Harvey  Rice 
was  eho.sen  as  the  first  president  of  the  association  and  was  continued 
in  his  office  until  his  death.  The  organization  is  still  in  full  vigor. 
The  most  important  of  its  products  is  a  series  of  annual  publications 
called  Annals  which  I  have  already  characterized  as  "indispensable" 
— and  so  they  are  to  everyone  who  tries  to  tell  any  considerable  part 


(^ 

."*? 


%iiW 


Moses  Cleaveland  Statue 


of  the  story  of  how  Cleveland  came  to  be  what  it  is.  To  the  Early 
Settlers'  Association,  and  the  personal  efforts  of  "Father"  Addison, 
is  also  due  tlie  bronze  statiu>  of  the  fouiidcf  of  tlie  city  tliat  stands  iit 
the  southwest  section  of  th'^  Public  S(|uarc.  As  the  ninety-second 
anniversary  of  General  Cleavclaiurs  first  ari-ival  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Cuyahoga  fell  on  Sunday,  tlie  unveiling  of  the  statue  took  i)lace  on 
Monday,    the   twenty  tliini    of   .Inly,    1888. 


1880-81]  POPULATION  AND  BENEFACTIONS  271 

'Tis  licre,  when  Nature  reigned  suprome, 
That  General  (Meaveland  trod  the  wild: 
And  saw  an  infant   in  his  dream, 
And  with  his  name  haptized  the  eliild. 

— Ilarveij  Rice. 

In  1870.  ("levehuid's  population  was  92,825  and  that  of  Buffalo 
was  117,714;  in  IS^SO.  BulVahi's  i)opnlation  was  155,134,  and  that  of 
Cleveland,  1(30,146.  As  Cincinnati  had  gained  less  than  thirty-nine 
thousand  while  the  younger  eity  on  the  lake  had  gained  more  than 
sixty-seven  thousand,  Cleveland  ho.soins  again  swelled  with  more  or  less 
manly  jiride  and  dreams  of  hecoming  the  metropolis  of  Ohio  liegan 
to  filter  into  the  brains  of  the  more  audacious. 


Leonard  Case,  Jk. 

The  younger  Leonard  Case,  the  sole  heir  of  his  father's  large  estate, 
suddenly  died  on  the  sixth  of  January,  1880.  Five  days  later,  his 
confidential  agent  and  personal  friend,  Henry  G.  Abbey,  filed  in  the 
county  recorder's  ofifice  a  deed  that  Mr.  Case  had  executed  in  1876. 
This  deed  conveyed  property,  then  worth  more  than  a  million  dollars, 
in  trust  for  the  establishment  of  an  institution  to  be  known  as  the 
Case  School  of  Applied  Science.  The  school  was  incorporated  and 
organized  in  1881.  A  sketch  of  this  high-grade  scientific  institution 
will  be  found  in  a  later  chapter.  In  this  same  year,  Ama.sa  Stone, 
one  of  Cleveland's  growing  list  of  millionaires,  offered  to  give  lialf 
a  million  dollars  to  the  Western  Reserve  College  on  condition  that 
the  old  and  famous  institution  should  be  moved  from  Hudson  to 
Cleveland  and  that  its  name  should  be  changed  to  Adelbert  College 
of  the  Western  Reserve  University.  The  offer  was  accepted  and,  in 
the  fall  of  1882,  Adelbert  College  began  its  career  in  new  buildings 
tliat  had  been  erected  on  land  ad.joining  the  land  of  the  Case  School 
of  Applied  Science.  By  subsequent  arrangement,  these  two  schools 
became  essentially  sujiplemontary  to  each  other.  A  brief  sketch  of 
the  Western  Reserve  University,  kindly  prepared  forme  by  the  presi- 
dent of  the  university,  will   he  found  in  a  later  chapter. 

Cleveland  JIusic  Hall 

In  1881.  William  Halsey  Doan,  a  l)ig-hcarted  citizen  of  Cleveland, 
took  action  that  resulted  in  supplying  one  of  the  city's  great  needs, 
the  Cleveland  Music  Hall.  He  gave  for  this  purpose  land  on  t'he 
north  side  of  Vincent  Street,  between  Bond   (East  Sixth)    and  Erie 


272  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XVIII 

(East  Ninth)  streets  ami  to  this  gift  added  $10,000  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  large  hall  for  musieal,  moral,  and  religious  gatherings. 
The  title  of  the  property  was  vested  in  five  trustees,  three  chosen  by 
himself  and  two  by  the  Cleveland  Voeal  Society.  At  a  cost  of  more 
than  )f;50,000,  a  hall  capable  of  seating-  4.300  persons  was  built.  The 
building  was  subsequently  burned.  In  the  same  spirit.  ;\lr.  Doan 
had  previously  built  the  Tabernacle  at  the  corner  of  St.  Clair  and 
Ontario  streets  where  the  building  of  the  Brotherhood  of  the  Loco- 
motive Engineers  now  stands.  It  was  a  large  and  rather  plain  brick 
building,  had  one  gallery,  and  would  seat  nearly  .3.000  persons.     It 


U.\KFiEi,n  .Mi:moui.\l 

was  the  home  of  lectures,  concerts,  and  local  festivals  of  high  grade 
and  small  charge  for  admission,  the  latter  being  made  possible  b.v  the 
large  seating  capacity  of  the  auditorium  and  the  unselHsh  purpose 
of  its  generous  builder.  The  Tal)crnacle  ceasetl  to  be  when  the  JIusie 
Hall  was  built.  In  the  same  spirit,  Mr.  Doan  also  built  the  Arnuiry 
that  stood  at  the  corner  of  ICuclid  Avenue  and  Doan  (East  One 
Hundred  and  Fifth)  Street.  W.  11.  Doan  was  tiu'  snii  i)f  Job  Doan. 
mentioned  in  a  preceding  cluipter. 


J.MIICS    A.    G.\RFIi:i.D 

On  the  second  of  .July,  18S1,  came  news  of  tlie  shouting  of  I'rcsideul 
Garticld  at  Washington;  on  the  ninett'entli  of  S<'ptemlii'i-.  came  w(U'd 


1881] 


DEATH  OF   I'KKSIDHXT  GARFIELD 


273 


that  the  president  was  dead.  James  A.  Carfield  was  really  a  Cleve- 
lander.  Born  in  Cuyahoga  County,  student  and  eollege  president  at 
Ilirani,  and  later  livinf;  at  Mentor,  ho  was  always  in  close  touch  with 
the  Heart  of  the  Western  lieserve  and  now  that  great  heart  hied. 
"When  he  dii-d,  the  Cleveland  hells  tullecl  the  sad  news  and,  at  half- 
hour  intervals,  the  artillery  struck  the  deep  diajjason  of  the  grief- 
laden  dirge.  The  body  was  brought  home  on  the  twenty-fourth  of 
September  and  for  two  days  lay  in  state  in  a  |)aviliiin  liuilt  in  the 


Interior  of  Garfield  Monument 


Public  Square  while  thousands  passed  by  in  procession.  After  solemn 
services  on  the  twenty-sixth,  with  an  escort  of  honor  and  a  pro- 
cession five  miles  long,  the  body  wa.s  borne  out  Euclid  Avenue  to 
Lakeview  Cemetery  and  placed  in  a  vault,  there  to  remain  under 
constant  military  guard  until  a  more  stately  tomb  could  be  provided. 
In  June,  1882,  the  Garfield  National  Monument  Association  was  in- 
corporated. More  than  fifty  designs  for  the  memorial  were  sub- 
mitted and,  in  July,  188:}.  that  of  George  Keller  of  Hartford  was 
accepted.  On  the  highest  ridge  in  tlie  cemetery  the  beautiful 
memorial,  largely  a  tower  fifty  feet  in  diameter,  was  built.    On  the 

Vol.  1—18 


274  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    fChap.  XVIII 

thirtieth  of  May.  1890,  it  was  formally  dedicated  in  the  presence  of 
President  Harrison,  Vice-president  ]Morton,  General  Sherman,  sev- 
eral members  of  the  president's  cabinet,  a  host  of  other  distinguished 
persons,  and  many  thousands  more  than  could  see  or  hear  what  was 
beinjr  done  or  said.  Former  President  Hayes  presided,  and  former 
Governor  Jacob  D.  Cox  delivered  an  eloquent  address.  After  several 
other  speeches,  all  of  which  were  brief,  the  ceremonies  were  concluded 
by  the  Ohio  Grand  Commandery  with  the  impressive  services  of  the 
Knights  Templars.  The  memorial  is  now  daily  visited  by  large  numbers 
of  persons  from  all  parts  of  the  civilized  woi'ld.  The  accompanying 
illustration  gives  a  good  idea  of  the  appearance  of  the  exterior  of 
the  memorial,  but  I  add  the  following  brief  description:  "A  roman- 
esque  porch  supports  the  tower.  Below  the  porch  railing,  there  is 
an  external  decoration,  a  frieze  of  historical  character,  showing  in 
its  five  panels  characteristic  scenes  from  Garfield's  life.  The  great 
doors  of  oak  open  into  a  vestibule  vaulted  in  stone,  and  paved  with 
mosaic.  From  this,  spiral  staircases  ascend  the  tower,  and  descend 
to  the  crypt.  In  this  crypt  is  the  casket  containing  the  coffin.  Opening 
from  this  vestibule,  is  the  chamber  where  the  statue,  by  Alexander 
Doyle,  of  New  York,  stands.  It  shows  Garfield  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. Over  the  statue,  supported  by  granite  columns,  is  a 
dome  twenty-two  feet  in  diameter,  which  is  decorated  with  a  marvel- 
ous frieze  of  Venetian  glass,  sliowing  an  allegorical  funeral  jn'oces- 
sion  of  the  dead  President.  The  tower  has  thirteen  magnificent  memo- 
rial windows,  from  the  original  thirteen  States. ' ' 

Flood  and  Fire 

In  February.  1883,  came  a.  great  flood  and  a  great  fire,  the  latter 
literally  piled  upon  the  former.  Heavy  rains  raised  the  level  of  the 
Cuyahoga  ten  feet  in  less  than  a  day  and  the  rajiid  rise  of  the  waters 
caught  many  unawares.  Three  Iniuilred  thousand  dollars  worth  of 
lumber  on  the  "Flats"  was  svvci)t  into  the  lake;  bridges  and  rail- 
way embankments  were  washed  away.  Then  came  the  fire.  A  five 
thousand-gallon  tank  of  oil  in  the  Gri'at  Western  oil  works  blew  up,  the 
oil  was  set  aflame  and  in  turn  set  fire  to  the  paral'fine  works  next  below, 
and  spread  itself  over  the  rushing  watei-s.  Some  of  the  works  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  were  burned  aiul  the  acres  and  acres  of  stills 
and  tanks  of  that  great  plant  narrowly  escaped  ilestruction.  "It  was 
a  scene  that  will  never  be  forgotten  by  the  thousands  who  gazed  upon 
it — the  valley  under  water  and  the  whole  expanse  lighted  by  the  burn- 
ing of  acres  of  oil  spread  nul   upon  the  waters.     The  loss  from  flood 


1883-87]  FLOOD,  FIRE,  AND  CRIME  275 

ami  tire  irailicd  nearly  three  ijuartiTs  of  a  million  dollars."  Early 
in  1884,  the  Park  Theater,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Pulilie  Square  and 
separated  from  the  eoiirt-hoiise  only  by  a  narrow  lane,  was  sot  on  fire 
by  an  exi)losioM  of  jias  and  nothing  luit  the  outside  walls  escaped 
eomplete  destruetion.  One  Sunday  evening  in  the  following  Sep- 
temher,  disaster  again  fell  )ipon  the  "Flats."  A  sujiposedly  incendiary 
tire  broke  out  in  one  of  the  great  lumber  yards  and  soon  secnu'd  to  be 
beyond  the  eoutrol  of  the  loeal  fire  department.  Acres  and  acres  of 
lumber  iiiles  and  [ilaning  mills  wore  abla/c;  then  tbc  fiery  fiend  eros,sed 
the  river,  quickly  devoured  a  lard  refinery,  and  drove  his  way  toward 
lower  Superior  Street  as  if  determined  to  destroy  that  great  business 
section.  The  local  militia  was  ordered  under  arms  and  aid  was  sum- 
moned and  sent  from  Akron,  Youngstown,  Toledo  and  other  cities. 
In  the  early  hours  of  Monday,  the  great  tire  was  under  control.  The 
loss  was  more  than  $800,000. 

The  "Blinkky"  JIokg.vx  Aff.mr 

In  1885,  .Mary  T.  Spargo  was  admitted  by  the  supreme  court  of 
Ohio  to  practise  law — the  first  woman  lawyer  in  Cleveland.    In  June, 

1886,  a  board  of  elections,  authorized  by  the  legislature  in  the  previous 
month  of  'May,  was  organized  with  General  James  Barnett,  Editor 
William  W.  Armstrong,  J.  II.  Schneider,  and  Herman  Weber  as  its 
first  members;  and  I\Iajor  William  J.  Gleason  as  its  secretary.     In 

1887,  came  the  greatest  criminal  tragedy  in  the  history  of  Cuyahoga 
County.  In  January,  burglars  entered  a  Cleveland  store  and  took 
away  several  thousand  dollars  worth  of  furs.  The  furs  were  never 
recovered  but  one  of  the  burglars  was  arrested  at  Allegheny  City  in 
Pennsylvania.  Capt.  Henry  Hoehn  and  Detective  William  II.  Hulligan 
of  the  Cleveland  police  force  were  sent  for  the  prisoner.  On  their 
return  with  their  man  tiiey  were  suddenly  attacked  by  three  armed 
men  about  three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  while  the  train  was  standing 
at  the  station  at  Ravenna,  Hoehn  was  shot  in  the  leg  and  Ilulligan's 
skull  was  fractured  with  an  iron  coupling  pin.  While  Hulligan  was 
unconscious,  he  was  dragged  from  the  car,  his  keys  were  taken  from 
his  pocket,  and  the  bracelet  that  bound  him  to  the  prisoner  was  un- 
locked. The  four  criminals  then  escaped  in  the  darkness.  Hoehn 
recovered  but  Hilligan  died.  In  June,  three  men  were  arrested  at 
Alpena,  Michigan,  after  a  desperate  struggle  in  which  the  sheriff  was 
shot :  from  his  wound,  the  sheriff  died.  The  trio  was  brought  to  Cleve- 
land and  its  members  were  recognized  by  Captain  Hoehn  as  the  ones 
who  had  made  the  rescue.    Taken  to  Ravenna  for  trial,  one  of  the  three. 


276  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XVIII 

Charles  ^lorgan,  but  better  known  as  "Blinky"  ^Morgan,  was  con- 
victed and  executed.  The  other  two  were  also  found  guilty,  but  they 
secured  a  new  trial  and  were  finally  set  free. 

Second  High  Level  Bridge 

In  December,  1888,  came  the  formal  opening  of  a  second  high-level 
bridge,  the  two  sections  of  wliich  ai'e  known  as  the  Central  and  the 
Abbey  Street  viaducts,  "the  great  new  structure  that  hung  so  lightlj' 
and  gracefully  across  the  w'ide  valley  and  so  far  above  the  Cuyahoga 
River,"  uniting  the  East  Side  with  the  South  Side,  as  the  East  and 
West  Sides  had  been  united  ten  yeai's  before.  This  additional  bond 
will  be  described  in  a  later  chapter.  In  1880,  the  population  of  Cleve- 
land was  160,146 ;  in  1890,  it  was  261,353.  Speaking  in  Cleveland  in 
1892,  the  superintendent  of  the  United  States  census  of  1890  said  of 
Cleveland's  iron-ore  traffic : 

An  investment  of  $175,394,985  seems  almost  beyond  the  propor- 
tions of  any  one  closely  connected  line  of  commerce,  but  such  are  the 
tigures  representing  the  capital  involved,  on  July  1,  1892,  in  min- 
ing and  transporting,  by  lake  and  rail,  the  output  of  the  Lake  Supe- 
rior iron  mining  district.  The  sale  and  movement  of  every  ton  of 
ore  from  this  district  is  conducted  by  sales  agents  in  Cleveland  who 
are  also  owners  of  the  mines  to  a  large  extent.  Here  the  docks  at 
all  Lake  Erie  ports,  excepting  Bulfalo  and  Erie,  are  controlled,  and 
here  is  owned  fully  80  per  cent,  of  the  vessel  property  engaged  in 
this  commerce,  which  forms  the  largest  single  item  in  the  lake  traffic. 
This  country  consumed,  in  1890,  17,500,000  gross  tons  of  iron  ore. 
Of  this  amount,  1,246,830  tons  were  imported,  and  16,253,170  tons 
were  of  home  production.  Lake  Superior  mines  iiroduced,  in  the 
same  year.  9,003,701  gross  tuns,  or  more  than  one-half  tlu^  raw  ma- 
terial for  a  nation  that  leads  the  world  in  the  output  of  pig  iron, 
Bessemer  steel  and  steel  rails.  This  statement  is  in  itself  eno\igh  to 
show  the  relation  the  city  bears  to  the  iron  industry,  whose  ]>rosperity 
is  most  often  used  to  serve  as  a  measure  of  the  general  business  pros- 
perity of  the  country. 

L.\BGE.ST  SlIII'BUII-DING  CeNTEI!  IN  THE  COUNTRY   (1890) 

The  census  report  for  1890  revealed  the  fact  that  Cleveland  had 
become  the  largest  shijibuilding  factor  in  the  United  States, 'the  lead- 
ing ti'io  registering  as   I'ollows: 

Cleveland,    in    gi-oss    tons 71,322 

Philadelphia,  in  gross  tons 53,811 

Bath,  Maine,  in  gross  tons 49,830 


IHiHl-Dll     THE  CF.NSUS  AND  THE  FEDERAL  PLAN  277 

The  iTport  also  showt'tl  that  ""in  goniTul  uuuiut'aeturing,  heavy  t'org- 
ings,  wire  nails,  nuts  and  bolts,  carriage  and  wagon  hardware,  vapor 
stoves,  sewing  machines,  steel-tired  car  wheels,  and  heavy  street  railway 
machinery,  Cleveland  led  all  the  cities  of  the  country."  The  report 
of  the  Board  of  Trade  said  that  "here  are  located  the  greatest 
shoddy  mills  in  .\merica ;  a  plant  for  the  manufacture  of  sewing 
machine  woodwork  that  has  no  equal  in  the  world ;  a  steel  bridge 
works  that  is  represented  in  massive  structures  spanning  rivers  and 
valleys  over  the  entire  continent,  and  an  electric  light  carbon  works 
having  a  capacity  of  ten  million  carbons  annually  with  a  market  for 
its  product  extending  to  Jlexico,  South  America,  China  and  Japan." 
The  blast  furnaces,  and  iron  and  steel  mills  had  a  capacity  reported  in 
net  tons  as  follows  : 

Pig-iron 275,000 

Bessemer  and  open-hearth  bloom,  billets,  etc 545,000 

Rails 100,000 

Wire  rods 288,000 

Jlerchant  bars  and  shapes 108,500 

Plates,  axles,   t'orgings,  etc    210,000 

The  products  turned  out  were  valued  at  $47,364,764. 

Municipal-Federal  Plan  Adopted 

Events  of  importance  now  come  in  such  rapid  succession  that  not 
many  of  them  may  be  even  mentiojicd,  such  as  the  defalcation  and 
flight  of  a  city  treasurer,  the  organization  of  the  Epworth  League; 
the  creation  of  the  John  Huntington  Benevolent  Trust,  and  the  several 
bequests  that  have  resulted,  after  years  of  waiting,  in  our  present, 
beautiful  art  gallery  fittingly  placed  in  Wade  Park,  another  of  tiie 
many  benefactions  of  Cleveland's  wealthy  men.  But  a  radical  change 
in  the  foundations  of  the  municipality  may  not  be  passed  with  such 
scant  notice.  Such  a  change  came  with  the  adoption  of  the  so-called 
•'Federal  Plan."  At  that  time,  Cleveland  s  government  was  somewhat 
closely  analogous  to  an  old  house;  built  originally  for  a  small  family, 
and  with  wings,  L's,  and  lean-to's  added  as  wealth  and  children  in- 
creased; the  whole  exhibiting  a  motley  style  of  architecture  not  pleas- 
ing to  the  eye,  convenient  for  daily  use,  or  economical  to  maintain. 
Such  was  our  patched  and  repatched  charter  for  a  town  made  to  do 
duty  for  a  great  and  growing  city.  After  much  local  agitation,  the 
state  legislature  was  induced  to  enact  a  bill  giving  the  city  a  new 
charter,  which  went  into  effect  straightway  after  the  election  of  the 
sixth  of  April,  1891.    It  made  a  clear  cut  distinction  between  executive 


278  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XVIII 

and  legislative  functions.  An  elective  mayor  was  the  central  figure 
of  the  executive  branch.  Appointed  by  him  and  confirmed  by  the 
municipal  legislature,  where  the  six  members  of  his  cabinet,  each  of 
whom  was  a  director  in  charge  of  a  department,  thus:  law,  public 
works,  police,  fire,  accounts,  and  charities  and  correction.  Each  direc- 
tor made  appointments  in  his  department  absolutely  "without  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  council,"  but  firemen  and  policemen  were 
under  the  shelter  of  civil  service  reform.  The  municipal  legislature 
consisted  of  twenty  councilmen,  two  for  each  of  the  ten  districts  into 
which  the  forty  wards  were  divided:  Other  than  the  selection  of  its 
own  clerk,  sergeant-at-arms.  and  page,  "the  council  shall  exercise  no 
power  of  election  or  appointment  to  any  office."  The  city  treasurer, 
the  police  judge,  the  prosecuting  attorney,  and  the  clerk  of  the  police 
court  were  elected  by  the  people.  The  mayor  was  to  receive  a  salary 
of  $6,000  a  year;  the  director  of  law,  .$5,000;  and  each  of  the  other 
directors,  $4,000.  Each  member  of  the  city  council  was  to  receive 
five  dollars  for  each  regular  meeting  (weekly)  that  he  attended.  The 
mayor  and  the  directors  liad  seats  in  tlie  council  with  the  right  to  take 
part  in  its  deliberations  liut  not  to  vote.  A  supplementary  law  pro- 
vided (April  10,  1891)  that  in  case  of  the  disability  or  absence  of 
the  mayor  the  duties  of  his  office  should  devolve  upon  the  directors 
in  the  order  given  above.  At  the  first  election  under  the  new  plan, 
William  G.  Rose  was  elected  mayor:  he  had  had  a  term  in  the  office 
fourteen  years  before.  By  liis  selection,  his  cabinet  was  constituted 
as  follows : 

Director  of  law.  Gen.  P^dward  S.  Meyer. 

Director  of  public  works,  R.  R.  Ilerrick. 

Director  of  police.  Colonel  .lolm  W.   (;il)bons. 

Director  of  fire,  Colonel  Louis  Black. 

Dii-ector  of  accounts,  F.  C.  Bangs. 

Director  of  charities  and  cori-ection,   David  ^Morison. 

The  mayor  and  directors  constituted  tlu>  "Boai'd  of  Control;" 
the  board  met  twice  each  week  and  constitiiti'il  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  iiiunicii)al  agencies.  Mv.  Bhick  soon  I'csigncil  and  his 
jjlace  in  the  cabinet  was  liUed  by  the  choice  of  George  \V.  (iardnci-,  who 
like  Mr.  Rose  and  Dii'cctor  llci-rick  liad  had  experience  as  iiiaytn-  of 
the  city.  The  members  of  Mie  Hi-st  "  Ketieral  Plan  Councir"  wei-e  E. 
E.  Beeman.  P..  W.  .fackson.  Patrick  ■].  McKenncy,  1',  C.  O'llrien, 
.lolm  (',  Karnlielil,  .1.  K.  Holi'.  ('Iiai-lcs  ,\.  l)a\iilsoii,  Robert  I'',  .lolies, 
Albert   Straus,  .lolm    I.    Xunn,   Tlicmlofe   .M.    Pates.    I'^lroy   M.    .\very. 


1891]  MUNICIIWI,  LEGISLATION  279 

Jolin  Sk.\ nil,  John  Havlicek,  IMichael  Riley,  M.  C.  Malloy,  John  Wil- 
heliii,  .Malaclii  Ryan,  Joseph  J.  I'tak,  ami  William  Powell.  jMr.  David- 
son was  ehosen  jiri'sident  of  the  eoinu'il  and  Howard  II.  Hurgess,  city 
clerk. 

The  first  imjiortant  legislation  by  the  eonneil  was  the  jtassage  of  the 
ordinanees  estahlisiiing  the  several  departments  and  defining  their  pow- 
ers and  limitation.s.  Its  most  spectacular  jterformance  was  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  jiriee  of  artificial  (coal)  gas.  Tlie  ofifieial  record  of  the 
council  for  the  fourth  of  May,  1891,  under  the  head  of  Ordinances  In- 
troduced, contains  these   brief  entries: 

Regul.vting  the  Price  of  Gas 

By  Mr.  Xunn. 
No.  1819.     To  regulate  the  price  which  may  be  charged  for  gas  to 
be  hereafter  furnished  to  the  City  of  Cleveland  and  to  the  citizens 
thereof. 

Read  tii"st  time. 

The  rules  were  suspended — Yeas  18,  nays  2. 
R<?ad  second  and  third   times.    Pas.sed — Yeas  18,  nays  2. 

A  motion  to  reconsider  the  vote  of  passage  was  not  agreed  to — 
Yeas  1,  nays  19. 

In  its  report  of  this  meeting  of  the  council,  the  Leader  of  the  following 
morning  said : 

A  few  days  after  his  inauguration,  .Mayor  Rose  espied  Council- 
man Elroy  M.  Avery  at  the  City  Hall  and  invited  him  into  his  pri- 
%'ate  office.  The  Mayor  called  Doctor  Avery's  attention  to  the  large 
amount  of  money  spent  annually  for  lighting  the  streets  and  public 
buildings.  He  thought  that  inasmuch  as  the  lighting  companies 
enjoye(i  valuable  grants  without  price  that  the  city  should  not  be 
put  to  such  large  expense  for  gas.  Doctor  Avery  coincided  in  the 
views  expressed  by  the  Mayor,  and  was  requested  to  take  charge  of 
the  matter.  In  the  interview  which  lasted  an  hour,  it  was  agreed 
that  Doctor  Avery  should  undertake  the  task  of  securing  the  passage 
of  an  ordinance  that  would  reduce  the  price  of  gas  used  by  the  city 
to  50  cents,  or  one-half  the  present  price.  Doctor  Avery  lost  no  time 
in  beginning  work,  and  on  Saturday  night,  April  25,  six  councilmen 
met  at  the  home  of  President  Davidson,  in  Cedar  avenue.  They  were 
all  heartily  in  favor  of  the  project  which  was  unfolded  to  them,  and 
after  some  discussion  adjourned  to  meet  in  one  week.  Last  Saturday 
night  the  number  of  councilmen  in  attendance  at  the  meeting  was 
twelve.  The  JIayor  and  Director  Meyer  were  also  present.  (Jeneral 
Meyer  was  intrusted  witii  the  task  of  ])reparing  the  ordinance. 
.  .  .  It  was  unanimously  agreed  that  Doctor  Avery's  plan  of 
campaign  so  ably  outlined  should  be  carried  out.  There  were  enough 
councilmen  present  to  pass  the  ordinance,  but  the  desire  was  to  pass 


280 


CLEVELAND  A'XD  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XVIII 


it  under  a  suspension  of  the  ruk^s.  That  required  fifteen  votes.  The 
Couneilmen  were  too  wise  to  make  public  their  plans,  for  they  knew 
the  opposition  that  would  be  brought  to  bear  upon  them.  Doctor 
Avery  generously  surrendered  the  privilege  of  introducing  the  ordi- 
nance and  ilr.  Nunn  was  accorded  that  honor.  Doctor  Avery  was  to 
make  the  motions  to  suspend  the  rules  and  to  reconsider  the  final 
vote.  ilr.  Strauss  was  named  to  speak  in  favor  of  the  ordinance,  and 
the  Couneilmen  present  were  asked  to  recpiest  the  support  of  such  of 
their  colleagues  as  could  be  trusted  with  the  secret.  ...  At 
7:30  o'clock  last  night.  Director  ileyer  handed  the  ordinance  to  Doc- 
tor Avery  and  a  few  moments  later  ilr.  Nunn's  name  was  upon  it. 
The  document  was  not  sent  to  the  clerk's  table  until  9  o'clock,  when 
the  calling  of  the  wards  was  in  progress.  The  clerk  read  the  ordi- 
nance by  title,  but  few  outside  of  the  secret  paid  any  attention  until 
Mr.  Nunn  requested  that  it  be  read  in  full. 

As  appears  in  the  official  record  above  quoted,  the  rules  were  twice 
suspended  and  the  ordinance  was  passed,  eighteen  to  two.  Jlessrs. 
Jones  and  Farnfield  voted  in  the  negative.  For  the  carrying  out  of 
the  plans  of  the  conspirators,  fifteen  votes  were  needed.  How  the 
need  was  met  and  sixteen  pledges  were  secured  will  be  shown  by  the 
following  document,  hitherto  unpublished : 

Cleveland,  0.,  May  2,  1891. 
We.  the  undersigned.  Members  of  the  City  Council  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  do  hereby  agree  with  each  other  to  give  hearty  and  unflinching 
support  to  a  certain  jn-oposed  ordinance  for  the  reduction  of  the  pi-icc 
of  gas  furnished  to  and  paid  for  liy  the  city  and  its  citizens.  The 
ordinance  in  question  has  been  read  to  us.  We  hereby  pledge  our- 
selves without  any  reservation,  not  only  to  vote  for  the  ordinance  in 
the  City  Council  but  to  use  all  proper  means  to  bring  about  its  speedy 
passage. 


^r-^-c^ 


1891]  :MUXIC11'A1,  legislation  281 

Councilmcii  HtH'inaii  and  Ilavlici'k  were  not  present  at  the  final 
secret  meeting  but  tliey  were  prepared  in  advance  of  the  introduc- 
tion of  tiie  ordinance  and  voted  with  the  sixteen.  All  of  the  city 
papers  gave  extended  reports  of  what  had  been  done  and  the  Plain 
Dealer's  head  lines  said  that  the  ordinance  had  been  "engineered  very 
cleverly"  and  that  "all  tlie  newspapers  in  town  have  been  effectively 
scooped."  But  the  passing  of  tlie  ordinance  was  only  the  launching; 
there  were  stormy  waters  ahead  and  througli  them  the  ship  must  pass 
before  she  could  anchor  in  a  snug  harbor.  The  two  gas  companies 
carried  the  ca.se  into  court  and  much  litigation  followed.  The  United 
States  district  court  granted  the  companies  an  injunction  against  the 
city  and  finally  the  matter  was  adjusted  by  an  agreement  that  gas 
should  be  sold  for  seventy-five  cents  per  thousand  feet  and  that  live 
per  cent  of  the  gross  receipts  of  the  companies  should  be  paid  into  the 
city  treasuiy  and  placed  to  the  credit  of  a  cit}-  hall  fund.  In  the  first 
ten  years,  the  fund  a.s  thus  credited  with  about  half  a  million  dollars 
derived  from  the  sale  of  gas.  As  none  of  the  stock  of  the  gas  com- 
panies was  thrown  upon  the  market  it  is  verj-  certain  that  the  com- 
plaint that  the  action  of  the  council  "amounted  to  confiscation"  was 
ill-founded.  Mayor  Rose  had  a  freely  expressed  desire  to  make  his 
second  administration  memorable  and,  with  the  aid  of  his  able  director 
of  law  and  several  of  the  councilmen,  succeeded  in  doing  so;  in  fact, 
it  was  a  lively  year  in  municipal  afTPairs.  Among  the  measures  that 
awakened  general  interest  in  the  community  was  the  attempt  to  secure 
a  "City  Farm  School ""  for  the  reformation  of  bad  boys.  The  ordi- 
nance for  this  purpose  was  passed  by  the  council  and  vetoed  by  the 
mayor  on  the  ground  that  the  expense  should  be  borne  by  the  state 
and  not  by  the  city,  action  that  was  described  not  long  later  by  the 
second  president  of  the  Ohio  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction 
as  "standing  a  dollar  on  edge  between  a  boy  and  a  boy's  salvation." 
In  latei-  years,  such  an  institution  was  established  by  the  city  at 
Hudson.  Then  too  there  were  the  futile  efforts  to  secure  three-cent 
street  railway  fares  "with  universal  transfers,"  the  inauguration  of 
the  movement  for  the  reclamation  of  the  usurped  lake  front  for  the 
I'ity.  and  numerous  other  measures  that  were  by  no  means  soporific 
in  nature  or  results. 

Cleveland  Wealth  in  1891 

In  this  year  (1891),  Cleveland's  shipments  of  bituminous  coal  to 
the  upper  lake  ports  was  1,016.487  tons;  the  outward  movement  of 
freight  by  railway  aggregated  5,535,332  net  tons.    The  assessed  value 


282  CLEVELAXU  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XVIII 

of  Clevelaud  real  estate  at  this  time  was  !|;89,512.700 ;  of  personal  prop- 
erty only  a  little  more  than  .$28,000,000!  "The  real  valuation  was 
$500,000,000."  The  real  estate  transfers  and  leases  for  the  decade 
ending  on  the  thirty-first  of  December,  1891,  numbered  68,683,  and  the 
money  consideration  acknowledged  was  $258,244,403.  The  increase 
in  values  of  real  estate  in  the  business  sections  of  the  city  was  very 
great  and  nnule  millionaires  of  several  speculators  in  downtown  land. 
e.  g.,  Waldemar  Otis,  et  al. 

Revolutionary  Descendants 

On  the  nineteenth  of  December,  1891,  the  Western  Reserve  Chap- 
ter of  the  Daughtei-s  of  the  American  Revolution  was  organized  under 
the  direct  authority  of  the  National  Society,  Daughters  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution.  The  organization  of  the  new  chapter  was  the  result 
of  the  efforts  of  ~Slrs.  Elroy  "SI.  Avery,  then  a  member  of  the  District 
of  Columbia  Chapter.  The  tirst  officers  of  the  Western  Reserve  Chap- 
ter were : 

Regent,  ^Irs.  Elroy  'SI.  Avei-y, 
Vice-regent,  j\Irs.  F.  A.  Kendall, 
Corresponding  Secretary,  Mrs.  W.  A.  Ingham, 
Kecording  Secretarij,  ]\li"s.  H.  J.  Lee, 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  P.  H.  Babcoek, 
Registrar,  Mrs.  George  W.  Little, 
Historian,  ^Irs.  G.  V.  R    Wickham. 

In  later  years,  Mrs.  Averj'  was  officially  designated  as  "Founder  and 
Honorary  President."  A  little  more  than  a  year  later  (December  23, 
1892).  the  Western  Reserve  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution was  organized  under  the  authority  of  the  following  resolution 
ado])ted  at  Columbus  on  the  fifth  of  Slay,  1892: 

Whereas,  Elroy  M.  Avery  and  others  of  the  City  of  Cleveland,  State 
of  Ohio,  are  desirous  of  forming  a  local  organization  subordinate  to 
the  Ohio  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Anu'rican  Revolution,  to  be  known 
as  the  Western  Reserve  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion ;  and 

Whereas,  They  have  duly  made  appiical  ion  to  the  Oliio  Society  for 
authority  to  organize;  now,  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  hy  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Ohio  Society  of  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution;  that  Elroy  -M.  Avery  and  others  of 
the  City  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  be  and  they  ai-e  liei'cby  authorized  to 
organize  a  local  society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  to  be 
known  as  the  Westei-n  Reserve  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
IJcvolution:  that  said  Western  Reserve  Society  sluill  have  exclusive 
primary  .jurisdiction  with'  i-espect  to  llic  election  and  initiation  of  mein- 
iicr.s  in  the  counties  of  Cuyahoga,  Ashtabula,  Lake,  Geauga,  Trumbull, 


1891-92]     HISTORICAL,  COMMERCIAL  AND  PATRIOTIC      283 

Portagi'.  Sunmiit,  -Mt'iliiui,  Lorain,  Aslilaud,  Huron,  and  Erit'  in  said 
State  of  Ohio. 

The  iirst  (ifficers  of  tlio  Western  Reserve  Society  were: 

I'rcsid-fnt,  Elroy  MeKendree  Avery, 

Vke-presidcntx,  Liberty  Emery  Holdeii  and  Dudley  Baldwin, 

Secretary,  William  Tlioma.s  Wiswall, 

Treasurer,  VA\wvi  Hall  linker, 

liegistrar,  Daniel  Wilhert  Manchester, 

Ilistoridu.  Charles  Fayette  Olney. 

The  two  societies  are  still  (1918)  in  vigorous  existence,  active  in  all 
patriotic  work,  and  (in  late  years)  very  etlicicnt  in  the  work  of  the 
Americanization  of  our  foreign  born  population. 


Historical  Society  and  Chamber  of  Commerce 

In  1892,  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society  which  had  been 
organized  as  a  branch  of  the  Cleveland  Library  Association,  now- 
known  as  the  Case  Library,  was  reorganized,  incorporated,  and  given 
a  home  of  its  own  on  the  Public  Square  as  will  be  more  fully  set 
forth  in  a  later  (■bai)ter.  In  this  year,  the  Board  of  Trade  of  the  City 
of  Cleveland  was  legally  reorganized,  its  functions  enlarged,  and  its 
name  changed  to  the  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce.  On  the  first  of 
July,  1892,  there  were  owned  in  Cleveland,  forty  steel  vessels  of  which 
thirty-nine  were  steamers  and  thirty-five  were  built  in  what  had  be- 
come the  Queen  City  of  the  Lower  Lakes.  These  ships  had  a  total 
net  registered  tonnage  of  69,317  tons  and  an  insurance  valuation  of 
!^7, 119,000.  The  total  number  of  vessels  owned  in  Cleveland  was  289, 
and  their  estimated  value  was  $17,000,000.  The  estimated  aggregate 
of  annual  wholesale  sales  in  mercantile  lines  was  about  .$49,000,000,  and 
the  paid-in  capital  of  the  banks  of  the  city,  exclusive  of  the  Society  for 
Savings,  was  more  than  $15,000,000.  Owing  to  its  peculiar  organiza- 
tion, the  Society  for  Savings,  the  largest  of  the  city's  financial  institu- 
tions, has  no  capital  stock;  its  deposits  in  1892  were  more  tluin  $21,- 
000,000.  Cleveland  had  gotten  into  the  habit  of  writing  its  monetary 
statistics  in  millions. 

The  Soldiers'  and  Saiujrs'  ^Ionument 

On  the  Fourth  of  July,  1894,  the  Cuyahoga  County  Soldiers'  and 
Sailors'  ilonument  that  stands  in  the  southea.st  section  of  the  Public 
Square  was  dedicated.     The  ninnumcnt  was  mentioned  in  an  earlier 


Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Monument 


1894]  A  SUCCESSFUL  CO^^'VENTION  285 

chapter;  its  full  liistm-y  lias  Ihcii  written  hy  Major  William  J.  Gleason, 
the  president  of  the  monument  commission.  As,  iu  1872,  Clevehuid 
hail  pushed  her  boundary  line  eastward,  so  now.  the  line  was  pushed 
very  cousei-vatively  westward.  On  the  fifth  of  March,  1894,  West 
Cleveland  was  annexed,  and  on  the  thirtieth  of  April,  Brooklyn  came 
into  the  fold,  addini,'  about  thirty-two  thousand  acres  to  the  area  and 
about  eleven  thousand  to  the  jxipulation  of  the  city. 

Convention  of  Christi.\n  Endeavorers 

On  the  twelfth  of  duly  (1894).  the  thirteenth  annual  international 
convention  of  the  Christian  Endeavorers  was  held  iu  Cleveland.    With 
all  the  preparation  that  had  been  made  for  the  reception  and  enter- 
tainment of  delegates,  there  was  no  anticipation  of  the  immense  crowds 
that  came.     The  ()i)ening  meeting  had  been  scheduled  for  the  huge 
Saengerfest  Hall.*    This  hall  was  on  the  west  side  of  Willson  Avenue 
(East  Fifty-fifth  Street),  and  extended  from  Outhwaite  Street  (now 
Avenue)  to  Scovill  Avenue;  the  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  East  Tech- 
nical High  School.    The  hall  had  a  seating  capacity  for  about  twelve 
thousand,  but  on  this  occasion  it  held  many  moi'e.     At  none  of  the 
preceding  conventions  had  the  attendance  at  the  fir.st  meeting  been 
large  enough  to  till  the  hall  in  which  the  meeting  was  held,  but  long 
Ijefore  the  hour  for  the  o[)cning  of  the  first  meeting  in  Cleveland,  the 
Saengerfcst    Hall   was   tilled   and   the   throng  extended   far   into  the 
adjacent  streets.    Then  the  big  tent  at  the  corner  of  Willson  and  Cedar 
avenues  was  thrown  open  and  quickly  filled.    A  chairman  and  a  musical 
director  were  proviiled   and   it  was  not  long  before  the  convention 
hymns  were  going  up  as  though  it  had  been  originally  intended  that 
they  should  rise  from  that  point.     It  was  estimated  that  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  thousand  ]H'i-sons  were  within  the  tent,  and  thousands  more 
outside.    Then  the  near-by,  new  Epworth  ^Memorial  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) Church  was  opened,  three  thousand  Endeavorers  were  therein 
gathered,  and  a  third  meeting  was  organized.     Still  there  were  En- 
deavorers out  of  doors  and  so  a  fourth  meeting  was  organized  in  the 
Woodland   Aveinie   Presbyterian   Church   at  Woodland   Avenue   and 
Kennard  (East  Forty-sixth)  Street.    A  system  of  transfers  was  quickly 
developed  and  speakers  were  hurried  from  hall  to  tent  and  from  tent 
to  church.    And  so  the  morning  went.    It  was  estimated  that  the  total 
attendance  at  that  morning's  meeting  exceeded  thirty  thousand;   it 
set  the  high-water  mark  for  Christian  Endeavor  conventions.    At  the 
main   meeting,    the   delegates   were   welcomed   to   Ohio  by    Governor 
William  .McKinlev  who  delivered   an   earnest   and   characteristically 


See  picture  on  I'age  .")fi2. 


286 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XVIII 


dignilied  address,  and  the  Rev.  J.  Z.  Tyler  extended  the  greetings  of 
the  Cleveland  members.  The  regular  proceedings  of  the  convention 
do  not  pertain  to  a  history-  like  this. 

The  Cleveland  Postofpice 

As  stated  in  an  earlier  chapter  of  this  vohnne,  the  receipts  of 
the  Cleveland  post-ofiRce  for  the  first  quarter  of  1806  were  $2.83;  just 
what  the  total  for  the  entire  vear  was  I  do  not  know.    For  the  year  end- 


r^sesaaaK*****'': 


Old  Postoffice 

ing  on  the  thirtieth  of  June,  1890,  the  receipts  were  $-161,854.63;  for 
the  year  ending  on  the  thii'tieth  of  September,  1895,  the  receii)ts  were 
$652,627.13.  The  large  percentage  of  increase  teslilics  pretty  clearly 
to  the  general  growth  of  the  city  in  that  half  decade.  At  that  time,  the 
government  occujiicd  tln'  western  part  of  its  i)resent  site,  facing  tlie 
i'lililii'  S(|uare  (at  the  left)  as  i-eprcscntcd  in  tlic  accoiiipanyiiig  illus- 
tration. In  1871,  the  l)uil(ling  consisted  of  the  middle  section  between 
tile  two  extensions  that  were  added  at  a  later  date.     At  an  early  hour 


1893-96]  THE  COMING  CENTENNIAL  287 

ill  tlie  evening  of  tlit»  sixtooiitli  of  NoveiiiluT  of  this  year  (1895),  eaine 
a  tragic  reminder  of  tiie  danger  incident  to  the  use  of  viaducts  with 
sections  that  must  lie  swung  open  for  the  passage  of  boats  up  and  down 
the  river.  Up  to  this  time,  ("ievehmd  had  been  practically  free  from 
fatal  results  following  the  constant  menace,  but,  at  the  hour  above 
mentioned,  a  street  ear  going  to  the  South  Side  plunged  through  the 
open  draw  of  the  Central  viaduct  that  had  been  built  in  1888,  and 
into  the  Cuyahoga  River,  a  hundred  feet  below.  Just  as  the  car  went 
over  the  brink  the  motormaii  jumped.  He  and  one  passenger  were 
all  who  cscajied  death ;  the  conductor  and  sixteen  passengers  were 
drowned. 

Cleveland's  Centenni.vl  Anniversary 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association,  held  on 
the  twenty-second  of  July,  189:3,  the  Hon.  John  C.  Covert  offered  the 
following : 

Resolved — That  the  president  appoint  a  committee  of  nine  per- 
sons, of  which  he  shall  be  the  chainnan,  to  confer  with  the  City  Coun- 
cil, Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  other  local  bodies,  to  provide  for  a 
lirojier  celebration  of  the  Centennial  anniversary  of  the  landing  of 
Moses  Cleaveland  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  River  on  July  22, 
1796. 

The  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted.  The  committee  thus 
ordered,  consisted  of  the  Hon.  Richard  C.  Parsons,  chairman,  John  C. 
Covert,  A.  J.  Williams,  Bolivar  Butts,  Gen.  James  Barnett,  Wilson  S. 
Dodge,  Solon  Burgess,  George  F.  Marshall,  and  "Father"  H.  M. 
Addison.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  held  on  the 
twenty-first  of  November  of  the  same  year,  the  following  preamble  aud 
resolutions  were  adopted : 

Whereas,  The  year  1896  will  mark  the  one-hundredth  anniversary 
of  the  founding  of  the  City  of  Cleveland;  and. 

Whereas.  So  important  an  event  deserves  commemoration  in  the 
degree  to  which  Cleveland  has  made  advancement  during  that  period 
in  pojnilation.  wealth,  commerce,  education  and  arts;  therefore, 

Hesolvfd.  That  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  by  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  begin  at  once  timely  and  suit- 
able preparations  for  an  appropriate  celebration  of  the  City's  Cen- 
tennial, to  the  end  that  various  important  public  improvements  now 
in  progress,  in  contemjilation,  may,  by  unity  and  harmony  of  action, 
be  brought  to  a  culmination  in  that  year,  and  the  occasion  he  thus 
distinguished  by  tangible  evidences  of  the  city's  growth  and  glory. 

The  'committee  of  five"  thus  ordered  into  existence  consisted  of 
seven  members  as  follows-.   Wilson  ^I.  Day,  William  J.  Akcrs,  Harry 


288  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS     Chap.  XVIII 

A.  Garfield,  S.  F.  Haserot,  Webb  C.  Hayes,  George  "W.  Kinney  and 
0.  M.  Stafford.  The  report  submitted  by  this  committee  was  adopted 
by  the  chamber  and  the  committee  was  continued.  In  May,  1895, 
Robert  E.  JIcKisson,  mayor  of  Cleveland,  Wilson  M.  Day,  president 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  representatives  of  the  Early  Settlers' 
Association,  and  others  held  a  conference  at  which  a  full  centennial 
commission  was  appointed.  On  the  eleventh  of  July,  1895,  it  was  de- 
cided that  the  celebration  that  was  to  usher  in  the  second  century  of 
the  City  of  Cleveland  shoi;ld  begin  on  the  twenty-second  of  July,  1896, 
the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  Moses  Cleaveland's  arrival  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga,  and  end  on  the  tenth  of  the  following  Sep- 
tember, the  annivei-sary  of  Perry's  victory  on  Lake  Erie.  At  the 
same  meeting  of  the  commission,  Wilson  M.  Day  was  elected  as  direc- 
tor-general of  the  celebration.  The  commission  opened  head(iuarters 
in  the  city  hall  and  at  once  began  its  labors.  A  brief  account  of  the 
celebration  will  be  given  in  the  next  chapter. 


CHAPTER  XIX 

THE  CENTENNIAL  YEAR 

As  recorded  in  the  preceding  chapter,  the  second  century  of  the 
life  of  the  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  was  to  be  usliered 
in  with  an  elaborate  celebration  and  for  that  purpose  a  Centennial 
Commission  was  organized  as  follows: 

Ildnorarij  president,  Asa  S.  Bushnell, 

Honorary  secretary,  Samuel  (i.  JMcCliu'e, 

President,  Robert  E.  McKissou, 

First  u^i-cc-prcsident,  h.  E.  Holdeu, 

Second  vice-president,  A.  J.  Williams, 

Secretary,  Eldward  A.  Roberts, 

Treasurer,  Charles  W.  Chase, 

Director-generaJ,  Wilson  II.  Daj^ 

State  Members:  Asa  S.  Bushnell,  governor;  S.  M.  Tayloi',  secre- 
tary of  state ;  W.  D.  Guilbert,  auditor  of  state ;  Asa  W.  Jones,  presi- 
dent of  the  senate;  1).  L.  Sleeper,  speaker  of  the  house. 

Municipal  Members:  Robert  E.  McKisson,  mayor;  Minor  G.  Nor- 
ton, director  of  law ;  Darwin  E.  Wright,  director  of  public  works ; 
Frank  A.  Emerson,  president  of  the  city  council ;  H.  Q.  Sargent,  direc- 
tor of  schools. 

Membcrs-at-large :  William  J.  Akers,  H.  M.  Addison,  A.  T.  Ander- 
son, Bolivar  Butts,  Clarence  E.  Burke,  Charles  P.  Brush,  Charles  W. 
Chase,  George  W.  Cady,  John  C.  Covert,  Wilson  M.  Day,  George  Dem- 
ing,  William  Edwards,  Martin  A.  Poran,  Kaufman  Hays,  H.  R.  Hatch, 
Orlando  J.  Iliidge,  L.  E.  Holdon,  James  H.  Iloyt,  M.  A.  Hanna,  John 
C.  ITutchins,  George  W.  Kinney,  John  IMeckes,  James  B.  Morrow, 
Daniel  Myers,  Samuel  JIather,  E.  W.  Oglebay,  James  M.  Richardson, 
PI.  A.  Sherwin,  A.  J.  Williams,  A.  L.  Withington,  Augustus  Zehring. 

In  addition  to  this  organization  of  mere  men  there  was  a  Women's 
Department,  the  officers  and  executive  committee  of  which  were  as 
follows : 

President:     Mrs.  Mary  B.  Ingham, 

Vice-presidents:     Mrs.  Mary  Seranton  Bradford,  Mrs.  Sarah  E. 
Bierce,  Mrs.  George  Presley,  Jr.,  Mrs.  Joseph  Turnery, 
Recording  secretary,  Mrs.  Ella  Sturtevant  Webb, 
Corresponding  secretary,  Mrs.  S.  P.  Churchill, 

289 


290  CLEVEL^'lNTD  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIX 

Treasurer,  Miss  Elizabeth  Blair, 

Assistant-treasurer,  ;Miss  Elizabeth  Stanton, 

Historian,  Mrs.  Gertrude  V.  R.  Wiekliam. 

Executive  Committee:  Mrs.  Eh-oy  M.  Avery,  chairman;  Mrs. 
Charles  W.  Chase,  Mrs.  T.  K.  Dissette,  Mrs.  H.  A.  Griffin,  Mrs.  M.  A. 
Hanna,  Mrs.  P.  M.  Hitchcock,  Mi's.  0.  J.  Hodge,  Mrs.  John  Huntington, 
Mrs.  F.  A.  Kendall,  Mrs.  W.  B.  Neff,  Mrs.  N.  B.  Prentice,  Mrs.  W.  G. 
Rose,  Mrs.  L.  A.  Russell,  Mrs.  M.  B.  Schwab,  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Weed, 
Mrs.  A.  J.  Williams. 

Of  course,  there  was  a  large  number  of  very  important  committees, 
each  composed  of  able  and  efficient  members,  appointed  by  both  depart- 
ments of  the  commission. 


Celebration  of  Cleveland's  Centennial 

The  date  fixed  for  the  formal  opening  of  the  Cleveland  Centennial 
celebration  was  the  twenty-second  of  July,  1896,  but  the  series  of  com- 
memorative events  was  begun  on  the  preceding  Sunday,  the  nineteenth 
of  the  mouth.  At  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  that  day,  the  chimes 
of  Trinity  cathedral  rang  out  sacred  and  patriotic  selections ;  at  half 
past  ten,  there  wei'e  centennial  services  in  all  the  churches;  at  half 
past  two,  there  was  a  mass-meeting  of  citizens  in  the  Central  Armory 
and  another  of  the  German  Lutheran  congregations  at  Music  Hall; 
at  half  past  seven  in  the  evening,  there  were  other  centennial  services 
in  the  churches  and  a  mass-meeting  of  German  Protestant  congrega- 
tions at  the  Central  Armory.  At  the  afternoon  meeting,  the  armory 
was  elaborately  decorated  and  completely  filled  with  persons  of  all 
classes  including  many  local  organizations,  military  and  fraternal. 
The  presiding  officer  was  the  Rev.  J.  G.  W.  Cowles.  The  Cleveland 
Vocal  Society  sang  the  chorus  from  Elijah,  "Thanks  be  to  God," 
after  w-hich  the  Right  Rev.  William  A.  Leonard,  bishop  of  the  Episco- 
pal, diocese,  offered  prayer,  the  great  audience,  with  bowed  heads,  ac- 
companying him  in  the  Lord's  Prayer  at  its  close.  The  introductory 
address  of  the  chairman  closed  with  these  words: 

AVhat  1  have  said  is  introductory,  and  suggestive  oidy.  It  is  for 
tho.se  who  follow  to  exhibit,  in  various  colors  and  relations,  the  religious 
life  and  progress  of  this  city.  In  the  gi'cat  world-order  the  Jew  stands 
fir.st,  the  Catholic  next,  and  the  Protestant  la.st.  But  in  our  local  his- 
tory, the  Protestant  was  the  pioneer,  followed,  after  thirty-nine  years, 
by  the  Catholic,  and,  after  forty-three  years,  by  the  Jewish  church. 
The  contributions  of  each  one  of  these  factors  and  faiths  have  been  of 
incalculalilc  value  to  1his  comiinuiity  and  to  numkind.  Let  each  one 
speak  for  his  faith,  from  his  spi)arate  point  of  view,  and  speak  well, 
for  each  faith  deserves  to  be  well  spoken  of. 


1896]  PRELIMINARY  EVENTS  291 

Responses  to  this  invitation  came  in  addresses  by  the  Rev.  Levi 
Gilbert,  representing  the  Protestant  churches;  Mgr.  T.  P.  Thorpe, 
representing  the  Catholic  church,  and  Rabbi  Moses  J.  Gries,  repre- 
senting the  Jewish  church.  After  prayer  by  the  Rev.  Herman  J. 
Rutenik,  the  exercises  came  to  a  close,  the  audience  joining  in  the 
hymn,  "Nearer,  my  God,  to  Thee."  At  the  evening  meeting  in  the 
armory,  addresses  were  made  bj'  Mayor  McKisson  and  Director- 
general  Day,  and  others  in  German  by  several  clergymen  of  the  city. 
When  I\rr.  Day  closed  his  address  with  the  words:  "In  tlie  name  of 
the  Centennial  Commission,  I  greet  you.  God  save  the  Fatherland ! 
God  save  America!"  the  great  audience  joined  in  patriotic  applause 
and  united  in  singing  "America."  "And  the  evening  and  the  morn- 
ing were  the  first  day." 

On  the  following  day  (Monday,  July  20),  the  centennial  exhibi- 
tion of  the  Cleveland  School  of  Art,  and  the  encampment  of  United 
States  regular  troops  and  of  the  Ohio  National  Guard  were  opened. 
This  camp  was  located  on  the  farm  of  Jacob  B.  Perkins,  west  of  the 
city.  At  3  p.  m.,  Asa  S.  Bushnell,  governor  of  Ohio,  and  his  staff ; 
Robert  E.  McKisson,  maj-or  of  Cleveland ;  J.  G.  W.  Cowles,  president 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  thousands  more  met  at  the  camp ; 
the  troops  formed  a  hollow  square ;  Liberty  E.  Holdeu,  representing 
the  Centennial  Commission,  introduced  the  mayor  who  spoke  briefly 
and  well  and  then  introduced  the  govei'nor  w^ho  thus  began : 

When  Freedom  from  her  mountain  height 

Unfurled  her  banner  to  the  air, 
She  tore  the  azure  robe  of  night 

And  placed  the  stars  of  gloiy  there ! 

At  this  moment  the  halyard  on  the  flag  staff  "was  pulled,  and  the 
Star  Spangled  Banner  shook  out  in  all  its  glory,  under  the  now 
darkening  skies,  while  the  batterj'  down  below  boomed  its  salute  of 
twenty-one  guns,  in  unison  with  the  mightier  artillery  which  the  ele- 
ments had  set  rolling  overhead."  Then  the  governor  accepted  the 
camp  for  the  state  and  christened  it  "Camp  Moses  Cleav eland."  By 
this  time,  the  rain  was  coming  down  handsomely  and  the  exercises  w-ere 
quickly  closed. 

On  the  following  day  (July  21),  the  log-cabin  that  Bolivar  Butts 
and  "Father"  Addison  had  succeeded  in  having  built  on  the  north- 
east section  of  the  Public  Square  was  dedicated  and  a  reception  was 
there  held  by  the  women  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association.  At  the 
dedication,  prayer  was  offered  by  the  Rev.  Lathrop  Cooley,  "America" 


292 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIX 


was  sung  by  the  Arion  Quartet  (the  favorite  four  of  Cleveland's  male 
singers),  and  speeches  wei*e  made  by  ]\Iayor  McKisson  and  others. 
In  the  course  of  his  address,  Geu.  J.  J.  Ehvell  said  : 

From  this  cabin  to  the  building  of  the  Society  for  Savings  [only  a 
few  yards  away]  is  an  object  lesson  of  wliat  has  been  done  in  Cleveland, 
more  impressive  and  instructive  than  anytliing  I  can  say.  Look  at 
them  as  they  stand.  The  log  cabin  with  no  money — not  a  cent.  The 
bank  with  twenty  or  thirty  millions  belonging  to  the  citizens  of  Cleve- 
land and  county.  From  i^overty  to  wealth  is  the  story  they  tell.  Our 
past  has  been  glorious,  but  it  will  not  compare  with  the  glory  of  the 
future,  if  we  follow  the  footsteps  of  righteousness  that  our  forefathers 
set  before  us. 

That  night,  "when  the  minute-hand  marked  the  hour  of  twelve,  and 
Wednesday,  July  22,  1896,  stood  upon  the  threshold  of  recorded  time," 


Centennial  Log  Cabin 


the  guns  of  the  Cleveland  Light  Artillery  (Battery  A)  boomed  forth 
the  centennial  salute  in  token  of  the  completion  of  the  first  hundred 
years  of  Cleveland's  existence.  The  well  filled  program  for  Founder's 
Day  thus  ushered  in  included  a  national  salute  at  5 :  30  A.  M. ;  recep- 
tion of  guests  at  8  to  9  A.  M. ;  public  exercises  in  the  Central  Armory 
at  9:30  A.  M. ;  grand  parade  of  military  and  uniformed  civic  or- 
ganizations at  2:30  P.  M. ;  illumination  of  the  centennial  arch  and 
an  historical  pageant,  "The  Passing  of  the  Century,"  at  8  P.  M. ; 
reception  and  ball  at  the  armory  of  the  Cleveland  Grays  at  10  P.  M. ; 
carriages  as  ordered.  The  great  event  of  the  day  was  the  morning 
meeting  in  the  Central  Armory.  On  the  platform  sat  the  governor 
of  Ohio  (Asa  S.  Bushnell)  ;  the  governor  of  Old  Connecticut  (O.  Vin- 
cent Coffin)  ;  the  mayor  of  the  "TTcart  of  New  Connecticut"  (Robert 


1896]  THE  FIRST  CENTENNIAL  293 

E.  McKisson)  ;  senatoi-s  Joseph  K.  Ilawley  of  CoiuiectU'ut,  and  John 
Sherman  of  Ohio;  William  Mc-Kinley,  then  a  camlidatc  for  llie 
presidency  of  tlie  I'liited  States;  and  many  other  men  more  or  less 
distinguished.  As  ehairman  of  the  meeting',  James  II.  Iloyt  read  a 
telegram  of  eoiigratulation  from  (irover  Cleveland,  president  of  the 
United  States,  by  eleefion,  but  that  day,  by  choice,  the  far-famed 
fisherman  of  15uzzard"s  Bay.  Senator  Ilawley  was  the  princii)al 
orator  of  the  day  and  John  H.  Piatt  read  the  centennial  ode — a  song 
of  praise : 

Praise  to  the  sower  of  the  seed, 

The  planter  of  the  tree — 
What  though  another  for  the  harvest  gold 

The  ready  sickle  hold. 
Or  breathe  the  lilossom.  watch  the  fruit  unfold? 

Enongb  for  him,  indeed. 
That  he  sliould  plant  the  tree,  should  sow  the  seed. 
And  earn  the  reaper's  guerdon,  even  if  he 

Should  not  the  reaper  be. 

Governor  Coffin  then  gave  the  gi-eetings  of  the  parent  common- 
wealth and  atideil : 

In  the  early  liays,  it  has  been  claimed  Connecticut  held  by  grant  a 
wide  section,  extending  westerly  to  the  ocean.  Portions  of  this  section 
now  form  parts  of  at  least  thirteen  different  states.  But  Connecticut 
gave  up  nearly  all  this  territory,  reserving  here  in  Ohio  the  large 
tract  known  as  the  W^ester/i  Reserve.  Here,  where  we  are  met,  her 
people  i)repared  the  ground  for  a  great  eity,  which  is  now  set  as  the 
.most  beautiful  of  gems  in  the  erown  of  your  queenly  commonwealth. 
Our  pride  in  our  own  state  mounts  rapidly  as  we  contemplate  her 
splendid  daughter,  and  remember  what  glory  of  motherhood  is  hers. 

As  Governor  Coffin  took  his  seat,  announcement  of  the  gift  of 
magnificent  additions  to  Cleveland's  park  system  l)y  John  D.  Rocke- 
feller was  made.  The  negotiations  that  had  led  to  this  gift  had  been 
conducted  with  such  secrecy  that  no  inklins  of  them  had  come  to 
the  people  until  this  moment.  When  .Mr.  L.  E.  Hnklen  offered  a 
resolution  of  thanks  and  acceptance  coupled  with  a  request  that  Mr. 
Rockefeller  permit  the  new  park  to  bear  his  name,  "the  people  arose, 
as  one,  in  adoption  of  the  resolution."  Then  Governor  Bushnell  of 
Ohio  assured  Governor  Coffin  of  Connecticut  that  "from  old  IMarietta, 
where  an  Ohio  community  was  established  by  forty-eight  Connecticut 
men,  to  Conneaut.  where  Closes  Cleaveland  first  landed,  the  state  is 
yours.    In  the  name  of  all  the  people  of  Ohio,  I  extend  you  a  most 


29i  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIX 

cordial    welcome."      Then   AVilliam    McKinley    was    introduced    and 
said: 

To-day  the  present  generation  pays  its  homage  to  Cleveland's 
founders  aiid  offers  a  generous  and  unqualified  testimonial  to  their 
wisdom  and  work.  The  statistics  of  the  population  of  Cleveland,  her 
growth,  production,  and  wealth,  do  not,  and  cannot,  tell  the  story  of 
her  greatness.  We  have  been  listening  to  the  interesting  and  eloquent 
words  of  historian,  poet,  and  orator,  graphically  describing  lier  rise 
from  obscurity  to  prominence.  They  have  woven  into  a  perfect  narra- 
tive the  truthful,  yet  established,  record  of  her  advancement,  from  an 
unknown  frontier  settlement,  in  the  western  wilderness,  to  the  proud 
rank  of  eleventh  citj-  iu  the  greatest  couutrj- — America — the  grandest 
country  in  the  world.  We  have  heard,  with  just  pride,  how  marvelous 
has  been  her  progress ;  that  among  the  greatest  cities  of  the  earth,  but 
sixty-two  now  outrank  Cleveland  in  population.  Her  life  is  as  one 
century  to  twenty,  with  some  of  that  number.  Yet  her  civilization  is  as 
far  advanced  as  the  proudest  metropolis  in  the  world.  In  jjoint  of 
government,  education,  morals,  business  thrift,  and  enterprise,  Cleve- 
land may  well  claim  recognition  with  the  foremost,  and  is  fairly  en- 
titled to  the  wannest  congratulations  and  highest  eulogy  on  this  her 
centenary  day.  Nor  will  any  envy  her  people  a  season  of  self-congi-atu- 
lation  and  rejoicing.  You  inaugurate,  to-day,  a  Centennial  celebration 
in  honor  of  your  illustrious  past,  and  its  beginning  is,  with  singular 
appropriateness,  called  Founder's  Day.  We  have  lieard,  with  interest, 
the  enumeration  of  the  commercial  importance  of  this  city,  a  port  on 
a  cliain  of  lakes,  whose  tonnage  and  commerce  surpasses  that  on  any 
other  sea  or  ocean  on  the  globe.  We  realize  the  excellence  and  su- 
periority of  the  great  railroad  systems  which  touch  the  center  of  this 
city.  We  marvel  at  the  volume  and  variety  of  your  numerous  manu- 
factories, and  see  about  us,  on  every  hand,  the  pleasant  evidences  of 
your  comfort  and  culture;  not  only  in. the  hospitable  homes,  but  in 
your  churches,  schools,  charities,  factories,  business  houses;  your 
various  streets  and  viaducts,  public  parks,  statues  and  monuments — 
indeed,  in  your  conveniences,  adonunents  and  improvements  of  every 
sort,  we  behold  all  llie  advantages  and  blessings  of  the  model  modern 
city,  wortliy  to  be  both  tlie  jiride  of  a  great  city  and  a  still  greater 
nation ! 

After  brief  addresses  by  Senator  Sherman,  and  the  mayor  of  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut,  the  benediction  was  pronounced  by  the  Rev.  Samuel 
P.  Sjireeher,  and  the  audience  was  dismissed.  The  rest  of  the  program 
for  the  i]iiy,  as  above  recorded,  was  then  successfully  carried  out.  At 
a  few  minutes  after  eight  in  the  evening,  President  Cleveland  pressed 
an  electric  button  in  his  smnmer  liome  at  Buzzard's  Bay,  Massachu- 
setts, and  the  centennial  arch  "burst  into  a  flame  of  light,  amid  the 
cheers  of  the  watching  thousands."  Then  came  the  beautiful  his- 
torical pageant  that  had  been  arranged  with  great  care,  ami  then 
the  reception  and  ball,  at  the  end  of  which  or  sooner,  weary  Cleve- 


1896] 


THE  FIRST  CENTENNIAL 


295 


landers  gladly  went  to  bed  in  preparation  for  anotlier  day,  perhaps 
not  quite  so  strenuous. 

The  full  stoiy  of  the  eentennial  celebration,  compiled  by  Edward 
A.  Roberts,  secretary  and  historian  of  the  centennial  commission,  and 
published  under  an  appropriation  by  the  city  coiuicil,  makes  a  lx)ok  of 
270  octavo  pages;  of  course,  I  can  give  only  a  scant  epitome  of  that 
story. 


h'S^^'^ 


Centennlul.  Arch 


The  twenty-third  of  July  was  New  England  Day.  In  the  fore- 
noon, the  Ohio  editors  were  given  steandjoat  and  street  railway  rides, 
but  the  chief  event  of  the  day  was  the  New  England  dinner  under 
tents  on  the  campus  of  Adelbert  College  with  speeches  (of  course) 
and  a  menu  that,  "from  the  bean  porridge  to  the  Vermont  turkey," 
was  supposed  to  represent  New  England  fare  in  the  early  days.  In 
the  evening,  the  Euclid  Avenue  Opera  House  was  filled  for  the  first 
presentation  of  the  centennial  opera,  "From  Moses  to  McKisson,"  by 
the  Gatling  Gun  Battery. 


296  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIX 

The  twentj'-seventh  of  July  was  Wheelmen's  Day,  the  occasion  of 
a  great  bicycle  parade,  the  line  of  which  was  formed  in  nine  divisions. 
Ou  the  following  day,  the  Plain  Dealer  reported : 

Not  since  the  centennial  ceremonies  began  has  there  been  such  a 
turn-out  of  people  as  filled  the  eight  miles  of  parade  route  in  Cleve- 
land yesterdaj'.  The  military  had  their  thousands,  but  the  wheelmen 
luid  their  tens  of  thousands  of  admirers.  .  .  .  What  a  unique 
parade  it  was!  No  such  kaleidoscope  of  color  has  filled  Cleveland's 
streets  in  many  a  day.  The  nations  of  the  earth  were  represented. 
Gaily  decorated  yachts,  with  colore  flying  from  every  mast  and  stay, 
glided  down  the  open  stream,  their  sails  filling  with  gentle  breezes, 
that  set  their  flags  fluttering.  Butterflies  of  gaudy  hue  skimmed 
silently  over  the  pavement.  Frogs  with  goggle  eyes,  Indians  in  war 
paint,  Arabs  in  scarlet  fezes,  white  troops  of  sweet  girl  graduates, 
Romeos  in  doublets  and  trunks,  Topsys  and  Sambos,  almond-eyed  Japs, 
Uncle  Sams  of  all  ages,  and  Goddesses  of  Liberty  without  number, 
flitted  past,  until  the  spectators  gi-ew  dizzy  watching  the  constantly 
revolving  wheels. 

The  twenty-eighth  of  July  was  Women's  Day.  In  the  early  morn- 
ing, the  bronze  statue  of  Moses  Cleaveland  in  the  Public  Sipiare  was 
wreathed  with  flowers.  At  9  A.  M.,  there  were  formal  exercises  in  the 
Central  Armory,  with  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Ingham,  president  of  the  Women's 
Department  of  the  Centennial  Commission,  presiding.  There  were 
several  speeches  by  men  and  numerous  papers  on  numerous  topics  by 
women.  In  the  afternoon,  the  first  hour  was  given  up  to  "Women's 
Clubs."    The  official  report  of  the  celebration  says: 

Mrs.  Elroy  M.  Avery,  president  of  the  executive  board  and  the 
first  woman  in  Cleveland  to  be  elected  to  the  School  Council,  presided. 
In  taking  charge  of  the  meeting,  Mrs.  Avery  said: 

I  am  glad  that  the  hour  of  my  chairmanship  is  the  civic  hour.  In 
our  civic  pride  we  recognize  the  fact  that  the  building  of  such  a  city 
as  this  in  a  hundred  years  is  conclusive  evidence  of  activity  and  energy. 
This  active  and  energetic  city  needs,  and  lias,  an  active  and  energetic 
head.  Cleveland 's  mayor  is  only  a  third  as  old  as  the  city,  the  .youngest 
mayor  of  any  great  city  in  the  land.  When  the  enthusiasm  of  youth 
reinforces  wisdom,  the  combination  constitutes  the  index  of  succes-s. 
It  gives  me  gi-eat  pleasure  to  introduce  to  you  our  great  city's  honored 
chief.  Mayor  Robert  E.  McKisson. 

To  this,  the  mayor  responded  in  a  hai)py  speech  of  congratula- 
tion and  commendation.  After  the  address  of  the  mayor,  came  one 
by  J.  G.  W.  Cowles,  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Mrs. 
Benjamin  F.  Taylor  read  an  able  paper  on  "Women's  Clubs,"  and 
the  centennial  ode  bv  Miss  Ilanna  Foster  was  read  by   its  author. 


if-i**' 


^^^■t* 


f?v 


«  -ft^,»  5 


iilC'VCLE    1'aKADE 


Wheelmen's  Day  Crowd 


298  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIX 

This  ode  had  been  awarded  e,  prize  iu  a  public  competition;  the  first 
of  its  twenty -one  stanzas  follows : 

Rose,  flourished  long,  grew  old,  then  fell  asleep, 

The  hundred-gated  city  of  the  Nile ; 

But  not  of  her,  deep  sepulchered,  the  while 

Forgotten  centuries  her  records  keep ; 

Nor  Venice,  smiling  still  with  studied  grace, 

Into  the  mirror  that  reflects  her  face ; 

Nor  once  imperial  Rome,  whose  name  and  fame 

So  ruled  the  world;  old  pomp,  and  powei',  and  pride — 

Not  those  to-day !    "With  warmer,  quicker  tide 

Our  pulses  thrill !    On  sacred  altars  flame 

Pure  patriot  fires  of  love  and  loyalty. 

While  ready  hands  the  Stai-s  and  Stripes  outfling 

And  "Cleveland,"  past  and  present,  and  to  be. 

Aye,  "Greater  Cleveland,"  her  proud  sons  and  daughters  sing! 

The  rest  of  the  afternoon  was  given  to  the  subject  of  "Education," 
ilrs.  Lydia  Hoyt  Parmer  presiding.  After  the  reading  of  papers 
and  the  delivery  of  addresses  b.y  Mrs.  May  Wright  Sewall,  Jlrs.  Har- 
riet Taylor  Upton,  Mrs.  R.  IT.  Wright,  Mrs.  Kate  Brownlce  Sherwood, 
and  the  venerable  Truman  P.  Handy,  and  the  recital  of  the  Lord's 
Prayer  by  the  audience,  the  exercises  of  the  afternoon  came  to  an 
end.  A  reception  at  Grays'  Armory  from  5:30  to  6:30  P.  M.  was 
followed  at  7 :  00  by  a  banquet  served  in  the  drill  room  of  the  armorj' ; 
the  menu  wa.s  supplemented  by  the  usual  and  ample  "feast  of  reason 
and  flow  of  soul." 

The  twenty-ninth  of  July  was  Early  Settlers'  Day,  and  mainly 
devoted  to  exercises  conducted  by  the  Early  Settlers'  Association, 
the  annual  meeting  of  which  was  held  in  the  forenoon.  In  the  after- 
noon, the  members  assembled  at  the  Ing-cabin  to  give  the  photographer 
his  customary  opportunity,  to  enjoy  a  social  hour,  and  to  listen  to 
the  music  that  "Father"  Addison  evoked  from  his  ancient  violin. 

The  thirtieth  of  July  was  Western  Reserve  Day,  ushered  in  by 
a  national  salute  at  5 :  30  A.  M.  In  the  af  tex'noon,  there  was  a  mili- 
tary and  pioneer  parade.  In  the  military  part  of  the  parade  were 
United  States  regular  troops,  a  regiment  of  infantry,  a  troop  of 
cavalry,  and  a  battery  of  artillery.  There  were  also  several  regi- 
ments of  the  Ohio  National  Guard,  some  independent  companies,  and 
the  veteran  volunteer  firemen.  The  primary  object  of  the  pioneer 
part  of  the  parade  especially  "was  to  emphasize  the  development  of 
the  Reserve.    In  order  to  do  this,  contrasts  were  shown  between  the 


300 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIX 


methods  in  vogue  at  the  opening  of  the  century  and  those  in  vogue 
at  its  close.  It  was  a  historical  panorama  intensely  interesting,  in- 
structive and  impressive,  having  besides  its  military  and  civic  fea- 
tures, special  features  suggestive  of  pioneer  life — aborigines,  ox-teams, 
prairie  schooners,  stage-coaches,  hayseed  bands  and  numerous  other 
attractions.  The  evening  shadows  were  gathering  when  the  head  of 
the  column  passed  the  reviewing  stand  in  front  of  the  City  Hall." 
In  the  evening  a  large  audience  enjoyed  a  band  concert  in  the  Public 
Square. 

A  notable  event  of  this  commemorative  jubilee  was  the  yacht  re- 
gatta held  (August  10-13)  under  the  auspices  of  the  Centennial 
Commission  and  tlie  Cleveland  Yacht  Club.     There  was  a  large  num- 


Ca.MI-    I'EltKV-l'.W.NK 

ber  of  entries  with  several  interesting  contests.  On  the  eighteenth 
of  August,  the  Centennial  Ploral  Exposition  was  opened  in  llie  Cen- 
tral Armory  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the  Centennial  Commission, 
the  Society  of  American  Florists,  and  the  Cleveland  Florists'  Club. 
Three  days  were  devoted  to  the  beautiful  displays.  Meantime,  a 
tented  village  had  been  taking  form  in  tlie  fields  known  as  "Payne's 
Pastures"  on  Payne  Avenue  east  of  Hazard  (East  'I'wenty-second) 
Street.  A  little  later  (August  22-29),  tiiis  vilhige  became  the  tempo- 
rai-y  home  of  8,000  members  of  the  Uniform  Rank,  Knighls  of  Pythias, 
and  was  given  the  name,  "Camp  Perry-Payne,"  the  East  Side  an- 
alogue of  "Camp  Moses  Cleavcland"  on  the  AVest  Side.  The  event 
of  greatest  public  interest  in  connection   with   this  eiic;im|iinint  was 


o 

V, 

w 

B 


302  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIX 

the  parade  on  the  afternoon  of  the  twenty-fifth  of  Angust — one  of 
the  most  brilliant  displays  of  the  summer,  and  one  of  the  most  im- 
posing in  the  history  of  the  order. 

The  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth  of  September  were  devoted  to  a 
series  of  historical  conferences,  treating  separately  the  topics  of 
Education,  Religion,  and  Philanthropy.  The  first  two  days  were 
devoted  to  Education.  The  section  was  presided  over  by  Dr.  Charles 
F.  Thwing.  president  of  the  Western  Reserve  University.  On  the 
first  day,  the  conference  listened  to  Miss  L.  T.  Guilford  who  read  an 
entertaining  paper  on  "Some  Early  Schools  and  Teachers  of  Cleve- 
land," and  to  L.  H.  Jones,  superintendent  of  the  Cleveland  public 
schools,  and  to  Prof.  B.  A.  Hinsdale  of  the  Universitj-  of  iliehigan 
and  formerly  president  of  Hiram  College  and  superintendent  of  the 
Cleveland  pitblic  schools.  On  the  second  day  (September  8),  Mgr. 
T.  P.  Thorpe  spoke  in  the  forenoon  on  the  work  of  the  parochial 
schools  and,  in  an  eloquent,  iinpromptu  address,  the  Rev.  Levi 
Gilbert,  pastor  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  Cleve- 
land, dwelt  upon  the  need  of  high  moral  character  in  the  direction  of 
the  education  of  the  young.  In  the  afternoon.  President  Thwing 
delivered  an  address  on  "The  Development  of  the  Higher  Educa- 
tion," and  in  the  evening  Dr.  Jeremiah  Smith  of  the  Harvard  Uni- 
versity Law  School  discussed  the  special  reqviisites  for  the  profession 
of  law.  The  third  day  of  the  conference  was  given  over  to  the  sec- 
tions of  Religion  and  of  Philanthropy.  In  the  forenoon,  several 
clergymen  and  Mrs.  Ingham  spoke  for  their  several  denominations 
and,  in  the  afternoon,  L.  F.  ^lellen  read  a  paper  on  ' '  The  History  of 
the  Charities  of  Cleveland,"  Dr.  C.  F.  Dutton  spoke  on  "The  Mutual 
Relations  of  Riches  and  Poverty,"  and  Rabbi  Moses  J.  Gries  dis- 
cussed "Organized  Philanthropy."  The  several  papers  read  and  the 
addresses  given  at  the  conference  are  printed,  most  of  them  in  full, 
in  the  official  report  of  the  Centennial  Commission. 

On  the  ninth  of  September,  the  following  proclamation  was  issued: 

It  is  earnestly  and  respectfully  urged  that  the  citizens  of  Cleveland, 
as  far  as  possible,  turn  aside  from  their  usual  vocations  on  Thursday, 
September  10th,  and  heartily  engage  in  the  festivities  and  ceremonies 
of  Perry's  Victory  Daj'.  This  anniversary,  recalling  as  it  does  the 
great  pivotal  battle  for  national  supremacy  on  the  lakes,  is  a  signifi- 
cant and  important  event  in  the  city's  history,  and  its  proper  cele- 
bration mei'its  enthusiastic  co-operation  on  the  part  of  all.  Eighty- 
three  yeai-s  ago  the  announcement  of  that  famous  victory  came  to 
Cleveland,  then  a  struggling  village.  To-day  finds  it  a  city  in  which 
370,000  persons  rejoice  in  the  benefits  of  fi-eedom  and  liberty  for  which 


1896] 


THE  FIRST  CENTENNIAL 


303 


the  gallant  Perry  fmiglit.  It  is  their  privilege  to  light  the  city's  pa- 
triotic tires  to  burn  through  the  coining  century.  Cleveland  is  proud 
aiul  happy  to  ojjcn  wide  her  gates  and  give  most  cordial  greeting  to 
Governor  Lippitt  anil  other  distinguished  representatives  of  CJoinino- 
dore  Perry's  native  state.  She  is  also  honored  with  the  presence  of 
Governor  Bushnell  and  thousands  of  visitors  from  Ohio  and  surround- 
ing states.  To  this  multitude  of  guests  from  far  and  near  the  Forest 
City  is  dedicated  for  this  holiday,  and  hails  the  coming  host  with 
"Welcome,  thrice  welcome,  one  and  all." 

Robert  E.  McKisson,  Mni/or. 

At  daybreak  on  the  tenth  of  September,  came  a  national  salute 
that  brought  a  returning  fire  from  the  guns  of  the  United  States 
steamer  Michigan  wliich  lav  at  anchor  in  the  harbor.     Thus  notified 


Put-in-Bay  Memorial 


that  the  final  holiday  of  the  centennial  series  had  arrived,  citizens 
and  visitors  responded  with  a  patriotio  enthusiasm  that  had  not  been 
weakened  or  wearied  by  the  events  that  had  gone  before.  There 
was  a  mass  meeting  at  the  Central  Armory  with  Governor  Bushnell 
presiding.  The  principal  address  was  made  by  Charles  Warren  Lip- 
pitt, governor  of  Rhode  Island — Perr\-'s  native  state.  At  its  conclu- 
sion, a  resolution  was  adopted  asking  congress  and  the  Ohio  legisla- 
ture to  appropriate  money  for  a  suitable  memorial  at  Put-iu-Bay. 
Such  a  memorial  has  been  erected.  Then  Frederick  Boyd  Stevenson, 
the  poet  of  the  day,  read  a  patriotic  ode  especially  dedicated  to  the 
occasion. 


w 

a 


1S96]  THE  PIHST  CENTENNIAL  305 

A  mimber  of  the  deseeiKlaiits  of  meu  who  took  part  in  the  great 
naval  victory  on  the  lake  in  1813  were  then  introduced  to  the  audience, 
and  the  Rev.  C.  E.  Manchester,  a  relative  of  Commodore  Perry,  pro- 
nounced the  benediction  and  thus  closed  the  exercises.  In  the  after- 
noon, came  the  gi-eat  industrial  and  military  parade,  the  last  of  the 
centennial  celebration.  ' '  Tlierc  were  many  soldiers  in  the  line ;  the 
governors  of  Ohio  and  Rhode  Island,  with  their  staffs;  the  members 
of  the  Centennial  Commission ;  the  officers  of  the  United  States  steamer 
'Michigan,'  and  of  the  revenue  cutter  'Fesscnden';  many  fraternal  and 
social  organizations;  and  a  long  line  of  floats,  illustrative  of  Cleve- 
land's varied  industries,  and  the  products  of  her  factories  and  shops. 
It  was  a  ci-owning  object-lesson,  showing  what  the  city  of  Jloses 
Cleaveland  could  do,  at  this  end  of  the  nineteenth  century."  The  pro- 
cession was  viewed  by  a  (juarter  of  a  million  persons;  it  was  a 
"World's  Fair  crowd  contracted  and  condensed.  Street  ear  ti-affic 
was  suspended  for  two  hours.  The  shades  of  evening  had  fallen  before 
the  last  float  went  by  the  reviewing  stand  and  the  electric  lights  were 
called  in  to  slied  their  brightness  upon  tlie  scene.  At  an  early  hour, 
thousands  gathered  on  the  lake  front  to  see  the  Battle  of  Lake  Brie 
reproduced  in  mimic  fireworks.  As  stated  in  the  official  report,  "be- 
fore tlie  last  trumpet-call  of  the  afternoon  parade  had  died  away  the 
crowd  began  to  shift  toward  Lake  View  Park.  A  large  reviewing 
stand  had  been  erected  for  the  use  of  guests  and  members  of  the 
Centennial  Commission  and  committees,  but  passage  to  this  was  early 
impeded  and  finally  rendered  impossible,  owing  to  the  densitj-  of  the 
throng.  Not  only  did  the  park  fill  up,  but  an  overflow  movement 
was  soon  in  progress  to  the  grounds  of  the  Marine  and  Lakeside 
hospitals.  Many  persons  also  viewed  the  display  from  the  tops  of 
box  cars  on  the  railroad  tracks.  Every  accessible  point  within  range 
of  the  lake  was  occupied.  Before  7  o'clock  Summit  Sti'eet  was  im- 
passable, and  the  side  streets  leading  to  it  were  blocked  for  a  con- 
siderable distance.  Several  thousand  persons  on  board  steamers  and 
other  lake  craft  formed  an  important  addition  to  this  army  of  sight- 
seers. The  harbor  was  filled  with  vessels.  Here  and  there  a  row- 
boat  moved  quietly  about,  illuminated  with  lanterns  or  torches,  bear- 
ing small  parties  of  venturesome  j'outh.  Over  50,000  persons,  ac- 
cording to  careful  estimate,  turned  out  to  see  the  fireworks.  Not 
all  of  these  were  satisfied  with  the  display.  Indeed  the  majority 
■were  greatly  disappointed.  The  exhibition  was  in  charge  of  managers 
from  the  East,  whose  watches  registered  Eastern  time,  a  fact  which 
resulted  in  the  commencement  of  the  progr-amme  nearly  an  hour  be- 
fore the  time  scheduled  in  the  announcement.    A  great  many  people 


306 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIX 


arrived  after  the  display  had  ended,  and  many  others  who  came  early 
kept  their  places,  thinking  it  had  onlj'  beg^in. "  Later  in  the  evening, 
the  Centennial  Commission  gave  a  floral  banquet  at  the  Hollenden 
Hotel  in  honor  of  the  guests  of  the  day.  There  were  the  inevitable 
speeches  closing  with  one  by  Maj'or  McKisson  who  finally  gave  a 
sharp  rap  on  the  table  with  a  gavel  made  of  wood  taken  from  the  log 
cabin  and  officially  declared  that  Cleveland's  first  centennial  celebra- 
tion was  at  an  end. 


To  THE  Women  op  1996 

Although  the  centennial  was  thus  officially  declared  closed,  the 
women  would  not  allow  the  mayor  to  have  the  last  word.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  Women's  Department  decided  to  collate  facts  and  collect 
articles  to  be  hermetically  sealed  in  an  aluminum  box  that  was  to  be 
deposited  with  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Societj'.  On  the  after- 
noon of  Friday,  the  eighteenth  of  December,  1896,  a  large  audience 
assembled  in  the  assembly  room  of  the  Public  Library.  The  program 
was  opened  with  prayer  by  the  Rev.  Marion  Murdock,  one  of  the  two 
female  ministers  of  Unity  Church.  After  a  brief  address  by  Mrs. 
W.  A.  Ingham,  president  of  the  Women's  Department,  Mrs.  Elroy  M. 
Avery,  chairman  of  the  executive  board  of  the  department,  read  the 
inscription,  written  by  Mrs.  T.  K.  Dissette  and  engraved  on  the  lid 
of  the  box,  as  follows: 

1896  to  1996.  Greeting.  1896  to  1996. 

This  casket  contains  for  you  the  records  of  the  Women's  Depart- 
ment of  the  Cleveland  Centennial  Commission.  To  be  opened  by  a 
lineal  daughter  of  a  member  of  the  executive  board  in  1996. 


'Mrs.  W.  A.  Ingham, 
Mrs.  aiiiry  S.  Bradford, 
Mrs.  S.  P.  Churchill, 
Mrs.  T.  K.  Dissette, 
Mrs.  H.  A.  Griffin, 
Mrs.  0.  J.  Hodge, 
Mrs.  L.  A.  Russell, 
Mrs.  M.  P..  Scliwab, 
Mrs.  W.  G.  Rose, 


]\Trs.  Elrov  M.  Avery, 
Mrs.  Ella"  S.  Webb, 
Jliss  Elizabeth  Blair, 
Mrs.  W.  B.  Neff, 
Mrs.  G.  V.  R.  Wickham, 
Mrs.  Charles  W.  Chase, 
Mrs.  A.  J.  Williams, 
Mrs.  Sarah  E.  Bieree. 


Rise,  too,  ye  shapes  and  shadows  of  the  past. 

Rise  Fi-om  your  long  forgotten  graves, 

At  last  let  us  beliold  your  faces. 

Let  us  bear  Ihosc  words  you  uHci-ed. 

The  box  was  lined   with   asbestos   paper,   and   each  article   waa 
wrapped  in  tissue  paper  and  tied  with  red,  white,  and  blue  ribbon. 


1896]  TIIH  FIRST  CENTENNIAL  307 

The  contents  of  tlie  box,  as  listed  in  the  program  for  the  occasion, 
are  as  follows: 

RchitiiHj  to  the  Woiiian's  Depart ni cut  of  the  Centennidl:  Consti- 
tution, Treasurer's  Report,  JMcuiorial  History  of  tlie  Women  of  the 
Western  Reserve,  Copy  of  the  Addresses  made  on  Woman 's  Day,  Pro- 
grammes for  Woman's  Day  and  for  the  Department,  Tiekets,  Invita- 
tions, Badges,  Letters,  Membership  Roll,  and  Certificates. 

Official  I'l-ogramme,  Official  Gavel,  Official  Certification  to  Con- 
tents of  Casket. 

Centeiniial  Allium,  Quarter-Century  Lectui'cs  on  Cleveland. 

Reports:  Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  AVonuui's  Re- 
lief Corps,  W^otnan's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  Day  Nursery  and 
Free  Kindergarten  Association,  Kindergarten  Committee  of  Public 
Schools,  Bethany  Home,  Dorcas  Society,  Circle  of  Mercy,  Jewish  Coun- 
cil of  Women,  Ili-storics  of  the  Charities  of  Cleveland ;  History  of 
Women  of  Cleveland  and  Their  Work;  the  Official  Certificate  of  the 
First  Woman  Chosen  to  an  Elective  Office  in  Cleveland,  Mrs.  Elroy 
M.  Avery. 

Programmes:  The  Conversational,  Art  and  History  Club, 
Woman's  Press  Club,  Sorosis,  Literary  Guild,  Case  Avenue  Literary 
Club. 

Bael{/es  and  Pins:  W'oman's  Press  Club,  Sorosis,  Wonuui's  Relief 
Corps,  Daughtei-s  of  the  American  Revolution,  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  LTnion. 

Newspapers:  Centennial  edition  of  The  Cleveland  Leader;  Leader, 
July  29;  Woman's  edition  of  Plain  Dealer  (on  silk);  Plain  Dealer, 
July  28  and  29:  Recorder:  Press:  World;  Voice  and  Clcvelander; 
True  Repnhlic :  Journal  and  Bulletin  :  International  Messenfjer.  Hand- 
book of  City  of  Cleveland.  Map  of  Cleveland.  Ohio  Legislative  Hand- 
book. 

United  States  Flaej. 

Messaeje  from  1896  to  1996. 

Before  it  was  placed  in  the  box,  the  message  to  the  women  of 
1996,  was  read  by  the  chairman  of  the  executive  committee.  It  is  as 
follows : 

To  Women  Unborn 
1896  sends  greeting  to  1996. 

We  of  to-day  reach  forth  our  hands  across  the  gulf  of  a  hundred 
years  to  clasp  your  hands. 

We  make  you  heirs  to  all  we  have  and  enjoin  you  1o  improve 
your  heritage. 

We  bequeath  to  you  a  city  of  a  centurj-,  prosperous  and  beautiful, 
and  yet  far  from  our  ideal. 

Some  of  our  streets  are  not  well  lighted ;  some  are  unpaved ;  many 
are  unclean. 

Many  of  the  people  are  poor,  and  some  are  vainly  seeking  work  at 
living  wages. 


308  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XIX 

Often  they  who  have  employment  are  forced  to  filch  hours  for  work 
from  the  hours  that  should  be  given  to  rest,  recreation  and  study. 

Some  of  our  children  are  robbed  of  their  childhood. 

Vice  parades  our  streets  and  disease  lurks  in  many  places  that 
men  and  women  call  their  homes. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  wealth  usurps  the  throne  that  worth 
alone  should  occupy. 

Sometimes  some  of  the  reins  of  government  slip  from  the  hands  of 
the  people  and  public  honoi-s  ill-tit  some  who  wear  them. 

We  are  obliged  to  confess  than  even  now 

"Man's  inhumanity  to  man 
Makes  countless  thousands  mourn." 

How  Are  These  Things  with  You? 

Yet  the  world-family  is  better  and  happier  than  it  was  a  hundred 
years  ago;  this  is  especially  true  in  this  American  Republic,  and  has 
come  by  wisdom  working  through  law. 

We  love  our  country  and  seek  its  prosperity  and  perpetuity ;  we 
love  our  country's  flag  and  pray  for  its  greater  glory:  in  this  country 
our  men  have  mai'ched  to  victory  under  its  folds  in  three  great  wars. 

We  are  ready  to  defend  it  against  all  the  world. 

Are  You? 

This  hundred  years  has  given  to  the  world  the  locomotive  and  the 
steamboat,  the  telegraph,  telephone,  photograph,  electric  light,  electric 
motor  and  many  other  wise  and  beneficent  cliscoveries. 

Have  you  invented  a  fiying  machine  or  found  the  north  pole  ? 

Wh.vt  Have  You  Done  1 

In  this  first  centennial  year  of  our  city  we  have  planned  many 
important  works  for  the  "Greater  Cleveland"  of  to-morrow,  and  have 
appropriated  millions  of  money  for  the  execution  of  the  plans.  Among 
these  are  the  improvement  of  the  harbor;  the  widening,  straightening, 
and  cleaning  of  our  narrow,  crooked  and  befouled  river ;  the  sanitary 
disposal  of  garbage;  a  fitting  home  for  the  public  library;  the  exten- 
sion and  completion  of  an  adequate  park  and  boulevard  system;  the 
addition  of  kindergartens  to  our  public  schools. 

Wn.\T  Are  You  Doing  fob  Cleveland  ? 

Standing  by  this  casket  soon  to  be  sealed,  we  of  to-day  try  to  fix 
our  vision  on  you  who,  a  century  hence,  shall  stand  by  it  as  we  iiow  do. 
The  vision  can  last  but  a  moment,  but  before  it  ends  and  we  fade  into 
the  i)ast,  wo  would  send  up  our  earnest  prayer  for  our  country,  our 
state,  oui'  cit.v,  and  for  you. 

Amen. 

On  bcJialf  of  the  Women's  Department  of  Cleveland's  first  C'cnten- 
nial  Commission. 

Mrs.  Elrov  M.  Avery, 
Cliainnan  of  the  Executive  Committee. 


1896]  THE  FIRST  CENTENNIAL  309 

After  the  box  had  been  paeked  in  the  prescuec  of  the  assembly,  and 
the  packing  had  been  oUrtcially  certitied  by  the  mayor,  the  casket  was 
sealed  and  delivered  to  ilr.  Ileni-y  C.  Rannej-,  the  president  of  the 
Western  Reserve  Ilistorieal  Society,  to  be  carefully  preserved  for  a 
hundred  years.    In  accepting  the  trust,  Mr.  Ranney  said : 

To  lay  away  the  remains  of  the  Woman's  Department  of  the  first 
Centennial  of  Cleveland  in  this  beautiful  casket,  to  lie  until  another 
hundred  years  liave  passed  away,  is  an  event  of  unusual  importance. 
Not  a  citizen  of  Cleveland  will  be  living  then.  Not  in  sadness  do  we 
thus  fold  and  lay  away  our  past  in  this  little  sepulchre  of  aluminum, 
but  because  we  love  hunumity  and  are  deeply  interested  in  the  work 
and  progress  of  the  women  wlio  follow  us.  It  has  been  told  us  over  and 
over  again  that  Cleveland  is  proud  of  the  spirit  and  acliievements  of 
its  women;  that  no  fairer,  more  cultured  or  diligent  sisterhood  graces 
any  great  center  in  the  whole  nation  than  this  of  our  own  Forest  City. 

I  accept  the  trust  imposed,  a  long  and  continuing  trust,  and  with 
all  its  conditions  and  suggestions  this  trust  will  be  faithfully  and  re- 
ligiously kept.  A  mysteiy  deep  as  that  which  clings  about  the  tombs 
of  Egj-pt  will  enshroud  it  100  years  from  now.  I  thank  you  for  this 
compliment  to  the  Historical  Society  and  for  the  confidence  the  trust 
implies. 

Then  the  Temple  Quartet  sang  "America"  and  Miss  Murdock  pro- 
nounced the  benediction. 

The  final  meeting  of  the  Centennial  Commission  was  held  on  the 
seventh  of  January,  1897.  The  director-general  and  the  treasurer 
presented  their  final  reports,  by  resolution  the  treasurer  received  the 
thanks  of  the  commission,  and  the  meeting  was  adjourned  sine  die. 
Of  the  balance  left  in  the  treasury,  $2,455.61  was  given  to  the  Asso- 
ciated Charities,  and  the  other  $350  to  the  Floating  Bethel. 


CHAPTER  XX 

THE  METROPOLIS  OF  OHIO 

On  the  fifteenth  of  February,  1898,  the  United  States  battleship 
the  ' '  Maine ' '  was  destroyed  in  the  harbor  of  Havana.  On  the  twenty- 
fifth  of  April,  both  houses  of  congress  adopted  a  resolution  declar- 
ing that  a  state  of  war  with  Sixain  existed.  On  the  twenty-sixth  of 
April,  the  national  board  of  management  of  the  Daughtei-s  of  the 
American  Revolution  adopted  a  series  of  resolutions,  the  fii"st  two  of 
which  were  as  follows: 

Resolved,  That  the  Board  of  Management  of  the  National  Society, 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  desire  to  express  to  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  ITnited  States  their  earnest  wish  to  be  of  all  possible  service 
to  the  government,  and  to  our  soldiers  and  sailors  in  the  prosecution 
of  the  present  war  against  the  kingdom  of  Spain. 

Resolved,  That  we  recommend  that  the  members  of  our  society,  in 
every  portion  of  the  Union,  take  immediate  steps  to  the  end  that  we 
be  ready  to  serve  our  countrj-  in  this  grave  national  crisis. 

On  the  twentj'-fifth  of  May,  the  following  resolution  was  adopted 
at  a  special  meeting  of  the  Western  Reserve  Chapter  of  the  D.  A.  R. : 

Resolved,  That  the  Western  Reserve  Chapter,  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution,  recognizing  with  pride  that  in  this  grave  crisis 
our  great  organization  can  l)e  nf  immediate  sei-vice  to  our  lu-esident 
and  our  country,  and  rememliering  the  practical  value  of  the  Sani- 
tary Commission  and  relief  a.ssociatious  during  the  late  war  for  the 
Union,  does  proceed  at  onee  to  form  special  committees  to  act  with 
the  board  of  management  in  any  emergency,  and  to  co-operate  in  every 
way  possible  with  anj-  committees  appointed  by  the  national  board 
of  management. 

War  Emergency  Committees,  D.  A.  R. 

The  regent  of  the  chapter  at  once  appointed  a  War  Emergency 
Committee  consisting  of  Mrs.  Andrew  Squire,  regent;  Mrs.  J.  H. 
Webster,  vice-regent;  Mrs.  X.  X.  Crum,  secretary;  Mi's.  Virgil  P. 
Ivliuc,  treasurer;  Mrs.  0.  J.  Hodge,  registrar;  Mrs.  P.  H.  Sawyer, 
historian;  Mrs.  M.  J.  Malone,  chairman  of  committee  of  safety;  Mrs. 
Elroy  M.  Avery,  former  regent  and  vice-]iresident-gcuoral  of  the 
National  Society,  D.  A.  R. ;  Mrs.  F.  A.  Kendall,  former  regent;  Mrs.  W. 
TI.  Barriss,  former  regent,  and  l\Irs.  S.  Prentiss  Baldwin,  Mrs.  Tlinmas 

;jio 


1898]    DAUGHTERS   OF   THE   AMERICAN   REVOLUTION   311 

Boltou,  Mrs.  Stevenson  Burke,  Mi-s.  C.  W.  Burrows,  Mrs.  C.  C. 
Burnett,  Mi-s.  Oscar  Childs,  Mrs.  William  Chisholm,  Mrs.  Charles 
I.  Dangler,  Mrs.  Harvey  D.  Goulder,  Miss  Lucy  S.  Green,  Mrs. 
W.  A.  Guenther,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Hanna,  Miss  Laura  Ililliard,  Mrs. 
P.  M.  Hitchcock,  Mrs.  John  Martin,  Mrs.  Samuel  Mather,  Mrs.  Lee 
McBridc,  Mrs.  Price  McKinney,  Mrs.  C.  A.  Otis,  Jr.,  Miss  Marion 
Parsons,  Mrs.  E.  C.  Pechin,  Mrs.  S.  M.  Perkins,  Mrs.  Samuel  Ray- 
mond, Mrs.  M.  E.  Rawson,  Mrs.  W.  D.  Rees,  Mrs.  R.  R.  Rhodes, 
Mrs.  E.  H.  Seymour,  Mrs.  Benj.  F.  Taylor,  Mrs.  "W.  R.  Warner, 
Mrs.  Mars  Wagar,  Mi-s.  ('harles  Wason,  Mi-s.  W.  H.  White. 

The  regent  also  appointed  a  committee  on  the  recommendation  of 
nurses  consisting  of  wives  of  prominent  phj'sicians  as  follows:  Mrs. 
J.  A.  Stephens  (chairman)  ;  Mrs.  D.  H.  Beekwith,  Mrs.  G.  0. 
Fraser,  Mrs.  H.  W.  Kitchen,  Mrs.  H.  J.  Lee,  Mrs.  H.  W.  Osborn, 
Mrs.  N.  B.  Prentice,  Mrs.  P.  H.   Sawyer. 

On  the  following  day  (May  26),  lettere  were  sent  to  Col.  C.  L. 
Kennau  of  the  fifth  regiment  of  the  Ohio  infantrj',  encamped  at 
Tampa,  Florida,  and  to  Col.  M.  W.  Day  of  the  first  regiment  of 
Ohio  cavalry,  encamped  at  Chickamauga  Park,  Tennessee,  as  follows : 

The  Western  Reserve  Chapter,  Daughters  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution, yesterday  foniied  two  war  emergency  committees  from  its 
membei"s. 

One  is  composed  of  the  wives  of  prominent  Cleveland  physicians 
to  whom  all  nurses  must  apply,  wishing  recommendations  to  be  sent 
to  the  front  by  the  Washington  committee,  Daughters  of  the  American 
Revolution,  to  which  committee  Surgeon-general  Sternberg,  U.  S. 
Army,  and  Surgeon-general  Van  Reypen,  U.  S.  Navj^,  turn  over  all 
such  applications.  The  other  is  larger  and  contains  such  leading 
women  of  our  chapter  and  of  our  city  as  are  always  active  in  matters 
of  relief. 

We  are  ready  in  case  our  troops  need  such  assistance  as  was  fur- 
nished by  the  Sanitary  Commission  during  the  late  war.  .  .  . 
We  wantyou  to  feel  that  there  is  an  organized  committee  to  whom  you 
can  appeal  if  necessary,  by  lelegraph:  to  whom  your  physicians  may 
send  if  they  are  in  need  of  supplies. 

We  do  not  wish  to  act  in  any  prematui-e  manner,  luit  we  desire 
to  have  you  know  that  we  are  ready,  and  that  our  membership  reaches 
to  every  part  of  the  city.  We  should  also  like  to  know  if  any  of  your 
men  left  families  unprovided  for. 

Yours  very  sincerely, 
Eleanor  Seymour  Sea  Squire,  Regent. 

Immediately  upon  receipt  of  replies  to  these  letters,  headquar- 
ters were  opened  in  a  store  kindly  offered.    On  the  following  monl- 


312  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XX 

iug   (June  4),  the  Cleveland  newspapers  contained  this  announce- 
ment: 

The  War  Eiiiergency  Committee  of  the  Western  Reserve  Chapter 
of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  have  opened  head- 
quarters in  the  Garfield  Building,  No.  394  Bond  [East  Sixth]  Street. 
Ladies  will  be  in  attendance  daily  from  9  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m.  The  chapter 
is  already  in  communication  with  the  national  headquarters  at  Wash- 
ington and  with  Colonel  Kennau  of  the  5th  0.  V.  I.,  and  with  Colonel 
Day  of  the  1st  0.  V.  C. 

Major  P.  E.  Bunts,  surgeon  of  the  1st  0.  V.  C,  asks  for  hospital 
supplies  to  be  forwarded  immediately.  The  surgeon  general  of  the 
army  asks  for  pillow  slips,  pajamas  and  night  shirts.  Every  person 
who  is  willing  to  help  our  soldiei's  and  sailors  is  earnestly  requested  to 
send  in 'contributions  of  money  or  supplies.  Committees  will  pack  and 
ship  ever-ything  to  the  various  hospital  camps,  free  of  charge. 

Mrs.  Andrew  Squire,  Regent. 

Mrs.  X.  X.  Cbum,  Secretary. 

That  forenoon,  a  great  canvas  sign  was  stretched  acrossi  the  front 
of  the  store  bearing  these  words: 


WAR  EMERGENCY  COMMITTEE 

WESTERN    RESERVE    CHAPTER 
D.VUGHTERS    OF    THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION 

At  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the  room  was  full  of  food 
supplies,  and,  at  nightfall,  express  w'agons  bore  away  twenty-two 
barrels  and  ca.ses  of  food,  shipped  to  the  two  Ohio  regiments  above 
mentioned.  The  newspapers  told  the  story  on  Sunday  and,  on  Monday 
(June  6),  other  contributions  came  pouring  in,  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  sent  promise  of  active,  earnest  co-operation,  and  the  fol- 
lowing minute  was  recorded  by  the  secretary  of  the  chapter: 

Recognizing  the  desire  of  every  loyal  and  patriotic  woman  in  the 
chapter,  and  also  in  the  city  of  Cleveland  to  do  her  share  in  this  work 
of  succor  and  relief  for  the  brave  men  who  have  gone  to  tlie  front  in 
answer  to  their  country's  call,  the  war  emergency  committees  of  the 
Western  Reserve  Chapter  recommend  that  the  name  of  this  fommittee 
be  changed  to  the  War  Emergency  liclicf  Board  of  Clevchuul,  organ- 
ized by  the  Westci'n  Reserve  CJiapfer,  Daugliters  of  the  American 
Revolution,  and  every  woman  in  Cleveland  willing  to  work  in  the 
noble  cause  be  invited  \t>  becdme  a  member. 

On  the  following  moniing  (Juno  7),  the  changed  sign  across 
the  front  of  headquarters  read 


1898]    DAUUHTKHS   OK   TIIH   AM  KKICAX    HKVoLWTlOX   31:i 

The  War  Kjikrc.ency  Kei.iki'  Boakd 
Orgmiizcd  by  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution. 

On  the  nintli  of  June,  the  War  Emergency  Relief  Board 
appointed  the  following  officers  and  chairmen  of  committees,  they 
collectively  to  constitute  an  executive  committee: 

President,  ]Mrs.  Antlrow  S(|uire, 

Vice-presidents:  .Mrs.  M.  E.  Kawsoii,  .Mrs.  Saniucl  Mather,  Mrs. 
Elroy  M.  Avery,  Mi-s.  J.  II.  Welistcr, 

Corresponding  secretorij,  Mrs.  Kenyon  V.  Painter, 

Becording  secretary,  ilrs.  William  jMcLauchlan, 

Treasurer,  Mrs.  Robert  R.  Rhodes, 

Assistant  treasurer,  Mrs.  John  T.  Martin, 

Ilononin/  Viee-i>reside)its:  Mrs.  M.  A.  Ilanna,  ^Irs.  C  T.  Dangler, 
JIi-s.  Virgil  i'.  Kline.  :Mrs.  W.  A.  Leonard,  Mrs.  W.  K.  Wanier,  Mrs.  E. 
II.  Seymour,  Jlrs.  Win.  Chisholni,  I\Irs.  S.  A.  Raymond,  ]\Irs.  L.  E. 
Holden,  .Mrs.  W.  11.  Karriss,  Mrs,  Loe  McBride,  aiid  .Mrs.  J,  A.  King, 

Cliairman  in  Charge  of  Collection,  jMrs.  Frank  Billings, 

Chairman,  in  Charge  of  Distribution,  Mrs.  S.  Preiiti.ss  Baldwin, 

Chairman  in  Charge  of  Recommendation  of  Nurses,  Mrs,  J.  A. 
Stepliens, 

Chairman  in  Charge  of  Headquarters,  Mrs.  0.  J.  Hodge, 

Chairman  in  Cluirge  of  Transportation,  ]\Irs.  E.  A.  Handy, 

Chairman  in  Charge  of  Home  Relief,  l\Irs,  H,  D,  Goulder. 

On  the  following  day,  the  executive  committee  decided  to  hold  a 
meeting  on  each  Friday  morning  and  ordered  the  appointment  of 
a  committee  on  disbursement  (with  the  president  as  chairman)  to 
decide  all  matters  of  expenditure.  Mrs.  Squire  appointed  as  her 
assistants  on  the  committee  Mrs.  Samuel  Mather,  Mrs.  Elroy  M. 
Avery,  Mrs.  Robert  R.  Rhodes,  Mrs.  Frank  Billings,  and  Mrs,  Wil- 
liam McLachlan,  A  committee  on  distribution,  to  determine  whither 
supplies  should  be  sent  was  constituted  as  follows :  Mrs.  Andrew 
Squire,  Mrs.  S.  Prentiss  Baldwin,  Mrs.  E.  A.  Handy,  and  Mrs. 
Kenyon  V.  Painter,  Subsequently,  these  two  committees  were  consoli- 
dated with  ;Mrs.  ]\Iather  as  chairman,  and  with  the  name  changed  to 
The  Appropriation  Committee.  On  the  fifteenth  of  June,  the  headquar- 
ters were  moved  from  Bond  Street  to  the  Lennox  Building  at  the  comer 
of  Euclid  Avenue  and  Erie  (East  Ninth)  Street.  At  the  middle  of  July, 
the  War  Emergency  Relief  Board  became  also  Auxiliary  No.  40  of  the 
National  Red  Cross  Society,  and  it  was  unanimously  decided  to  drop 
from  the  name  of  the  board  the  words  "Organized  by  the  Daughters 
of  the  American  Revolution." 

As  finally  constituted,  the  organization  of  the  "War  Emergency 
Relief  Board,   Cleveland,  Ohio"  was  as  follows: 


314  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XX 

President,  Mrs.  Andrew  Squire,  Regent,  D.  A.  R. 

Vice-presidents:  Mrs.  M.  E.  Raw.sou,  Vit-e-chairman  Red  Cross; 
Mrs.  Elroy  M.  Avery,  in  charge  of  Auxiliary  Orgauizations ;  Mrs. 
Samuel  blather,  in  charge  of  Appropriatious ;  Mrs.  J.  H.  Webster, 
Vice-regent,  D.  A.  R. 

Corresponding  secretary,  Mrs.  Kenyon  V.  Painter. 

Recording  secretary,  Mrs.  Wm.  McLauchlau. 

Treasurer,  Mrs.  R.  R.  Rhodes. 

Assistant  treasurer,  Mrs.  J.  T.  Martin. 

Honorary  Vice-presidents:  Mrs.  j\I.  A.  Hanna,  Mrs.  W.  A. 
Leonard,  IMrs.  Win.  Chisholm,  ilrs.  AV.  II.  Barriss,  Mrs.  C.  I.  Dangler, 
Mrs.  W.  R.  Warner,  Mrs.  S.  A.  Raymond,  :Mrs.  Lee  McBride,  Mrs. 
A'irgil  P.  Kline,  Mrs.  E.  H.  Seymour,  Mrs.  L.  E.  Holdeu,  Mrs.  J.  A. 
King,  Miss  Kate  Mather,  ilrs.  M.  B.  Schwab,  Mrs.  Walter  Woodford, 
Mrs.  C.  S.  Van  Wagoner. 

Advisory  Cmnmittees:  The  members  of  the  Sanitary  Commission 
(1861-65),  Mrs.  Thomas  Bolton,  Chairman,  Mrs.  Proctor  Thayer,  Vice- 
chairman;  and  the  ililitary  Board  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Appropriation  Committee:  Mrs.  Samuel  IMather,  Mrs.  Andrew 
Squire,  ilrs.  Kenyon  \.  Painter,  Mrs.  William  MeLauchlan,  Mrs. 
Robert  R.  Rhodes, ".Mrs.  Elroy  il.  Aveiy,  Mrs.  Frank  Billings,  Mrs.  S. 
Prentiss  Baldwin,  Mrs.  E.  A.  Handy. 

Heads  of  Departments:  Department  of  Auxiliary  Organizations, 
Mrs.  Elroy  M.  Avery ;  Department  of  Headciuarters,  Mrs.  0.  J.  Hodge ; 
Department  of  Collection,  Mrs.  Frank  Billings;  Department  of  Dis- 
tribution, Mrs.  S.  Prentiss  Baldwin ;  Department  of  Transportation, 
Mrs.  E.  A.  Handy ;  Department  of  Recommendation  of  Nvirses,  Mrs. 
J.  A.  Stephens;  Department  of  Home  Relief,  'Sirs.  Harvey  D.  Goulder; 
Department  of  Train  Relief,  .Mrs.  F.  P.  Smith. 

The  rapid  succession  of  American  victories  in  two  hemispheres 
induced  the  government  of  Spain  to  make  formal  overtures  for 
peace  on  the  twenty-second  of  July,  1898,  the  American  and  Spanish 
commissioners  met  in  their  first  official  conference  in  Paris  on  the 
first  of  October,  and  the  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  on  the 
tenth  of  December.  In  the  meantime,  troops  were  returning  from 
Cuba,  etc.,  to  "God's  country;"  the  fighting  had  been  finished. 
Soon  the  transports  were  landing  their  burdens  of  misei'y  at  the 
eastern  end  of  Long  l.sland  and,  on  the  fifth  of  September,  a  tele- 
gram was  received  asking  that  graduate  nurses  be  sent  to  Montauk 
Point.  Five  were  sent  on  the  following  day,  and  the  last  one  was 
sent  o'u  the  eleventh. 

In  November,  the  several  departments  submitted  their  reports 
of  their  five  months'  arduous  laboi-s.  The  treasurer  reported  receipts 
of  $9,222.40;  the  net  balance  of  $337.11  was  divided  pro  rata  among 
the  hospitals  to  reimburse  them  in  part  for  the  cost  of  opening  new 
wards  upon  request  for  the  care  of  sick  soldiers.    The  i-cport  of  the 


1898]    DAUGHTERS   OF   THE   AMERICAN   REVOLUTION   315 

vice-president  in  charge  ol'  auxiliary  organizations  takes  up  twenty- 
five  octavo,  printed  pages.  The  188  auxiliary  organizations,  many 
of  which  were  formed  by  this  departm.eut  for  the  emergency  work, 
sent  194  boxes,  33  ban-els,  and  101  packages  of  goods,  all  of  which 
had  to  be  unpacked,  assorted,  distributed,  repacked,  and  shipped. 
The  express  companies  manifested  a  patriotic  helpfulness  and  liber- 
ality, and  the  railway  companies  cheerfully  allowed  many  a  soldier 
going  to  the  front  to  cheek  as  baggage  supplies  that  he  later  deliv- 
ered to  the  officer  for  whom  it  was  intended,  the  consignee  being 
notified  by  mail  of  the  shipment  and  the  agent  who  personallj'  con- 
ducted it  to  its  destination.  The  cash  donations  from  the  auxiliaries 
outside  of  Cleveland  aggregated  moi"e  than  a  thousand  dollars.  These 
outside  organizations  were  well  scattered  over  Northern  Ohio,  and 
extended  from  Akron,  Ashtabula  and  beyond  to  Sandusky  and  the 
River  Styx.  All  honor  and  enduring  gi-atitude  for  the  noble  women 
of  Ohio  who  thus  worked  for  God,  countiy,  and  humanity!* 

Cm)velanders  off  for  Cub.v 

In  the  meantime,  General  George  A.  Garretson,  the  Fifth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  the  Ninth  Battalion  Ohio  National  Guard, 
the  Tenth  Oliio  Volunteer  Infantry,  the  first  Battalion  Ohio  Vol- 
initeer  Light  Artillery,  the  First  Ohio  Volunteer  Cavalry,  were  in 
the  service  of  the  United  States,  and  the  men  at  home  were  giving 
active,  loyal  support  in  full  measure.  "There  was  not  the  need  for  the 
frenzied  onrush  of  recruits  that  made  Cleveland's  place  in  the  history 
of  the  civil  war  such  a  prominent  one,  but,  even  at  this,  it  contributed 
a  far  greater  percentage  of  Ohio's  quota  than  was  its  just  due.  The 
Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce  gave  a  fine  stand  of  colors  to 
every  departing  detachment."  When  the  "Boys  Came  Marching 
Home  Again,"  the  women  who  had  given  so  many  hours  of  wearj^- 
ing  toil  to  soothe  their  pains  and  to  mitigate  their  discomforts  met 
them  with  joyful  acclamations  and  whole  hearted  welcome.  Con- 
spicuous among  the  many  were  the  "White  Escort,"  organized  by 
Mrs.  Tsabelle  Alexander.  Todaj%  every  camp  of  Spanish  War  vet- 
erans has  its  Woman's  Auxiliary.  On  each  successive  Decoration 
Day,  the  veterans  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  are  supported 
by  the  Sons  of  Veterans  and  the  Spanish  War  Veterans,  with  the 


•  Cleveland,  Aiiprnst,  1918.  I  know  a  native-born  "slacker."  who,  two  years 
ago,  vociferously  proclaimed  tliat  women  should  not  be  allowed  to  vote  because 
thev  could  not  so  to  war  and  fight! — E.  M.  A. 


316 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EXVIRONS        [Chap.  XX 


"Wliite  Escort  still  doiiig  duty   in  the  comiuemorative  exercises  of 
that  sacred  anniversary. 

Mayors  McKisson  and  Farley 

Mayor  McKisson  was  given  a  second  ofScial  tenn  and,  with  the 
support  of  the  city  council  and  the  board  of  control,  kept  up  th.e 
struggle  for  better  sti'eet-car  service,  began  the  work  of  straighten- 
ing the  channel  of  the  river,  and  put  forth  heroic  measures  for  the 


Flag  Presentation  to  Volunteers  for  Cuba 

reclamation  of  the  lake  front;  he  actually  opened  to  the  water's 
edge  a  street  that  had  long  been  closed  and  occupied  by  the  railway 
companies,  and  between  two  days,  placed  thereon  lamp-posts  and 
other  symbols  of  municipal  control ;  he  built  a  bridge  over  the  rail- 
way tracks,  and  began  the  making  of  land  along  the  shore  just  west 
of  East  Ninth  Street.  In  short,  "Mayor  McKisson  wasn't  afraid." 
In  1899,  he  was  succeeded  in  office  by  John  H.  Farley,  "Honest 
Jdlui"  he  was  called  by  many  with  nobody  to  deny.  Mr.  Farley  had 
been  mavor  in  the  early  Eighties. 


Real  Queen  City  of  tite  Lower  Lakes 

The  thirteenth  census  of  the  United  States  brought  great  comfort 
to  the  Heart  of  the  Western  Reserve.  The  following  table  of  popu- 
lation gives  adequate  explanation: 


1900-01]  GRAND   AK.MV   OF   TllH    HKPrBLIC  317 

1890  1900 

Detroit  20r),876  285,70-1 

Buft'alo 2.)r),()64  352,387 

Ciiu'iiiiiati    29(i,908  325,902 

Ck'Vi'laii.l  201,35:5  381,768 

In  1890,  Ck'velaiul  hail  won  the  litU'  of  Queen  City  of  the  Lower 
Lakes;  in  1900,  Cleveland  had  become  the  Metropolis  of  Ohio. 


The  Mayor  Johnson  Era 

In  1901,  IMayor  Farley  was  succeeded  by  the  ever-to-be  remem- 
bered Tom  L.  Johnson.  Mr.  Johnson,  by  successive  elections,  held 
the  office  for  four  terms  and  during  those  eight  years  there  was 
something'-  doin*  all  the  time.  In  Septom])er,  1901,  the  thirty-fifth 
National  Encampment  of  the  Grand  Ai-my  of  the  Republic  was 
held  in  Cleveland.  A  committee  of  one  hundred  representative  citi- 
zens was  formed  and  from  it  an  executive  committee  of  fifteen  was 
chosen.  The  chairman  of  this  committee  was  General  James  Barnett, 
by  general  consent  "The  First  Citizen"  of  Cleveland;  Colonel 
H.  C.  Ellison  was  the  treasurer,  and  the  Hon.  Edward  W.  Doty  was 
the  efficient  secretary.  Of  course,  money  would  be  needed ;  of  course, 
the  money  needed  would  be  procured ;  but  the  method  of  securing  it 
"was  different."  It  was  evident  from  the  first  that  Cleveland  was 
unitedly  and  enthusia-stically  in  sympathj'  with  the  movement,  and  so  it 
was  resolved  to  give  the  entire  city  an  opportunity  to  contribute.  ' '  No 
soliciting  committee  was  foi'med ;  not  a  single  personal  call  was 
made.  The  newspapers  told  of  the  needs  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee— one  hundred  thousand  dollars  was  the  sum  it  thought  de- 
sirable. A  public  appeal  was  followed  by  circular  letters  that  were 
scattered  broadcast  over  the  city.  No  one  was  forgotten  or  neg- 
lected. The  letter  carrier  in  the  'Triangle'  bore  as  heavy  a  burden 
as  his  fellow  on  the  Euclid  Avenue  route.  Evei-y  citizen  was  invited ; 
but  no  one  was  coerced.  He  might  give  or  not,  just  as  he  chose,  and 
there  was  no  one  at  his  elbow  to  mollify."  The  executive  committee 
had  safely  trxistcd  the  people  and  the  people  responded  with  patri- 
otic and  grateful  generosity.  The  amount  of  money  sought  was 
raised ;  it  was  raised  in  an  unprecedented  time ;  it  was  all  done  joy- 
ously. In  the  same  spirit,  Cleveland  welcomed  the  thinned  and  rap- 
idly thinning  ranks  of  the  Boys  in  Blue,  acknowledging  her  obliga- 
tion openly  and  showing  her  thankfulness  gladly.  One  of  the  finest 
manifestations  of  the  univer.sal  feeling  was  the  poem  written  for 
the  occasion  by  William  R.  Rose: 


318  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XX 

1861 

Out  of  the  North,  the  loyal  North, 

They  came  at  the  Chieftain's  call; 

On  fields  of  flame  in  Freedom's  name 
They  forced  Rebellion's  fall. 
Shoulder  to  shoulder  they  pressed  along, 
Tlirilling  the  land  with  their  marching  song; 
Strident  tlie  drum  with  its  pulsing  beat, 
Rliythmic  the  fall  of  the  tramping  feet ; 
Sinews  of  manhood  under  the  blue. 
Ready  and  eager,  and  fearless  and  true : 
Loyalty's  tide,  with  resistless  flow, 
Swept  through  the  mists  of  the  long  ago. 

1901 

Slowly  they  come  with  throb  of  ilrum, 

The  flag  with  its  scars  above; 
Li  memory's  name  the  loyal  flame 

The.y  feed  from  the  cruse  of  love. 

Shoulder  to  shoulder  they  come  in  view, 

Side  by  side  in  the  dear  old  blue ; 

Halting  and  bent,  and  with  faltering  feet, 

Onward  they  plod  through  the  cheering  street ; 

Burdens  of  age  under  blouses  of  blue — 

Many  the  dead,  and  the  living  so  few ! 
Loyalty's  army,  remnant  of  yore. 
Drifts  towards  the  mists  of  the  silent  shore. 

Tom  Loftin  Johnson  was  born  at  Georgetown  in  Kentucky  on  the 
eighteenth  day  of  July,  1854.  From  1869  to  1875,  he  was  a  clerk  in 
a  street  railway  office  in  Louisville.  He  invented  several  street  railway 
devices,  bought  a  street  railway  in  Indianapolis,  and  became  a  man- 
ufacturer of  iron.  He  later  engaged  in  building  street  railways  in 
Cleveland  and  served  two  terms  (1891-95)  in  congress.  He  was  an 
ardent  advof-ate  of  the  principles  and  single-tax  theories  of  Henry 
George.  Having  accumulated  wealth,  he  practically  retired  from 
active,  money-making  cfTorts  and  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  taxa- 
tion questions  and  official  duties.  He  had  a  liking  and  a  genius  for 
sociological  contention  and  once  said  to  me:  "Some  men  who  can 
afford  it  take  their  recreation  in  gol  f  or  buy  steam  yachts ;  I  find 
my  best  fun  in  politics."  In  1901,  he  was  elected  mayor  and  soon 
thereafter  publicly  said:  "If  at  the  end  of  my  life  it  shall  be  found 
that  I  have  accomjilished  any  good  thing  for  Cleveland,  I  want  the 
credit  therefor  to  bo  given  to  Henry  George."  Tom  Johnson  certainly 
loved  and  sought  j)ower  and  some  of  his  methods  were  those  common 


1891-93] 


THE  STREET  RAILWAY  STRUGGLE 


319 


to  political  "bosses,"  but,  I  feel  sure,  he  loved  power  and  authority, 
not  for  the  selfish  and  senseless  enjoyment  of  mere  possession,  but 
rather  for  the  additional  ability  it  gave  to  do  things  in  which  he 
believed  with  all  his  heart.  I  was  not  a  believer  in  the  principles; 
that  constituted  his  main  motive  power  and,  in  several  municipal 
campaigns,  took  an  active  part  in  opposition  to  liis  candidacy.  But 
after  the  passing  of  years  and  witji  the  advantage  of  a  better  per- 
spective, I  feel,  in  duty  bound,  to  say  that  Tom  Johnson  served 
Cleveland  in  an  altruistic  spirit  and  here  developeda  civic  conscious- 


Tom  Johnson  St.\tue  in  the  Public  Square 

ness  and  energized  a  public  conscience  that  today  are  recognized  as 
characteristic  of  this,  the  field  of  his  latest  and  best  labors. 


Struggle  for  3-Cent  Street  Railway  Fare 

The  center  of  Tom  Johnson's  cyclonic  career  as  mayor  of  Cleve- 
land was  the  memorable  struggle  for  3-cent  street  railway  fare.  The 
general  situation  of  street  railway  matters  at  that  time  is  set  forth 
clearly  in  a  later  chapter.  It  will  be  enough  here  to  say  that  nearly 
all  tlie  lines  in  the  city  were  owned  and  operated  by  the  Cleveland 
Electric  Railway  Company.  The  company's  franchise,  granted  by 
the  city  council,  was  about  to  exi)irc,  and  the  council  that  could 
renew  the  franchise  was  dominated  by  Mayor  Johnson.  After  two 
years  of  legal  warfare,  the  city  council  granted  (May,  1893)  to  the 
People's  Street  Railway  Company,  a  second  low-fare  franchise.    No 


320  •       CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XX 

intelligent  Clevelancler  of  mature  age  needs  to  be  told  by  whom  or 
for  what  purpose  that  company  was  organized.  On  the  twenty -third 
of  September  of  that  year,  ground  was  broken  for  a  3-cent  line  on 
the  "West  Side  and,  on  the  following  day,  "West  Siders  said:  "It 
really  looks  as  if  we  miglit  some  day  ride  on  a  street  ear  for  three 
cents."  The  details  of  the  ensuing  fight,  for  it  was  a  fight,  cannot  be 
told  here  although  dramatic  incidents  followed  one  another  in  rapid 
succession.  For  example,  late  in  1905,  the  annexation  of  the  village 
of  South  Brooklyn  to  the  city  of  Cleveland  was  still  incomplete, 
when  Mayor  Johnson  was  informed  that  the  village  council  was 
likely  to  grant  an  extended  franchise  to  the  Cleveland  Electric  Rail- 
way Company  before  the  annexation  proceedings  were  completed. 
Then  Peter  Witt,  the  city  clerk  and  staunch  lieutenant  of  the  mayor, 
was  sent  with  a  policeman  to  South  Brooklyn  to  sieze  all  village 
records  and  papers  and  to  take  the  clerk  of  the  village  into  the  oity 
and  hold  him  there  as  long  as  might  be  necessary.  Then  a  force  of 
the  city  police  was  sent  to  the  village  to  guard  the  village  hall  and  to 
prevent  any  meeting  of  the  village  council  until  the  annexation  was 
a  thing  accomplished. 

In  the  course  of  time,  the  People's  Street  Railway  Company  became 
the  Forest  City  Railway  Company,  and  a  holding  company  known  as 
the  Municipal  Traction  Company  was  formed  and  leased  the  prop- 
erty. The  Cleveland  council  gave  this  Municipal  Traction  Company 
a  franchise  to  lay  a  duplicating  line  on  the  west  side  of  Fulton  Road, 
and,  by  resolution,  ordered  (June  11,  1906)  the  Cleveland  Electric 
Railway  Company  to  move  its  track  from  the  middle  of  Fulton  Road 
to  make  room  for  the  proposed  track  and  to  do  so  within  thirty  days. 
Fulton  Road  was  an  important  bit  in  the  proposed  advance  of  the 
low-fare  lines  toward  the  Public  Square,  but  the  order  of  the  council 
was  disregarded  by  the  old  company.  Mayor  Johnson  laid  his  plans 
for  a  coup  with  care  and  secrecy.  On  the  moniing  of  the  twenty- 
fifth  of  July,  the  mayor,  the  president  of  the  board  of  public  service, 
the  street  superintendent,  with  other  city  officials,  the  president  of 
the  Traction  Company,  and  worknien  were  at  Pulton  Road  by  five 
o'clock  and  promptly  began  the  work  of  tearing  up  the  trades  that 
were  still  in  the  middle  of  the  highway.  When  the  officials  of  the 
Cleveland  Electric  Railway  Company  tardily  heard  of  the  mayor's 
move,  they  applied  for  an  injunction  which  the  compliant  court 
promptly  granted.  The  process  server  who  was  rushed  to  the  scene 
did  not  find  the  really  responsible  party  and,  as  no  one  else  could 
call  off  the  workmen,  the  injunction  was  ignored.  For  this  palpable 
offense,  the  maj^or  and  the  president  of  the  board  of  public  service 


1906-08]  THE  STKEirr  RAILWAY  STRUGGLE  321 

were  cited  for  contempt  of  court.  The  mayor  was  exonerated  but 
his  subordinate  was  fined  a  luindrcd  dollars,  "which,  I  am  happj^  to 
say,  he  never  jiaid,"  Mayor  Joluison  says  in  liis  autobiography  entitled 
"My  Story."  On  the  first  of  November,  1896,  the  West  Siders  deco- 
rated tlieir  houses  and  made  gala  day  as  the  first  3-cent  car  went 
by   with   JMayor  Johnson   acting  as  motorman. 

All  that  now  stood  between  the  3-cent  line  (the  Three-fer  it  was 
commonly  called)  and  the  coveted  center  of  the  city  was  the  lower 
part  of  Superior  Street  from  the  eastern  end  of  the  viaduct  to  the 
l*ublic  Square,  then  occupied  by  four  tracks  of  the  old  company. 
For  years  this  had  been  "free  territory"  but  the  court  had  tied  it 
up  with  an  injunction.  In  the  night  following  the  twenty-sixth  of 
December,  1906,  the  board  of  public  service  held  a  meeting  and 
authorized  the  action  that  quickly  followed.  Hundreds  of  men  and 
scores  of  teams,  and  the  needed  material  had  been  assembled  in, 
secluded  but  convenient  parts  of  the  down-town  district.  At  mid- 
night, the  work  in  hand  was  begun  and  morning  found  a  straggling, 
zig-zag  track  laid  on  top  of  the  pavement  from  the  viaduct  to  the 
Square.  The  trolley  wire  overhead  hung  loosely  from  scantling 
arms  carried  by  trolley  poles  that  were  planted  in  cinder-filled  bar- 
rels that  were  nailed  to  weighted  wagons  to  keep  them  in  place.  And 
so  the  3-cent  fare  cars  got  to  the  center  of  the  city.  The  performance 
was   audacious,   picturesque,   and   characteristic. 

As  the  council  would  not  renew  the  expiring  franchises  of  the  old 
company,  the  best  that  the  Cleveland  Electric  Railway  Company  could 
do  was  to  lease  its  lines  to  the  Municipal  Traction  Company,  and 
this  they  did,  making  contract  provisions  that  included  protection 
of  their  employes  all  of  whom  had  been  loyal  to  the  corporation  for 
which  many  of  them  had  worked  for  years.  The  general  manager 
of  the  Municipal  Traction  Company,  now  operating  all  the  street 
car  lines  in  the  city  on  a  3-cent  fare  basis,  was  A.  B.  duPont,  a 
kinsman  of  the  mayor.  One  of  the  red-letter  days  of  the  long-drawn- 
out  struggle  was  the  twenty-eighth  of  April,  1908,  on  which  day  all 
the  cars  wei-e  run  free,  3-cent  fare  having  taken  eflfeet  on  all  the 
lines  of  the  cit}^  the  day  before.  It  was  a  day  of  triumph  for  Maj'or 
Johnson ;  the  crowded  cars  with  their  noisy  burdens  suggested  to 
some  an  importation  of  a  New  Orleans  mardi-gras,  or  "the  swarm- 
ing of  some  ten  thousand  swarms  of  ten  thousand  moving  bee-hives 
of  brown  and  yellow,"  and  to  others  the  triumphal  procession  of  a 
victorious  Caesar  coming  back  from  the  wars  with  captive  kings 
and  princes  in  his  train,  or  the  older  story  of  Achilles  dragging  the 
body  of  the  slain  Hector  three  times  around  the  walls  of  the  ancient 

Vol.  1—21 


322  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS        [Chap.  XX 

Troy.  But  today,  the  more  fitting  historical  analogue  is  the  return 
of  the  great  discoverer  from  his  first  voyage  to  the  New  World, 
when  Cohirabus  and  the  chivalry  of  Spain  rode  through  the  crowded 
streets  of  Barcelona  and  into  the  presence  of  the  waiting  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella.  The  glory  and  barbaric  pomp  were  but  for  a  day ; 
they  never  were  repeated. 

And  so  from  hour  to  hour,  we  ripe  and  ripe. 
And  then  from  hour  to  hour,  we  rot  aud  rot, - 
And  thereby  liaiigs  a  tale. 

Before  long,  Mr.  duPont  began  to  reward  the  newly-fledged 
employes  who  had  been  in  the  service  of  the  Traction  Company  by 
giving  to  them  the  choicest  runs  in  the  service,  taking  many  of  them 
from  old  employes  of  the  Cleveland  Electric  Railway  Company,  in  di- 
rect violation  of  the  terms  of  the  lease  above  mentioned.  A  street- 
railway  motorman  or  conductor  has  little  chance  for  promotion  and,  in 
general,  the  best  for  which  he  can  hope  is  the  securing  of  one  of  the 
best  runs.  F'or  instance,  a  run  that  consisted  of  consecutive  hours 
in  the  daytime  was  more  to  be  desired  than  one  that  began  at  four 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  ran  on  for  two  or  three  or  four  hours,  laid 
the  man  off  in  the  middle  of  the  day,  called  him  back  for  two  or  three 
"rush"  hours  in  the  early  evening,  laid  him  off  again,  called  him 
back  in  time  to  carry  passengers  home  when  the  theaters  closed, 
and  sent  him  home  at  or  after  midnight.  As  chairman  of  a  city  coun- 
cil committee.  I  learned  that  such  runs  were  not  rare  and  that  "swing" 
runs  were  worse ;  that  some  of  the  men  could  not  get  four  consecutive 
hours  of  sleep  out  of  twenty-four,  and  seldom  saw  their  children 
when  the  children  were  awake.  The  distribution  of  the  desirable 
runs  was  made  by  the  seniority  rule ;  i.  e.,  the  man  who  had 
been  longest  in  service  took  his  choice,  the  next  oldest  employe  took 
his  choice  of  what  was  left,  and  so  on.  Many  of  these  "plums"  were 
taken  from  motormen  and  conductors  who  had  won  them  by  long 
and  faithful  service  and  given,  in  direct  violation  of  the  terms  of 
the  lease,  to  comparatively  new  employes  whose  chief  merit  lay  in 
their  loyalty  to  the  Municipal  Traction  Company  in  the  antecedent 
era.  In  consequence  of  this  flagrant  wrong  and  some  others  of  less 
importance  to  the  men,  eighteen  hundred  of  Mr.  duPont's  employes 
"went  on  strike"  (May  1,  1908)  ;  the  question  of  wages  was  in  no 
way  involved. 

The  Tayler  Franchise 

or  course,  the  I\Iunicii)al  Traction  Companj'  needed  large,  sums 
of  money  and   capitalists  were  careful   as  to  security  before   they 


190S-10]         THE  STREET  RAll-WAV    l-'K'ANCHISE  323 

would  iiuiUc  tlie  ncodiHl  loans.  Tliuii  the  city  L-ouucil  passed  an  ordi- 
nance tliat  really  placed  the  credit  of  the  city  back  of  the  bonds  of 
the  ciiinpany.  The  law  under  which  this  was  done  provided  that 
such  an  ordinance  should  be  subjected  to  a  referendum  vote  if  peti- 
tioned for  within  a  certain  number  of  days  by  a  certain  number  of 
voters.  The  number  of  jictitioners  was  larfre  and  the  number  of 
uuexpired  days  was  small;  it  seemed  impossible  that  the  work 
could  be  done  in  the  time.  Tiien  came  the  strike  setting  free  eight- 
een hundred  able-bodied  and  intelligent  men  who  got  behind  the 
petitions  and  pushed  their  ball  over  the  line  just  in  time.  Mayor 
Johnson  had  long  been  an  active  advocate  of  the  initiative  and  ref- 
erendum, but  he  did  lujt  like  the  turn  that  things  were  taking.  In 
spite  of  the  mayor's  opposition,  the  ordinance  was  put  to  vote  (Octo- 
ber 22,  1908)  and  the  referendum  killed  it  by  the  small  majority 
of  about  600.  The  killing  of  the  ordinance  made  it  impossible  for 
the  Traction  Company  to  secure  the  needed  loans  and,  in  the  end, 
forced  the  transfer  of  all  the  lines  back  to  the  Cleveland  Railway 
Company  (^larch  1,  1910)  under  a  new  franchise  drafted  by  Robert 
W.  Tayler,  United  States  judge  for  the  Nortlicrn  District  of  Ohio. 
This  remarkable  franchise  begins  with  the  following  preamble: 

Whereas,  The  Cleveland  Railway  Company  is  the  owner  of  a  sys- 
tem of  street  railroads  within  the  city  of  Cleveland  ;  and 

Whereas,  The  Forest  City  Railway  Company,  The  Municipal 
Traction  Company  and  The  Cleveland  Railway  Company  are  parties 
to  litigation  affecting  the  ownerehip  of  various  unexpired  street-rail- 
road grants  for  lines,  all  of  which  lines  are  now  operated  by  a  receiver 
appointed  by  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Northern 
District  of  Ohio,  Eastern  Division ;  and 

Whereas,  It  is  the  common  desire  of  the  city  and  The  Cleveland 
Railway  Company  to  have  all  the  grant.s  of  street-railway  I'ights  in  the 
city  of  Cleveland  now  outstanding  surrendered  and  renewed  upon 
terms  hereinafter  recited,  to  the  end  that  the  rate  of  fare  may  be  re- 
duced, the  transfer  privileges  made  definite,  and  the  right  of  the  city 
as  to  regulation  and  possible  acquisition  made  certain ;  and 

Wliereas,  It  is  agreed  that  a  complete  re-adjustment  of  the  street- 
railroad  situation  sliould  be  made,  upon  tei-ms  that  will  secure  to  the 
owners  of  the  property  invested  in  street  railroads  security  as  to  their 
property,  and  a  fair  and  fixed  rate  of  return  thereon,  at  the  same  time 
securing  to  the  publji-  the  largest  powers  of  regidation  in  the  interest 
of  public  service,  and  the  best  street-railroad  transportation  at  cost, 
consistent  with  the  security  of  the  property,  and  tlie  certainty  of  a 
fixed  return  thereon,  and  no  more; 

Now,  therefore,  be  it  oi-dained  by  the  council  of  the  city  of  Cleve- 
land, State  of  Ohio,  etc. 


324  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XX 

This  ordinance,  No.  16238A,  passed  December  18,  1909,  approved 
by  the  mayor,  December  18,  1909 ;  accepted  by  the  Cleveland  Rail- 
way Companj',  December  20,  1909 ;  acceptance  ratified  by  the  stock- 
holders of  the  company,  Januaiy  26,  1910;  approved  at  referendum 
election,  February  17,  1910;  effective,  February  19,  1910,  and 
amended  by  Ordinance  No.  20S90B,  passed  July  10,  1911 ;  approved 
by  the  mayor,  July  14,  1911;  accepted  by  the  Cleveland  Railway 
Company,  July  11,  1911 ;  approved  at  referendum  election,  Novem- 
ber 7,  1911 ;  effective,  December  4,  1911,  provides  that  the  Cleveland 
Railway  Company  be  given  a  renewed  franchise  for  all  the  street 
railway  lines  in  the  city,  from  the  nineteenth  of  Februarj',  1910,  to 
the  first  of  ]\Iay,  1934,  in  consideration  of  a  surrender  of  all  unex- 
pired franchise  rights,  and  resei*ves  to  the  city  the  right  to  grant 
to  any  other  person  or  corporation  the  right  jointly  to  use  for  street- 
railroad  purposes  the  central  district  of  the  city  "upon  such  rea- 
sonable terms  and  conditions  as  the  council  may  prescribe."  For 
the  pui-pose  of  fixing  a  basis  for  the  rate  of  fare,  and  the  price  at 
which  the  property  of  the  company  may  be  purchased,  the  capital 
value  of  the  sj-stem  was  fixed  at  $24,091,600. 

In  the  matter  of  munieiiial  regulation,  the  principal  agent  is  a  city 
street  railroad  commissioner,  appointed  by  the  mayor,  confirmed 
by  the  council,  and  paid  by  the  company  with  the  expense  of  the  nec- 
essary "assistants,  accountants,  engineers,  clerks,  and  other  employes 
to  inspect  and  audit  all  receipts,  disbursements,  vouchers,  prices, 
payrolls,  time-cards,  papers,  books,  documents  and  property  of  the 
company."  The  commissioner  was  made  the  technical  advisor  of  the 
council  and  required  to  keep  infoniied  on  every  phase  of  the  com- 
pany's business.  Plans  and  estimates  of  all  proposed  extensions, 
etc.,  had  to  be  filed  with  the  commissioner  for  examination  and 
appi'oval,  the  final  ajipi'oval  to  be  given  by  the  city  council.  The 
com]iany  was  to  pay  the  commissioner  a  salary  not  exceeding  .$1,000 
a  month',  fixed  from  time  to  time  by  the  council,  and  to  furnish  liim 
office  room,   furniture,  stationery  and  supplies. 

The  city  reserved  to  itself  the  entire  control  of  the  service,  includ- 
ing schedules,  routes,  and  the  character  of  the  cai-s,  provided  thati 
the  service  demanded  would,  at  the  maximum  rate  of  fare,  produce 
enough  money  to  meet  the  ordinance  requirements  concerning  the 
interest  fund.  This  interest  fund  was  a  gauge  to  determine  the  rate 
of  fare.  The  ordinance  fixed  the  amount  of  this  fund  at  $500,000 
and  iiicluded  all  earnings  above  operating,  maintenance,  and  renewal 
allowances;  interest  dividends,  and  taxes  were  to  be  deducted  from 


linO-ll]  TlIK  STHKKT   KAILWAY   KUAXCIIISE  325 

the  fund.  The  preainhk>  of  the  ordinance  gave  assurance  of  a  "cer- 
tainty of  a  fixed  return  and  uo  more,"  and  the  ordinance  itself 
lixcd  suoli  returns  as  follows: 

(«)   5%  per    aiuuuu    on    the   total    bonded    indebtedness   of   the 
company. 

(b)  6%  ])er  annum  on  the  floating  indebtedness. 

(c)  6%  per  anniun  on  the  stock,  payable  quarterly. 

As  the  balance  in  the  interest  fund  weut  up  or  down,  the  rate  o^ 
fare  was  changed,  according  to  a  prescribed  schedule,  the  maximum 
rate  being  4-cent  cash  fare,  seven  ticket!?  for  twenty-five  cents,  one 
cent  for  a  transfer  and  no  rebate  thereof.  The  minimum  rate  was 
2-eent  cash  fare,  with  one  cent  for  a  transfer,  this  cent  to  be  rebated 
to  the  passengci-  wlien  the  transfer  ticket  was  taken  up  on  the  trans- 
fer line.  As  the  balance  in  the  interest  fund  weut  up,  the  rate  of 
fare  automatically  went  down,  and  vice  versa.  The  schedule  pro- 
vided ten  different  rates  of  fare ;  the  first  to  go  into  effect  was  3-cent 
cash  fare,  with  one  cent  for  transfer  and  no  rebate;  su1)sequently, 
the  rate  fell  to  3-cent  cash  fare,  with  one  cent  for  transfer  and  rebate. 
This  sliding  scale  of  fares  might  be  changed  on  demand  of  the  city 
or  of  the  company;  in  case  of  disagreement,  the  question  was  to  be 
settled  by  arbitration.  When  the  unexpired  term  of  tlie  franchise 
became  less  than  fifteen  years  (i.  e.,  after  May  1,  1919),  the  com- 
pany may  elect  to  change  the  maximum  rate  of  fare  and  to  assume 
complete  control  of  service  (subject,'  of  course,  to  the  city's  police 
powers)  on  condition  that  whenever  the  amount  credited  to  the 
interest  fund  (less  the  proportionate  accrued  pa.yments  to  be  made 
therefrom)  was  $200,000  in  excess  of  .$.500,000,  such  excess  should 
be  applied  to  the  reduction  of  the  capital  value  of  the  company,  the 
benefit  of  such  reduction  to  go  as  a  reduction  of  the  purchase  price 
to  the  city  or  its  licensee.  If  the  city  or  its  licensee  should  buy  the 
property  before  the  expiration  of  the  grant,  the  purchase  price  was 
to  be  the  capital  value  plus  ten  per  cent. ;  at  the  expiration  of  the 
grant,  this  possible  ten  per  cent  bonus  fell  off.  If  the  city  or  its 
licensee,  as  purchaser,  should  assume  the  payment  of  the  bonded  in- 
debtedness of  the  company,  the  amount  of  .such  indebtedness  must  be 
deducted  from  the  capital  value  before  determining  the  purchase  price. 

Such  are  the  characteristic  features  of  the  ordinance  which 
provides  for  a  multiplicity  of  details,  such  as  free  transportation  of 
policemen,  fii-emen,  and  employes;  operating  and  maintenance  allow- 
ances: equipment;  extensions,  betterments,  and  permanent  improve- 
ments; accounting  system.s,  etc.     The  most  prominent  of  all  the  fea- 


326  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XX 

tures  of  the  Taj-ler  gi-ant  are  the  cominissioner  and  the  interest  fund. 
The  ordinance  was  not  amended  until  August,  1918,  when,  because 
of  increased  expenditures  due  largely  to  the  war  then  going  on, 
five  additional  rates  of  fare  were  authorized,  the  maximum  being 
thus  raised  to  6-cent  cash  fare,  nine  tickets  for  fifty  cents,  with  one 
cent  for  transfer  without  rebate.  The  first  application  of  the  new 
fare  schedule,  now  in  force  (September,  1918)  fixed  the  fare  at 
5-cent  cash  fare,  five  tickets  for  twenty-five  cents,  with  one  cent  for 
transfer  and  no  rebate. 

Natural  Gas,  Street  Names,  Etc. 

While  the  long  fight  for  3-cent  fare  was  largely  attracting  the 
attention  of  the  public,  the  ordinary  events  incidental  to  municipal 
gi-owth  were  taking  place.  Thus,  the  East  Ohio  Gas  Company  was 
organized,  secured  control  of  the  two  companies  that  were  making 
and  selling  coal  gas,  and,  in  February,  1903,  began  supplying  Cleve- 
land with  natural  gas.  Most  of  this  supply  is  piped  from  "West 
Virginia  fields.  The  company  now  (1918)  has  more  than  200,000 
consumers  with  the  demand  exceeding  the  supply.  After  careful 
study  and  long  continued  deliberation,  official  and  unofficial,  the 
system  of  street  nomenclature  and  house  numbering  was  radically 
changed  (January  23,  1905).  Under  the  present  system,  the  city  is 
divided  into  four  sections,  Northeast,  Southeast,  Northwest,  and 
Southwest.  The  dividing  line  bvtwcen  east  and  west  is  Ontario  Street 
from  the  lake  to  the  river,  and  thence  southward  following  the  river. 
On  tlie  East  Side,  the  dividing  line  between  north  and  south  is  West 
Supei'ior  Avenue  and  Euclid  Avenue.  On  tlie  West  Side,  the  divid- 
ing line  between  north  and  south  is  Lorain  Avenue.  Highways  that 
run  api^roximately  east  and  west  are  called  avenues,  and  in  general 
bear  their  old  names ;  thus  St.  Clair  Street  became  St.  Clair  Avenue. 
Highways  that  run  approximately  north  and  south  are  numbered 
consecutively  east  and  west  from  Ontario  Street,  the  meridian ;  thus 
Willson  Avenue  became  East  Fifty-fifth  Street  and  Pearl  Street 
becaiiie  West  Twenty-fifth  Street.  Dead-end  liigliways  (open  at  only 
one  end)  that  run  ai)pr()xinuitely  north  and  south  are  called  Places  and 
are  iiuinbciTd  like  streets:  thus  Ilodge  Alley  became  East  Thir- 
teciilli  Place.  Dead-end  highways  that  run  approximately  east  and 
west  are  called  Courts  and  generally  bear  their  old  names  like  llio 
avenues.  Highways  that  run  along  lines  materially  diffei-eiit  from 
iioi'th  and  south,  or  east  and  west,  are  designated  as  Iloads,  with  names 
sometimes  modified  or  changed  as  seemed  desirable ;  thus  Woodland 
Tlills  .\veinie  lieciime  Woodliill  Road.     The  section  of  tli(>  city  is  gener- 


19051 


STRKET  NAMKS  AND  NUMBERS 


327 


ally  iiulioated  by  aililing  the  initial  letters,  N.  E.,  N.  W.,  S.  E.,  or  S.  W., 
to  the  name;  thus  there  is  an  East  Fifty-fifth  Street,  N.  E.,  and  an 
East  Fifty-fifth  Street,  S.  E.,  or,  more  briefly  but  just  as  definitely, 
Fifty-fifth  Street,  N.  E.,  and  Fifty-fifth  Street,  S.  E.  On  the  avenues, 
the  houses  are  numbered  one  hundred  to  the  block,  with  the  even 
numbers  on  the  right  hand  side  as  one  goes  east  or  west  from  Ontario 
Street  (the  mei-idian)  ;  thus  the  Laurel  School,  10001  Euclid  Avenue, 


IE 

I  i  B 


6  [imia  ^ 


East  Ohio  Gas  Company's  Building 


is  on  the  left-hand  (north)  side  of  the  street,  the  first  house  beyond 
the  line  of  One  Hundredth  Street.  On  the  streets,  the  houses  are 
numbered  consecutively  southward  from  the  lake  with  the  even  num- 
bers on  the  right-hand  (west)  side  of  the  street  as  one  goes  in  that 
direction ;  thus  the  Woodward  Masonic  Temple,  1949  East  One 
Hundred  and  Fifth  Street,  is  on  the  left-hand  (east)  side  of  a  street 
a  hundred  and  five  blocks  east  of  Ontario  Street,  which,  as  everyone 
knows  or  quickly  learns,  runs  through   the  middle  of  the  Public 


328  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS       [Chap.  XX 

Square,  from  which  all  distances  in  the  city  are  generally  measured. 
After  one  has  learned  a  few  fixed  facts,  such  as  that  Euclid  Avenue 
divides  the  house  numbers  of  the  streets  at  2000,  one  easily  per- 
ceives that  the  Woodward  Masonic  Temple  is  on  the  east  side  of  the 
street  just  a  little  north  of  Euclid  Avenue.  A  brief  stay  in 
the  city  soon  familiarizes  one  with  these  fixed  facts  and  with  the 
plan,  and,  after  that,  one  will  quickly  realize  the  many  advantages 
secured  by  the  change  made  in  January,  1905.  For  example,  even  an 
old  resident  of  the  city  desiring  to  find  a  person  who  lived  at  a 
certain  number  on  Logan  Street,  might  have  no  idea  where  that 
person  might  be  found,  but  when  he  is  told  that  the  desired  person 
lives  at  2035  East  Ninety-sixth  Street,  the  mind  instantly  and  with- 
out inquiry  locates  him  on  the  left-hand  or  east  side  of  the  ninety- 
sixth  street  east  of  the  Public  Square,  and  a  few  doors  south  of 
Euclid  Avenue.  He  therefore  takes  a  Euclid  Avenue  street  car, 
gets  off  at  the  corner  of  Ea.st  Ninety -sixth  Street,  walks  south  a  few 
steps,  and  without  doubt  or  delay  pushes  the  button  and  rings  the 
bell  at  the  front  door  of  the  right  house. 

Belt  Ijine  Railw^at  Not  Electrified 

About  this  time,  the  Belt  Line  Railway  scheme  was  on  the  anvil. 
The  road  was  intended  to  lessen  freight  traffic  through  the  central 
part  of  the  city  and  was  generally  believed  to  be  promoted  by  what 
were  called  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  interests  (a  not  very 
wild  guess) .  As  part  of  the  proposed  line  was  to  run  through  a  fine 
residence  section  at  the  East  End,  there  was  a  loud  demand  that 
the  road  be  made  an  electric  road,  thus  to  lessen  the  noise  incident 
to  the  passing  trains,  or,  at  least,  that  the  locomotives  be  fed  with 
hard  coal  or  oil,  thus  to  avoid  an  unnecessary  addition  to  the  already 
costly  and  offensive  smoke  nuisance  that  made  Cleveland  almost  as 
dirty  as  Pittsburgh.  But  the  council  (i.  e.,  Mayor  Johnson)  turned 
deaf  ears  to  appeals  and  threats  and  granted  the  franchise  (August 
7,  1905)  asked  for  without  imposing  any  such  restrictions.  This  is 
the  solitary  act  of  Mayor  Tom  L.  Johnson  that  has  troubled  me  to  ex- 
plain in  accordance  with  the  altruistic  spii-it  with  which  I  have  already 
credited  him. 

Moses  Cleaveland's  Bi-kiai,  Place 

In  1899,  i\Ir.  and  Mrs.  Elroy  M.  Avery  made  a  new  "Cantci'bury 
I'ilgrimagc. "  Northward  about  half  a  mile  from  Canterbury 
Green  *     they    found    a     small,     neglected     burying-ground     aliont 


Sec  map  on  page  29. 


3899-190G]    THE  CIJAVK  OF  MOS^KS  CLKAVELAND  329 

an  acre  in  area  and  surronnded  by  one  of  the  rough  fstone  walls  that, 
in  New  England,  often  serve  as  substitutes  for  fences.  The  wall 
was  much  broken  and  the  ii'on  gate  was  dilapidated  and  difficult  to 
adjust.  The  acre  was  separated  from  the  highwaj'  by  a  narrow  strip 
of  land,  the  ripening  corn  on  which  concealed  it  from  the  view  of 
passers-by.  The  little  cemetery  was  overgrown  with  tall  weeds  through 
which  two  sheep  led  the  way  to  the  graves  of  General  Moses  Cleave- 
land  and  his  nearest  relatives.  The  graves  were  marked  by  four  stone 
slabs,  two  standing  nearly  upright  and  two  lying  flat  in  their  original 
positions.  When  the  gathered  moss  was  scraped  away  from  the  up- 
right slabs,  one  was  found  to  bear  this  inscription : 


Moses  Cleaveland 

Died 

Nov.  16,  1806 

Aged  52 


The  other  upright  slab  marked  the  grave  of  "Esther,  Relict  of  Moses 
Cleaveland,  Esq."  She  died  January  17,  1840,  aged  74.  The  flat 
slabs  covered  sandstone  vaults  in  which  rested  the  remains  of  the 
pai-ents  of  the  founder  of  our  city.  These  slabs  had  to  be  freed  from 
filth  and  washed  with  water  before  the  inscriptions  could  be  read. 
The  story  of  the  quest  was  told  in  an  illustrated,  full-page  article 
printed  in  the  Plain  Dealer  (October  15,  1899)  and  the  question 
raised,  "What  are  you  going  to  do  about  it?"  The  first  satisfactory 
answer  to  this  query  came  when,  in  the  summer  of  1906,  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  appointed  Elroy  M.  Avery,  Tom  L.  Johnson,  Harry 
A.  Garfield,  Charles  Lathrop  I'ack,  Harvey  D.  Goulder,  Worcester 
R.  Warner,  and  Ambrose  Swasey  a  committee  to  take  action  in  the 
matter.  The  land  between  the  buiying-ground  and  the  highway  was 
bought  and  given  to  the  town,  and  a  contract  was  let  for  a  simple 
but  sturdy  memorial  of  Connecticut  granite.  On  the  centennial  anni- 
versary of  the  death  of  General  Cleaveland.  F.  F.  Prentiss,  president, 
IVIunsoii  Havens,  secretary,  Ambrose  Swasey,  Hubert  B.  Fuller,  and 
Elroy  M.  Avery  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  Liberty  E. 
Holden,  president  of  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society,  at  the 
old  Canterbury  burying-ground,  met  George  S.  Goddard  of  Hartford, 
the  personal  representative  of  the  governor  of  Connecticut.  Mr. 
Swase,y  placed  floral  wreaths  on  the  graves  of  Moses  Cleaveland  and 
his   wife,  but,  owing  to  the  inclemency  of  the  weather,  the  other 


190G1  TllK  CAXTKHIU'RV  MEMORIAL  331 

exercises  were  lield  in  tlie  church  at  Canterbury  Green.  At  this 
meeting  in  the  church,  Mr.  Aaron  P.  Morse,  of  the  local  board  of 
selectmen,  accepted  the  deed  of  the  land,  saying: 

It  is  witii  i)lcMsure  we  receive  this  decil  in  the  interests  of  the 
citizens  of  the  town  of  Canterbury,  and  I  promi.se  that  they  will  always 
endeavor  to  keep  the  plot  green  in  memory  of  the  nolile  man  we  have 
met  to  honor. 


CHAPTER  XXI 

THE  SIXTH  CITY 

On  the  first  of  January,  1910,  Tom  L.  Johnson  was  succeeded  as 
mayor  of  Cleveland  by  Herman  C.  Baehr  M'ho  held  the  office  for  two 
years  that  were  weak  and  colorless  as  compared  with  the  eight  years 
that  had  gone  before.  The  United  States  census  of  that  year  still 
further  inflated  the  vanity  of  Clevelanders  who  measure  greatness 
by  population  statistics.  The  comparative  table,  thus  amplified  was 
made  to  read: 

1890 

Cincinnati 296,908 

Detroit    205,876 

Buffalo    255,664 

Pittsburgh    343,904 

Baltimore   434,439 

Cleveland   261,353 

The  greater  part  of  the  inflation  above  mentioned  was  caused  by 
the  fact  that,  in  passing  Baltimore,  the  " ^Metropolis  of  Ohio"  had 
become  "The  Sixth  City"  of  the  United  States.  Prom  that  time  to 
this,  the  honeyed  words,  "Sixth  City,"  have  been  kept  as  standing 
matter  in  the  composing  room  of  every  Cleveland  newspaper  and 
rnlilicd  into  almost  every  public  or  private  mention  of  the  city. 

One  of  the  most  nieinoralilc  events  of  Mayor  Baehr's  administra- 
tion was  his  appointment  of  a  city  street  railway  commissioner  at  the 
maximum  salai-y  ($12,000  a  year)  aufhoi'izcd  by  tlio  Taylor  fran- 
chise. The  young  man  appointed  for  this  important  position  had  lately 
come  to  Cleveland  from  a  small  Wisconsin  town  and  consofiuontl}'  was 
ill  qualified  to  "act  as  the  technical  adviser  of  the  council  of  the  City 
of  Cleveland  in  all  matters"  relating  to  Ihe  operation  and  expenditures 
of  such  a  liig  business  as  was  that  of  the  Cleveland  system  of  street 
railways.  But  Mr.  Dahl  di-ew  bis  comfortable  salai-y  for  two  yeai's 
and  then  packed  his  trunk  and  abandoned  Cleveland. 


1900 

1910 

325,902 

363,591 

285,704 

465,766 

352.387 

423,715 

451,512 

533,905* 

508,957 

558,485 

381,768 

560,663 

*  Iiifhidos  Allegheny  City. 

332 


1910-13]      MAYOR  RAKER  AND  A  NEW  CHARTER  333 

County  Centennial  Celebration 

In  tlic  fall  (October  10-15,  1910),  came  a  six  days'  celebration  of 
the  centennial  of  Cuyahoga  County.  As  in  the  centennial  of  the  city, 
held  fourteen  years  before,  there  were  elaborate  programs,  processions, 
music,  cannon  salutes,  and  speeches  galore.  Perhaps  the  event  that 
attracted  the  gi-eatest  public  interest  and  admiration  was  the  parade  of 
automobiles  decorated  in  every  conceivable  manner,  ranging  from 
historieal  and  serious,  through  the  magnificently  beautiful,  to  tlie 
commonplace  and  comic.  It  was  the  fitting  successor  of  the  Wheel- 
man's Day  of  1896.  The  present  Federal  building  covering  the  sites 
of  the  old  post-office,  the  block  that  contained  Case  Hall,  and  the 
intervening  street,  was  completed  and  ready  for  occupancy  on  the 
first  of  January,  1911.  The  cost  of  land  and  building  was  approxi- 
mately it!4, 600,000.  During  the  erection  of  the  new  building,  the 
post-office  was  housed  in  the  Wilshire  building  on  the  north  side  of 
Superior  Avenue  between  West  Fourth  and  West  Sixth  streets. 

IMayor  Baehr  was  succeeded  (January,  1912)  by  Newton  D. 
Baker*  who  had  been  Mayor  Johnson's  chief  political  lieutenant  and 
the  law  director  of  the  city.  Of  the  campaign  that  lifted  Mayor  Baehr 
and  a  Republican  administration  into  the  city  hall,  Mr.  Baker  was 
the  sole  Democratic  survivor.  When  he  came  to  the  chair  that  his 
former  chief  had  occupied  for  eight  years,  he  was  accompanied  or 
quickly  followed  by  the  still  familiar  faces  of  former  members  of 
Maj'or  Johnson's  official  familj'.  In  short,  it  wa.s  the  "Henry 
George  Administration"  rediviviis.  Tom  Loftin  Jojmson  liad  been 
transferred  from  Time  to  Eternity,  but  for  the  next  four  years  Mayor 
Baker  successfully  directed  the  municipal  affairs  and  marshaled  the 
local  Democratic  hosts,  winning  victories  in  the  name  of  the  dead 
commander  much  as  victories  were  won  in  the  name  of  the  Cid  of 
Spanish  ballad  and  romance. 

Home  Rule  Charter  Framed 

Under  authority  of  a  new  state  constitution  that  had  been  framed 
by  a  convention  and  approved  by  a  vote  of  the  people  in  1912,  the 
voters  of  Cleveland  elected  fifteen  commissioners  who  framed  the 
present  "Home  Rule"  charter  for  the  city.  The  charter  was  approved 
by  the  voters  of  the  city  in  July,  1913,  and,  under  its  provisions, 
officers  were  elected  in  the  following  November.  The  characteristic 
features  of  this  new  city  charter  are  set  forth  in  a  later  chapter  of 
this  volume. 


'  See  portrait  on  page  441. 


334  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS     [Chap.  XXI 

Centennial  Celebration  of  Perry's  Victory 

In  this  summer,  came  the  Centennial  Celebration  (September 
14-17,  1913)  of  Perry's  victory  on  Lake  Erie.  Centennial  celebra- 
tions had  become  somewhat  common,  but  the  people  of  the  city  were 
quite  ready  for  another.  In  the  official  souvenir  program,  Mayor 
Baker,  as  chairman  ex-officio  of  the  "Cleveland  Perry  Centennial 
Celebration   Commission,"  said: 

Cleveland  during  these  days  is  turning  aside  from  her  accustomed 
commercial  and  industrial  activities,  and  with  the  same  vigor  and 
earnestness  that  mark  her  success  in  them  is  showing  the  loj-alty  of 
her  people  to  the  best  traditions  of  the  Republic.  Our  aspiration  for 
a  finer  and  higher  city  civilization  in  Cleveland  will  be  stinndatod  by 
tlie  recollection  that  it  rests  upou  foundations  of  so  heroic  and  patri- 
otic a  character. 

The  purpose  of  the  celebration  as  officially  stated  was  as  follows : 

A  hundred  years  has  wrought  mighty  changes  in  our  country  and 
we  celebrate  the  Centennial  of  one  of  the  greatest  achievements  of 
history.  There  is  something  sublime  in  the  roll  of  centuries  measui-ed 
by  the  flight  of  revolving  years,  but  there  is  something  more  sublime 
in  measuring  the  march  of  progress  as  it  is  directed  by  a  wise  Provi- 
dence and  achieved  by  a  heroic  people  to  secure  the  perpetuation  of  a 
Republic  and  the  liberties  of  a  suffering  people  and  to  bring  perpetual 
peace  among  nations  that  once  were  at  war  with  each  other. 

"We  aim  in  this  to  show  four  things : 

First.     The  importance  of  the  battles  with  their  victories. 

Second.  The  great  undertaking  of  transporting  men  and  the 
munitions  of  war  across  an  almost  pathless  forest  for  hundreds  of  miles 
and  to  establish  naval  stations  in  tlie  si)arscly  settled  regions  of  tlie 
Great  Lakes. 

Third.  The  high  character  of  the  fleet,  the  skill  and  genius  of  the 
men  who  built  and  manned  it. 

Fourth.  The  splendid  endowment  of  Commodore  Perry,  and  the 
bravery  of  the  men  who  fought  with  him  and  his  noble  purpose  to 
serve  and  save  his  country. 

NiAOAR.\  Day 

Henry  Watterson,  the  veteran  editor  of  the  Louisville  Courier- 
Journal  supplied  the  story  of  the  battle,  and  there  was  an  elaborate 
and  lengthy  list  of  committees  and  the  members  thereof. 

Sunday,  the  fourteenth  of  Septenil)er,  was  designated  as  "Niagara 
Day,"  with  special  services  in  all  tlie  churches  and  a  reception  on 
board  the  government  ships  in  tlic  harlior  in  the  forenoon.    In  the 


1913]  AXOTIIKR  C'ENTENN'IAL  CELEBRATION  335 

afternoon,  a  naval  pai-ado  wont  out  into  the  lake  to  meet  the  "Ni- 
agara," Perry's  tla^'sliij),  rebuilt  and  refitted  after  the  long  sleep 
of  the  famous  old  briy  at  the  bottom  of  ilisery  Bay,  Pres(iue  Isle 
Harbor,  Erie,  Pennsylvania.  At  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  there 
was  a  reception  of  the  "Niagara"  at  the  East  Ninth  Street  pier, 
with  appropi-iate  nuisie  and  addresses,  after  which  came  the  "Pre- 
sentation of  the  "Niagara"  by  the  lion.  Harvey  D.  Goulder,  chair- 
man of  the  reeei)tion  committee"  and  its  "Acceptance  by  the  Hon. 
Newton   D.    Bakei-.   maviir   of  the   City   of  Cleveland."    Meanwhile, 


The  D.\y  BEKonE  the  L.\unching 

there  were  commemorative  exercises  at  Washington  Park  and  water 
sports  at  Gordon  Park.  In  the  evening,  there  was  an  illuminated 
motor  boat  parade  along  the  city  front. 

Perry  Day 

Monday,  the  fifteenth  of  September,  was  "Perry  Day"  with  nnmer- 
ous  exhibitions  of  relies  of  the  war  of  1812,  old  and  new  railway  loco- 
motives and  trains,  fleet  tactics  bj-  the  naval  militia  ships,  life-saving 
drill  by  the  T'nited  States  Life  Saving  Crew,  and  naval  target  prac- 
tice, and  aeroplane  flights.  In  the  evening,  came  a  decorative  automo- 
bile parade  (with  prizes),  and  a  reception  at  the  Hollenden  Hotel  by 
women's  organizations,  with  Mayor  and  i\Irs.  Baker  at  the  head  of 
the   receiving  line.    United   States  troops   were   in   camp   at  Edge- 


336 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS     [Chap.  XXI 


water  Park  aud  carnival  shows  iu  full  bloom  on  the  lake  front  at 
the  foot  of  East  Ninth  Street. 

ChejDren  's  and  Women  's  Day 

Tuesday,  the  sixteenth  of  September,  was  "Children's  and 
Women's  Day"  with  literary  and  musical  exercises  iu  the  forenoon 
at  the  Hollenden.  In  the  afternoon,  there  were  exercises  at  the  Perry 
monument  in  Gordon  Park,  Harvey  D.  Goulder,  chairman;  music 
by  the  Perry  orchestra  and  the  Children's  chorus,  and  an  address 
by  the  Hon.  John  H.  Clarke  (now  a  member  of  the  United  States 
supreme  court).  In  the  evening,  there  were  "Perry  Patriotic  Exer- 
cises," largely  musical,  at  the  Graj's'  Armory,  William  Gordon, 
cliairnian,  and  Dr.  Mattoon  M.  Curtis,  speaker ;  at  Brookside  Park,  W. 


.   ^al 


The  NiAGAiiA  Entkring  CLEViiLANU  Harbor 

J.  Clark,  chairman,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Dan  F.  Bradley,  speaker;  at 
Edgewater  I'ark,  Mayor  Baker,  chairman,  aud  the  Rev.  Francis  T. 
Moran,  speaker;  at  Wade  Park,  the  Hon.  Martin  A.  Foran,  chair- 
man, and  Rabbi  M.  J.  Grics,  speaker;  and  at  Miles  Park,  W.  R. 
Hopkins,  chairman,  and  the  Rev.  M.  J.  Keyes,  speaker.  The  "Ni- 
agara" was  kept  open  all  day  to  the  school  children;  eveiy  child 
who  visited  the  ship  was  given  an  American  flag.  The  carnival  shows 
were  still  doing  business  on  the  lake  front. 


Conclusion  op  the  Celebration 

On  Wednesday,  the  seventeenth  of  September,  there  were  motor 
boat  races  off  Gordon  Park  and  the  annual  Work  Horse  parade  (with 


1916-17]  CLEVELAND  IX  EPITOME  337 

prizes)  in  the  t'luviinoii,  and  in  tlic  al'kTiuion  tlic  j;Tan(l  Perrj'  Cen- 
tennial jiarade.  .Major  CliaiU's  K.  Miller,  grand  niai-sluil,  and  Lien- 
tenant-eolonel  Felix  Rosenburg,  chief  of  staff.  There  were  eight 
divisions,  the  eighth  consisting  of  industrial  and  decorated  floats. 
In  the  evening,  there  were  fireworks  in  Edgewater,  Gordon,  and 
Lakeview  parks,  with  the  Ihiited  States  troops  still  in  camp  and 
the  carnival  shows  still  guarding  the  city's  exposed  lake  front. 

Mayor  Baker  Enters  the  Wilson  Cabinet 

At  the  end  of  his  second  term,  Mayor  Baker  declined  a  rcnomina- 
tion  and  soon  became  a  member  of  President  Woodrovv  Wilson's  cabi- 
net as  secretary  of  war.  His  successor  was  Harry  L.  Davis,  who  is 
now  (1918)  serving  his  second  term.  Among  the  events  of  this  ad- 
ministration may  be  mentioned  the  completion  and  occupancy  of  the 
new  city  hall,  the  opening  of  the  new  art  gallery  in  Wade  Park  (June 
6,  1916),  the  buihiing  of  the  new  high-level  bridge,  the  beginning  of 
a  new  auditorium  building,  and  the  national  declaration  of  a  state 
of  war  with  Germany.  These  several  events,  and  the  noble  response 
of  Cleveland  and  Clevelanders  to  the  calls  of  the  government  for 
men,  money,  and  munitions  will  be  considered  in  a  later  chapter. 

First  City  in  American  Hi'irit 

In  1917,  a  pamphlet  entitled  Cleveland  was  published  with 
the  statement  that  it  was  issued  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Chamber  of  Industry,  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  the  Builders'  Exchange,  the  Real  Estate  Board, 
the  Federated  Churches,  and  twenty-five  other  organizations,  the  sec- 
retaries of  which  had  prepared  its  editorial  copy.  From  this  authori- 
tative document,  now  a  year  old,  I  clip  and  condense  the  following. 
This  act  of  mine  is  not  piracy,  pillaging,  or  plagiarism,  but  rather 
the  commendable  taking  of  useful  information  for  the  public  good. 

Sixth  in  population,  fifth  in  manufacturing,  fourth  in  fiiuiiicial 
importance,  and  first  in  civic  attaiiunent,  is  the  proud  record  that 
Cleveland  holds  up  to  view.  By  its  recent  achievements  Cleveland 
ha.s  gained  the  title  of  "First  City  in  American  Sjiirit."  It  stands 
first  in  the  country,  in  proportion  to  its  pn])nlation,  in  donations  to 
the  Red  Cross  and  in  enlistments,  while  it  oversubscribed  its  (piota  of 
the  [first]  Liberty  Loan  by  nearly  100  per  cent.  Cleveland  is  the  largest 
city  between  New  York  and  Chicago.  It  had  in  1917  a  population, 
within  its  corporate  limits,  e>timatcd  at  more  than  SOO.OOO,  and  witliin 
a  five-cent  car-zone  more  than  1,000.000.    The  Connecticut  Land  Com- 

Vol.  1—22 


338  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXI 

pany  acquired  3,000,000  acres  of  land  known  as  the  Western  Reserve 
at  forty  cents  an  acre;  one  acre  in  Cleveland  today  is  worth  more  than 
$2,000,000.  Cleveland  has  doubled  its  population  every  twenty  yeai-s. 
Sixty  years  ago,  it  was  forty-third  city  in  the  United  States.  At  that 
time  every  city  that  now  leads  it  ranked  in  the  first  eight.  Cleveland 
is  literallj'  the  melting  pot  of  the  nation. 

With  the  discovery  of  iron  ore  in  the  Lake  Superior  districts  in 
the  forties,  and  the  construction  of  railroads  from  the  East  and  South 
in  the  fifties,  Cleveland  realized  that  it  occupied  a  strategic  position 
for  bringing  together  coal  from  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  districts 
and  iron  ore  from  the  upper  lake  regions.  A  steady  and  consistent 
expansion  of  industrial  and  business  activities  took  place,  which, 
through  all  the  years  to  the  present  day,  has  continued  uninter- 
ruptetlly.  Realizing  that  destiny  pointed  to  Cleveland  as  the  natural 
meeting  place  of  iron  ore  and  coal,  hundreds  of  manufacturing  plants 
have  sprung  up  throughout  the  years  until  today  the  city  is  second 
only  to  New  York  in  the  diversity  of  its  industries.  Cleveland  now 
leads  all  other  communities  in  the  manufacture  of  nuts,  bolts,  wire 
goods,  gray-iron  castings,  paints,  varnishes,  electiue  batteries,  twist 
drills,  steel  forgings,  plumbers'  fixtures,  vacuum  sweepers,  carriage 
hardware,  job  printers'  presses,  astronomical  appliances,  and  stands 
second  only  to  New  York  in  the  manufacture  of  women's  ready-to- 
wear  clothing.  With  the  advent  of  the  automobile  two  decades  ago, 
Cleveland  became  an  important  center  for  the  manufacture  of  motor 
vehicles.  The  city  now  ranks  second  in  the  world  in  the  production 
of  automobiles.  Cleveland  is  the  home  of  the  largest  paint  and  var- 
nish factories  in  the  country.  Cleveland  oM'ns  or  controls  two-thirds 
of  all  the  shipping  upon  the  great  lakes,  with  45  steamship  lines  con- 
necting with  all  the  ports  upon  these  inland  seas.  The  city  has  eight 
])assenger  boat  lines,  nine  interui'ban  lines,  and  is  served  by  seven 
trunk  lines,  en.joying  unexcelled  transportation  facilities.  Pour  of 
every  five  steamships  carrying  iron  ore  anil  coal  upon  the  great  lakes 
are  owned  or  controlled  in  Cleveland.  More  than  60  per  cent  of  the 
50,000,000  tons  of  iron  ore  annually  brought  down  the  lakes  from  the 
Northwest  is  received  in  the  Cleveland  district. 

Cleveland  is  fifth  in  manufacturing  importance  in  the  United 
States.  Owing  to  its  being  the  most  economical  place  for  the  pro- 
duction of  iron  and  steel,  a  large  percentage  of  these  articles  secure 
their  basic  supply  at  home.  Out  of  every  dollar  invested  in  automo- 
l)iles  in  the  United  States.  30  cents  comes  to  Cleveland  factories  or 
shops  making  parts.  Cleveland  is  fourth  city  in  financial  importance 
in  the  country.  It  is  the  home  of  the  foui'th  Federal  Reserve  Bank, 
which  has  the  third  largest  cajiital  amonir  the  twelve  Federal  Reserve 
banks— $12,000,000,  with  deposits  of  $(;n,0()(),000,  which  are  steadUy 
increasing.  There  are  750  banks  included  in  the  district  of  which 
Cleveland  is  headquai-ters,  and  which  embraces  six  counties  in  West 
Virginia.  Eastern  Kentucky,  Western  Pennsylvania  and  all  of  Ohio. 
Among  the  largest  cities  in  the  distri  •!  arc  Pittsburgh,  Erie,  Wheel- 
ing, Cincinnati,  Columbus,  Dayton  and  Toledo. 


1917-18]  CLEVELAND   1\  EIMTOME  3;i'J 

Cleveland  as  a  Twentieth  Century  Pioneer 

Ck'Vfliiiul  was  lirst  to  t;liiui)se  tlic  i'lilurc  wiieii  it  embarked  upon 
a  plan  to  exiwnd  ^.'UI.OOO.DOO  for  its  uroup  plan  of  public  buildings. 
Cleveland  cIuutIu's  were  the  first  to  l>e  controlled  through  a  central 
federation.  An  un|)aralleled  educational  system  has  been  built  up 
in  Cleveland,  with  its  three  tine  univei-sities,  20  business  colleges,  114 
public  and  57  jiarochial  schools.  Cleveland,  with  all  its  busy  com- 
merce and  toiling  industries,  lias  not  forgotten  aesthetics,  for  in  its 
beautiful  art  museum  on  the  border  of  a  picturesque  lake  is  nmch  to 
inspire  the  soul  and  please  the  eye.  Cleveland  ha.s  a  renuirkable 
system  of  parks  and  playgrounds,  liaving  a  total  area  of  2,176  acres. 
There  are  free  baseball  diamonds,  children's  ]ilaygrounds  well 
equipped,  football  grounds,  tennis  courts,  skating  ponds,  and  a 
stadium  in  IJrookside  Park  where  S(),(H)()  have  been  seated  at  one  time 
to  witness  a  local  amateur  baseball  game.  Cleveland  was  the  first 
large  American  city  to  accept  the  dayliglit  saving  jilan  and  set  it  in 
ojiei-ation.  The  Cleveland  ^"'oundation,  endowed  with  more  than 
$40,000,000.  is  now  studying  Cleveland's  needs  with  a  view  to  revolu- 
tionizing city  life  and  activities  in  years  to  come.  Careful  surveys 
of  civic  operations  are  made  so  that  intelligent  progress  may  follow. 


Increases  ok  Ten  Years 

Automobiles,     bodies     and  Electrical      machinery      and 

parts 4867o         sui)plies   '. 328% 

Bread  and  bakei-y  products.  132%  Foundry  and  machine  prod- 
Cars  and  repairs 195%         nets    112% 

Chemicals    130%     Hosiery  and  knit  goods 107% 

Clothing,   men's  220%     Paint  and  varnish 173% 

Clothing,  women's 119%  Printing  and  publishing.  .  .130% 

Confectionery   190%  Slaughtering  and  meat  pack- 
Copper,  tin  and  sheet  iron. 434%         ing    133% 

Cutlery  and  tools 201%     Stoves  and  furnaces 187% 

No.  of  m'f'g.  establishments,  from                 l.fiKito              2,340  45% 

Capit.al  employed $156,321,000     .$312,907,444  100% 

Salaries  and  wages 41 ,749,000         92,909,888  123% 

Value  of  products 171,924,000       3.52,531,109  105% 

Avei-age    lunnber    of    factorj-    em- 
ployes              70,917             121.100  71% 

A  new  Cleveland  is  springing  into  existence — a  city  in  which  it  is 
good  to  live :  a  city  the  residents  of  which  believe  that  "he  profits  most 
who  serves  best :"  Cleveland,  the  city  that  co-operates:  Cleveland,  the 
eity  that  seeks  perfected  humanity:  Cleveland,  the  city  with  a  sublime 
faith  in  its  future;  Cleveland,  the  city  of  ideas  and  high  ideals;  Cleve- 
land, the  city  that  really  has  a  soul ! 


340  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXI 

In  beginuing  the  seventeenth  chapter  of  his  admirable  History 
of  Cleveland,  published  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  ]Mr.  Ken- 
nedy gives  a  paragraph  that  I  think  worthy  of  reproduction  here: 

In  a  record  of  this  character — a  history  of  the  creation  and  growth 
of  a  great  city, — the  individual  of  necessity  disappears  as  the  many 
appear,  and  incidents  of  a  personal  nature  give  place  to  events  of 
sufficient  importance  to  be  of  interest  to  all.  Generalization,  therefore, 
replaces  specitications.  Lorenzo  Carter,  in  the  Cleveland  of  1800,  was 
larger,  relatively,  than  any  one  man  could  be  in  Cleveland  to-day. 
James  Kingsbury,  sitting  with  gun  in  hand,  on  a  log  in  the  snowy 
silence  of  the  Conneaut  woods,  waiting  for  some  stray  bird  or  beast, 
whose  flesh  could  save  the  life  of  liis  wife,  was  a  picturesque  figure, 
because  he  was  a  solitary  speck  upon  a  bleak  and  inhospitable  pioneer 
landscape; — the  picture,  in  all  these  cases,  is  striking,  because  of  its 
setting,  and  also  because  of  the  time  that  has  passed,  and  the  things 
that  have  been  done  since  it  was  drawn.  The  life  of  a  pioneer  village 
is  told  in  these  incidents ;  that  of  a  great  city  by  its  achievements,  and 
the  impress  it  has  made  upon  the  civilization  of  which  it  is  a  part. 

Although  the  material  results  of  the  first  quarter  of  Cleveland's 
second  century  are  incomparably  greater  than  were  those  of  the  first 
quarter  of  her  first  century,  and  largely  in  consequence  of  that  fact, 
the  method  of  historical  treatment  necessarily  changes;  details  give 
way  for  generalities,  individuals  become  far  less  important  than  in- 
stitutions, and  sociological  conditions  and  tendencies  dominate  domes- 
tie  affairs.  In  short,  as  the  vision  broadens,  it  takes  on  more  of  the 
characteristics  of  a  bird's-eye  view.  The  succeeding  chapters  of  this 
volume  constitute  an  attempt  to  comply  with  these  demands  of 
changed  conditions. 


CHAPTER  XXII 

THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  CLEVELAND 

The  early  pages  of  this  volume  contain  the  story  of  the  earliest 
schools  in  Cleveland.  For  instance,  it  will  be  remembered  that,  in 
1800,  "a  school  house  was  built  near  Kin^bury's  on  the  ridge  road, 
and  Miss  Sarah  Doan,  daughter  of  Nathaniel  Doan  was  teacher," 
and  that,  in  1802,  Anna  Spafford  opened  a  school  for  cliiklren  in 
Major  Carter's  well-known  front  room — the  first  in  what  was  then 
called  "the  city."  In  1806,  came  Asael  Adams,  aged  twenty,  and 
entered  into  contract  "to  keep  six  hours  in  each  day  and  to  keep 
good  order  in  said  school."  In  1817,  the  village  trustees  voted  to 
refund  to  certain  public  spirited  citizens  the  several  sums  of  money 
that  they  had  paid  toward  biiilding  a  little  school  house  amid  the 
oak  trees  on  the  east  side  of  the  lot  now  occupied  by  the  Kcnnard 
House  (St.  Clair  Avenue  and  West  Sixth  Street).  The  resolution 
provided  that  the  funds  for  this  purpose  should  be  taken  from  "the 
treasury'  of  the  corporation  at  the  end  of  three  years  from  and  after 
the  thirteenth  of  June,  1817,"  and  that  "the  corporation  shall  be  the 
sole  proprietors  of  the  said  school  house," — the  first  school  property 
ever  owned  by  Cleveland.  In  1822,  came  the  Cleveland  Academy 
"of  brick  with  its  handsome  spire  and  its  spacious  room  in  the  sec- 
ond story  for  public  purposes,"  of  which  institution  Harvey  Rice 
soon  became  the  head-master.  In  1836,  Cleveland  became  a  city.  Its 
charter  contained  the  following  provisions  concerning  schools,  the 
credit  for  which  probably  belongs  to  John  W.  Willey,  who  became 
Cleveland's  first  mayor: 

m 

Sec.  XIX.  That  the  city  council  be,  and  they  are  hereby  authorized 
at  the  expense  of  said  city,  to  provide  for  the  support  of  common 
schools;  and  for  that  purpose  each  of  the  wards  of  said  city  sliall 
con.stitutc  a  school  district,  iintil  such  time  as  the  city  council  may 
divide  each  ward  into  two  or  more  school  districts,  which  they  are 
hereby  authorized  to  do,  in  such  manner  as  they  may  decin  most  con- 
venient, having  due  regard  to  present  and  future  poi)ulation  ;  and  they 
are  hereby  authorized  to  purchase  in  fee  simple,  or  to  receive  as  a 
donation  for  the  use  of  the  city,  a  suitable  lot  of  ground  in  each 
school  district,  as  a  site  for  a  school  hou-se  therein ;  and  they  are  hereby 

341 


342  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXII 

authorized  to  erect  in  each  district  a  good  aud  substantial  school 
house,  of  such  dimensions  as  shall  be  convenient  for  the  use  of  the 
common  schools  in  said  city,  and  to  defray  the  necessary  expenses  of 
the  building  and  constructing  such  school  houses,  and  also  to  pay  the 
purchase  money  for  the  lots  of  land  on  which  the  same  shall  be 
erected :  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  city  council,  annually,  to  levy,  iu 
addition  to  the  other  taxes  in  said  city,  a  tax,  not  exceeding  one  mill  on 
the  dollar,  upon  all  property  in  the  city  subject  to  the  payment  of 
annual  taxes  by  the  provisions  of  this  act,  until  a  sufficient  sum  shall  be 
raised  and  collected  from  such  tax  to  meet  all  the  expenses  which  shall 
be  incurred,  for  the  purchase  of  lots  of  land  and  the  erection  of  the 
school  houses  aforesaid:  Provided,  It  shall  be  lawful  for  said  city  to 
borrow  such  sum  or  sums  of  money  as  may  be  sufficient  and  necessary 
for  purchasing  or  building  as  aforesaid,  and  to  refund  or  pay  the 
same  as  the  tax  aforesaid  shall  be  collected ;  and  the  said  tax  is  hereby 
made  a  special  fund  to  be  appropriated  to  no  other  purpose. 

Sec.  XX.  That  for  the  support  of  common  schools  in  said  city, 
and  to  secure  the  benefits  of  education  to  all  the  white  children  therein, 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  city  council,  annually,  to  levy  and  collect 
a  tax  not  exceeding  one  mill  on  the  dollar,  upon  all  the  property  in 
said  city  subject  to  the  payment  of  annual  taxes  by  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  which  shall  be  collected  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same 
manner  as  is  pi-ovided  for  the  collection  of  the  annual  taxes :  which 
tax,  together  with  such  as  may  be  collected  by  the  county  treasurer 
for  school  purposes,  within  such  part  of  the  county  of  Cuyahoga  as  is 
within  the  limits  of  said  city,  shall  be  exclusively  appropriated  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  instructors  and  fuel  for  said  schools,  and  for 
no  other  purpose  whatsoever;  which  schools  shall  be  accessible  to  all 
white  children,  not  under  four  years  of  age,  who  may  reside  in  said 
city,  subject  only  to  sucli  regulations  for  their  government  and  in- 
struction, as  the  board  of  managers,  hereinafter  mentioned,  nuiy  from 
time  to  time  prescribe. 

Sec.  XXI.  That  the  city  (totuicil  shall,  annually,  select  one  judi- 
cious and  competent  person  from  each  school  district  in  the  city  as  a 
manager  of  common  schools  in  said  city,  which  managers  shall  con- 
stitute and  be  denominated  "The  Board  of  Jlanagers  of  Common 
Schools  in  the  city  of  Cleveland;"'  who  shall  hold  their  office  for  one 
year,  and  until  their  successors  are  ajjpoiiited  and  i|iialilicd,  and  shall 
fill  all  vacancies  which  may  occur  in  tlyir  own  body,  during  the  time 
for  which  they  shall  be  appointed. 

Sec.  XXII.  That  the  said  board  of  managers  shall  have  the  gen- 
eral superintendence  of  all  common  schools  in  said  city,  and  from  time 
to  time  shall  make  such  regulations  for  the  government  and  instruction 
of  the  white  children  therein,  as  to  them  shall  a|)pear  i)i'o|)er  and  expe- 
dient, and  shall  examine  and  employ  instructors  foi-  the  sanic;  and 
shall  cause  a  school  to  be  kept  in  each  district  for  at  least  six  months 
in  each  year,  and  shall  cause  an  accurate  census  to  be  taken  ainiually, 
in  each  district,  of  all  the  white  children  therein,  between  the  ages  of 
four  and  twenty-one  years;  and  require  of  the  several  instructors 
thereof,  to  keep  a  record  of  the  names  and  ages  of  all  persons  by  them 


1836J  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  343 

respectively  instructed,  and  tlie  time  eacli  sluill  have  attended  said 
schools,  and  return  a  copy  of  such  record  to  the  board  of  managers, 
at  the  close  of  each  and  every  current  year;  and  said  board  shall 
certify  to  the  city  council  the  correctness  of  all  accounts  for  expenses 
incurred  in  support  of  said  schools,  and  give  certilicates  thereof, 
to  the  persons  entitled  to  receive  the  same;  they  shall,  at  the  close  of 
every  current  year,  report  to  the  city  council  the  state  and  condition 
of  the  several  common  schools  in  said  city,  as  well  the  fiscal  as  the 
other  concerns  in  relation  thei'cto,  and  a  particular  account  of  their 
administration  thereof;  and  they  shall  do  and  perform  all  otlier 
matters  and  things  pertaining  to  the  duties  of  their  said  office,  which 
may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  he  done,  to  promote  the  education  and 
morals  of  the  children  instructed  in  said  schools,  or  which  may  be 
I'equired  of  them  by  the  ordinances  of  said  city,  not  inconsistent  with 
this  act:  Provided,  That  no  person  shall  be  employed  as  instructor 
in  any  of  said  schools  who  has  not  first  been  examined  by  the  board 
of  managers,  and  received  a  certificate  of  qualifications,  as  to  his  or 
her  competency  and  moral  character. 

Sec.  XX in.  That  all  moneys  which  shall  belong  to  the  village 
of  Cleveland,  or  which  said  village  shall  be  entitled  to  at  the  time  said 
city  shall  be  organized  under  this  act,  for  the  use  of  common  schools 
therein,  shall  be  paid  over  to  and  held  by  the  city  treasurer,  and  all 
moneys  hereafter  levied  and  collected  within  the  limits  of  said  city, 
for  the  support  of  common  schools,  and  also  all  other  moneys  appropri- 
ated bj'  law  for  the  use  of  common  schools  therein,  shall  be  paid  into 
the  city  treasury  as  a  separate  and  distinct  fund,  and  shall  not  be 
applied,  under  any  pretence  whatever,  to  any  other  use  than  that 
for  which  it  is  levied  and  collected;  and  a  separate  aiul  particular 
account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  thereof,  shall  be  kept  by  the 
treasurer,  in  a  book  to  be  provided  for  that  purpose;  and  the  said 
treasurer  shall  not  be  entitled  to  receive  any  percentage,  premium  or 
compensation,  for  receiving  or  paying  out  said  fund,  or  for  keeping 
the  accounts  thereof. 

Sec.  XXIV.  That  the  city  council  shall  fix  by  ordinance,  the  com- 
mencement and  termination  of  the  current  year  of  said  common 
schools,  and  determine  the  time  and  duration  of  all  vacations  thereof, 
which  shall  be  the  same  throughout  said  city;  and  said  city  council 
may  at  their  discretion,  at  any  time  previous  to  the  erection  of  the 
school  houses  provided  for  in  this  act,  lease  on  such  terms  and  condi- 
tions as  they  may  deem  proper  in  the  sevci-al  school  districts  of  saiil 
city,  and  for  such  times  as  they  shall  think  necessary,  convenient 
buildings  for  the  use  of  common  schools,  therein,  to  be  occupied  only 
till  such  school  houses  shall  l)e  erected  and  prepared  for  the  reception 
of  such  schools:  Provided,  That  the  property  of  black  or  mulatto  per- 
sons shall  be  exempted  from  taxation  for  school  purposes  under  this 
act. 

Under  thk  Bo.\rd  of  School  Managers 

The  first  election  under  the  charter  was  held  on  the  eleventh  of 
April,  1836,  and  in  May  of  that  year  "a  communication  was  received 


344  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXII 

from  the  mayor  in  relation  to  common  schools."  In  June,  the  city 
council  appointed  a  committee  ' '  to  employ  a  teacher  and  an  assistant 
to  continne  the  Free  School  to  the  end  of  the  quarter  or  until  a  school 
system  for  the  city  shall  be  organized  at  the  expense  of  the  city." 
This  "P>ee  School"  had  been  organized  in  1830  "for  the  educa- 
tion of  male  and  female  children  of  every  religious  denomination." 
Its  sessions  were  held  in  the  basement  of  the  Bethel  Church ;  hitherto, 
it  had  been  supported  by  voluntary  contributions.  In  October,  the 
council  appointed  the  first  board  of  school  managers,  consisting  of 
Mayor  John  W.  Willey,  Anson  Hayden,  and  Daniel  Worley.  In 
November,  an  enumeration  of  persons  between  the  ages  of  four  and 
twenty-one  was  ordered,  and  in  March,  1837,  the  council  committee  on 
schools  was  requested  "to  ascertain  and  report,  as  soon  as  con- 
venient, what  lots  may  be  purchased,  the  price  and  terms  of  payment, 
to  be  used  for  school  purposes — two  in  tlie  first  ward,  one  in  the 
second  ward,  and  one  in  the  third  ward."  In  the  following  July, 
the  city  council  passed  an  ordinance  introduced  by  Horace  Canfield 
— An  Ordinance  to  Provide  for  the  Establisliment  of  PuhUc  Sclwols. 
This  memorable  instrument  is  printed  in  full*  in  an  earlier  chapter 
of  this  volume ;  it  constituted  the  real  beginning  of  the  public  school 
system  of  Cleveland.  Tlie  scliool  managers  immediately  began  the 
organization  of  the  schools  under  the  provisions  of  the  ordinance. 

From  the  passing  of  this  ordinance  the  history  of  tlie  public 
schools  of  Cleveland  is  the  record  of  the  development  of  pulilic  educa- 
tion adapted  to  the  wants  of  a  small  town  into  that  which  strives  to 
meet  the  needs  of  a  great  city.  The  following  chronological  record, 
some  of  which  was  kindly  prepared  for  this  volume  by  ]\liss  Harriet 
L.  Keeler,  a  former  superintendent  of  tlie  Cleveland  public  schools, 
marks  the  successive  steps  of  that  development.  In  the  early  days, 
individuals  and  .small  events  bulked  much  larger  than  tliey  do  today. 
In  1838,  the  school  managers,  Samuel  Cowles,  Samuel  Williamson, 
and  Philip  Battell,  reported  that,  during  the  preceding  winter,  eight 
schools  had  been  sustained  witli  eiglit  teachers,  three  male  and  five 
female,  with  an  enrolment  of  840  i>upils  and  an  average  attendance 
of  468.  They  also  reported  that  "the  schools  have  been  wholly  free 
and  open  to  all  within  their  districts  legally  admitted  to  their  privi- 
leges. The  boys  and  girls  have  been  entirely  separate,  the  former 
taught  by  male  and  the  latter  by  female  teachers.  .  .  .  The 
wages  given  have  been,  to  female  teachers  $5  per  week,  and  to  male 
teachers  $40  per  calendar  month." 


•  .See  page  200. 


1839-40] 


THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 


345 


In  1839,  the  school  managers,  Silas  Bclden,  Henry  Sexton,  and 
Henry  W.  Dotlgro,  roiiorted  an  iiiiclianged  salary  schedule  for  teach- 
ers, an  enrolment  of  81215  pn|)ils,  and  an  average  attendance  of  588, 
"makiiijr  tlic  iiivsmt  iiuiiiIht  atteudiiif;  the  schools  quite  too  many 
[for  the  accoinmodations  jn-ovidi'd],  and  being  only  about  one-fourth 
of  the  number  of  youths  in  tlie  city  who  are  legally  privileged  to 
attend."  At  this  time,  the  city  was  renting  the  school  rooms 
that  it  occupied,  and  tlie  agitation  for  enlarged  accommodations  had 
become  ratlicr  warm.  In  the  spring  of  this  year  (1839),  John  A. 
Foote  introduced  in  the  city  council   a  resolutinu  declaring  it  expe- 


..,;-C^(^g^^ 


Prospect  Street  Schoolhouse,  Erected  in  1840 

dient  for  the  city  to  buy  land  and  build  a  schoolhouse  in  each  of  the  four 
districts.  The  resolution  was  referred  to  a  committee  of  which  Harvey 
Eice  was  chairman.  This  committee  reported  in  favor  of  buying  two 
lots  and  erecting  on  each  a  building  for  the  proper  accommodation 
of  two  hundred  pupils;  the  council  adopted  the  report.  Thereupon 
a  lot  on  Prospect  Street  in  the  iirst  ward,  and  another  on  Rockwell 
Street  in  the  second  ward  were  bought  and  contracts  were  let  for  two 
buildings  to  cost  $3,500  each.  Both  buildings  were  completed  in 
1840.  The  Academy  and  the  two  new  buildings  could  seat  abtnit  600 
pupils,  but  nearly  900  were  crowded  into  the  three,  and  some  of  the 
rooms   previously   rented   were   re-occupied.*     The   teachers   at   the 


*  This  overcrowdinjr  of  pupils  seems  to  have  been  the  chronic  condition  of 
the  Cleveland  schools  to  this  day;  the  spirit  is  willing  but  the  flesh  is  weak— a 
common  result  of  rapid  growth. 


346  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

Prospect  Street  School  were  Andrew  Freese,  Sophia  Converse,  Emma 
"Whitney,  and  Sarah  M.  Thayer.  Those  at  the  Rockwell  Street  School 
were  N.  A.  Gray,  Elizabeth  Armstrong,  Abby  Fitch,  and  Louisa 
Kingsbui-y.  Those  at  the  Academy  (West  St.  Clair  Street  School), 
were  George  W.  Yates,  Louisa  Snow,  Julia  Butler.  There  were  also 
the  ungraded  Bethel  School,  a  school  at  the  corner  of  Prospect  and 
Ontario  streets,  and  a  school  on  Chestnut  Street.  The  total  number 
of  pupils  was  1,051. 

In  March,  1841,  the  city  council  created  the  office  of  acting 
school  manager  and  elected  Charles  Bradburn,  George  Willey,  Charles 
Stetson,  and  Madison  Kelley  as  school  managers  for  the  ensuing 
year;  in  1842,  the  council  reappointed  them  for  another  year. 
Charles  Bradburn  has  been  called  "The  Father  of  Cleveland 
Schools;"  George  Willey 's  work  was  of  inestimable  value.  In  his 
History  of  Cleveland  Schools  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  Mr.  Wil- 
liam J.  Akers  saj'S:  "The  two  men  worked  together.  Bradburn 
looked  after  the  business  interests  of  the  schools.  He,  more  than  auy- 
bodj"  else,  was  responsible  for  the  school  buildings  erected,  and  the 
wonderful  progress  the  schools  made  in  the  twenty  years  he  gave  to 
them.  George  Willey  had  more  to  do  with  the  educational  end  of  the 
.  schools. ' ' 

These  were  years  of  monetary  depression,  a  new  re-valuation  of 
the  state  diminished  the  amount  collected  by  tax  for  the  schools, 
there  was  a  deficit  of  $1,298.44  for  the  year  1841-42,  and  the  opposi- 
tion to  the  schools  became  very  bitter.  The  schools  were  becoming 
more  and  more  crowded,  a  proposal  to  issue  bonds  for  a  new  school 
was  laid  upon  the  table  by  the  city  council,  and  the  wages  of  teach- 
ers were  cut ;  tlie  pay  of  the  four  male  teachers  was  reduced  from  $40 
a  month  to  $32. .50  and  that  of  the  fourteen  female  teachers  from  $5 
to  $4.40  a  week;  the  school  year  was  shortened  from  ten  to  nine 
months  to  save  money  for  oi)cning  two  iidditional  primary  schools  in 
the  following  year. 

Colored  Children 

In  April,  1843,  some  of  the  colored  people  of  the  city  petitioned 
for  a  separate  school  for  colored  cliildren.  The  judiciary  committee 
of  the  city  council  reported  against  tiie  proposition  and  the  council 
adopted  the  report.  In  administering  the  schools  of  Cleveland,  no 
attention  lias  ever  been  paid  to  the  legal  disabilities  imposed  upon 
colored  chihiren  by  the  city  charter  of  18:!6  or  by  Ihe  latci'  legislation 
of  the  state.     In  the  words  of  Mi-.  Akers,  "Clevihind  has  never  had  a 


1843-45]  TPIE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  347 

colored  school,  and  colored  children  have  always  been  admitted  to 
tlie  schools."  To  tliis  may  be  added  the  statement  that,  without  any 
considerable  manifestation  of  Negrophobia,  colored  teachers  in  Cleve- 
land public  schools  give  instruction  to  white  pupils.  In  other  words, 
"the  color  line"  is  absolutelv  ignored. 


First  Ple.v  for  High  School 

In  the  annual  report  of  the  board  of  school  managers  for  1844, 
Mr.  Bradburn  made  his  first  plea  for  a  high  school,  saying:  "The 
j)resent  classification  of  our  free  schools  subjects  them  to  the  reproach 
that  only  the  elements  of  an  education  are  taught.  We  believe  tiiat 
the  best  interests  of  our  city  require  tiiat  this  objection  should  be 
obviated  by  the  establishment  of  a  school  of  instruction  in  the  higher 
branches  of  knowledge."  In  April  of  that  yi'ar,  the  school  commit- 
tee of  the  city  council  brouglit  in  a  resolution  "authorizing  the  school 
committee  to  build  three  new  school  houses  at  a  cost  not  exceeding 
$1,600  [each?] — one  for  a  high  school  and  two  for  primary  schools," 
to  which  they  added  the  statement  that  "the  present  classification  of 
the  schools  is  deficient,  and  that  the  establishment  of  a  high  school 
for  boys,  recommended  by  the  Board  of  Managers,  is  very  much 
needed."  The  council  laid  the  resolution  on  the  table.  In  the  pre- 
ceding month  (March  27,  1844),  the  council  had  elected  Charles 
Bradburn,  Truman'  P.  Hand}',  Thomas  Richmond,  and  J.  B.  Finury 
as  school  managers,  designated  Mr.  Fiuury  as  acting  (or  business) 
manager,  and  voted  to  him  an  annual  salary  of  $200.  The  next 
annual  report  of  the  board,  in  i-efereuce  to  the  Prospect  Street  School, 
said  that  "the  government  of  this  school  is  strict  and  uniform,  and 
through  the  indefatigable  labors  of  its  principal  [Andrew  Freese]  is 
justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  in  the  state."  The  report  also 
set  forth  that  "the  senior  male  department  of  the  Rockwell  Street 
school  is  thought  to  have  degenerated  both  in  discipline  and  instruc- 
tion. .  .  .  The  Council,  having  directed  the  Board  of  Managers 
to  adopt  in  this  school,  the  system  of  instruction  so  successful  in  the 
Prospect  Street  School,*  we  are  not  without  hopes  that  vigorous  and 
well  directed  efforts  will  soon  make  it  equal  to  any  school  in  the  city." 

The  Schools  in  1845 

In  1845,  the  pay  of  teachers  was  restored  to  its  former  level.  In 
March  of  this  year,  the  number  of  children  in  the  city  "between 

*  A  pleasing  shadow  cast  before  by  coming  events. 


348  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

the  ages  of  four  and  eighteen  was  abont  2,500.  About  1,300  of  these 
attended  the  public  schools,  and  400  attended  pi'ivate  schools,  leav- 
ing about  800  who  were  not  attending  any  school."  With  a  per- 
sistence worthy  of  Cato  in  re  Carthage,  Mr.  Bradburn  closed  his 
annual  report  by  again  urging  the  establishment  of  a  high  school.  In 
March,  the  council  elected  Charles  Bradbum,  Madison  Kelley,  George 
Willey  and  R.  T.  Lyon  as  school  managers  and  designated  Jlr.  Kelley 
as  acting  school  manager.  In  this  year,  the  two  senior  sections  of  the 
Prospect  Street  School  were  united  and,  "for  the  first  time  in  the 
history  of  the  Cleveland  schools,  senior  classes  of  both  boys  and  girls 
were  organized.  The  experiment  was  a  success  from  the  start  and 
resulted  in  great  improvement  in  the  deportment  of  the  scholars." 
Of  course!  In  this  school  year  (1845-46),  thirteen  schools  were  in 
operation  with  four  male  and  thirteen  female  teachers.  There  was 
an  enrolment  of  1,500  pupils  and  an  average  daily  attendance  of  936, 
concerning  which  the  annual  report  said:  "Irregular  attendance 
of  scholars  continues  to  be  the  great  obstacle  to  improvement.  The 
disarrangement  of  the  classes  necessarily  attendant  on  this  irregu- 
larity increases  much  the  labor  of  the  teachers  and,  in  some  schools, 
has  almost  paralyzed  all  their  efforts.  Some  parents  as  well  as  chil- 
dren seem  to  think  that  what  costs  nothing  is  worth  nothing,  and  so 
great  has  this  evil  become  that  it  can  be  obviated  only  by  the  pas- 
sage of  some  measure  that  will  exclude  from  the  schools  all  scholars 
who  will  not  attend  with  regularity  and  promptness."  Herein  the 
wise  Mr.  Bradburn  put  his  finger  on  the  sore  spot  and  prescribed  the 
specific  remedy. 

Cleveland's  First  High  School 

The  school  managers  for  the  year  1846-47  were  Charles  Bradburn, 
Truman  P.  Handy.  Samuel  Starkweatlier,  and  William  Day ;  Mr. 
Bradburn  was  the  acting  managing  director.  Of  course,  Mr.  Brad- 
burn did  not  relax  his  labors  in  I)ehalf  of  a  liigh  school.  "The  poor 
people  of  the  city  and  the  middle  class  stood  with  liim  in  his  demand 
for  tlie  scliool,  but  the  very  rich,  almost  witliout  exception,  bitterly 
opposed  the  proposition."  In  his  iniuigural  address  to  the  council 
in  the  spring  of  1846,  ]\Iayor  George   II(ia(lh\v  said: 

I  earnestly  recommend  to  yoiir  favorable  consideration  the  I'ro- 
priety  of  establishing  a  school  of  a  liigher  grade — the  Academic 
department — the  schohirs  to  be  taken  from  our  common  schools  accord- 
ing to  merit.  This  would  present  a  powerful  stimulus  to  study  and 
good  conduct.    The  poorest  child,  if  possessed  of  talents  and  applica- 


1846-47]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  349 

tion,  might  aspire  to  the  highest  station  in  the  republic.    P^rom  siieh 
schools  "we  might  h()])e  to  issue  the  riiliirc  i^'ranklins  of  our  lain!. 

On  the  twenty -seeond  of  April,  1846,  Mr.  J.  A.  Harris,  chairman 
of  the  council  school  eonuuittee,  introduced  a  resolution  jiroviding 
that  "a  boj's'  department  of  a  high  school  be  established;  that  the 
school  committee  hire  a  room  for  such  school  at  an  expense  of  not 
exceeding  .^lOO  per  annum,  aiul  fit  it  up  with  desks  at  a  cost  of  not 
more  than  .$1.50."  The  i-esolutit)n  was  adopted,  rooms  were  rented 
in  the  basement  of  the  I'niversalist  Church  on  Prospect  Street,  a 
little  west  of  Erie  Street,  later  occupied  by  the  TTouieopathic  I\Tedical 
College,  and  Andrew  Freese  was  made  principal  at  a  salary  of  .$500 
a  year.  On  the  thirteenth  of  July,  1846,  Cleveland's  first  high  school 
vas  opened  with  thirty-four  pupils;  before  the  end  of  the  year,  the 
attendance  was  eighty-three.  Jlr.  Akers  tells  ns  that  "the  rooms 
occupied  were  a  miserable  excuse  for  school  rooms.  They  were  damp, 
dark,  and  the  health  of  the  pupils  and  teacher  suii'ered  in  conse(iuence. 
The  main  room  was  heated  with  a  stove,  the  pipe  of  which  ran  the 
whole  length  of  the  basement.  Wooden  benches  and  seats  were 
provided.  The  bottom  of  the  seats  were  fastened  to  the  backs  with 
hinges,  so  that  the  scholars  might  easily  reach  their  respective  seats." 
In  his  annual  rejiort.  made  in  the  spring  of  1847,  ^Ir.  Bradburn  said : 

The  establishment  of  this  school  was  a  elierishi'd  ol)ject  with  former 
IManagers.  Expectation  was  high  in  regard  to  it,  l)ut  it  is  believed 
that  the  most  sanguine  anticiinitions  of  the  Council,  to  whose  lil)er- 
ality  it  owes  its  existence,  have  been  thus  far  fully  realized.  It  has 
enabled  the  Managers  to  make  a  more  profitable  classification  of  the 
scholars,  has  incited  a  healthy  spirit  of  emulation,  and  elevated  the 
standard  of  education  in  other  schools.  Its  location  is  not,  in  all 
respects,  the  most  desirable,  but  it  is  the  best  that  could  be  found. 
The  discipline  of  this  si'liool  has  been  strict  and  unyielding,  and 
effected  by  an  appeal  to  the  minds  and  hearts  of  the  scholars,  rather 
than  to  their  physical  sensibilities.  The  moral  tone  of -the  school  has 
been  highly  gratifying  to  the  -Managers.  It  is  not  within  their  knowl- 
edge that  profane  language  is  used  by  any  of  the  scholars.  Tiie 
instruction  in  this  school  is  designed  to  be  thorough  and  substantial. 
and  to  be  confined  to  the  solid  and  useful  branches  of  education.  No 
studies  are  pursued  whose  ]>ractical  value  is  in  any  way  questioned. 
The  school  has  thus  far  had  the  capacity  to  meet  the  wants  of  all 
applicants.  A  female  dci)artment  in  this  school  is  required  to  extend 
to  the  girls  the  advantages  now  so  profitably  enjoyed  by  the  boys. 
The  undersigned  would  respectfully  present  to  the  Council  that  it  is 
their  firm  conviction  that  this  system  is  essential  to  the  success  of  our 
public  schools,  and  that  it  is  the  only  way  in  which  they  can  be  made 
in  truth,  what  they  are  in  name,  common  schools;  common   to   all, 


350  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

good  cnoTigh  for  the  ricli.  cheap  enough  for  the  poor;  siieh  schools 
as  tliese  will  meet  the  wants  of  all  classes  in  the  comnmnity. 

As  some  of  the  leading  men  of  the  city  had  opposed  the  creation 
of  the  high  school,  so  they  now  began  a  "drive"  to  have  it  discon- 
tinued; among  the  most  active  were  Henry  B.  Payne,  Harvey  Rice, 
and  John  Erwin.  The  field  marshals  on  the  other  side  were  Mr. 
Bradburn,  George  Willey,  and  William  Case.  When  the  opponents 
of  the  school  raised  the  ciy  of  illegality,  Bradburn  told  the  teachers 
to  go  ahead  with  the  school,  and  added:  "If  it  isn't  legal  to  have 
such  a  school,  we'll  go  to  Columbus  and  get  authority  to  establish  a 
legal  one."  On  the  seventeenth  of  March,  1847,  the  city  council 
called  for  information  concerning  the  cost  of  the  high  school,  and  Mr. 
Payne  introduced  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions: 

Whereas,  it  appears  from  authentic  returns  tliat  about  2,000  chil- 
dren in  the  city,  over  four  years  of  age,  are  not  attending  the  common 
schools,  or  deriving  any  benefit  from  said  school  fund,  while  at  the 
same  time  the  number  of  school  houses  and  iustruetors  is  greatly 
inadequate  for  those  who  do  attend  (in  some  cases  a  single  room 
containing  130  to  180  scholars)  ; 

Therefore,  Resolved:  That  provision  ought  to  be  made  for  the 
erection  of  new  school  houses,  and  the  employment  of  additional 
teachers,  until  an  opportunity  for  obtaining  a  thorough  common 
school  education  is  furnislied  to  every  cliild  in  the  city  over  four  years 
of  age. 

Resolved :  That  until  the  ob.ject  of  the  foregoing  resolution  is 
carried  out,  it  is  inexpedient  to  sustain  a  select  High  school  at  the 
charge  of  the  common  school  fund. 

Resolved  :  That  a  select  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to  in- 
quire into  and  report  upon  the  cxjiediency  of  providing  for  the 
permanent  establishment  of  a  Iligli  school,  by  requiring  a  tuition  fee 
not  exceeding  .$6  a  year,  and  the  appropriation  of  a  sum  equal  thereto 
from  tlie  general  fund  of  tlie  city. 

The  resolutions  were  referred  to  II.  B.  Payne,  John  Erwin,  and 
Charles  Ilirker  as  a  select  committee.  On  the  third  of  April,  this 
committee  brought  in  ma.iority  and  minority  reports.  Messrs. 
Payne  and  Erwin  contended  that  the  liigh  school  was  illegally  estab- 
lished for  the  rea.son  that  the  money  raised  for  schools  must  be  ex- 
pended in  the  several  school  districts  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  .school  children  in  the  district,  and  tluit  the  school  managers  had 
no  right  to  expend  money  on  schools  that  were  attended  by  pupils 
from  all  the  districts  in  the  city.  They  also  insisted  that  it  was  not 
wise  to  continue  the  high  school  as  a  charge  upon  the  common  scliool 
fund  until  every  child  in  the  city  was  given  an  opportunity  to  attend 


1847-49]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  351 

the  common  sciiools,  and  that  tlu-  cost  of  the  higli  scliool  was  very 
high  per  capita.  They  fnrtiicr  said:  "Everything  claimed  for  the 
school  on  ai'connt  of  its  snrpassing  excellence  and  the  distinguishing 
ability  of  its  principal  is  cheerfully  conceded,  but,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  committee,  it  is  far  more  desirable  that  all  the  chilcjren  of  the 
city  should  receive  an  education  than  that  a  small  class  should  be 
highly  educated." 

On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Hirkcr  was  of  the  opinion  tliat  the  power 
to  classify  pupils  and  to  designate  schools  for  them  to  attend  was 
clearly  given  to  the  school  managers  by  the  city  charter.  Friends  of 
the  school  ajipcalcd  to  the  public,  great  interest  in  the  matter  was 
aroused,  the  action  of  the  city  council  was  closely  watched,  and  a 
mass  meeting  in  support  of  the  school  was  held.  At  this  meeting, 
some  of  the  addresses  were  pretty  warm,  and  Mr.  J.  A.  Briggs 
exclaimed:  ""The  people  are  in  the  move  and  you  can  just  get  out  of 
the  way  when  they  speak!"  Members  of  the  city  council  took  due 
notice  and  governed  themselves  accordingly.  In  the  following  Jlay 
(1847),  Sir.  Payne  introduced  a  resolution  ordering  that,  until  other- 
wise directed,  girls  should  be  admitted  to  the  high  school  equally  with 
boys,  and  the  resolution  was  adopted. 

T^he  legislature  was  to  meet  in  the  following  winter  and  both  sides 
girded  up  their  loins  for  a  fight  at  Columbus.  The  legislature  finally 
pa.ssed  a  bill  that  required  the  city  council  to  maintain  a  high  school, 
and  authorized  it  to  levy  a  special  tax  for  the  purchase  of  land  and 
the  erection  of  .school  buildings.  The  council  had  been  levying  a 
tax  of  three-fifths  of  a  mill  on  the  dollar  for  the  support  of  schools 
and  had  authority  to  raise  the  levy  to  four-fifths  of  a  mill,  and  an 
increase  in  the  levy  was  necessary  to  provide  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  high  school.  At  the  spring  election  in  1848,  the  high  .schoo" 
cpiestion  was  the  great,  the  burning  issue.  ^Ir.  Bradburn  became  a 
candidate  for  mayor,  but  was-  defeated  by  a  small  plurality.  The 
high-sehool  advocates  were  generally  successful  in  the  election  of 
their  candidates  for  the  council,  but  prior  to  the  election  (February 
21,  1848),  the  old  council  "got  even"  with  Mr.  Bradburn  by  dropping 
him  from  the  board  of  school  managers.  The  council  then  elected 
James  D.  Cleveland,  John  Barr,  Samuel  ^\'iIliamson,  and  William 
Smyth,  with  George  AVilley  as  acting  school  manager.  The  high  school 
was  out  of  danger  as  to  its  existence,  but  not  beyond  the  reach  of 
annoyance  by  councilmanic  failure  to  appropriate  money  sufficient 
for  its  operating  expenses.  Until  1852,  the  total  annual  expense  of 
maintaining  the  high  school  was  less  than  .$900. 

Li  the  spring  of  1849,  the  city  bought  a  lot  on  Champlain  Street 


352  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

and,  in  August,  let  to  John  Gill  and  W.  P.  Southworth  a  contract  to 
build  thereon  a  two-story  brick  schoolhouse.  Late  in  the  fall,  the 
building  was  completed  and  the  Vineyard  Street  School  was  moved  to 
it.  This,  "the  best  arranged  and  largest  school  building  in  the  city 
at  that  time,"  cost  about  .$3,000;  the  furniture  cost  about  $600.  In 
the  .spring  of  1850,  a  eonti'act  was  let  for  a  three-slory  building  on 
the  old  Academy  lot  on  St.  Clair  Street,  the  same  to  be  completed  by 
the  first  of  August.  In  the  meantime,  tlie  schools  of  the  Academy 
were  cared  for  in  the  lately  vacated  school  rooms  on  Vineyard  Street. 
In  the  school  year,  1849-50,  two  new  primary  schools  were  estab- 
lished in  the  first  ward  and  one  in  the  third.  The  salaries  of  the 
principals  of  the  senior  schools  were  raised  to  $500  per  year,  and  the 
salary  of  the  principal  of  the  high  school  to  $575.  The  cost  of  the 
schools  for  the  year  was  $6,736.18.  A  school  census  taken  in  October 
.showed  that  there  were  in  Cleveland  4,773  persons  between  the  ages 
of  four  and  twenty-one:  the  number  enrolled  in  the  public  schools  in 
the  last  term  of  the  year  was  2,081 :  the  average  daily  attendance  was 
1.440;  and  the  number  of  teachers  employed  was  twenty-five. 

Greater  Interest  in  the  Public  Schools 

The  beginning  of  the  socoiul  half  of  the  century  seems  to  'have 
been  a  period  of  greater  jiublic  interest  in  the  public  schools  and 
a  consequent  loosening  of  the  purse  strings  by  the  city  council. 
New  buildings  were  erected,  school  libraries  were  begun,  the  schools 
were  l>etter  graded,  additional  teachei's  were  employed,  and  the  num- 
ber of  pupils  increased.  The  teaching  of  American  histoi-y  was 
begun;  "music,  under  the  guidance  of  professional  teachers,  begins  to 
be  taught  as  a  science;  drawing  passes  from  mere  linear  to  perspec- 
tive," etc.  Night  schools  were  opened  in  the  winter  term;  for  two 
hours  on  each  of  five  evenings  of  the  week,  they  were  in  session  for 
thirteen  weeks.  The  salary  of  each  of  the  four  senior  school  princi- 
pals was  increased  from  $500  to  $550  aiul  that  of  the  high  school 
principal  from  $575  to  $650.  The  total  cost  of  tho  schools  for  the 
year  was  $8,868.08.  The  high  school  coui-se  of  study  covered  a  i)eriod 
of  three  years;  the  coui'se  for  the  third  year  was  as  follows: 

First  Tei~m  Second  I'l  rm  Third  Term 

Trigonometry  &  A])-  Surveying  Surveyiug 

plications  Astronomy  Hotany 

Astronomy  Botany  Elements  nf  Crit  icism 

Mental  Philosophy  Elements  of  Criticism    Logic 

Book  Keeping  Cciicral   History 
General  llistorv 


1850-53]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  353 

For  the  libraries  in  tlie  different  school  buildings  the  city  gave 
$500;  private  contributions  did  the  rest. 

In  the  fall  and  wiuter  of  1851,  a  new  school  building  was  erected 
on  Clinton  (later  Brownell)  Street  at  the  cost  of  $3,500.  The  school 
was  opened  in  January,  1852;  the  attendance  increased  so  rapidly 
that,  in  the  spring,  the  board  of  managers  recommended  the  provision 
of  additional  aceonunodations.  That  summer,  another  story  was 
added  to  the  building  and  the  council  authorized  the  purchase  of  an 
adjoining  lot.  The  location  of  the  building,  still  known  as  the 
Brownell  School,  is  now  given  as  "East  Fourteenth  Street,  corner  of 
Sumner,  between  Prospect  and  Central  avenues."  On  the  twenty- 
second  of  July,  1851,  the  city  council  bought  a  lot  on  Euclid  Street 
near  Erie  (East  Ninth)  as  a  site  for  a  building  for  the  high  school. 
On  the  nineteenth  of  September,  the  city  council  authorized  its 
committee  on  schools  to  erect  on  this  lot  a  frame  building  for  the 
use  of  the  high  school,  said  building  to  cost  not  more  than  $1,200.  The 
building  was  soon  completed  and  housed  the  high  school  until  it  was 
replaced  by  a  better  one  in  1856.  For  the  land  thus  bought  the  city 
paid  $5,000;  it  was  subsequently  sold  for  $310,000,  and  is  now  occu- 
pied by  the  fourteen-story  building  of  the  the  Citizens  and  Savings 
Trust  Company.  In  February,  1852,  Mr.  Willey  resigned  as  acting 
school  manager.  In  March,  the  council  elected  as  school  managers, 
Charles  Bradburn,  George  Willey,  James  Fitch,  Truman  P.  Handy, 
and  W.  D.  Beattie,  and  designated  Mr.  Fitch  as  acting  manager. 
The  reappearance  of  the  names  of  Bradburn  and  Willey  in  this  list 
is  significant  of  a  better  disposition  on  the  part  of  the  majority  of 
the  council. 

Under  the  Board  op  Education 

In  June,  1853,  the  city  council  passed  an  ordinance  that  substi- 
tuted the  board  of  education  for  the  former  board  of  school  managers, 
conferred  upon  the  secretary  of  the  board  powers  formerly  exercised 
by  the  acting  school  manager,  and  provided  for  a  superintendent  of 
.schools  and  a  board  of  school  visitors.  The  school  year  was  to  begin 
with  the  fall  term  and  to  end  with  the  summer  term.  The  new  board 
of  education  consisted  of  Charles  Bradburn,  Samuel  H.  Mather, 
W.  D.  Beattie,  and  T.  P.  Handy,  who  were  to  serve  two  years ;  and 
George  Willey,  Buckley  Stedman,  and  Samuel  Starkweather,  who 
were  to  serve  one  year.  This  board  elected  Mr.  Bradburn  as  its 
president  and  Jlr.  Mather  as  its  secretary.  One  of  the  first  acts  of 
the  board  was  to  elect  Andrew  Freese  as  the  first  superintendent  of 


354  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

the  Cleveland  public  schools.  ]\Ir.  Freese  was  to  give  part  of  his  time 
to  the  work  of  supervision  of  all  the  schools  and  part  to  his  still  con- 
tinuing duties  as  principal  of  the  high  school.  He  was  also  to  ex- 
amine applicants  and  to  grant  certificates  to  such  as  he  found  quali- 
fied to  teach.  As  superintendent,  he  was  to  receive  an  annual  salary 
of  $300;  as  principal,  one  of  $1,000.  He  at  once  entered  upon  the 
discharge  of  his  new  duties.  A  general  increase  in  the  pay  of  teach- 
ers soon  followed.    Heretofore,  female  teachers  had  been  paid  a  stipu- 


Andrew  Freese 

lated  sum  per  week;  now  they  were  to  be  paid  according  to  the  grade 
of  the  certificate  that  each  one  held :  for  the  first  class,  $300  a  year ; 
for  the  second  class,  $275;  for  the  third  class,  $250. 

The  Mayki.owkk  Sciiooi, 

In  1854,  owing  to  the  crowded  condition  of  the  little  .school  on 
Mayflower  Street,  a  three-story  brick  building  was  completed;  with 
fixtures  and  fiurniture,  it  cost  about  $1(),(K)().  In  this  year,  Ohio 
City  became  part  of  Cleveland,  adding  2,-l;i8  to  the  school  po|)ulation, 
about  800  to  the  attendance  ol'  the  public  schools,  and  eleven  to  the 
corps  of  teachers.  Under  the  new  conditions  tlic  number  of  the 
board  of  education  was  increased  from  seven  to  eleven,  and  recon- 
.stituted   by  the   council   as  follows:    Charles    Bradburn,    Samuel    II. 


1854-55]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  355 

Mather,  W.  D.  Boattic,  T.  1'.  Haiuly,  George  Willcy,  Buckley  Sted- 
maii,  Beii.jaiiiiii  Sliclddii.  Iloiai'c  Bciitoii,  R.  B.  Dennis,  A.  P.  Turner, 
and  Isaae  L.  Hewitt.  .Mi-.  Bradlnirn  deelined  liis  aijpointnient  as  a 
member  of  the  board  of  education  for  the  reason  tliat  he  had  been 
elected  to  the  city  council.  Mr.  Bradburn  iiad  been  led  to  become  a 
candidate  for  the  council  by  his  desire  to  assist  in  getting  more  money 
for  the  school  buildings  and  in  the  luHher  development  of  the  school 
system.  When  the  council  coiinnittees  were  ajipointed  f(n"  that  year, 
he  was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  on  schools.  In  his  place, 
James  A.  Briggs  was  elected  by  the  council  to  the  board  of  education, 
which  completed  its  organization  by  the  election  of  Mr.  Sheldon  as 
president,  and  ^Ir.  ^Mather  as  secretary.  At  the  time  of  the  con- 
solidation of  the  two  municipalities,  Ohio  City  had  three  school- 
houses,  situated  on  Penn,  Vermont,  and  Church  streets;  it  also  was 
building  three  large  three-story  brick  sehoolhouses  on  Pearl,  Hicks, 
and  Kentucky  streets,  all  of  which  were  finished  by  the  enlarged 
board  of  education  of  Cleveland  at  the  cost  of  about  $7,000  each. 

At  the  end  of  the  spring  term  in  1855,  the  first  class  was  grad- 
uated from  the  high  school.  Though  the  school  had  been  established 
nine  years,  and  while  a  few  individuals  had  completed  the  prescribed 
course,  no  class  had  yet  done  so.  The  names  of  the  graduates  of 
1855  follow: 

George  W.  Durgin,  Jr.  Emcline  W.  Curtis 

Henry  W.  Hamlen  Helen  E.  Farrand 

John'G.  Prince  Julia  E.  O'Brien 

Timothy  H.  Rearden  Laura  C.  Spelman 

Albert  H.  Spencer  Lucy  M.  Spelman 

In  Septcnd)er,  1864,  ]\Iiss  Laura  C.  Spelman  married  Mr.  John  D. 
Rockefeller,  the  founder  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company.  At  the  time 
of  the  first  high  school  commencement  in  Cleveland,  the  school  was 
still  housed  in  the  temporary  wooden  building  on  the  Euclid  Street 
lot,  but  .Mr.  Bradburn  had  been  at  work  in  and  out  of  the  council. 
On  the  fourteenth  of  February,  the  council  committee  on  schools 
recommended  "tiiat  the  school  committee  be  authorized  to  advertise 
for  proposals  for  the  erection  of  a  building  on  the  high  school  lot 
in  conformity  with  the  plan  which  is  presented  herewith  and  recom- 
mended by  the  board  of  education,"  and  Mr.  Bradburn  introduced  a 
resolution  instructing  the  committee  to  advertise  for  such  proposals. 
On  the  twenty-eighth  of  ]\rarch,  and  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  Bradl)urn, 
the  committee  was  authorized  to  enter  into  contract  for  such  a  build- 
ing for  the  sum  of  $15,400,  the  amount  of  the  lowest  of  the  fourteen 


356 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 


proposals  that  had  been  received.  At  the  begiiiuiog  of  the  fall  term, 
the  high  school  was  removed  to  the  Prospect  Street  building  where  it 
remained  until  the  new  building  was  dedicated  on  the  first  of  April, 
1856.* 

West  High  School 

For  several  years  an  Ohio  City  senior  school  had  been  conducted 
in  the  building  known  as  "The  Seminary;"  when  the  Kentucky  Street 


A.    G.    IIOPKINSON 


school  building  was  completed  this  school  was  transferred  to  the 
upper  rooms  thereof.  When  llie  East  Side  got  wliat  I  shall  hereafter 
designate  as  the  Central  lligli  Scliool,  the  West  Siders,  naturally 
enough,  wanted  a  West  High  Sfliddl,  I'.ut  llie  special  legislation  that 
Mr.  Bradbui-n  luul  soenrcd  at  Colnmliiis  provided  for  only  one  high 


*A   picture  of  the  building  nuiy  Ix'   I'ouinl   in   a  later  cliaiitcr,  "Tlio  Pul)lio 
Library." 


1856-59]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  357 

school,  and  so  a  branch  of  the  Central  High  School  was  established  in 
the  Kentueky  Street  huihiing;.  This  was  known  as  the  Branch  High 
School,  but  other  than  in  name,  it  was  an  independent  school  with 
a  course  of  study  identical  with  that  of  the  Central  High  School. 
The  first  principal  of  this  school  was  A.  G.  Ilopkinson;  he  held  the 
position  until  1S70.  Cleveland  now  had  two  high  schools,  the  "West 
and  the  Central.  She  did  not  get  a  third  until  1872,  when  the  annexa- 
tion of  the  village  of  Ea.st  Cleveland  brought  in  the  East  High 
School.  At  the  end  of  the  seliool  year  in  July,  1856,  the  city  had 
twenty-three  school  buildings,  good,  bad  and  indifferent;  the  esti- 
mated value  of  land,  buildings,  and  furniture  was  $150,000. 

In  Jul.v,  1856,  the  city  council  appointed  a  new  board  of  educa- 
tion :  Charles  Bradburn,  George  Willey,  Horace  Benton,  R.  B. 
Dennis,  and  Samuel  H.  Mather;  the  board  was  organized  with  Mr. 
Bradburn  as  president  and  Mr.  Willey  as  secretary.  An  industrial 
school  was  established  and  Greek  and  Latin  were  introduced  into  the 
course  of  gtudy  of  the  high  schools.  The  number  of  pupibs  enrolled 
was  5,750,  and  the  average  daily  attendance  was  3,410.  Each  of  the 
high  schools  gi-aduated  six  pupils.  The  board  of  education  appointed 
in  April,  1857,  consisted  of  Messrs.  Bradburn,  Willey,  Dennis,  T.  S. 
Paddock,  and  C.  W.  Palmer.  Mr.  Bradburn  was  re-eleetfid  president 
of  the  board  and  Mr.  Willey  as  its  secretary.  The  number  of  pupils 
enrolled  was  6.250;  of  these,  1,477  were  in  the  high  and  grammar 
schools  with  male  teachers  and  female  assistants ;  the  other  4,773  were 
in  intermediate,  secondary,  and  primar.y  schools  with  female  teach- 
ers. The  average  daily  attendance  was  3,714.  The  number  of 
teachers  employed  was  eighty ;  sixty-eight  women  and  twelve  men. 
The  total  expenditure  for  the  schools  in  the  year  1857-58  was 
$48,839.68. 

First  Elected  Board  of  Education 

Early  in  1859,  the  legislature  passed  a  law  "to  provide  for  the 
regulation  and  support  of  the  common  schools  in  the  city  of  Cleve- 
land." This  law  took  the  election  of  the  members  of  the  board  of 
education  from  the  city  council  and  put  it  in  the  hands  of  the  voters. 
There  was  to  be  one  member  from  each  ward  and  the  term  of  office 
was  one  year.  On  the  fifth  of  April  of  that  year  (1859),  the  voters  of 
Cleveland  chose  their  first  elected  board  of  education,  consisting 
of  Charles  Bradburn,  Alle.vne  Mayna»-d,  Charles  S.  Reese,  William 
H.  Stanlt'v,  Nathan  P.  Payne,  W.  P.  Fogg,  Lester  Hayes,  J.  A.  Thome, 
F.  B.  Pratt,  Daniel  P.  Rhodes,  and  George  R.  Vaughan.     The  mem- 


358  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Cliap.  XXII 

bers  of  the  board  chose  Mr.  Bradburn  as  president  and  Mr.  Maynard 
as  secretary.  Under  the  provisions  of  the  new  law,  the  board  ap- 
pointed "three  suitable  persons  of  competent  learning  and  ability 
who  shall  constitute  a  board  of  examinei-s,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
meet  at  least  once  in  everj-  month  to  examine  the  qualifications, 
competency,  and  moral  character  of  all  persons  desirous  of  becom- 
ing teachers  in  the  public  schools  of  Cleveland."  The  high  school 
course  of  study  was  revised,  its  term  extended  from  three  to  four 
years,  the  study  of  German  introduced,  and  four  different  courses 
were  provided.  Owing  to  lack  of  adequate  funds,  no  new  buildings 
were  erected,  and  some  special  studies  (penmanship,  music  and 
drawing)    were   temporarily   abandoned   or   restricted. 

The  Public  Schooi^,  1859-62 

At  the  end  of  the  school  year,  1859-60,  the  number  of  persons 

of  school  age  was ^       13,309 

There  were : 

In   the  public  .schools 6,100 

In  private  Catholic  schools 2.000 

In  private  Protestant  schools 200 

In  private  German  schools 250 

In   orphan  asylum 50 

8,600  8,600 

Not   attending  any   school 4,709 

The  classification  of  the  pupils  in  tlie  |)iiblic  schools  was  very  unsatis- 
factory to  Superintendent  Freesc ;  tlic  buildings  were  too  small; 
tlH>  largest  would  accommodate  fewer  than  500  pni>ils  and  sonu'  of 
the  others  only  about  350  each  ;  the  number  of  jjupils  in  eacli  scliool 
was  too  small  to  enable  a  jiropcr  clii.ssidcation.  In  the  lower  grades, 
boys  and  girls  were  taught  separately  even  in  the  smaller  buildings 
thus  making  necessary  the  main1<'nance  of  two  classes  doing  the 
same  work  in  a  grade,  work  that  conlil  be  done  as  well  in  one.  In 
his  annual  report,  the  supei-inteiidenl  said:  '"I'o  establisli.  foi"  <>xam- 
ple,  two  Intermediate  schools  is  i)ractieally  to  divide  classes  that 
should  recite  together  under  the  same  teachei-,  into  Iwo  sections,  to 
recite  the  same  lesson  under  separate  teachers.  If  three  schools  of 
this  grade  be  established,  llien  tlie  same  classt^s  arc  divided  into 
three  parts,  and  each  has  to  recite  to  a  different  teaclier.     it  is  even 


1860-61] 


THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 


359 


worse  tliau  111  is  in  dik'  or  two  of  our  distrii'ts,  for  we  have  four 
schools  on  an  Intermediate  grade,  when  there  should  be  but  one, 
and  in  no  district  are  there  less  than  two."  He  favored  the  redistriet- 
ing  of  the  city  for  school  purposes  and  the  erection  of  buildings  that 
would  aecomniodate  at  least  800  pupils  each.  He  further  said:  "I 
have  no  idea  that  the  Hoard  will  deem  it  advisable  to  pull  down  and 
rebuild  the  school  houses  of  the  city,  or  make  other  radical  changes 
to  accomplish  the  objects  which  I  have  named.  I  think,  however, 
while  we  are  making  alterations  in  oui'  buildings  from  year  to  year, 


Old  Wkst  High  School 


and  erecting  new  ones,  it  would  be  well  to  look  towards  a  more  per- 
fect union  school  system,  such  as  I  have  endeavored  to  give  in 
outline."  At  his  own  request,  Mr.  Freese  was  relieved  of  the  duties 
of  superintendent  and  again  took  up  the  more  congenial  work  of 
teaching.  After  teaching  for  a  time  in  the  Eagle  Street  School  he 
again  became  principal  of  the  Central  High  School.  In  1868,  be- 
cause of  ill  health,  he  retired  from  school  work.  Well  done,  good 
and  faithful  servant. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  school  year,  1861-62,  Mr.  Luther  M. 
Oviatt  began  work  as  superintendent  of  schools,  in  succession  to 
Mr.  P'reese.  He  was  a  graihiate  of  the  Western  Reserve  College  and 
for  years  had  been  principal  of  the  Eagle  Street  School.  In  that 
year.  Dr.  Die  Lewis's  famous  system  of  gymnastics  was  introduced 


360  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

into  the  schools.  In  October,  a  new  building  at  the  corner  of  State 
(West  Thirty-fifth)  Street  and  Ann  Court  was  completed  and  imme- 
diately occupied  by  the  West  High  School.  After  two  years  of  serv- 
ice as  superintendent,  Mr.  Oviatt  was  succeeded,  in  the  summer  of 
1863,  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Anson  Smythe  who  had  served  for  four  years 
as  superintendent  of  the  Toledo  schools.  He  introduced  a  more  rigid 
system  of  grading  the  schools  that  temporarily  overcrowded  the 
lower  classes  and  led  to  much  objection  from  the  pupils  therein,  but 
it  demonstrated  the  need  of  more  primary  schools  and  secured  them. 
In  the  two  j-ears  ending  August,  1865,  ten  new  primary  and  second- 
ary schools  were  opened.  At  the  close  of  the  school  year  1866-67, 
Superintendent  Smythe  retired  from  the  schools. 

Andrew  J.  Rickoff 

Mr.  Smythe 's  successor  was  Andrew  J.  Rickoff  who  had  been 
superintendent  of  the  Cincinnati  public  schools  and  was  later  at  the 
head  of  a  private  school  in  that  city.  The  coming  of  Mr.  Rickoff 
opened  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  the  public  schools  of  Cleveland, 
ilr.  Rickoff"  had  a  wonderful  power  of  organization  and  a  remarkable 
ability  to  secure  the  suppoit  of  his  teachers  and  of  members  of  the 
board  of  education.  He  was  a  strong,  able  man,  and  was  fully  con- 
scious of  the  fact.  When  he  came  to  the  city,  Cleveland  had  two 
high  schools  and  ten  grammar  schools.  The  gi*ammar  schools  occu- 
pied the  third  or  upper  stories  of  the  larger  buildings  and  most  of 
them  had  tributary  schools  located  in  the  smaller  buildings.  Mr. 
Rickoff  soon  made  the  principal  of  each  grammar  school  the  principal 
of  all  the  schools  from  which  pupils  were  received,  whether  the 
tributary  .schools  were  in  the  same  building  or  in  some  other.  The 
schools  were  reclassified  into  three  grand  divisions,  known  as  Pri- 
mary, Grammar,  and  High  School.  Each  division  contained  four 
grades  designated  as  A,  B,  C,  and  D.  Separate  divisions  for  girls 
and  boys  were  abolished.  By  consolidation,  the  number  of  grammar 
schools  was  reduced  from  ten  to  seven.  The  A-Grammar  classes 
were  consolidated  into  four  and  these  were  placed  in  charge  of 
women  who  were  also  made  principals  of  the  buildings  in  which 
they  were.  Heretofore,  these  positions  had  been  held  by  men.  The 
course  of  study  was  revised,  a  copy  was  given  to  every  teacher,  and 
each  teacher  was  instructed  how  to  do  the  work  of  her  grade.  Under 
the  influence  of  Superintendent  RickolT.  ])ett(>r  school  buildings  came 
into  being.  Mr.  Rickoff  had  clear  ideas  on  the  subject  of  school  con- 
struction and  was  al>le  to  scc\ire  Die  needed  action.     On  the  first   nf 


1867-70J  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  361 

September,  1868,  and  with  appropriate  fomialitics,  the  new  school 
on  Sterling  Avoniie  (East  Tliirtieth  Street)  was  opened — "the  finest 
school  building  in  the  state  of  Ohio;"  it  cost  about  $45,000.  Three 
similar  school  buildings  were  put  under  contract.  The  Orchard, 
Rockwell,  and  St.  Clair  school  buildings  were  soon  completed.  The 
receipts  of  the  board  of  education  on  account  of  the  construction 
fund  were  $195,440.01,  including  $61,1)92.62  realized  from  the  sale 
of  bonds;  the  expenditures  for  buildings  and  equipment  were  $161,- 
005.48.  The  school  census  of  1869  showed  that  there  were  in  the 
city  27,524  persons  of  school  age,  of  whom  only  11,151  registered 


Andrew  J.  Rickofp 

in  the  public  schools.  Male  principals  of  A-Grammar  schools  were 
no  longer  appointed.  Instead,  the  city  was  divided  at  first  into 
four,  then  into  three,  and  later  into  two  districts,  each  in  charge 
of  a  supervising  principal  whose  duties  were  wholly  those  of  general 
oversight. 

Public  School  Record  for  1867-72 

In  1867,  there  were  118  teachers  in  the  grade  schools  and  ten 
teachers  in  the  high  schools.  In  April,  1868,  the  legislature  passed 
an  act  "to  provide  for  the  support  and  regulation  of  the  public 
schools  of  Cleveland."  This  act  clipped  the  authority  of  the  city 
council  in  school  affairs  and  gave  the  board  of  education  complete 
control  of  the  schools,  with  power  to  levy  taxes  without  restriction 
by  the  city  council,  except  that  the  city  hall  still  had  a  voice  in  the 
"purchase  of  proper  sites  and  the  erection  of  suitable  schoolhouses 


362  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

thereou. ""  In  May,  1873,  the  legislature  passed  a  general  law  that 
superseded  all  special  enactments  pertaining  to  the  management  of 
schools  ill  town,  cities,  etc.  This  left  to  the  city  council  no  voice  in 
school  affairs. 

In  1870,  the  supervising  principals  and  the  principals  of  grade 
schools,  were : 

First  District 

Supervising  Principal,  Henry  ]\I.  James. 
Rockwell,  Annie  E.  Spencer;  St.  Clair,  Etta  M.  Hays;  Alabama, 
Eliza  A.  Beardsworth;  Case,  Eliza  E.  Corlett ;  Eagle,  H.  E.  Gillett. 

Second  District 

Supervising  Principal,  Lewis  W.  Day. 
Brownell,  Cornelia  H.  Saunders ;  Sterling,  Adda  S.  Bently ;  May- 
flower, Ellen  G.  Reveley;  Willson,  Abbie  E.  Wood;  Warren,  Lucy 
A.  Robinson. 

Third  District 

Supervising  Principal,  Alexander  Forbes. 
Kentucky,  Bettie  A.  Dutton;  Hicks,  Lemira  W.  Hughes;  Orchard, 
Emily  L.  Bis.sell;  Washington,  Abbie  L.  0.   Stone;  Wade,  Susie  L. 
Plummer;  University,  Libbie  H.  Prior. 

In  1870,  there  were  more  than  2,000  children  of  German  parentage 
attending  private  German  schools.  On  the  first  of  March,  1870,  a 
committee  of  the  board  of  education  recommended  that  a  German- 
English  department  of  schools  be  organized  in  the  fourth,  sixth, 
and  eleventh  wards,  these  having  the  largest  German  population. 
This  report  was  adopted.  In  January,  Mr.  Louis  R.  Klcmm  was  em- 
ployed to  teach  German  in  the  high  schools  and  to  give  his  Fridays  to 
supervision  of  the  teaching  of  that  language  in  the  grammar  and 
primary  classes.  Jlr.  Klemm,  who  was  Mr.  Rickoff's  brother-in-law, 
was  very  enthusiastic  in  his  i)ropaganda,  and,  before  long,  the  study 
of  German  was  extended  throughout  the  entire  city.  Mr.  Klemm  was 
superintendent  of  the  German  department,  and  parents  and  pupils 
were  systematically  solicited  to  enter  the  Gorman  classes.  In  I  his 
year,  1871,  the  board  of  education  adoi)ti'(i  tin-  policy  of  building 
small  frame  houses  that  would  accommodale  about  240  pupils  each. 
They  were  called  "relief  schools,"  and  were  intended  for  temporary 
use.  The  rea.son  for  their  being  was  that  some  sections  of  the  city 
were  growing  so  rapidly  in  population  that  it  was  impossible  to  tell 
with  certainty  .just  where  pei-manent  buildings  should  be  erected. 
To  this  day,  Cleveland  schools  need  aiiij   iilili/c  sucli  "relief."" 


1871-72] 


THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 


363 


The  siiporvisiiifj  statV  in  1S71-72  was  as  follows: 

Supcriiitc'iuli'iit,  Andrew  .1.  RickofT. 

Supervising  I'rincipal  of  1st  District,  Henry  .M.  James. 
Supervisiii":  I'rincipal  of  2nd  District.  Lewis  W.  Day. 
Special  Superintendent  of  Primary,  1st  Grade,  Kate  E.  Stephan. 
Special  Superintendent  of  Primary,  2nd  and  3rd  Grades,  Harriet 
L.  Keeler. 

Special  Teacher  and  Supervisor  of  Music,  N.  Coe  Stewart. 
Special  Teacher  and  Su|)crvisor  of  I'emnanship,  A.  P.  Root. 
Special  Teacher  and  Supervisor  of  Drawing:,  Frank  H.  Aborn. 

East  Cun'ELAND  Schools  Annexed 

In  October,  1872,  the  annexation  of  the  village  of  East  Cleveland 
to  the  city  of  Cleveland  brought  the  village  schools  under  the  control 


,1      * 


m\^     /,    -Ml 


ik 


\immiM 


East  Cleveland  Centb^vl  School 


of  the  Cleveland  board  of  education  and  the  supervision  of  Super- 
intendent Rickoff.  The  western  boundary  of  the  village  was  Willson 
Avenue  (now  East  Fifty-fifth  Street)  and  its  southern  boundary  was 
practically  Quincy  Avenue.  The  outlines  of  the  annexed  village 
appear  in  the  map  given  on  page  256.  East  Cleveland  had  a  high 
school  and  the  articles  of  annexation  provided  that  "the  high  school 
now  existing  in  the  corporation  of  East  Cleveland  shall  be  continued 
and  maintained  as  now-  established,  until  modified  or  changed  by  a 
vote  of  three-fourths  of  the  members  of  the  board  of  education,  with 
the  concurrence  of  one-half  of  the  members  from  the  territory  com- 
prised in  tlie  sixteenth  aiul  .seventeenth   wards  as  described   in   tliis 


36i  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXII 

agi-eement.  Thus  the  East  Cleveland  High  School  became  the  Cleve- 
land East  High  School.  At  the  time  of  the  annexation,  the  village 
school  board  consisted  of  Dr.  0.  C.  Kendrick,  Liberty  E.  Holden,  and 
V.  C.  Taylor.     Mr.  Taylor  is  still   (1918)  living.     In  the  summer  of 

1871,  this  board  had  employed  as  superintendent  of  their  schools 
EIroy  M.  Avery  who  had  just  been  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Michigan.     The  report  for  the  year  ending  on  the  eighth  of  April, 

1872,  shows  the  following  organization  of  the  teaching  force : 

High  School — Mrs.  E.  il.  Avery,  principal ;  Frank  H.  Geer,  Helen 
Briggs. 

Grammar  School — Miss  Frank  I.  Mosher,  Mi-s.  J.  W.  Lusk. 

Central  Intermediate  School — Mary  Ingersoll,  Florence  S.  Censor, 
Dora  House. 

The  three  schools  aboA'c  mentioned,  occupied  the  Central  (now  the 
Bolton)  School  building,  and  were  lander  the  immediate  supervision 
of  the  superintendent.  The  other  schools  occupied  separate  build- 
ings. 

Church  Street  School — ^Irs.  0.  A.  Lukens,  principal ;  Lucy  East- 
man, Ebbie  S.  Knowles. 

Euclid  Avenue  School — Mrs.  E.  A.  Fox,  principal;  Mary  S.  Holt. 

Jladison  Avenue  School — Blanche  Huggins,  principal;  Nellie  S. 
Burns,  Nettie  B.  House. 

Garden  Street  School — Olia  A.  Houtz,  principal ;  Lucy  Adams, 
Jennie  Cairns. 

Crawford  School — Miss  Frank  C.  Hovey. 

Dunham  Avenue  School — Julia  S.  Sabin. 

Special  Teacher  of  Penmanship — A.  P.  Root. 

Special  Teacher  of  Drawing — Frank  Aborn. 

In  his  report,  the  superintendent  said : 

As  a  general  thing,  our  school  buildings  are  comfortable.  Tlicir 
chief  faults  are  an  almost  total  lack  of  proper  ventilation  and  respect- 
able scats.  .  .  .  We  have  hardly  a  scihool-room  in  the  village 
that  is  not  over-crowded — some  of  them  two  or  three  fold.  While  our 
school-rooms  are  so  crowded  and  ill-veutilated,  we  need  not  go  fur- 
ther to  find  the  causes  of  the  listlessncss  and  ill-nature,  and  other 
more  active,  tliough  ])erhaps  not  moi-e  dangerous  forms  of  disease, 
wliicli  are  ever  reaching  out  to  take  liold  of  school-children.  .  . 
In  this  connection  it  mny  be  jji-opcr  to  add  tliat,  at  tlie  Central  i-?uild- 
ing  the  measures  taken  for  a  ]ierfcct  ventilation  were  fully  success- 
ful. In  the  matter  of  seats,  most  of  our  old  schools  arc  in  a  deplorable 
condition.  The  rickety,  stained,  whittled  and  crowded  desks,  remnants 
of  an  unmourncd  past,  do  little  credit  to  this  c\ilturcd  and  wcaltby 
community. 


1872] 


THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 


365 


In  the  first  two  terms  of  1871,  the  number  of  pupils  enrolled  in 
the  village  schools  was  583;  in  the  fii'st  two  terms  of  1872,  the  num- 
ber was  7C4;  a  gain  of  thirty-one  per  cent.  In  contrast  with  this 
showing  of  the  village  schools  in  April,  1872,  I  give  the  following 
statement  of  the  condition  of  the  schools  in  the  territory  then  an- 
nexed to  Cleveland.  This  statement  bears  date  of  the  eighth  of  April, 
1918,  and  was  kindly  prepared  for  me  by  the  Department  of  Refer- 
ence and  Research  of  the  Cleveland  schools: 


Number  of 
Scliool  Teachers 

Elementary 

1.  Bolton    31 

2.  Central 39 

3.  Doan 21 

4.  Dunham 22 

5.  Ea.st  Madison 27 

6.  Giddings   23 

7.  Hough 24 

8.  Observation    (in  connection 
with   Normal  School.) 16 

9.  Quincv  24 

10.  Rosedale 26 

11.  Wade  Park 20 

12.  Willson    20 

13.  Willson  School  for  Cripples     8 

Junior  High  Schools 

14.  Addison 29 

15.  Fairmount 33 

Senior  High  Schools 

16.  Central  Senior 43 

Junior 32 

17.  East  (new)— Senior 39 

Junior 16 

18.  Normal 16 

509 


Enrol- 
ment 

1,290 
1,254 

791 

913 

975 

937 
1,037 

613 
852 
1,077 
836 
776 
120 


760 

580 


1,105 

827 

1,038 
466 

263 
16,510 


Valuation, 
Including 
Land  and 

Equipment 

$159,008.66 
245,395.74 
129,097.84 
104,441.47 
127,747.69 
207,148.41 
115,566.94 

233,424.83 

85,856.74 

91,828.30 

118,724.31 

128,330.45 

8,474.07* 

172,205.97 
90,636.05 


365,989.89 

j  235,963.75 

233,424.83 

$2,854,265.94 


After  the  annexation,  Mr.  Avery  .supervised  what  had  been  the 
village  schools  until  the  end  of  the  school  year,  June,  1873.  Then 
he  became  principal  of  the  Ea.st  High  School  (old)  with  his  wife  as 
his  chief  assistant,  and  during  that  vear  acted  with  Messrs.  James 


*  Equipment  only. 


366  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

and  Day  as  supervising  principal,  having  direct  supervision  of  the 
East  End  schools.  At  this  time.  1872,  the  principal  of  the  Central 
High  School  was  Samuel  G.  Williams  and  the  principal  of  the  West 
High  School  was  Warren  Higley.  The  courses  of  study  and  the 
monthly  and  annual  examinations  in  the  three  schools  were  identical. 


Died,  August  20,  1872,  Charles  Bradburn 


Much  op  Newbueg  Township  Annexed 

In  1874,  much  of  Newburg  township  was  annexed,  thus  adding 
four  schools  and  1,269  pupils  to  the  city  district.  In  the  fall  of  1874, 
the  Normal  School  was  established  in  the  Eagle  Street  building  with 
Alexander  Forbes,  a  former  supervising  principal,  as  the  principal 
thereof.  The  conditions  prescribed  for  admission  to  the  Normal 
Seliool  were  a  Cleveland  high  school  diploma  or  an  equivalent  prep- 
aration as  shown  by  examination.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  were 
no  male  pupils.  Miss  Kate  E.  Stephan  and  Miss  Julia  E.  Berger 
were  appointed  training  teachers  for  the  four  primary  schools  in 
the  building.  In  these  four  schools,  the  "Normal  School  Girls" 
were  given  practical  training  in  teaching  with  an  expert  teacher 
overlooking  their  work,  giving  help  as  needed  and  correcting  errors 
as  they  developed.  At  the  end  of  the  year,  twenty-six  pupils  were 
graduated.  All  of  these  graduates  were  given  positions  as  teachers 
in  the  Cleveland  public  schools  except  one  who  was  employed  in  the 
"Colored  High  School"  at  Washington  City.  The  position  as  special 
superintendent  of  the  first  grade  primary  schools,  vacated  by  the 
transfer  of  -Miss  Stephan  to  the  Normal  School,  was  filled  by  the 
appointment  of  Miss  Laura  M.  Curtis. 

Tax  Levy  for  Building  Schools  Increased 

In  this  year,  1874,  the  board  adopted  a  new  jiolicy  in  the  matter 
of  providing  the  necessary  school  buildings,  in  tlu'  three  years, 
1868-70,  the  bonds  issued  for  such  purposes  iiinountcd  to  .$420,000. 
The  annual  rc|)ort  for  1875  said  that  the  city  had  already  paid 
ifiKiO.OOO  interest  on  these  bonds,  jind  that,  before  the  bonds  matured, 
$21.5,000  iuhlitidiial  interest  would  lie  required.  This  total  of  $:{7r),000 
interest  from  issuo  to  maturity  wouhl  have  sufficed  "to  l)uild.  furnish, 
and  e(|uip  ready  for  occupancy  six  such  liuildings  at  the  Outliwaite 
house — the  best  school  ac(H)mnio(lations  for  seven  thousand  children — 


1874-78] 


THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 


367 


the  entire  increase  in  daily  attendance  at  tlie  pnblic  schools  for  the 
past  eight  years."  The  board  therefore  increasetl  the  tax  levy  to  raise 
sufBeient  money  for  the  permanent  additions  for  the  1,500  addi- 
tional pupils  that  must  be  eared  for  each  year.  The  new  policy, 
wise  at  it  was,  has  not  always  been  followed  but  it  had  a  good  effect. 
In  addition  to  the  buildings  made  necessary  by  the  rapid  growth 
of  the  city,  some  of  the  old  buildings  burned  and  others  fell  into 
decay  and  desuetude  and  had  to  be  replaced,  the  combination  putting 
on  the  board  of  education  a  burden  enough  to  press  a  royal  merchant 
down.  The  new  buildings  needed  were  better  than  the  old  and 
were  supplied  as  rapidly  as  possible.     As  most  of  them  are  still  in 


New  Central  High  School 


use,  I  shall  not  attempt  to  mention  them  in  detail,  but  refer  any 
possible  seeker  for  information  to  the  statistical  tables  given  in  the 
latter  part  of  this  article.  But  mention  should  be  made  of  one  im- 
portant change.  The  Central  High  School  had  become  overcrowded, 
the  advance  of  business  had  driven  its  patrons  further  eastward, 
its  site  had  a  high  market  value,  the  East  High  School  was  rapidly 
growing,  and  the  per  capita  cost  of  the  high  schools  was  so  great 
that  it  provoked  unfavorable  criticism.  In  1876,  the  board  of  edu- 
cation bought  land  on  Willson  Avenue  (East  Fifty-fifth  Street)  and 
Cedar  Avenue  preparatory  to  building  a  new  schoolhouse  with  ample 
accommodations  for  the  pupils  of  the  Central  and  of  the  East  High 
schools.  In  1878,  the  building  was  ready  for  occupancy  and  the  two 
high  schools  were  consolidated,  the  conditions  of  the  East  Cleveland 


368  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

annexation  having  been  satisfied.  The  new  school  is  still  known 
as  the  Central  High  School  and  the  old  East  High  School  was  dis- 
continued. It  was  a  good  while  before  there  was  another  East  High 
School.  Just  then  Alexander  Forbes  retired  fi'om  school  work,  thus 
opening  the  door  for  a  satisfactory  settlement  of  what  had  become 
a  rather  warmly  contested  issue;  Dr.  S.  G.  Williams  was  continued 
as  principal  of  the  Central  High  School,  and  Elroy  M.  Avery  was 
made  principal  of  the  Normal  School.  "Previous  to  the  transfer  of 
the  Central  and  East  High  schools  into  the  new  Willson  Avenue 
building,  these  schools  had  been  seated  in  common  assembly  rooms, 
from  whence  they  repaired  to  recitation  or  lecture  rooms  at  times 
fixed  for  the  school  program.  When  the  two  schools  moved  into  the 
Central  High  school,  they  were  housed  in  14  session  rooms,  accom- 
modating from  fifty  to  sixty  pupils  each.  The  students  recited  some 
of  their  studies  in  these  session  rooms,  and  repaired  to  other  rooms 
for  other  recitations."  The  upper  stories  of  the  old  Central  High 
School  building  were  fitted  up  for  the  use  of  the  public  library  which 
had  lately  been  committed  to  the  charge  of  a  library  board  of  seven 
members  chosen  by  the  board  of  education.  This  first  library  board 
consisted  of  Sherlock  J.  Andrews  who  was  made  its  president,  the 
Rev.  John  Wesley  Brown,  W.  F.  Hinman,  William  Meyer,  John  Hay, 
W.  J.  Starkweather,  and  Dr.  II.  McQuiston.  The  lower  story  was 
fitted  up  for  use  as  headquarters  for  the  board  of  education.  In 
the  winter  of  1877-78,  the  legislature  reduced  the  maximum  of  the 
school  levy  from  seven  to  four  and  a  quarter  mills  ;  it  was  subseciuently 
raised  to  four  and  a  half  mills  and.  in  1881,  the  levy  w-as  up  to  that 
maximum.  Owing  to  the  consequent  decrease  in  receipts  and  the  simul- 
taneous increase  in  the  school  attendance,  the  finances  of  the  board 
were  sorely  pinched  and  the  scliools  were  very  crowded.  In  the  school 
year  1881-82,  the  .scliool  enumeration  showed  a  total  of  58,026  persons 
in  the  city  between  the  ages  of  six  and  twenty-one  years ;  the  number  of 
pupils  eni'olled  in  tlie  ])ul)lic  schools  was  2(),f)f)fl  ;  the  average  daily  at- 
tendance was  18,696;  tlie  number  of  pupils  in  (he  high  schools  was 
1,005 :  the  number  of  teachers  was  472,  of  wlioiii  only  twenty-nine  were 
men;  the  receipts  on  account  of  the  school  fund  were  $458,858.50:  and 
the  expenditures  were  $462,768.65.  At  the  nid  of  tliis  year,  and  after 
a  bitter  campaign,  Supcrintciidi'nt  K'ickoH'  rclircil  fi-oin  tlie  (""leveland 
public  schools. 

One  of  the  most  niiirkcd  features  of  Mr.  RiekofT's  fifteen  years 
of  superintendence  was  the  genei-al  elimination  of  male  ]>rinci])als 
and  teaeliers  and  the  substitution  of  women  therefor.  The  argu- 
ment generally  adv;ini'cil   in   favoi-  <if  tlic  chiuige  was  that  "\  tliou- 


1882-86]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  369 

sanil-dollar-a-year  woman  is  worth  more  to  the  schools  than  a 
tliousiuul-dolhir  man,"  to  whicli  others  acUlcd  tlieir  contention  that 
tlie  real  reason  for  tlH>  change  was  that,  out  of  an  equal  number 
of  teachers,  male  aiul  female,  the  greater  number  of  recalcitrants 
would  come  from  the  former  class;  in  other  words,  that  the  teacher 
who  had  a  vote  was  more  likely  to  feel  a  "little  independent"  and  to 
"kick"  against  what  he  looked  upon  as  an  arbitrary  exercise  of 
authority  than  was  the  teaclier  who  had  no  vote  and  but  little  or 
no  political  influence.  Probably  each  side  had  something  of  right 
on  its  side.  Although  he  was  somewhat  intolerant  of  a  differing 
opinion,  Mr.  Kickotf  was  one  of  the  greatest  school  superintendents 
that  Ohio  has  produced ;  he  may  have  been  imiierious,  but  he  also 
was  imperial. 

Superintendent  Hinsdale's  Administration 

The  next  superintendent  of  the  schools  was  Burke  A.  Hinsdale, 
who  was  well-known  as  president  of  Hiram  College  and  as  a  writer 
on  educational  and  historical  sub.iects.  He  and  Mr.  Rickoff  had 
lately  been  engaged  in  a  war  of  polemic  pamphlets  relating  to  the 
efficiency  of  the  common  schools  as-eompared  with  those  of  earlier 
years,  as  manifested  by  the  tests  made  at  the  United  States  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point.  Mr.  Hinsdale  was  a  more  scholarly  man 
than  his  predecessor  and  made  good  use  of  his  four  years  in  the  super- 
intendency  to  better  the  class  of  teachers  employed  in  the  schools 
and  to  improve  the  instruction  that  they  gave.  The  teachers  were 
allowed  a  greater  exercise  of  initiative  and  largely  freed  from  the 
discouraging  restraints  and  fear  of  "the  office."  By  that  time, 
the  lack  of  school  accommodations  had  become  acute.  On  the  sixteenth 
of  October,  1882,  the  superintendent  reported  to  the  board  that  there 
were  thirty  schools  in  rented  rooms,  of  which  eleven  were  in  churches, 
nine  in  saloon  buildings,  two  in  a  refitted  stable,  five  in  dwelling 
houses,  two  in  store  rooms,  and  one  in  a  society  hall.  The  board 
immediately  began  an  active  campaign  for  more  buildings.  In  1884, 
branch  high  schools  were  organized.  The  night  schools  had  reached 
such  a  place  of  importance  that  the  board  authorized  the  super- 
intendent to  open  such  schools  wherever  he  found  that  they  were 
needed.  In  1886,  corporal  punishment,  which  had  for  many  years 
been  discouraged,  was  by  action  of  the  board  of  education  definitely 
abolished.  In  August,  1886,  Superintendent  Hinsdale  retired  from 
the  Cleveland  public  schools  and  soon  became  a  memlier  of  the  faculty 
of  the  University  of  Michigan,  a  position  that  he  held  until  his  death. 

Vol.  t— n 


370 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 


In  his  last  annual  report  as  superintendent  of  the  Cleveland  schools, 
he  said: 

As  this  is  my  last  report,  I  deem  it  but  a  matter  of  justice  to  all 
parties,  and  particularly  to  myself,  to  put  on  record  a  fuller  statement 
than  I  have  hitherto  published  of  tlie  leading  ideas  that  have  guided 
my  administration  of  the  office  of  superintendent.  My  acceptance  of 
the  superintendency  of  the  schools  of  Cleveland,  in  June,  1882,  was 
by  some  people  construed  to  mean  that  numerous  and  important 
changes  would  at  once  be  made  in  the  schools,  both  in  their  mechan- 
ical  organization    and   in    methods    of    instruction.      Nor    can    it   be 


B.  A.  Hinsdale 


denied  that  many  citizens  were  j)repared  eagerly  to  welcome  such 
changes;  the  sooner  they  came  th(>  better,  these  citizens  tlionght. 
These  advocates  of  sudden  and  extreme  measures  made  two  great 
mistakes.  First,  they  failed  to  see  that  even  in  case  such  changes  were 
called  for,  no  superintendent  who  came  to  the  schools  a  stranger  could 
at  once  or  quickly  tell  what  they  were,  or  wisely  order  or  recommend 
them ;  also,  that  no  educator  who  really  had  any  reputation  to  lose, 
would  risk  it  on  such  an  experiment.  But,  secondly,  they  made  a 
more  serious  mistake  as  to  the  real  nature  of  a  school  and  of  a  .system  of 
schools.  Such  a  school  or  system  is  not  a  frame  work  tliat  can  be 
torn  down  and  i)ut  together  again  according  to  another  model,  or 
even  a  machine  that  can  be  ])ullc(l  to  pieces  and  built  over  again; 
it  is  rather  an  organism  that  has  been  produced  by  gi'owth  or  evolu- 
tion, more  or  less  alive,  more  or  less  fruitful,  and  that  nnist  be 
handled  in  liarmony  with  its  own  nattirc  and  laws.  What  Sir  James 
^1,'ickiiitosli   sn\s  of  constitutions   is  ti'U(>  of  si'lioo!   systems:     "Tliey 


1886]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  371 

are  not  uiadc,  Init  <;;ro\v."  What  the  laws  of  school  systems  are, 
neeil  not  hei-i'  lie  nuulf  tlie  subjei't  of  imiiiiry ;  one  differs  more  or  less 
from  another:  hut  this  is  one  law  of  tlie  srliools  of  any  eity  that  have 
existed  long  enough  to  eall  for  a  liftieth  annual  report:  AH  changes, 
no  matter  how  numerous,  how  important,  or  how  radical,  to  be 
beneficent  must  be  made  opportunely  and  jirudently,  and  must  con- 
sume time.  In  the  grave  words  of  Hacon,  found  in  his  essay  on 
"Innovations,"  "It  wei'c  good,  tiierefore,  that  men  in  tlicir  innova- 
tions wouhl  follow  the  example  of  Time  itself,  which  indeed  iiinovateth 
greatly,  but  (|uietly.  and  by  ilegrees  scarce  to  be  perceived."  Holding 
these  views  in  1S8'J  as  firmly  as  I  hold  them  today,  1  came  to  Cleve- 
land   with    no    revolutionary    schemes Vccordingjy,    every 

consideration  of  sound  policy  reconimendcd  tiie  course  that  1  adopted 
from  the  first : — to  visit  the  teachers  and  the  schools  as  often  as  pos- 
sible ;  to  observe  the  organization,  the  discipline,  and  the  instruction ; 
to  analyze  and  comjiare  the  results;  and  then  to  direct  such  changes 
as  seemed  called  for,  remembering  that  time  innovatetb  greatly  but 
quietly,  and  remembering,  also,  tiiat  1  must  succeed  in  improving  the 
schools,  if  at  all,  through  the  minds  of  the  teachers, — their  knowl- 
edge, views,  ideals,  and  si)irit,  and  not  by  the  use  of  mechanical 
methods.  Proceeding  in  this  way,  I  soon  discovered  that  what  the 
schools  most  needed  was  not  revolution  in  external  organization  and 
sj"stem,  but  moi-e  fruitful  instruction,  a  more  elastic  regimen,  and  a 
freer  spirit.  This  path  ran  wide  of  all  sensationalism;  it  was  quiet 
and  unobtrusive;  the  man  who  should  tread  it  could  look  for  little 
in  the  way  of  noisy  popular  approval :  ncvertlieless,  it  would  lead  to 
some  of  the  best  fruits  of  education.  In  this  path,  I  have  steadfastly 
sought  to  tread. 

Concerning  Superintendent  Hinsdale's  work  in  Cleveland,  Mr.  E. 
A.  Schellentrager,  the  president  of  the  board  of  education,  said  in 
his  annual  report : 

I  regard  the  period  of  his  administration  as  one  of  the  most 
beneficent  in  the  history  of  our  schools.  (Qualified  by  thorough  and 
comprehensive  knowledge,  and  enthusiastically  devoted  to  his  calling 
as  an  educator,  he  succeeded  in  inspiring  the  faculty  of  teachers  with 
enthusiasm  for  their  difTficuit  and  responsible  work  and  in  inducing 
them  to  continue  with  avidity  the  development  of  their  own  attain- 
ments. Opposed  to  all  sui)erficiallty  of  training,  he  strove  indefati- 
gably  against  all  mere  mechanism  in  school  instruction,  and  though 
many  of  his  efforts  were  for  the  fii'st  time  apparently  fruitless  and 
unsuccessful,  yet  it  is  proper  to  attribute  to  him  the  merit  of  having 
sown  seed  which  shall  certainly  spring  up  and  bear  beneficent  fruit 
in  the  future. 

Manu.vl  Training  School  Opened 

Mr.  Hinsdale's  successor  as  superintendent  of  the  Cleveland 
public  schools   was   Lewis   W.   Day   who,   as   teacher   or   supervising 


372  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

principaL  had  been  connected  with  the  schools  for  many  years.  In 
the  school  year,  1886-87,  the  tax  of  cue-fifth  of  a  mill,  authorized 
by  the  legislature,  was  collected  for  the  purpose  of  training  pupils 
in  manual  and  domestic  work.  In  Februaiy,  1886,  the  Cleveland 
ilanual  Ti'aining  School  Company  opened  a  school  on  the  north  side 
of  East  Prospect  Street  (Carnegie  Avenue)  between  Willson  Avenue 
(East  Fifty-fifth  Street)  and  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  branch 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Railway.  By  arrangement  between  the  manual 
training  school  company  and  the  lioard  of  education,  high  school 
pupils  were  admitted  to  the  school  free ;  other  pupils  paid  a  tuition 
fee;  the  difference  between  the  tuition  fees  I'eeeived  and  the  oper- 
ating expenses  of  the  school  was  paid  by  the  board  of  education.  At 
the  opening  of  the  school  year,  1887-88,  a  cooking  school  depart- 
ment was  opened  as  a  regular  branch  of  the  manual  training  school — 
one  of  the  first  cooking  schools  organized  in  the  country.  About  this 
time,  the  first  truant  officer  was  appointed  under  the  provisions  of 
the  state  compulsory  school  law.  In  his  report  for  the  year,  1888-89, 
Superintendent  Day  spoke  of  his  efforts  to  broaden  the  thought,  to 
cultivate  the  attention,  and  to  systematize  the  work  of  the  pupils,  and 
mentioned  two  serious  hindrances  to  success  along  such  lines.  The 
first  was  the  emploj-ment  of  teachers  "who  have  had  little  or  no 
experience  or  training  and  who,  consequently,  are  narrow  and 
bookish."  The  other  hindrance  was  the  employment  of  teachers 
"who,  notwithstanding  their  experience,  are  equally  narrow  and 
bookish,  whose  chief  aim  seems  to  bo  to  'drill'  all  the  work  into  the 
little  unfortunates  committed  to  their  care."  Teachei-s  of  the  first 
class  should  be  "reduced  by  dismissal  as  rapidly  as  better  teachers 
can  be  found  to  supply  their  places;  the  other  class  should  not  be 
employed."  Wise  Mr.  Day!  In  September,  1890,  the  West  JManual 
Training  School  was  opened  on  the  upjier  floor  of  the  old  W^est  High 
School.  At  the  end  of  the  year  (1892),  Mr.  Day  retired  from  the 
Cleveland  schools. 


Government  of  Schools  Rf.org.vnized 

In  March,  1892,  Die  Ifgislaturc  |)assed  an  act  that  reorganized 
the  government  of  the  Cleveland  schools,  the  Federal  Plan  it  was 
called.  It  vested  all  legislative  power  in  a  school  council  of  seven 
members  elected  at  large,  and  all  executive  authority  in  a  sdiool 
director  who  was  elected  directly  by  the  people  and  whose  powers 
were  so  great  that  many  called  him  the  school  dictator.  The  council 
and  the  director  constituted  the  board  of  education ;  the  duties  of  each 


lii'J-2\  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  373 

di'i)ai-tnu'iit  wcro  cloarly  doliiK'iL  In  Ai>ril.  Mr.  IT.  Q.  Sargent  was 
eleeti'd  as  school  diroctor,  and  tlio  seven  niend)ers  of  tlio  t'ouni'il  were 
chosen  as  provided  hy  the  luw  hiw.  As  successor  to  Superintendent 
Day,  Director  Sarjrcnt  appointed  Andrew  S.  Drai)er,  a  former  seliool 
commissioner  of  the  state  of  \ew  York,  an  al)le  educator,  and  a  strong- 
man. ^Ir.  Drapei-  proiiijitly  hegan  many  changes,  prominent  among 
wliich  was  an  enhirgemcnt  of  the  authority  of  the  school  principals. 
As  an  inheritance  from  tiie  Kickotf  reijime,  he  found  (to  (piote  from 
his  first  annual  report)  tliat  "all  authority  was  exercised  in  the 
centra!  office:  none  was  delegated.  The  priiicii>als  were  such  only 
in  name.  ,\side  from  transmitting  the  directions  of  the  super- 
intendent and  collecting  and  returning  reports,  they  apparently  had 
no  higher  or  different  function  than  had  any  other  teacher.  They 
were  not  charged  with  respt)nsibility,  nor  even  with  knowledge,  con- 
cerning the  management  or  the  methods  of  tiic  teachers  in  tlicir 
buildings.  All  details,  no  matter  how  rcmot*',  were  managed  directly 
from  the  office.  .  .  .  The  principals  were  therefore  directed 
to  exercise  a  general  care  over  their  buildings  and  a  general  over- 
sight of  all  the  schools  therein  ;  to  keep  tlicmselves  informed  as  to 
all  details;  to  see  that  all  the  regulations  and  the  directions  of  superior 
officers  were  fully  complied  with ;  to  aid  associate  teachers  with  sug- 
gestions and  advice  where  practicable;  and  to  report  to  the  super- 
intendent or  a  supervisor  any  unbecoming  conduct  or  any  inefficient 
work  on  the  part  of  a  teacher,  or  any  other  matter  which  they  could 
not  remedy  themselves  and  to  which,  in  the  interests  of  the  schools, 
the  attention  of  the  superintendent's  office  should  be  called."  For 
what  he  considered  a  needed  "energizing"  of  the  teachers,  Superin- 
tendent Draper  organized  "The  Principals'  Round  Table"  for  the 
informal  discussion  of  school  work  and  school  problems  and  framed 
a  schedule  of  regular  teachers  meetings,  four  each  year  for  the  whole 
body  of  teachers  and  twice  as  many  for  teacliers  of  each  separate 
grade.  These  meetings  were  led  by  the  superintendent  or  a  supervisor 
and  many  of  them  were  addressed  by  eminent  educators  brought  to 
Cleveland  for  that  purpose.  The  names  of  the  common  school  grades 
from  the  D-Primary  up  to  the  A-Grannnar  were  changed  to  first 
grade,  second  grade,  etc.,  ni)  to  the  eighth  grade,  thus  avoiding  some 
confusion.  Examinations  for  promotion  in  these  grades  were  abol- 
ished. At  the  beginning  of  June,  each  teacher  was  to  prepare  a  list 
of  the  pupils  who,  in  her  opinion,  were  prepared  for  promotion. 
Subject  to  the  approval  of  the  principal,  the  pupils  thus  recom- 
mended were  advanced  to  the  next  higher  grade.  In  the  case  of  a 
pupil  not  thus  advanced,  the  parent  might  a.sk  for  a  written  exam- 


374  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

illation  of  the  child  and,  if  the  required  standard  was  attained,  the 
pupil  was  thus  promoted.  Promotions  from  the  eighth  grade  to  the 
high  school  were  determined  by  a  combination  of  the  teacher's  recom- 
mendation with  a  written  examination,  "fifty-fifty.'"  In  this  year, 
manual  training  was  introduced  into  the  elementary  schools  and  land 
was  bought  for  a  manual  training  school  building  on  Cedar  Avenue 
near  East  Fifty-fifth  Street. 


Columbus  Day  Observed 

The  four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  America 
(Columbus  Day,  October  21, 1892),  was  fittingly  observed  by  the  pupils 
of  the  Cleveland  public  schools.  The  celebration  was  described  by 
Superintendent  Draper  in  his  annual  report  as  follows: 

At  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  children  were  assembled  in  the 
yard  at  their  several  buildings  and  participated  in  unfurling  the 
flag,  and  with  uplifted  hand  all  pledged  loyalty  and  devotion  to  it. 
This  was  performed  with  a  felicitous  ritualistic  ceremony  and  with 
the  assistance  of  committees  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 
Immediately  after  the  flag  raisings  the  several  schools,  in  their  sepa- 
rate rooms,  held  exercises  apjiropriate  to  the  occasion  which  were  o!" 
deeper  interest  because  of  the  study  all  the  schools  had  given  to  the 
life  and  character  of  Colundjus  and  the  history  of  his  voyage  and 
discovery  during  the  previous  weeks.  The  parents  were  invited  to 
these  exercises.  At  12  o'clock,  the  students  of  the  High  schools  and 
the  children  of  the  four  ui)|)ei-  grades  of  the  Elementary  schools 
assembled  and  either  marched,  or  were  lirought  on  the  street  railway 
lines,  to  the  center  of  the  city,  where  great  meetings  were  held  in  .seven 
of  the  public  halls  and  churches  and  addressed  by  prominent  public 
speakers.  At  these  meetings  the  children  occupied  the  main  part  of 
the  Iiuildings,  prominent  citizens  occupied  the  ])latforins,  and  the 
music  and  addi'esses  were  of  a  (character  calculated  to  enforce  patriotic 
lessons  suggested  by  tile  day's  celebration.  At  the  close  of  these  meet- 
ings there  was  a  mammoth  street  ])arade  by  idl  tlie  boys  of  the  High 
schools  and  the  four  upper  grades  of  the  Klementary  schools.  l']aih 
school  was  represented  by  a  beautiful  banner,  and  many  wore  unifoi'ms 
specially  prepared  for  the  occasion.  All  carried  flags.  Jlusic  was 
plentiful  and  inspiring.  The  marching  was  so  soldierly  as  to  win  the 
enthusiastic  applause  of  siich  a  multitude  as  Cleveland  never  saw 
on  her  streets  before,  and  parlicnlarly  of  the  veterans  of  the  Crand 
Ai'iny  whose  efficient  aid  in  preiKiring  for  and  supervising  the  notatile 
jjarade  will  be  long  and  gi-atefuUy  renu'mbered.  At  the  close  of 
the  parade  the  column  was  reviewed  in  front  of  the  (^ity  Hall  by 
Mayor  William  G.  Rose,  the  grand  marshal  of  the  day.  General  M.  H. 
Lcggett  and  liis  staff,  and  by  the  school  officials. 


1892-94]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  375 

Tlio  larjicst  oi'  these  luectinjjs  was  at  .Miisie  Hall,  on  Vineent 
Street,  wliere  were  assembled  the  teachers  and  pupils  of  the  Normal 
School,  the  Central  High  School,  the  West  High  School  and  the  pupils 
of  the  grammar  grades  from  the  following  schools:  Broadway,  Miles 
Park,  Outliwaite,  Sibley,  South  Case,  Sterling,  and  Woodland  Hills. 
The  program  was  as  follows: 

Chairman,  the  Rev.  Charles  F.  Thwing,  D.  D.,  President  of  West- 
em  Reserve  University. 

Prayer The  Rev.  Lewis  Burton,  D.  D. 

Music    "  America. ' ' 

Address President  Thwing. 

Music "Columbus!   Columbia!" 

Address The  Hon.  George  H.  Ely. 

Music "  Star  Spangled  Banner. ' ' 

Address Dr.  Klroy  M.  Avery. 

((.  "Red.  White  and  Blue." 

h.  "Battle  Hymn  of  the  Re])ublic." 

^lusical  Director,  Prof.  N.  Coe  Stewart. 


Music 


The  Schools  Under  Superintendent  Draper 

An  elaborate  revision  of  the  course  of  study  was  made,  simple 
science  was  introduced  into  the  lower  grades,  and  a  school  for  deaf 
mutes  was  opened  in  the  Rockwell  Street  School.  In  1899,  this  school 
was  transferred  to  a  leased  building  on  East  Fifty-fifth  Street.  In 
two  years.  Superintendent  Draper  retired  nearly  a  hundred  teachers 
for  incompetency  with  the  inevitable  consequent  criticism.  In  May, 
1894,  the  supervisory  staff  was  constituted  as  follows: 

Superintendent,  Andrew  S.  Draper. 

Supervisor  of  1st  District,  Edwin  F.  Moulton. 

Supcn-isor  of  2nd  District,  Henry  C.  iluckley. 

Special  Supervisor,  Ellen  G.  Reveley. 

Special  Supervisor,  Emma  C.  Davis. 

Supervisor  of  German,  Joseph  Krug. 

Supervisor  of  ^Manual  Training,  W.  E.  Roberts. 

Special  Teacher  and  Supervisor  of  Music,  N.  Coe  Stewart. 

Special  Teacher  and  Supervisor  of  Drawing,  Frank  Aborn. 

Special  Teacher  and  Supervisor  of  Penmanship,  Ansel  A.  Clark. 

In  that  month  (May  10,  1894),  Suj)erintendent  Draper  tendered 
his  resignation  to  take  efifeet  at  the  end  of  the  school  year;  he  ha<l 
decided  to  accept  the  proffered  presidency  of  the  state  University 
of  Illinois. 


376  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

Expansion  of  School  System 

Director  Sargent  appointed  as  successor  to  Mr.  Di'aper,  ilr.  Louis 
H.  Jones,  then  superintendent  of  the  public  schools  of  Indianapolis. 
Mr.  Jones  assumed  his  duties  as  superintendent  of  the  Cleveland 
schools  in  the  summer  of  1894  and  soon  announced  his  "determination 
not  to  make  any_  radical  changes."  The  villages  of  Brooklyn  and 
West  Cleveland  were  annexed  (July,  1894),  bringing  four  schools 
and  1,781  pupils  into  the  city  system.  For  yeai-s,  the  increase  in  the 
school  population  of  Cleveland  had  outrun  the  increase  of  the  rev- 
enues of  the  board  of  education.  In  the  decade,  1882-92,  school  bonds 
had  been  issued  to  the  amount  of  $1,021,200,  the  annual  interest  on 
which  was  sufficient  to  pay  for  a  new  16-room  school  building.  As 
the  board  of  ediication  was  unwilling  to  issue  more  bonds  and  as 
more  buildings  must  be  provided,  the  legislature  was  led  to  authorize 
the  levying  of  an  additional  tax  of  not  more  than  one  mill  on  the 
dollar  for  building  purposes.  In  one  year,  thirty-three  new  school 
rooms  were  completed  and  occupied  and  the  Normal  School  was  trans- 
ferred from  its  cramped  quarters  on  Eagle  Street  to  the  Marion 
School  building  which  was  improved  for  that  purpose. 

First  Woman  Elected  to  Public  Office  in  Ohio 

In  the  school  year,  1896-97,  free  "kindergartens"  were  opened 
as  a  part  of  the  public  school  system ;  in  the  following  year,  eleven 
such  .schools  were  in  successful  operation.  In  that  year,  and  under 
the  provisions  of  a  new  state  law,  a  woman  was  elected  as  a  member 
of  the  Cleveland  school  council.  She  who  thus  blazed  a  lu^w  path 
was  Catherine  TI.  T.  Avery  (Mrs.  Elroy  M.  Avery)  ;  her  certificate 
of  election  states  that  she  was  the  first  woman  chosen  to  an  elective 
office  in  Ohio.  In  tlio  following  yoai',  there  were  two  women  in  the 
school  council,  .Mrs.  Avery  and  Mrs.  Benjamin  F.  Taylor.  Since  that 
time  there  have  always  been  one  or  two  women  members  of  the 
school  council.  Mrs.  May  C.  Whittaker  was  installed  in  April,  1902, 
Mrs.  Sarah  E.  Ilyre  in  January,  1905,  and  Mrs.  Virginia  D.  Green 
in  January,  1912.  When  -Mrs.  Hyre  resigned  to  become  secretary  of 
the  board,  Miss  Emma  Perkins  was  cho.sen  to  lill  I  he  vacancy.  Mrs. 
('lara  Tagg  Brewer  took  office  in  January,  1918;  she  and  Mrs.  Creeu 
are  members  at  the  present  time  (August,  1918). 

Many  School  Buildings  Erected 

In  1899,  the  library  building  and  its  site  on  Euclid  Avenue  whore 
the  Central  High  School  liad  stood  was  sold  for  .+lil(),()()0,  the  board  of 


1899-1902]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  -H? 

education  re.serviii>i:  the  rij^lit  to  oceiipy  the  buikliiiy;  until  liiUl 
Contracts  for  two  high  school  buildings  (East  and  Lincoln)  were 
let;  the  buildings  were  completed  in  the  fall  of  1900.  In  the  jjreceding 
decade,  many  school  buildings  had  been  erected  but  the  schools  were 
still  very  crowded.  In  June,  1900,  Superintendent  Jones  made  a 
special  report  giving  his  best  judgment  as  to  the  location  of  ten  build- 
ings needed  in  the  inunediate  future.  "The  exact  location  will  be 
made  more  definite  by  the  indications  that  will  come  to  us  on  the 
opening  of  schools  next  September."  Attention  was  directed  to  chil- 
dren who  had  defective  eyesight  and  it  was  recommended  that  "the 
department  of  physical  education  and  school  hygiene  be  put  upon 
a  firm  foundation."  The  enumeration  of  children  of  school  age 
iu  1900  showed  a  total  of  106,453,  with  twenty-one  more  boys  than 
there  were  girls.  The  number  of  pupils  registered  in  the  schools  was 
58,105  and  the  average  daily  attendance  was  45,700.  The  number 
of  teachers  was  1,250,  of  whom  164  were  teachers  of  Gennan.  The 
total  value  of  school  buildings  was  $4,61i),676,  and  the  bonded  in- 
debtedness of  the  board  of  education  was  $1,195,000. 

Conclusion  op  Superintendent  Jones'  Term 

An  attempt  to  exclude  from  the  Normal  School  several  young 
ladies  who  had  nearly  completed  the  prescribed  course,  on  the  ground 
that  they  were  not  likely  to  make  successful  teachers,  aroused  great 
public  interest.  Some  of  these  pupils  had  been  given  a  few  weeks' 
practice  under  training  teachers  and  had  been  unfavorably  reported 
upon  by  said  training  teachers,  and  were  therefore  dismissed  from 
the  school.  There  was  no  question  as  to  the  scholarship  of  any  of 
them  and,  in  at  least  one  case,  the  brief  practice  had  l>een  taken  under 
unfavorable  physical  conditions.  When  the  present  writer,  by  request 
of  the  girl's  parents,  brought  this  case  to  the  attention  of  the  super- 
intendent with  the  request  that  she  be  given  another  two  weeks'  trial 
in  the  training  .school  and  with  an  assurance  that,  if  she  failed  to 
.secure  a  favorable  report  from  her  training  teacher,  no  further 
effort  would  be  made  in  her  behalf.  Superintendent  Jones  curtly 
remarked  that  the  dismis-sal  must  be  accepted  as  "a  closed  incident." 
The  caller  departed  with  the  remark  that  sometimes  a  closed  incident 
was  torn  open.  The  cases  were  cartied  into  court  and  the  court  re- 
instated the  pupil  in  the  .school.  In  the  next  campaign,  one  of  the 
.young  ladies  spoke  in  many  of  the  meetings,  aroused  much  sympathy, 
and  contributed  largely  to  the  defeat  of  Mr.  Sargent  as  school  direc- 
tor and  to  file  election  of  his  competitor,  a  gloomy  omen  for  Super- 


378  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

iiitendent  Jones.  Soon  after  this,  one  of  the  daily  newspapers  pub- 
lished (September,  1901),  a  series  of  six  articles  on  "Frills  and 
Feathers"  in  the  public  schools;  these  articles  did  much  to  intensify 
the  opposition  to  the  superintendent  who  was  held  to  be  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  conditions  of  which  complaint  was  made.  The 
authorship  of  the  "Frills  and  Feathers"  articles  was  an  open  secret, 
the  paper  that  printed  them  kept  pounding  away  with  argument, 
ridicule  and  cartoon,  and  other  papers  followed  more  gently,  until 
in  1902,  Mr.  Jones  accepted  the  presidency  of  a  ilichigan  state 
normal  school  and  left  Cleveland.  It  is  only  fair  to  add  the  statement 
that  Mr.  Jones  was  recognized,  even  by  those  who  longed  for  his 
leaving,  as  a  very  able  man  with  a  very  satisfactory  familiarity  with 
up-to-date  pedagogical  methods,  but  it  was  felt  that  his  disposition 
was  unfortunate  and  that  he  had  not  the  tact  that  is  necessary  in 
the  position  that  he  held. 

Since  the  departure  of  Mr.  Jones  in  1902,  the  changes  in  the  super- 
intendency  of  the  Cleveland  public  schools  have  been  so  frequent 
and  accompanied  by  so  many  unpleasant  differences  and,  in  some 
cases,  by  such  bitter  feeling,  all  of  which  are  so  recent  that  not  all 
of  the  soreness  caused  thereby  has  yet  disappeared,  that  it  will  be  well 
to  pass  over  them  with  little  more  than  mere  mention.  IMr.  Jones 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Edwin  F.  Moulton  wlio  had  been  assistant 
superintendent.  On  the  first  of  January,  1906,  came  Stratton  D. 
Brooks  from  Boston ;  on  the  tifteenth  of  March,  Mr.  Brooks  went  back 
to  Boston,  ostensibly  and  probably  because  he  was  luiwilling  to 
endure  for  more  than  ten  weeks  the  interference  and  attempted  dic- 
tation of  school  board  officials  in  mattere  that  he  felt  belonged  to 
him.  From  ^larch  to  tlie  middle  of  May,  ]\lr.  Moulton  was  again  in  the 
superintendent's  office,  and  then  lie  gave  way  for  Mr.  William  IT. 
Elson  who  had  been  called  from  the  .superin tendency  of  the  schools 
of  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan.    In  .laiiuai-y.  1912,  Mr.  Elson  retired. 

WiLMA.M    11.    I']|,S()N 'S  RK((M{|) 

Before  going  further  down  tlie  line,  I  auticijiate  events  for  tlie 
sake  of  doing  partial  justice  to  a  very  able  educator  who  deserved  a 
better  fate  than  was  allowed  by  the  adherents  of  an  insubordituiti' 
teacher  and  the  weak-kneed  and  uiiappreciative  members  of  the  board 
of  education.  In  the  Cleveland  I'IoIh  /yraler  (September  3,  1918") 
is  printed  a  communication  entitled  "  I'Mucational  Prophets,"  signed 
by  the  Rev.  Arthur  C.  Ludlow,  a  former  member  of  the  school  iioaid. 
Ill  tills  article,  Mr.  Ludlow  says: 


1902-12]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  379 

Who  can  estimate  tlio  iHliu-ational  losses  due  to  repeated  eruci- 
fixions  of  edueatioual  propliets.'  Forty  years  a<jo  Superintoiident 
Rickort'  substituted  semi  annual  iiromotions  of  pui)ils  for  tlio  aiilicpiated 
policy  of  annual  advanconient,  thus  giving'  backward  children  an 
opi)ortunity  every  tive,  instead  of  ten,  months  tt)  attain  higher  grades. 
From  187S  to  IS'JO  semi-annual  promotions  contimied,  when  strange 
to  say  there  was  a  return  to  annual  promotions  anil  for  twenty  years 
that  obsolete  policy  existed.  In  11)10  Superintendent  Elson,  believing 
that  ten  weeks  were  sutifieient  for  the  pupil  failing  to  advance  estab- 
lished his  "quarterly  |)romotions."  Notwithstanding  the  sanity  of  this 
economy  of  time  in  the  ti-aining  of  thousands  of  children,  Mr.  Prison's 
sueces.sor  abolished  (piarterly  promotions  and  restored  the  liiekott' 
semi-annual  polic\'.  In  a  public  document  issued  at  that  time  the 
writer  raised  this  (juestion,  "If  it  has  taken  two  decades  for  local 
educators  to  rediscover  the  vii'tue  of  the  Rickoff  semi-annual  promo- 
tions, how  many  decades  will  elapse  before  someone  will  providentially 
be  compelled  to  restore  the  Elson  quarterly  promotions?"  Miruble 
dictu!  In  less  than  a  decade  the  Elson  policy  of  (juarterly  promotions 
has  been  restored  by  the  Spaulding  administration.  If  Tom.  L.  John- 
son was  a  traction  prophet,  cei'lainly  Sui)erintendent  Elson,  with  his 
technical  high  schools,  high  schools  of  commerce  and  progi-essive 
policies,  such  as  (puirterly  i)romotions,  was  a  pi'ophet  in  a  liighcr 
realm.  The  latter,  howevei-,  was  stoned  out  of  his  educational  leader- 
ship, not  only  by  subordinate  educators,  but  also  the  powerful  papers 
of  Cleveland. 

At  the  urgent  recjuest  of  the  school  board.  Miss  Harriet  L. 
Keeler  consented  to  meet  the  emergency  by  accepting  the  super- 
intendeney,  ad  interim;  for  the  rest  of  the  school  year  she  held  the 
fort  with  marked  ability  and  with  general  satisfaction  and  approval. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  next  school  year  (September,  1912),  Mr.  J. 
il.  H.  Frederick,  who  had  recently  been  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools  of  one  of  Cleveland's  suburbs,  entered  upon  a  five-years' 
term,  probably  worse  marred  by  angry  dissention  than  was  the  term 
of  any  of  his  predecessors.  As  if  in  response  to  the  general  demand 
that  the  Cleveland  board  of  education  and  its  employes  .should  set 
a  better  example  to  the  pupils  of  the  schools,  a  nation-wide  .search  for 
a  man  who  had  the  ability  and  the  "nerve"  to  command  peace  and 
to  secure  the  highest  possible  degree  of  efficiency  in  every  educa- 
tional branch  of  the  public  schools  was  begun  and  continued  until 
the  school  authorities  were  convinced  that  the  right  man  had  been 
found. 

The  Educational  Commission 

In  1904.  the  Cleveland  board  of  health  ordered  a  medical  inspec- 
tion of  pupils   in  the  public  schools  and  the  board  of  education  or- 


380  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

gauized  the  division  of  medical  iuspeetion.  In  1905,  Mr.  Samuel  P. 
Orth.  the  president  of  the  board,  appointed  an  "  Educational  Com- 
mission" to  investiga.te  all  departments  of  the  public  schools  and  to 
report  their  findings  and  recommendations  to  the  board  of  educa- 
tion. Mr.  Orth,  who  as  president  of  the  board  appointed  this  com- 
mission, subsequently  wrote  an  extended  history  of  Cleveland  that 
was  published  in  1910.    From  this  work  I  quote  the  following: 

The  latest  period  of  educational  development  may  be  said  to  date 
from  the  appointment  of  the  Educational  Commission.  January-  1, 
1905,  the  president  of  the  board  of  education,  Samuel  P.  Orth.  sug- 
gested that  because  of  the  great  loss  of  pupils  between  the  sixth  grade 
and  the  high  school ;  because  the  stress  of  earning  a  livelihood  drives 
most  of  these  pupils  from  the  schools;  because  of  comparative  over- 
weight of  expense  and  the  underweight  of  attendance  in  the 
high  .schools,  it  might  be  wise  to  appoint  a  commission  of 
citizens  "to  look  carefully  into  the  curricula  of  our  grade  and 
high  schools  and  determine  Avhether  teacher  and  pupil  are  over- 
burdened with  subsidiary  work  and  to  make  such  recommendations 
as  their  finding  of  facts  would  warrant."  Also  to  look  into  the  advis- 
ability of  perfecting  our  courses  in  manual  training  and  of  establishing 
a  manual  training  high  school,  "to  which  school  could  resort  such 
of  our  youth  who  desire  to  choose  as  their  calling  some  branch  of  the 
mechanical  arts."  In  February,  the  board  empowered  the  president  to 
appoint  such  a  commission  and  the  following  gentlemen  were  named : 
Elroy  M.  Avery,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  author  of  a  well  known  series  of 
school  texts  on  physical  science,  and  author  of  "A  History  of  the 
Ignited  States  and  Its  Peoi)le;"  E.  M.  Baker,  B.  A.,  broker.  Secretary 
of  Federation  of  Jewish  Charities;  J.  H.  Caswell,  assistant  cashier, 
First  National  Bank ;  J.  G.  W.  Cowles,  LL.  D.,  real  estate,  former  Pres- 
ident Chamber  of  Commerce;  Charles  Gentsch,  ]M.  T>.;  Frank  Hatfield, 
plate  roller,  Cleveland  Steel  Company ;  Charles  S.  Howe,  Ph.  D.,  S.  C. . 
D.,  President  Case  School  of  A])plied  Science;  Thomas  L.  Johnson, 
attornc.v ;  C.  W.  MeCormick,  assistant  secretary  Cleveland  Stone  Com- 
pany: James  McIIenry,  dry  goods  merchant;  F.  F.  Prentiss,  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  Twist  Drill  Company,  and  President  Chamber  of 
Commerce;  and  Charles  F.  Tlnving,  LL.  D.,  President  Western  Re- 
serve Cniversit.v. 

On  March  1st  the  Connnission  organized  by  selecting  ]\Ir.  Cowles 
as  ehairnuui.  R.  E.  Gammcl,  serrctary  of  tlie  director  of  schools, 
acted  as  Secretary  for  the  Commission.  A  comj)rchcnsive  program 
was  adoi)tcd,  comjirising  eight  groups  of  inquiry,  each  assigned  to  a 
committee.  The  committees  made  a  very  thorougli  study  of  their 
assigned  sub.iects,  and  the  commission  held  stated  meetings  at  wiiich 
their  findings  were  discussed  in  great  detail.  On  Jul.y  24,  1906,  the 
last  meeting  was  held  and  tlieir  report  transmitted  to  the  board  of 
education.  'I'hus  for  a  year  and  a  half  the  problems  of  i)ublic  educii- 
tioii  in  (;ieveland  were  carefully  studied  by  an  al)le  aiul  reiiresentative 
liotly  of  citizens,  repi'esenting  not  alone  the  tax  payer,  but  every  phase 


1904-06]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  381 

of  business  and  professional  life.  Their  report  comprises  a  volume 
of  one  humli'ed  aiul, twenty  pages  and  outlines  an  edueational  i)r(israiii 
based  upon  the  faets  observed  that  would  make  the  ])ul)lie  schools 
uot  merely  an  edueatioiuil  niaehine,  hut  a  vitalizing  force  in  our  indus- 
trial civilization.  The  rejiort  at  once  became  a  document  of  peda- 
gogical value  and  was  sought  for  by  all  the  larger  cities  in  the  country. 
Many  cities  have  since  followetl  Cleveland's  example  and  have  had 
their  schools  studied  by  citizen  conunissions.  The  recommendations 
for  changes  were  numerous,  too  niuuerous  to  be  even  outlined  here. 
Many  of  them  were  on  minor  matters,  but  some  of  them  were  of  the 
greatest  imi)ortance.  Among  them  are  the  following:  That  high 
school  functions  be  differentiated  and  sejiarate  nuuiual  training  an'd 
commercial  high  schools  lie  established  ;  that  the  elementary  course 
of  study  be  entirely  revised,  eliminating  nuuiy  of  the  decorative 
appendages;  that  there  be  more  ell'ective  supervision  in  writing;  a 
reorganization  of  the  drawing  depai'tment  and  better  correlation  of 
the  physical  culture  work  in  the  elementary  schools;  that  the  night 
school  be  reorganized  and  that  the  schools  be  utilized  as  neighborhood 
centers ;  that  a  complete  system  of  medical  inspection  be  inaugurated 
under  the  supervision  of  a  medical  expert ;  that  radical  changes  be 
made  in  the  [/romotion  of  teachers,  not  on  the  basis  of  length  of  serv- 
ice, but  upon  nu'rit  aiul  that  the  salaries  be  raised  and  th(>  inefficient 
teachers  be  droi)ped ;  that  the  nornuil  school  be  reorganized,  the  course 
lengthened  to  three  years,  a  new  and  ami)ly  equipped  building  be 
erected  and  the  faculty  strengthened,  but  that  it  would  be  more  ideal 
if  Western  Reserve  University  would  establish  a  Teachers'  College  and 
the  city  send  its  pupils  thither;  that  the  superintendent  be  given  full 
executive  powers  in  educational  matters;  that  the  method  of  super- 
vision be  changed  and  that  the  principals  be  given  more  supervisory 
authority;  that  German  be  discontinued  in  the  lower  grades;  that 
textlKJoks  be  adopted  only  on  the  recommendation  of  the  educational 
depai'tment;  and  that  there  should  be  an  extension  of  cooking  and 
manual  training  in  the  seventh  aiul  eighth  grades.  Increased  effi- 
ciency and  the  readjustment  of  the  schools  to  the  problems  of  the 
breadwinners  were  the  heart  of  the  commission's  findings.  Many  of 
the  minor  suggestions  were  immediately  made  effective  by  the  board 
of  education,  ami  the  larger  problems  were  promptly  attacked. 

The  committee  on  the  elementary  course  of  study  consisted  of 
Jlessrs.  Avery,  liaker,  and  Gentsch.  When  the  appointment  was 
made,  Chairman  Cowles  addressed  Dr.  Avery  saying:  "'You  have 
the  butt  end  of  the  log" — and  so  it  proved.  The  entire  teaching  force 
in  the  elementary  schools  was  interrogated  under  assurance  that  their 
rei)lies  would  be  held  by  the  committee  as  confidential,  and  much 
valuable,  first-hand  information  was  thus  secured.  Written  exam- 
inations in  spelling,  arithmetic  and  one  or  two  other  of  the  "essen- 
tials" ^vere  conducted  in  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades  and  the 
results  tabulated.      The   report   of  the   committee  was   approved   by 


382  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Cha}).  XXII 

the  eomniission,  printed  in  full  in  the  Cleveland  Plain  DeaUr  and 
several  educational  magazines,  and  in  abstract  by  many  others.  The 
publishers  of  the  Webster  dictionaries  ])rinted  thousands  of  copies  for 
gratuitous  circulation  at  teachers'  institutes  and  other  educational 
meetings,  and  Mr.  Orth  wrote  the  following  hitherto  unpublished  letter 
(probably  one  for  each  member  of  the  commission)  : 


Bo.\RD  OF  Education 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  August  8,  1906. 
Mr.  Elrov  :\I.  Averv, 

City. 

Dear  Mb.  Avery  :  As  President  of  the  Board  of  Education,  I 
appointed  you  last  year  a  member  of  the  Educational  Commission, 
and  inasmuch  as  that  Commission  has  now  completed  its  work  I  feel 
that  I  ought,  personally,  to  thank  you  most  sincerely  for  the  earnest, 
faithful  and  efficient  work  which  you  have  done  as  a  member  of  the 
Commission.  You  have  done  a  real  service  to  the  city.  Your  reward 
will  be  twofold ;  the  appreciation  whicli  the  thoughtful  people  of  the 
community  bestow  upon  unselfish  and  efficient  public  service,  and  also 
the  quickening  of  the  life  of  our  ])ublic  schools  by  infusing  into  them 
new  and  vitalizing  energy. 

As  you  know,  already  a  number  of  the  suggestions  of  the  Com- 
mission have  been  carried  into  eft'ect,  and  the  Board  is  giving  their 
thoughtful  consideration  to  all  of  the  suggestions  you  have  made,  and 
we  hope,  before  our  term  expires,  to  have  pretty  well  covered  the  new 
work  which  the  Commission  has  outlined. 

It  is  the  sympathetic  cooperation  of  men  of  high  ideals  that  make 
public  service  worth  while,  and  it  has  been  a  very  great  pleasure  to 
me  personally  to  be  associated  in  some  measure  with  the  Commission 
in  their  investigation,  and  I  beg  of  you  hereby  to  accept  my  sincere 
thanks  for  your  generous  gift  of  time  and  thought  to  the  work  of  our 
public  schools. 

Very  truly  yours, 

S-'VMUEL    P.    OhTII. 

Ill  his  History  of  Cleveland.  'Sir.  Orth  further  says  that  "with 
chararteristic  energv'  and  courage,  the  new  superintendent  fElson] 
set  himself  the  task  of  solving  the  greater  problems  i)resented  by  the 
commission.  Of  tlu^  many  results  already  achieved  [1910],  five 
may  be  taken  as  indicative  of  the  new  forward  movement  in  educa- 
tion." These  he  enmnerates  thus: 

1.  Tlie  estalilishment  of  tlie  Tecliiiicaj   llifili  School. 

2.  The  estaliiisliment  of  the  Commercial  High  School. 

3.  The  reorganization  of  the  Noi-inal  School  along  the  lines  sug- 
gested by  the  Educational   Connnission. 


1906-17]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  383 

4.  An  eiitiro  rovisioii  of  the  course  ol'  study  in  the  eU'iueutary 
schools. 

5.  The  establishment  (If  10)  of  a  vocatioiuil  school  foi-  boys  under 
the  high-school  age,  the  "  Kleinentary  Industrial  Scliool." 

The  teachers'  pension  fund  was  established  in  1906,  antl  the  first 
dispensary  with  nurses  was  opened  at  the  Murray  Hill  School.  Dental 
clinics  were  inaugurated  in  1910,  semi-annual  promotions  were,  re- 
established and  a  second  technical  (West)  high  school  was  estab- 
lished in  1912.  In  1915,  "Junior  High  Schools"  were  provided  for 
pupils  in  the  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth  grades.  In  1918,  the  teach- 
ing of  German  was  abandoned,  the  teaeliing  force  was  combed  for 
disloyalty,  and  military  training  for  all  high  school  l)oys  was  pre- 
scribed. 

Superintendent  Frank  E.  Spaulding 

In  September,  1917,  Mr.  Frank  E.  Spaulding,  lately  superin- 
tendent of  schools  at  ]\ninieapolis,  became  snpcrinteinlcnt  of  the 
public  schools  of  Cleveland.  Ilis  election  followed  extensive  inquiry 
of  prominent  educators  in  all  parts  of  the  country  and  numerous 
"junket  trips"  by  committees  of  the  board  of  education.  Mr. 
Spaulding  knew  his  worth  and  wants  and  so  his  salary  was  fixed  at 
$12,000  a  year  (the  largest  salary  paid  to  any  school  superintendent 
in  the  United  States)  and  he  was  given  full  assurance  that  he 
should  be  superintendent  in  fact  as  well  as  in  name — a  very  important 
compliance  with  one  of  the  recommendations  of  the  commission  of 
190.")-06.  At  this,  the  close  of  his  first  year  in  Cleveland,  it  is  only 
truth  to  say  that  Superintendent  Spaulding  treated  the  teachers 
and  the  public  with  courteous  consideration  and  full  fairness  and 
that  they,  in  return,  gave  their  confidence  and  support.  The  long 
continued  friction  between  the  office  force  and  the  schoolroom  force 
and  the  heat  generated  thereby  disappeared,  and  the  almost  chronic 
wrangling  in  the  board  of  education  came  to  an  end.  The  latter  elim- 
ination had  long  been  devoutly  wished  by  all  friends  of  the  schools, 
and  the  credit  for  it  mu.st  be  -shared  with  the  president  of  the  board, 
^Ir.  ]\Iark  L.  Thomsen.  At  the  end  of  the  school  year,  there  was  a 
revivified  era  of  good  will  and  the  superintendent  might  justifiably 
have  written  on  the  cerebral  tablet  assigned  by  phrenologists  to 
"Self  Esteem."  the  C\Tsarian  legend,  veni,  vuli,  vici.  At  all  events, 
the  verdict  of  the  general  public  was  that  though  he  was  high  priced 
he  was  the  right  man  in  the  right  place  and  that  he  was  worth  what 
they  had  to  pay  for  him.    In  the  summer  of  1918,  Mr.  Spaulding  was 


384  CLEVELAND  AXD  ITS  EN\aRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

given  leave  of  absenee,  he  having  been  ehosen  chairman  of  a  com- 
mission of  tliree  to  take  charge  of  the  education  of  American  soldiers 
in  France  in  preparation  for  their  return  to  civic  life  after  demobili- 
zation at  the  end  of  the  great  World  war. 


Present  School  Organization 

In  the  fall  of  1918,  the  members  of  the  board  of  education  were 
ilark  L.  Thomsen,  president ;  Mrs.  Virginia  D.  Green,  F.  W.  Steffen, 
Jlrs.  Clara  Tagg  Brewer,  E.  M.  "Williams,  Robert  I.  Clegg,  and  Bertram 
D.  Quarrie.  Jlrs.  Sarah  E.  Ilyre  was  clerk  and  treasurer  of  the 
board;  Frank  G.  Hogen  was  director  of  schools  (chief  executive  offi- 
cer) ;  headquarters  in  the  old  school  building  on  Rockwell  Avenue  at 
the  corner  of  East  Sixth  Street.  Here  also  were  the  offices  of  mem- 
bers of  the  educational  department: 

F.  E.  Spaulding — Superintendent. 

R.  G.  Jones — Deputy  and  Acting  Superintendent. 

A.  C.  Eldredge — Assistant  Superintendent. 

F.  E.  Clerk — Assistant  Superintendent. 

Catherine  T.  Bryee — Assistant  Superintendent. 

Jennie  D.  Pullen — General  Supervisor. 

Florence  A.  Hungerford — General  Supervisor. 

Eva  T.  Seabrook — General  Supeiwisor. 

Olive  G.  Cai-son — General  Supervisor. 

Clarence  W.  Sutton — Director  of  Division  of  Reference  and  Re- 
search. 

William  E.  Roberts — Supervisor  of  Manual  Training. 

Adelaitle  Laura  Van  Duzer — Supervisor  of  Domestic  Science. 

Helen  ^1.  Fliedner — Supervisor  of  Art. 

J.  Powell  tlones — Supervisor  of  Music. 

C.  A.  Barnett — Supervisor  of  Penmanshi]i. 

R.  B.  Irwin — Supervisor  of  the  Blind. 

Alexander  ^IcBanc — Truant  Officer. 

F.  E.  Spaulding,  llai'rict  K.  Corlctt,  Chirenco  W.  Sutton,  and 
Charles  W.  Rice — Board  of  School  Examinci's. 

Dr.  Ervin  A.  Petei'son — Assistant  Supcrintciuliiit  in  Charge  of 
Medical  Inspection. 

Walter  R.  McCornack— Chief  Architect. 

In  the  following  list  of  schools,  the  enrolment  given  is  that  for 
June,  1918: 

Normal  School — Stearns  Road,  S.  E.  and  Boulevard.  >\mbrose 
Tj.  Suhrie,  principal;  17  teachers.  Eni-olmcnt,  263.  (See  Observa- 
tion School.) 


East  Technical,  High  School 


West  TECHNicAii  High  School 


386  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXII 

High  Schools 

Central— East  Fifty-fifth  Street,  near  Cedar  Avenue.  Edward  L. 
Harris,  principal;  45  teachers.  Enrolment,  1,102.  (See  Central  Junior 
High.) 

East — East  Eighty-second  Street,  cor.  Decker  Avenue.  Daniel  W. 
Lothman,  principal ;  42  teachers.  Enrolment,  1,041.  (See  East  Junior 
Hisrh.) 

Glenville — Parkwood  Drive  cor.  Everton  Avenue,  N.  E.  H.  H. 
Cully,  principal ;  40  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,065. 

Lincoln — Seranton  Road,  cor.  Castle  Avenue,  S.  W.  James  B. 
Smiley,  principal;  27  teachers.  Enrolment,  600.  (See  Lincoln 
Junior  High.) 

South — Broadway  opposite  FuUerton  Avenue,  S.  E.  I.  Franklin 
Patterson,  principal;  25  teachers.  Enrolment,  584.  (See  South 
Junior  High.) 

"West — Franklin  Avenue,  cor.  West  Sixty-ninth  Street.  David 
P.  Simpson,  principal ;  28  teachers.    Enrolment,  666. 

East  Technical — East  Fifty-fifth  Street,  cor.  Scovill  Avenue. 
Charles  H.  Lake,  principal ;  102  teachers.    Enrolment,  2,301. 

"West  Technical — "West  Ninety-third  Street,  cor.  "Willard  Avenue. 
E.  "W.  Boshart,  principal;  52  teachers.  Enrolment,  1,044.  (See 
"West  Technical  Junior  High.) 

High  School  of  Commerce — Bridge  Avenue,  cor.  Randall  Road, 
N.  "W.     Solomon  Weimer,  principal;  41  teachers.     Enrolment,  1,071. 

High  School  of  Commerce  (East  Branch) — East  One  Hundred 
and  Twentieth  Street,  cor.  Moulton  Avenue.  Solomon  "Weimer,  prin- 
cipal ;  11  teachers.    Enrolment,  244. 

Collinwood  (Glenville  Annex) — St.  Clair  Avenue  and  Ivanhoe 
Road,  N.  E.  Prank  P.  "Whitney,  assistant  principal  in  charge;  11 
teachers.     Enrolment,  included  in  that  of  Glenville  High  School. 

Central  Manual  Training— 5805  Cedar  Avenue,  S.  E.  "W.  H. 
Lambirth,  director  in  charge.  This  is  a  branch  of  the  Central  High 
School. 

Junior  High  Schools 

Addison — Hough  Avenue  and  Addison  Koad,  N.  E.  B.  W.  Tay- 
lor, principal;  21  teachers.    Enrolment,  765. 

Brownell — East  Fourteenth  Street,  cor.  Sumner.  George  E. 
Whitman,  principal;  30  tcacliers.  Enrolment,  603.  (See  Brownell 
Elementary.) 


1918] 


THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 


387 


Central— East  Fil'ty-lifth  Street,  near  Cedar  Avenue.  Edward 
L.  Harris,  principal;  32  teachers.    Enrolment,  833. 

CoUiuwood — St.  Clair  Avenue  and  Ivanhoe  Road,  N.  E.  Frank 
P.  Whitney,  principal ;  28  teachers.    Enrolment,  707. 

Detroit — Detroit  Avenue  cor.  West  Forty-ninth  Street.  Anna 
M.  Christian,  principal ;  21  teachers.     Enrolment,  498. 

East — East  Eighty-second  Street,  cor.  Decker  Avenue.  Daniel 
W.  Lothmau,  principal ;  16  teachers.     Enrolment,  466. 

Empire — Empire  Avenue,  near  East  Ninety-tliird  Street.  Clay- 
ton R.  Wise,  principal ;  36  teachers.     Enrolment,  869. 


W&<*S8SRr__ 


Empire  School 

Fairmount — East  One  Hundred  and  Seventh  Street,  north  of 
Euclid  Avenue.  J.  A.  Crowell,  principal;  31  teachers.  Enrolment, 
579. 

Lincoln — Seranton  Road,  cor.  Castle  Avenue,  S.  W.  James  B. 
Smiley,  principal ;  23  teachers.    Enrolment,  572. 

South — Broadway,    opposite   Fullerton   Avenue,   S.    E.     I.    Frank- 
lin Patterson,  principal ;  12  teachers.    Enrolment,  323. 

West — Franklin  Avenue,  cor.  West  Sixty-ninth  Street.  D.  P. 
Simpson,  principal ;  16  teachers.    Enrolment,  523. 

West  Technical — West  Ninety-third  Street,  cor.  Willard  Avenue. 
E.  W.  Boshart,  principal;  26  teachers.    Enrolment,  672. 


Elementary  Schools 

Alabama — St.  Clair  Avenue,  cor.  East  Twenty-sixth  Street. 
Hanrahan,  principal ;  10  teachers.    Enrolment,  404. 


Mary 


388  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Cliap.  XXII 

Almira — -Almira  Avenue,  between  West  Ninety-seventh  Street  and 
"West  Ninety-eighth  Street.  Ida  M.  Deightou,  principal;  28  teach- 
ers.   Enrolment,  803. 

Barkwill — Barkwill  Avenue,  cor.  Dolloff  Road,  S.  E.  M.  Emma 
Brookes,  principal ;  IS  teachei-s.    Enrolment,  64:5. 

Bolton — East  Eighty-ninth  Street,  near  Carnegie  Avenue.  Har- 
riet A.  Hills,  principal ;  31  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,296. 

Boulevard — Kinsman  Road,  cor.  East  Boulevard,  S.  E.  Eva  E. 
Sheppard,  principal;  24  teachers.     Enrolment,  1,026. 

Boys' — ^West  Twenty-ninth  Street,  cor.  Clinton  Avenue.  H.  0. 
Merriman,  principal ;  14  teachers.     Enrolment,  740. 

Broadway — Broadway,  cor.  Worley  Avenue,  S.  E.  Mary  G. 
Strachan,  principal ;  22  teachers.     Enrolment,  772. 

Browuell — East  Fourteenth  Street,  cor.  Sumner.  George  E. 
Whitman,  principal ;  16  teachers.    Enrolment,  687. 

Buhrer — Buhrer  Avenue,  near  Scranton  Road,  S.  W.  Hattie  E. 
Walker,  principal;  17  teachers.     Enrolment,  735. 

Case — East  Fortieth  Street,  cor.  Cooper  Avenue.  Jennie  A.  Glee- 
son,  principal ;  21  teachers.    Enrolment,  804. 

Case — Woodland  (Training  School) — Woodland  Avenue,  cor. 
East  Fortieth  Street.  Annie  J.  Robinson,  principal;  26  teachei-s. 
Enrolment,  896. 

Central — Central  Avenue,  cor.  East  Sixty-fifth  Street.  Lora 
Henderson,  principal;  37  teachers.     Enrolment,  1,052. 

Chesterfield — Chesterfield  Avenue,  cor.  East  One  Hundi-ed  and 
Twenty-third  Street.  Christine  A.  Ringle,  principal;  21  teachers. 
Enrolment,  781. 

Clark — Clark  Avenue,  cor.  West  Fifty -sixth  Street.  Sarah 
Raines,  principal ;  19  teachers.    Enrolment,  799. 

Collinwood — East  One  Hundred  and  Fifty-second  Street,  cor. 
School  Avenue.  Clara  Stewart,  principal ;  16  teachers.  Enrolment, 
663. 

Columbia — Columbia  Avenue,  near  East  One  Hundred  and  Fifth 
Street.    Alia  C.  Sloan,  principal;  33  teachers.     Enrolment,  1,500. 

Corlctt — Corlett  Avenue,  cor.  East  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-first 
Street.    Charlotte  Norton,  principal;  15  teachers.    Enrolment,  829. 

Dawning — Dawning  Avenue,  near  West  Thirty-fifth  Street. 
Anna  Clans,  principal ;  26  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,051. 

Denison — Denison  Avenue,  near  West  Twenty-fifth  Street. 
Katherinc  Lang,  principal;  27  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,106. 

Detroit — Detroit  Avenue,  cor.  West  Forty-ninth  Street.     II.  E. 


1918]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  389 

Beatley,  principal;  .Vuiia  M.  Christian,  co-principal;  5  teachers.     En- 
rolment, 201. 

Dike — East  Sixty-fourth  Street,  eor.  Outhwaite  Avenue.  Bessie 
M.  Corlett,  principal ;  27  teachere.    Enrolment,  1,100. 

Doan — East  One  Hmulrcd  and  Fifth  Street,  cor.  Boulevard 
Court.    Laura  K.  Collister,  principal;  19  teachers.     Enrolment,  797. 

Dunham — East  Sixty-sixth  Street,  cor.  Lexington  Avenue. 
Martha  A.  Stewart,  principal ;  20  teachere.    Enrolment,  920. 

Eagle — Eagle  Avenue,  near  East  Ninth  Street.  Sara  E.  Slawson, 
principal ;  23  teachers.    P^nrolment,  770. 

East  Boulevard — East  Boulevard,  cor.  Woodland  Avenue.  Effie 
A.  Van  ]\Ieter,  principal;  31  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,111. 

East  Clark  (Collinwood) — East  One  Hundred  and  Forty-seventh 
Street,  north  of  St.  Clair  Avenue.  Elizjiheth  L  Corris,  principal;  22 
teachers.    Enrolment,  1,043. 

I'^ast  Denison — Denison  Avenue,  near  "West  Fifteenth  Street. 
Bridget  L.  Gafney,  principal ;  22  teachers.    Enrolment,  842. 

East  Madison — Addison  Road,  corner  Carl  Avenue,  N.  E.  Mary 
A.  Whelan,  principal;  29  teachers.    Enrolment,  999. 

Euclid  Park — Stop  4.  Euclid  Avenue.     Edna  G.  Connolly,  princi- 
pal ;  4  teachers.    Enrolment,  121. 

Fowler — Fowler  Avenue,  near  Broadway,  S.  E.  Eva  Venderink, 
principal ;  20  teachers.    Enrolment,  607. 

Fruitland — West  One  Hundred  and  Sixteenth  Street,  cor.  Locust 
Avenue.  N.  W.  Ella  B.  Money,  principal;  11  teachers.  Enrolment, 
42G. 

Fullerton — FuUerton  Avenue,  near  East  Fifty-seventh  Street. 
Florence  E.  McEachren,  principal;  25  teachers.    Enrolment,  824. 

Giddings — East  Seventy-first  Street,  between  Cedar  and  Central 
Avenues.    Mary  A.  Morrow,  principal;  32  teachers.    Enrolment,  952. 

Gilbert — West  Fifty-eighth  Street,  near  Storer  Avenue.  Nelie  L. 
Coleman,  principal ;  31  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,264. 

Gordon — West  Sixty-fifth  Street,  south  of  Lorain  Avenue.  Lucia 
C.  Wilcox,  principal;  13  teachers.    Enrolment,  654. 

Halle — Halle  Avenue,  near  West  Eighty-second  Street.  Carrie  E. 
Broadwell,  principal ;  17  teachers.    Enrolment,  710. 

Harmon — Woodland  Avenue,  cor.  Ea.st  Twentieth  Street.  Lena  C. 
Albinger,  principal ;  19  teachers.    Enrolment,  732. 

Harvard — Harvard  Avenue,  near  East  Seventy-first  Street.  Eliza- 
beth Messenger,  principal :  22  teachers.    Enrolment,  827. 

Hazeldell — East  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-third  Street,  south  of 
St.  Clair  Avenue.  Emma  L.  Shuart,  principal ;  38  teachers.  Enrol- 
ment, 1,733. 


390 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 


Hicks — West  Twent.y-fourth  Street,  between  Bridge  and  Lorain 
Avenues.    Belle  Bolton,  principal;  28  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,111. 

Hodge — East  Seventy-fourth  Street,  between  St.  Clair  and  Supe- 
rior Avenues.  Augusta  C.  Thompson,  principal ;  26  teachers.  Enrol- 
ment, 860. 

Hough — Hough  Avenue,  near  East  Eighty-ninth  Street.  Annie  E. 
Salter,  principal ;  24  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,059. 

Huck — East  Forty-ninth  Street,  cor.  Chard  Avenue.  Nellie  D. 
Knight,  principal;  13  teachers.    Enrolment,  478. 

Kennard — East  Forty-sixth  Street,  south  of  Scovill  Avenue.  Co- 
\      delia  L.  0  'Neill,  principal ;  34  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,158. 


JSS 


sSiSis    WimM 


I  is  II H    Bill 


HazeldeIjL  St:i  101)1, 


Kentucky — West  Thirty-eighth  Street,  near  Franklin  Avenue. 
Emma  K.  Hinckley,  principal ;  20  teachers.    Enrolment,  741. 

Kinsman — Kinsman  Road,  cor.  East  Seventy-ninth  Street.  Ellen 
R.  Scrogie,  principal ;  37  teaehei-s.    Enrolment,  1,471. 

Lake  (Watterson  Relief) — Lake  Avenue,  near  West  Kiglity-third 
Street.     Elizabeth  Whitney  princii)al ;  2  teachei-s.     (See  Watterson.) 

Landon — West  Ninety-sixth  Street,  lietween  Dcti'oit  mid  West 
Madison  avenues.  IMay  French,  principal ;  18  teachers.  l<',nroliiieiit, 
741. 

Lawn — Lawn  Avenue,  between  West  Seventy-third  anil  West 
Seventy -sixth  streets.  Estelle  B.  Orr,  principal;  1-(  teachers.  En- 
rolment, 591. 


1918]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  391 

Lincoln — East  Eighty-third  Street,  near  Piatt  Avenue.  Jennie 
R.  Horton,  principal;  25  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,009. 

Longwood — East  Thirty-fifth  Street,  between  Scovill  and  Wood- 
land Avenues.    Selda  Cook,  principal;  23  teachers.     Enrolment,  743. 

Marion — Marion  Avenue,  cor.  East  Twenty-fourth  Street.  Chris- 
tine F.  Walker,  principal ;  23  teachers.    Enrolment,  833. 

Mayflower — East  Thirty-first  Street,  cor.  Orange  Avenue.  Mor- 
ton L.  Dartt,  principal ;  38  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,147. 

Memorial — East  One  Fluiidred  and  Fifty-second  Street,  near 
Lucknow  Avenue.  Anna  E.  Latimer,  principal ;  31  teachers.  En- 
rolment, 1,374. 

Memphis — Mempliis  Avenue,  cor.  West  Forty-first  Street.  Es- 
telle  M.  Pinhard,  principal;  17  teachers.    Enrolment,  761. 

Meyer — Meyer  Avenue,  cor.  West  Thirtieth  Street.  Relief  for 
Mill;  2  teachers. 

Miles — Miles  Avenue,  cor.  East  One  Hundred  and  Eighteenth 
Street.    Hettie  J.  Davis,  principal ;  24  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,091. 

Miles  Park — Miles  Park  Avenue,  cor.  East  Ninetv-third  Street. 
Bertha  RL  Kolbe,  principal ;  20  teachers.    Enrolment,  827. 

Milford — West  Forty-sixth  Street,  cor.  Eichorn  Avenue.  Clara 
Mayer,  principal ;  35  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,403. 

Jlill— Walton  Avenue,  cor.  West  Thirtieth  Street.  Cathrine  D. 
Ross,  principal ;  17  teachers.    Enrolment,  617. 

Moulton — Bosworth  Road  (West  One  Hundred  and  Twelfth 
Street)  south  of  Lorain  Avenue.  Flora  McElroy,  principal;  9  teach- 
ers.   Enrolment,  351. 

Mound — Mound  Avenue,  opposite  East  Fifty-fifth  Street.  Jus- 
tine M.  Ansman,  principal ;  22  teachers.    Enrolment,  728. 

Mt.  Pleasant — Union  Avenue,  cor.  East  One  Hundred  and  Six- 
teenth Street.  Lillian  S.  Newell,  principal;  33  teachers.  Enrolment, 
1,493. 

Murray  Hill — Murray  Hill  Road,  near  Mayfield  Road,  S.  E.  Lil- 
lian T.  Murney,  principal ;  57  teachers.    Enrolment,  2,282. 

North  Doan — East  One  Hundred  and  Fifth  Street,  north  of  St. 
Clair  Avenue.  Zula  L.  Bruce,  principal;  21  teachers.  Enrolment, 
929. 

Nottingham — Nottingliam  Road,  cor.  Waterloo  Road,  N.  E.  Dora 
M.  Nourse,  principal ;  18  teachers.    Enrolment,  811. 

Observation  (Normal  Training) — Steams  Road,  near  University 
Circle,  S.  E.  Georgie  Clark,  principal;  16  teachers.  Enrolment, 
605. 


392  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXII 

Orchard — Orchard  Avenue,  opposite  West  Forty-second  Street. 
Harriet  Reichert,  principal ;  31  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,069. 

Outhwaite — Outhwaite  Avenue,  near  East  Fiftieth  Street.  Julia 
Mulrooney,  principal;  48  teachers.     Enrolment,  1,677. 

Parkwood — Parkwood  Drive,  cor.  Tacoma  Avenue,  N.  E.  Bessie 
Perley,  principal;  18  teachers.    Enrolment,  774. 

Pearl — Pearl  Road,  opposite  IMemphis  Avenue,  S.  W.  Myrtle  L. 
Benedict,  principal ;  10  teachers.    Enrolment,  463. 

Prescott — West  One  Hundred  and  Fifth  Street,  near  Lorain  Ave- 
nue. Relief  for  Moulton  School ;  2  teachers. 

Quincy — Quincy  Avenue,  near  East  Seventy-seventh  Street.  Net- 
tie J.  Rice,  principal ;  22  teachers.    Enrolment,  862. 

Rawlings — Rawlings  Avenue,  near  East  Seventy-fifth  Street. 
Clara  E.  LjTich,  principal ;  24  teachers.    Enrolment,  907. 

Rice — Buckeye  Road,  cor.  East  One  Hundred  and  Sixteenth 
Street.    Helen  A.  McHugh,  principal ;  45  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,958. 

Rockwell — Rockwell  Avenue,  cor.  East  Sixth  Sti'eet.  Fannie  Mar- 
shall, principal ;  2  teachers.  Enrolment,  65.  (Also  school  headquar- 
ters.) 

Rosedale — East  One  Hundred  and  Fifteenth  Street,  between 
Wade  Park  and  Superior  avenues.  Elizabeth  Sprague,  principal;  25 
teachers.    Enrolment,  1,081. 

St.  Clair — St.  Clair  Avenue,  near  East  Twenty-first  Street. 
Margaret  A.  Mulhern,  principal ;  20  teachers.    Enrolment,  848. 

Sackett — Sackett  Avenue,  near  Fulton  Road,  S.  W.  Martha  A. 
House,  principal ;  29  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,167. 

Scranton — Scranton  Road,  cor.  Vega  Avenue,  S.  W.  Ida  M. 
Edgerton,  principal ;  23  teachers.    Enrolment,  731. 

Sibley — Carnegie  Avenue,  near  East  Fifty-fifth  Street.  Emily 
Shaw,  principal;  23  teachers.     Enrolment,  953. 

South — St.  Clair  Avenue  and  Tvanhoe  Road,  N.  E.  Frank  P. 
Whitney,  principal;  8  teachers.  Enrolment,  304.  (See  Collinwood 
Junior  High.) 

South  Case — East  Fortieth  Street,  cor.  Central  Avenue.  Maude 
Burroughs,  principal ;  28  teachers.    Enrolment.  986. 

Sowinski — Sowinski  Avenue,  near  East  Seventy-ninth  Street. 
Margaret  McCarthy,  principal;  28  teachers.    Enrolment,  890. 

Stanard — Stanard  Avenue,  near  East  Fifty-fiftli  Street.  Jennie 
R.  Wilson,  principal ;  22  teacher.s.    Enrolment,  822. 

Sterling — Cedar  Avenue,  cor.  Ea.st  Thirtieth  Street.  Laura  A. 
Johnston,  principal ;  21  teachers.    Enrolment,  804. 


1918]  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  393 

Tod — East  Sixty-til'th  Street,  cor.  Watcrmau  Avenue.  Mary  E. 
Howlett,  principal;  16  teachers.     Enrolment,  561. 

Tremont — Trcniont  Avenue,  cor.  West  Tenth  Street.  Hannah 
Handler,  principal ;  44  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,834. 

Union — Union  Avenue,  near  Broadway,  S.  B.  Ida  B.  Malone, 
principal ;  26  teachers.    Enrolment,  925. 

Wade — Wade  Avenue,  cor.  West  Thirtieth  Street.  Kclief  for  Mill 
School;  3  teachers. 

Wade  Park — Wade  Park  Avenue,  near  Addison  Road,  N.  E. 
Harriet  E.  Chase,  principal;  20  teachers.    Enrolment,  845. 

Walton— Walton  Avenue,  cor.  Fulton  Road,  S.  W.  Mary  I.  Wal- 
ker, principal ;  22  teachers.    Enrolment,  886. 

Waring — East  Tliirty-first  Street,  near  Payne  Avenue.  Kath- 
erine  M.  Grayell,  principal ;  19  teachers.    Enrolment,  760. 

Warner — Warner  Road,  near  Jeffries  Avenue,  S.  E.  Eva  L. 
Banning,  principal;  17  teachers.    Enrolment,  739. 

Warren — Warren  Avenue,  near  Dille  Avenue,  S.  E.  Lena  M. 
Bankhardt,  principal;  26  teachers.     Enrolment,  1,064. 

Wasliiiigton  Park — Aljjha  Aven\ie,  near  Washington  Park  Boule- 
vard, S.  E.    May  G.  Swaine,  principal ;  10  teachers.    Enrolment,  359. 

Wattoi"son- — Detroit  Avenue,  cor.  West  Seventy-fourth  Street. 
Elizabeth  Whitney,  principal ;  16  teachers.    Enrolment,  563. 

Wavcrly — West  Fifty-eiglith  Street,  near  Bridge  Avenue.  Eliza- 
beth Keegan,  principal;  17  teachers.    Enrolment,  615. 

Willard — Willard  Avenue,  cor.  West  Ninety-third  Street,  N.  W. 
Eva  ITutehins,  principal ;  19  teachers.     Enrolment,  738. 

Willson  (Training  School)— East  Fifty-fifth  Street,  near  White 
Avenue.    Harriet  E.  Corlett,  principal ;  19  teachers.    Enrolment,  791. 

Woodland — Buckeye  Road,  near  Woodliill  Road,  S.  E.  Sara  M. 
Horton,  principal ;  35  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,414. 

Woodland  Hills — East  Ninety-third  Street,  cor.  Union  Avenue. 
Emily  G.  Wheatley,  principal;  25  teachers.    Enrolment,  1.056. 

Wooldridge — Grand  Avenue,  cor.  Kinsman  Road,  S.  E.  Rose 
L.  McCoart,  principal;  37  teachers.    Enrolment,  1,346. 

Special  Schools 

School  for  the  Deaf — East  Fifty-fifth  Street,  opposite  Quincy 
Avenue.     Grace  C.  Burton,  principal;  15  teachers.     Enrolment,  122. 

School  for  Crippled  Children— at  Willson  School,  East  Fifty- 
fifth  Street.  Alice  Christianar,  principal ;  6  teachers.  Enrolment, 
118.  These  pupils  are  carried  to  and  from  school  at  the  expense  of 
the  Hoard  of  education. 


394  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS    [Chap.  XXII 

In  addition  to  the  special  schools  just  mentioned  there  are  manual 
training  and  domestic  science  classes  (William  E.  Roberts,  supervi- 
sor) at  forty  schools;  classes  for  the  blind  (Robert  B.  Irwin,  super- 
visor) at  eleven  schools;  classes  for  defectives  at  twentj^-five  schools; 
classes  for  backward  children  at  nineteen  schools ;  a  class  for  tubercu- 
lar children  at  the  "Warrensville  Farm  (city)  sanatorium;  open  air 
classes  at  six  schools;  one  school  at  the  Children's  Fresh  Air  Camp 
and  Hospital;  one  for  epilei:)tics  at  Brownell  Scliool;  "steamer" 
classes  for  foreign-born  pupils  beginning  English  at  four  schools; 
and  "kindergartens"  at  eighty-nine  schools.  The  number  of  persons 
employed  by  the  board  of  education  in  the  educational  department 
(superintendent,  supervisors,  teachers,  etc.)  in  June,  1918,  was 
3,198;  the  value  of  property  owned,  including  lands,  buildings,  and 
equipment,  was  approximately  .$17,000,000. 

In  September,  1918,  the  Longwood  High  School  of  Commerce  was 
opened  in  the  building  of  the  Longwood  Elementary  School  on  East 
Thirty-fifth  Street,  between  Woodland  and  Seovill  avenues,  with 
Harry  A.  Bathriek  as  principal.  In  a  new  building  on  East  Forty- 
ninth  Street,  between  Gladstone  and  Wellesley  avenues,  the  Glad- 
stone Elementary  School  was  opened  with  Clara  E.  Lynch  as  princi- 
pal. 

The  continued  growth  of  the  Cleveland  public  schools,  in  spite 
of  the  great  demand  for  labor  occasioned  by  the  World  war,  is  shown 
in  the  enrolment  for  the  opening  month  (October)  of  1918  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  the  corresponding  month  of  1917.  The  increase 
is  shown  in  the  following  official  report : 

1917  1918 

Elementary  scliools 77.022  76,G13 

Kindergartens    7,511  8,002 

Special  elementary  classes 2,343  1,513 

Special    schools    550  584 

Junior  high  schools 4,757  10,335 

Senior  high  schools 8,959  9,619 

Normal  schools 270  196 

Totals    101,412  106,862 

The  falling  off  in  tlie  elemcntaiy  schools  was  only  apparent,  it 
being  due  to  the  transfer  of  seventh  and  eighth  grade  classes  to 
junior  high  schools.  The  only  decrca.sed  attendance  was  in  special 
clas.ses  and  at  the  Normal  school.  There  w'cre,  in  October,  1918,  4,904 
pupils  in  academic  high  schools,  1,459  in  commercial  high  schools, 
and  3,256  in  technical  high  schools. 


CHAPTER  XXIII 

OTHER  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS 

Broad  as  are  the  activities  and  strong  as  are  the  influenees  of 
Cleveland's  public  schools,  there  are  other  educational  agencies  in 
operation  to  meet  the  needs  and  aspirations  of  many  of  her  citizens. 
Thus  we  have  private  and  parochial  schools ;  colleges  and  universities ; 
public,  professional,  and  other  libraries;  historical  and  scientific  so- 
cieties, etc.,  all  opening  wide  their  doors  and  persuasively  inviting  to 
participation  in  the  opportunities  that  they  offer.  Institutions  of  tliis 
character  are  so  numerous  in  Cleveland  that  not  all  of  them  may  be 
mentioned  in  these  pages.  This  chapter  is  devoted  to  a  brief  consid- 
eration of  some  of  the  most  important. 

Western  Reserve  University 
By  Dr.   Charles  Francis   Thiving,  President 

Western  Reserve  University  had  its  origin  in  the  foundation  made 
in  the  year  1826,  at  Hudson,  Ohio.  This  foundation  represented 
what  became  known  as  Western  Reserve  College.  It  was  laid  to  give 
educational  facilities,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Congregational  and 
Presbyterian  churches,  to  the  young  men  of  Northern  Ohio.  The 
history  of  the  college  for  the  next  years  following  its  founding  was 
the  history  of  most  home  missionary  colleges — high  scholarly  ideals 
hampered  in  their  attainment  by  the  lack  of  pecuniary  resources. 
But  the  high  scholarly  ideals  wei-e,  in  the  old  Western  Reserve,  higher 
than  in  most  institutions  of  its  character.  For  the  college  numbered 
among  its  teachers,  Charles  Backus  Storrs,  of  whom  Whittier  wrote 
some  noble  verses,  Laurens  Perseus  Hickok.  Samuel  C.  Bartlett,  Cle- 
ment Long,  philosophers  and  theologians,  Elias  Loomis,  the  mathe- 
matician, Nathan  Perkins  Seymour,  Thomas  Day  Seymour  (father  and 
son),  the  Hellenists,  Charles  A.  Young,  the  astronomer,  Samuel  St. 
John,  the  scientist,  and  Edward  G.  Bourne,  the  historian.  All  these 
scholars  arc  dead,  but  their  places  have  been  taken  by  worthy  suc- 
cessors. 

395 


The  Main  Jjnii.DiNci.  Adei.hkrt  College 


398  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXIII 

lu  this  period,  the  Cleveland  Medical  School,  situated  in  Cleve- 
land, became  connected  with'  the  college  largely  for  the  purpose  of 
granting  degrees.  In  the  year  1882,  however,  the  college  was  moved 
to  Cleveland.  In  18S0,  Amasa  Stone  of  Cleveland  offered  the  college 
$500,000  upon  the  condition  that  the  institution  be  transferred  to 
Cleveland,  that  it  occupy  a  suitable  site  to  be  given  by  the  citizens, 
and  that  its  name  be  changed  to  "Adelbert  College  of  Western  Re- 
serve University."  This  name  represented  a  memorial  to  Mr.  Stone's 
only  son,  Adelbert  Stone,  who  had  been  drowned  while  a  student  at 
Yale  College.  The  offer  was  accepted.  In  1882,  Adelbert  College 
received  its  first  students  in  Cleveland.  The  new  campus  consisted 
of  twenty-two  acres,  opposite  a  park  which  had  been  given  to  the 
city  by  Jeptha  H.  "Wade.  Two  buildings  were  erected.  One  build- 
ing served  for  the  purposes  of  instruction,  with  central  offices,  chapel, 
library  and  museum,  the  other  for  a  dormitory  and  refectory. 

In  1884,  a  formal  charter  was  granted  to  Western  Reserve  Uni- 
versity. With  the  grant  of  that  formal  charter,  a  new  and  enlarged 
era  for  the  university  obtained. 

To  the  univei-sity  thus  established  there  have  been  added,  in  the 
successive  years,  the  following  departments : 

The  College  for  Women,  established  in  1888 ; 

The  Graduate  School,  established  in  1892  by  the  Faculties  of 
Adelbert  College  and  the  College  for  Women ; 

The  Franklin  Thomas  Backus  Law  School,  established  in  1892; 

The  Dental  School,  established  in  1892 ; 

The  Library'  School,  established  in  1904 ; 

The  School  of  Pharmacy,  established  in  1882  as  the  Cleveland 
School  of  Pharmacy,  and  made  a  part  of  Western  Reserve  Univereity 
in  1908: 

The  School  of  Education :  Summer  Session,  established  in  1915 ; 

The  School  of  Applied  Social  Sciences,  established  in  1915. 

The  amount  of  property,  real  and  invested,  of  the  University  now 
amounts  to  ten  million  dollars.  The  number  of  all  former  students 
and  graduates  is  about  twenty  tliousand.  The  ninnial  enrolment  of 
students  is  thirty-five  hundred. 

Case  School  of  Applied  Science 
By  Professor  A.  S.  Wright,  Case  School 

Case  School  of  Applied  Science  was  founded  in  1880  by  Leonard 
Case,  Jr.  In  the  year  1864,  he  had  enter/^d  upon  the  inheritance  of 
the  estate  of  his  father,  Leonard  Case,  Sr.     A  graduate  of  Yale  and 


400  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXIII 

of  the  Cincinnati  School  of  Law,  a  man  of  letters,  widely  traveled,  and 
regarding  his  inheritance  as  a  trust,  he  resolved  to  devote  the  major 
part  of  it  to  the  establishment  of  a  school  of  science. 

On  April  6,  1880,  in  accordance  with  deeds  of  trust  pi'eviously 
executed,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science  was  duly  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  Ohio.  The  following  names  were  attached  to  the 
original  articles  of  incorporation : 

James  D.  Cleveland,  R.  P.  Ranney,  Levi  Kei-r,  Reuben  Hitchcock, 
J.  H.  Devereux,  A.  Bradley,  Henry  G.  Abbey,  W.  S.  Streator,  Samuel 
Williamson,  T.  P.  Handy,  J.  H.  Wade,  E.  B.  Hale,  H.  B.  Payne, 
James  J.  Tracy,  and  Joseph  Perkins. 

These  men  represented  the  best  citizenship  of  Cleveland,  and  the 
success  of  the  school  from  the  beginning  has  been  largely  due  to  the 
loyalty  and  wisdom  of  the  governing  boards  who  have  administered 
its  funds.  The  corporation,  which  now  numbers  twenty-two,  elects 
seven  trustees  who  hold  monthly  meetings  and  shape  the  policies  of 
the  institution.  The  immediate  management  of  the  finances  is  in- 
trusted to  the  president  of  the  board  of  trustees  and  a  treasurer. 
During  the  thirty-eight  years  of  its  existence  only  two  men  have  tilled 
this  position — ]\Ir.  Ileniy  G.  Abbey  and  Mr.  Eckstein  Case.  To  them 
has  been  largely  due  the  unity  of  policy  resulting  in  the  marked 
increase  of  the  funds  of  the  original  endowment,  pennitting  a  corre- 
sponding widening  of  the  scope  of  instruction. 

The  institution  has  had  two  presidents — Pi'esident  Cady  Staley 
and  President  Charles  S.  Howe.  Their  long  administrations  have 
made  possible  definiteness  of  plans  in  a  scheme  of  education  which 
now  embraces  all  the  main  branches  of  engineering. 

The  coui-ses  of  instruction  include  civil  engineering,  mechanical 
engineering,  electrical  engineering,  mining  engineering,  metallurgical 
engineering,  and  chemical  engineering,  and  physics.  The  policy  of  the 
institution  has  been  to  limit  its  instruction  to  strictly  engineering  sub- 
jects, thereby  giving  its  diploma  a  definite  value. 

The  growth  of  the  scliool  lias  been  rapid,  though  a  high  standard 
of  scholar.ship  has  been  sought  rather  than  an  increase  of  inimbers. 
The  class  of  1885,  the  first  graduated,  luunbered  five;  that  of  1895, 
twenty-seven;  that  of  1905,  eighty-two,  and  that  of  1915.  one  liundred 
and  two.  Of  recent  years  the  entering  clji.s,ses  average  about  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty,  and  the  total  number  of  students  reaches  550.  The 
faculty  has  fifty  regular  instructors,  l)esides  a  staff  of  lecturers.  The 
total  inunber  of  alumni  is  1,498,  of  wliom  584  reside  at  present  in 
Cleveland. 

The  various  courses  are  arranged  so  as  to  maintain  a  just  balance 
between  theory  and  practice.    Each  course  gives  a  Ihoi-ougli  and  prac- 


1885-1918]    CASE  SCHOOL  OF  APPLIED  SCIENCE  401 

tical  training  in  its  liold  and  requires  four  years  for  its  completion. 
For  proficieney  in  any  course  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  is 
conferred. 

During  the  lirst  year,  llie  work  is  tiic  same  for  all  regular  students. 
At  the  end  of  this  j'ear,  the  student  is  expected,  with  the  advice  of  the 
instructors,  to  select  one  of  the  regular  courses  of  study  to  be  pursued 
for  the  following  three  yeai-s.  The  work  of  the  second  year  begins 
with  preparatory  studies  related  to  the  special  subject  selected ;  as 
the  course  develops,  it  becomes  increasingly  specialized,  so  that, 
toward  the  close  of  the  course,  the  student's  entire  time  is  devoted  to 
one  department. 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  the  work  is  the  stress  laid  upon 
practical  training  as  a  source  of  mental  discipline  as  well  as  a  prep- 
aration for  active  pursuits.  Practically  one-half  of  each  day  is  spent 
in  the  laboratory,  in  the  drawing  room  or  in  field  work.  p]very  candi- 
date for  a  degree  must  present  a  thesis  upon  some  technical  or  scien- 
tific subject,  selected  by  him  with  the  approval  of  the  professor  in 
charge  of  the  department  in  which  tlic  degree  is  sought. 

In  accordance  with  an  agreement  between  Adelbert  College  and 
Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  students  entering  Adelbert  College 
may,  under  certain  conditions,  complete  the  courses  in  both  institu- 
tions within  a  period  of  five  j-ears. 

The  first  three  years  are  spent  at  Adelbert  College,  the  last  two 
at  Case  School  of  Applied  Science.  On  the  successful  completion  of 
the  work,  the  student  is  awarded  the  degrees  of  Iwth  institutions. 

The  spirit  of  this  ari'angcment  is  observed  in  the  admission  of 
men  from  other  colleges.  In  each  graduating  class  there  is  a  consid- 
erable number  of  men  who  are  either  gi-aduates  of  other  institutions 
or  have  pursued  part  of  their  stvidies  in  them. 

The  institution  has  alwaj^s  laid  emphasis  upon  research  work  and 
the  trustees  have  made  generous  appropriations  for  the  equipment  of 
laboratories  for  this  purpose.  The  ends  in  view  have  been  to  stimu- 
late a  spirit  for  original  investigation  among  the  students,  to  render 
practical  assistance  to  the  industries,  and  to  add  to  the  world's  knowl- 
edge in  the  various  fields  of  scientific  investigation.  In  the  domains 
of  both  pure  and  applied  science  results  have  been  obtained  which 
have  received  wide  recognition  in  our  own  and  foreign  lands. 

In  view  of  the  thoroughness  of  its  equipment  and  the  scope  and 
quality  of  its  instruction,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science  was  one  of 
the  first  group  of  institutions  to  receive  recognition  by  the  Carnegie 
Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching. 

The  world  war  has  made  serious  inroads  upon  attendance,  but  the 

Vol.    I— J« 


402  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXIII 

institution,  as  a  school  of  science,  has  been  able  to  render  signal 
service  to  the  country.  During  the  first  year  of  American  participa- 
tion in  the  war,  about  five  lumdred  of  the  alumni  and  under-graduates 
were  engaged  in  government  service,  ililitary  instruction  was  made 
compulsory  for  all  students,  new  courses  introduced  under  govern- 
ment direction,  changes  made  in  tlie  curriculum  to  meet  the  needs 
of  the  hour  and  the  entire  ecjuipment  of  the  school  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  government. 

Case  School  has  made  valuable  contributions  to  the  civic  and  indus- 
trial life  of  the  community.  As  officials  of  the  city,  as  active  par- 
ticipants in  the  work  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  as  members  of 
commissions  in  charge  of  engineering  enterprises,  as  managers  and 
superintendents  of  great  industries,  its  graduates  have  rendered  dis- 
tinguished services.  The  influence  of  the  school  is  growing  and,  as 
the  efficiency  of  its  training  increases,  a  closer  co-ordination  of  its 
work  with  that  of  the  industries  is  being  effected.  The  city  of  Cleve- 
land justly  takes  pi-ide  in  its  school  of  engineering.  Its  founders 
builded  more  wisely  than  they  knew.  To  Leonard  Case,  Sr.,  whose 
business  acumen  made  the  foundation  possible,  and  to  Leonard  Case, 
Jr.,  who  dedicated  his  fortune  to  the  cause  of  education,  the  city,  the 
state  and  the  country  owe  a  lasting  debt  of  gratitude. 

The  UNivERSiTy  School 
Bij  Harry  A.  Peters,  Principal 

University  School  was  estalilished  in  1890  liy  a  group  of  Cleve- 
land's leading  men,  witli  a  view  to  keeping  their  sons  at  home  during 
college  preparation.  The  officers  and  executive  committee  then  were 
Judge  Samuel  Williamson,  president;  Samuel  Mather,  vice-president; 
AV.  E.  Cushing,  secretary;  D.  Z.  Norton,  treasurer;  J.  IT.  l\IcBride, 
H.  S.  Sherman,  C.  W.  Bingham,  E.  P.  Williams,  and  P.  P.  Whitman. 

The  school  has  had  three  principals:  Newton  M.  Anderson  (18!)0- 
1900),  a  graduate  of  Ohio  State  Cniversity  and  former  principal  of 
the  Cleveland  ]\Ianual  Training  Scliool ;  George  I).  Tettee  (1900-1908). 
Yale,  '87,  for  a  time  connected  with  Phillips  Academy,  Andover, 
Mass.;  and  Harry  A.  Peters  (1908-  ),  Yale,  "02,  a  memlicr  of  the 
University  School  faculty  for  si.\  years  prior  to  1908. 

Among  the  present  trustees  are  the  following  meiul)ers  of  the 
original  board :  ^Messrs.  Samuel  Mather,  Bishop  Ijconard,  Prof.  F.  P. 
AVhitman  and  D.  Z.  Norton.  The  foHowing  five  members  of  the  pres- 
ent board  are  sons  of  first  members :     Malcolm  L.  McBride,  H.  S. 


404  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS   [Chap.  XXIII 

Piekands,  H.  S.  Sherman,  R.  J.  Biilkley  and  A.  C.  Brown,  all  being 
graduates  of  the  school. 

The  equipment  in  buildings  and  grounds  comprises  a  main  build- 
ing, a  dormitory,  an  elementary  scliool,  an  athletic  cage,  and  a  field 
of  about  seven  acres.  The  main  building  contains  an  assembly  hall 
with  pipe  organ,  recitation  rooms,  library,  three  manual  training 
shops,  gymnasium,  swimming  pool,  instrumental  music  rooms  and 
dining  rooms.  Milden  Hall,  the  dormitory,  provides  accommodations 
for  forty  boys  whose  homes  may  be  too  far  away  to  permit  day  attend- 
ance only.  The  Lower  School  meets  the  needs  of  boys  from  six  to 
twelve  years  of  age.  The  equipment  for  outdoor  athletics  includes 
football  and  baseball  fields,  quarter-mile  and  220-yard  straightaway 
cinder  tracks,  and  seven  tennis  courts,  which  are  flooded  for  skating 
in  the  winter. 

Throughout  its  history,  the  institution  has  been  an  all-day  school 
of  the  Unpe  of  the  Country  Day  School.  The  aim  has  been,  and  is, 
to  occupy  boys  all  day  in  academic,  manual  and  physical  activities. 

The  academic  training  has  lieen  directed  primarily  at  college  prep- 
aration. Practically  all  of  the  school's  graduates  enter  college. 
Among  the  list  of  over  600  have  been  many  names  famous  in  college 
activities  of  every  kind.  Successful  achievement  in  business  life,  too, 
has  been  the  record,  and  many  of  Cleveland's  most  prominent  younger 
men  are  graduates  of  University  School. 

The  manual  work  consists  of  drawing  and  construction  work  in  the 
early  grades.  This  is  fdllowed  by  woodshop  from  gi-ades  V  to  IX  for 
all  boys,  and  above  that  by  nuichine  tool  and  forge  work,  and  by 
mechanical  drawing  for  boys  going  to  engineering  schools. 

Physical  training  is  especially  emphasized  because  of  the  very 
important  bearing  of  a  man's  vitality  on  his  work.  Every  form  of 
outdoor  sport  is  participated  in  by  the  boys,  and  the  field  is  alive 
with  activity  for  almost  all  of  even'  day.  Boxing,  wrestling,  swim- 
ming, and  basket  ball  hold  fortli  indoors,  together  with  gymnasium 
exercises  for  special  correction  and  develoinnent.  Setting-up  exer- 
cises, along  the  lines  of  the  army  training,  are  given  eonstantlj^  to  all 
the  boys  from  the  first  grade  to  the  twelfth.  Kemarkable  results  are 
secured  not  onlj-  for  Varsity  teams,  but  for  the  ordinary  boy  wlio 
is  usually  overlooked  elsewhere. 

A  troop  of  boy  scouts  has  been  established  and  military  drill  is 
given  to  boys  in  the  ujiper  four  classes.  These  matters  and  a  par- 
ticipation by  the  .school  in  a  jiractical  way  in  the  Tjiberty  Loan. 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  Red  Cross  campaigns  of  the  great  war,  indicate  its 
present  intimate  contact  with  life.     The  presence  iu  the  country's 


1880-1918]  A  JESUIT  COLLEGE  405 

senice  during  the  fii-st  six  months  of  180  of  University  Scliool  grad- 
uates shows  that  their  training  has  been  real  and  effective. 

St.  Ignatius  College 
By  th<   llcv.  ^yilUam  B.  Sommerkauser,  S.  J. 

St.  Ignatius  College,  for  more  than  thirty  years  Cleveland's  in- 
stitution of  highor  learning  for  Catholic  youth,  owes  its  origin  to  the 
Rt.  Kev.  Richard  Uilmour,  D.  D.,  the  second  bishop  of  the  Cleveland 
diocese.  A  great  champion  of  education,  he  had  an  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  the  various  systems  followed  by  schools  both  at  home  and 
abroad,  and  of  these  he  felt  a  special  preference  for  the  educational 
system  of  the  Jesuits ;  for  he  was  aware  of  its  long  trial  and  proverbial 
success. 

The  system  is  guided  by  the  principles  set  forth  in  the  Ratio 
Studiarum,  a  body  of  rules  and  suggestions  outlined  by.  the  most 
prominent  Jesuit  educatoi-s  in  1599,  revised  in  1832,  and  att<>ndcd  up 
to  the  present  day  with  unfailing  success.  The  educational  system 
in  use  at  St.  Ignatius  College  is  substantially  the  same  as  that  em- 
ployed in  two  hundred  and  twenty-seven  educational  institutions  con- 
ducted by  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Truly  psychological  in  its  methods,  and  based  upon  the  very 
nature  of  man's  mental  processes,  it  secures  on  the  one  hand  that 
stability  so  essential  in  educational  thoroughness,  while  on  the  other 
it  is  elastic  and  makes  liberal  allowance  for  the  widely  varj'ing  circum- 
stances of  time  and  place.  While  retaining,  as  far  as  possible,  all 
that  is  unquestionably  valuable  in  the  older  learning,  it  adopts  and  in- 
corporates the  best  results  of  modern  progress.  It  is  a  noteworthy 
fact,  however,  that  many  of  the  recently  devised  methods  of  teaching, 
such  as  the  Natural,  the  Inductive  and  similar  methods,  are  admitted- 
ly and  in  reality  mere  revivals  of  devices  recommended  long  ago  by 
the  Ratio  Studiontm. 

As  understood  by  the  Jesuits,  education  in  its  complete  sense 
is  the  full  and  harmonious  development  of  all  those  faculties  that 
are  distinctive  of  man.  It  is  more  than  mere  instruction  or  the  com- 
munication of  knowledge.  The  requirement  of  knowledge,  though  it 
necessarily  pertains  to  any  recognized  system  of  education,  is  only  a 
secondary  result  of  education  itself.  Learning  is  an  instrument  of 
education  which  has  for  its  end  culture,  and  mental  and  moral  devel- 
opment. 

Consonant  with  this  view  of  the  purpose  of  education,  it  is  clear 


406 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIII 


that  onh'  such  means  as  science,  language  and  the  rest,  be  chosen  both 
in  kind  and  amount,  as  will  effectively  further  the  purpose  of  edu- 
cation itself.  A  student  can  not  be  forced,  within  the  short  period  of 
his  school  course  and  with  his  immature  faculties,  to  study  a  multiplic- 
ity of  the  languages  and  sciences  into  which  the  vast  world  of 
knowledge  has  been  scientifically  divided.  It  is  evident,  therefore, 
that  the  purpose  of  the  mental  training  given  is  not  proximately  to 
fit  the  student  for  some  special  employment  or  profession,  but  to  give 
him  such  a  general,  vigorous  and  rounded  development  as  will  enable 


k 


ii  II  li  lii  s 
I    \\\iV 


St.  Ign.vtius  Com.kc.k  Buiij)Ing 


liiiii  to  cope  sncccsst'ully  even  with  tlic  unforeseen  emergencies  of 
life.  While  afl:'ording  mental  stability,  it  tends  to  remove  the  insular- 
ity of  thought  and  want  of  mental  elasticity  which  is  one  of  the  most 
hopeless  anil  dislieartening  results  of  specialization  on  the  part  of 
students  wlio  have  not  brought  to  their  studies  the  uniform  mental 
training  given  by  a  systematic  high  school  course.  The  stuilies,  there- 
fore, are  .so  graded  and  classified  as  to  be  adapted  to  the  mental 
growth  of  the  student  and  to  the  scientific  unfolding  of  knowledge. 
They  arc  so  chosen  and  communicated  that  the  student  will  gradu- 
ally and  hfirinoniously  reach,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  that  measure  of 
rullurc  of  which  he  is  capable. 


1918]  A  JESUIT  COLLEGE  407 

It  is  fundamental  in  the  Jesuit  system  that  different  studies  have 
distinct  educational  values.  Mathematics,  the  natural  sciences, 
lanjifuage  and  history,  are  eomi)leineiitary  instruments  of  ed\ieation 
to  wliie-li  the  doctrine  of  e(|uivaleiits  can  not  be  applied.  The  s[)ecific 
training  given  by  one  can  not  be  supplied  by  another.  The  best 
educators  of  the  present  day  are  bcfrinning  to  realize  more  fully  than 
ever  before  that  ju-esciMiied  curricula,  embracing  well-chosen  and  co- 
ordinated studies,  aH'ord  the  student  a  nu)re  efficient  means  of  mental 
cultivation  and  development.  This,  however,  does  not  prohibit  the 
ottering  of  moi-e  than  one  of  such  systematic  courses,  as  for  instance, 
the  classical  and  the  scientific,  in  view  of  the  future  career  of  the  indi- 
vidual. While  recognizing  the  importance  of  mathematics  and  the 
natural  sciences,  the  Jesuit  system  of  education  has  unwaveringly 
kept  language  in  a  position  of  honor,  as  an  instrument  of  culture. 
Mathematics  and  the  natural  sciences  bring  the  student  into  contact 
with  the  material  aspects  of  nature  and  exercise  the  deductive  and  in- 
ductive powers  of  reason.  Language  and  history  effect  a  higher 
iniion.  They  are  manifestations  of  spirit  to  spirit,  and  by  their  study 
aiul  for  their  acquirement  the  whole  mind  of  uuin  is  brought  into 
widest  and  subtlest  play.  The  acquisition  of  language  especially 
calls  for  delicacy  of  judgment  and  fineness  of  jierception,  and  for  a 
constant,  keen  and  quick  use  of  the  reasoning  powers. 

Furthermore,  the  Jesuit  system  does  not  share  the  delusion  of 
those  who  imagine  that  education,  understood  as  an  enriching  and 
stimulating  of  the  intellectual  faculties,  has  of  itself  a  morally  elevat- 
ing influence  in  human  life.  .  While  conceding  the  effects  of  educa- 
tion in  energizing  and  refining  the  student's  imagination,  taste,  un- 
derstanding and  power  of  observation,  it  has  always  held  that  knowl- 
edge and  intellectual  development,  of  themselves,  have  no  moral 
efficacy.  Religion  alone  can  purify  the  heart  and  guide  and 
strengthen  the  will.  This  being  the  case,  the  Jesuit  system  aims  at 
developing  side  by  side  the  moral  and  intellectual  faculties  of  the 
student,  and  sending  forth  into  the  world  men  of  sound  judgment,  of 
acute  and  rounded  intellect,  of  upright  and  manly  conscience.  It 
maintains  that  to  be  effective,  morality  is  to  be  taught  continuously; 
it  must  be  the  underlying  base,  the  vital  force  supporting  and  animat- 
ing the  organic  structure  of  education.  It  must  be  the  atmosphere 
that  the  student  breathes;  it  must  suffuse  with  its  light  all  that  he 
reads,  illuminating  what  is  noble  and  exposing  what  is  base,  giving  to 
the  true  and  the  false  their  relative  light  and  shade.  In  a  word,  the 
purpose  of  Jesuit  teaching  is  to  lay  a  solid  sub-structure  in  the  whole 
mind  and  character  for  any  superstructure  of  science,  professional 


408 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIII 


and  special,  as  well  as  for  the  upbuilding  of  moral  life,  civil  and 
religious. 

Fully  convinced  of  the  excellence  of  the  Jesuit  system  of  educa- 
tion and  its  good  results,  Bishop  Gilmour,  who  had  long  desired  the 
erection  of  a  college  for  the  education  of  the  Catholic  youth  of 
Cleveland,  earnestly  pressed  the  Jesuit  Fathers  in  1880  to  undertake 


TlIK    l\i;v.    WllJ-IAM     15.    SOMMERllAUSEU,    S.    J. 


the  new  enterprise.  Having  purchased  a  site  on  West  Thirtieth  Street 
and  Carroll  Avenue,  the  Jesuits  at  once  began  the  erection  of  a 
temporary  but  substantial  frame  building.  When  its  doors  were 
opened  in  September,  1886,  tlie  numljcr  of  eager  students  that  flocked 
to  register  for  the  first  session  made  it  evident  that  the  temporary 


1918]  A  JESUIT  COLLEGE  409 

strui^turu  would  soon  prove  inadequate.  Accordingly,  they  imme- 
diately began  the  coustruetion  of  a  stately  five-story  brick  building 
at  the  cost  of  $150,000.  At  its  opening  in  1888,  the  number  of  students 
had  more  than  iloubled,  and  the  ever  increasing  numbers  necessi- 
tated the  erection  of  the  spacious  western  wing  of  the  present  edifice, 
the  graceful  tower  of  which  forms  the  center  of  the  future  building. 

The  college  was  now  incorporated  with  power  to  confer  such 
academic  degrees  and  honors  as  are  confen-ed  by  colleges  and  univer- 
sities in  the  United  States.  Eventually  the  standard  of  studies  was 
raised  still  higher  by  the  addition  of  a  two-year  course  of  philosophy. 
To  meet  the  high  requirements  of  the  national  and  state  associa- 
tions that  regulate  the  conditions  for  entrance  into  the  professional 
schools,  and  for  admission  to  state  examinations,  the  physical,  chem- 
ical and  biological  departments,  with  their  respective  laboratories, 
were  enlarged  and  equipped  with  the  most  modern  appliances.  Well 
furnished  meteorological  and  seismological  departments  were  also 
added.  In  1912,  a  spacious  gymnasium  was  erected,  and  near  by  a 
commodious  conservatory  of  music.  The  students'  reading  rooms 
contain  a  select  library  of  6,000  volumes,  and  near  at  hand  is  a  ref- 
erence library  of  20,000  volumes. 

It  is  one  of  the  decided  advantages  of  the  system  followed  in  St. 
Ignatius  College  that  the  student  may  begin  his  studies  in  the  prepar- 
atory- school  connected  with  the  college,  and  then  pass  on  through 
the  college  coui-se  to  graduation.  In  addition  to  the  moral  influ- 
ence thus  gained,  this  secures  a  uniform  and  homogeneous  course 
of  teaching  and  training.  The  results  of  such  a  course  of  study  are  a 
continuous  and  normal  development  of  the  mental  faculties  along 
well  defined  lines  and  the  possession  of  a  clear  and  coherent  system 
of  principles  upon  which  any  special  course  may  afterwards  safely 
rest.  There  are  two  of  these  preparatory  schools:  St.  Ignatius  High 
School,  connected  with  the  college,  and  Loyola  High  School,  situated 
at  10,620  Cedar  Avenue. 

Throughout  its  whole  career,  St.  Ignatius  College  has  been  guided 
by  a  succession  ot  men  who  united  in  a  rare  degree  great  intellectual 
gifts  and  scholarly  attainments  with  a  breadth  of  view  and  worldly 
wisdom  which  spell  success.  Since  August,  1915,  the  Rev.  William 
B.  Sommerhauser,  S.  J.,  the  eighth  president,  has  been  at  the  head  of 
the  institution.  Under  his  management,  various  college  activities, 
such  as  orchestral  and  dramatic,  literary,  scientifie  and  athletic  soci- 
eties were  given  new  impulse.  The  college  magazine,  Lumina,  wa-s 
established  to  promote  a  taste  for  journalism  and  literary  excellence 
among  the  students. 


410  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIII 

Very  satisfactory  results  have  crowned  the  label's  of  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  in  their  educational  work  at  St.  Ignatius  College.  Thousands 
of  students  liave  gone  through  its  classic  halls  since  its  foundation 
thirty-two  years  ago.  Its  alumni  are  to  be  found  in  the  most  varied 
walks  of  life,  holding  honorable  and  distinguished  positions  in  the 
ministry,  in  the  professions,  in  scientific  and  mercantile  vocations. 
More  than  two  hundred  of  St.  Ignatius'  sons  are  now  in  our  country's 
service ;  among  them  are  ten  of  the  thirteen  chaplains  who  joined  the 
colors  from  the  Cleveland  diocese.  Military  training  is  this  year 
(1918)  being  introduced  into  the  college.  At  present  there  are  520 
students  under  the  care  of  the  Je.suit  Fathers  in  Cleveland. 

C.vTHOLic  Schools 
B;/  W.  A.  Kane,  Superintendent  of  Parish  Schools 

Early  in  the  history  of  Cleveland  vi'e  find  it  recorded  that  Catholics 
began  a  separate  school  system.  The  Cathedral  opened  a  school  in 
1848.  This  was  a  frame  building  erected  on  the  site  now  occupied 
by  the  bishop's  residence,  1007  Superior  Avenue.  A  few  j^ears  later, 
the  present  Cathedral  School  building  was  finished.  In  the  mean- 
time four  other  schools  were  opened,  St.  Patrick's  and  St.  Mary's  on 
the  West  Side,  and  St.  Joseph's  and  St.  Peter's  on  the  East  Side.  The 
progress  of  Catholic  education  during  these  early  years  was  rather 
slow.  The  number  of  Catholics  was  few  and  they  were  scattered. 
However,  as  the  city  grew,  the  increase  in  population  made  possible  the 
establishment  of  additional  schools  and,  at  the  close  of  1910,  there 
were  fifty-four  parochial  schools  with  an  attendance  of  15,000  pupils. 
At  present,  there  are  fifty-nine  schools  with  an  enrolment  of  82.799. 

The  expenses  entailed  by  the  erection  of  elementary  schools  did 
not  prevent  consideration  of  higher  education.  As  early  as  1850,  the 
Li^rsulincs  established  an  academy  for  girls  in  a  building  located  on 
Euclid  Avenue.  The  present  location  of  the  academy  is  East  Fifty-fifth 
Street  and  Scovill  Aveiiuc.  The  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  in  1874  opened 
an  academy  at  the  corner  of  Superior  Avenue  and  East  Eighteenth 
Street.  A  third  academy  was  opened  on  Starkweather  Avenue  in 
1889  by  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph,  and  a  fourth  on  Lorain  Avenne  in 
1891  by  the  Sisters  of  the  Humility  of  Mary.  The  I'ormer  is  now 
located  at  West  Park,  and  the  latter  on  Franklin  Av<'nne.  In  1916, 
the  Catholic  Latin  Schonl  I'di-  lioys  was  established  on  l>]uclid  Avenue, 
near  Wa<le  Park.  This  school  has  now  an  imposing  sti'ucture  on  East 
One  Hundred  and  Seventli  Street,  near  Eiiclid  Avenne.  In  the  same 
year  the  Girls'  Catholic  High  School  began  its  existence. 


1918]  PAROCHIAL  SCHOOLS  411 

Tlie  organization  of  the  Catholic  school  system  is  simple.  Each 
pastor  is  responsible  for  his  school  and  acts  as  local  superintendent. 
He  provides  the  building,  obtains  teachers  from  the  teaching  cnminnni- 
ties,  and  directs  the  training  of  the  children.  A  general  superintendent 
unities  the  work  of  all  the  schools,  places  the  standard,  and  suggests 
the  method  of  instruction.  During  the  school  year,  meetings  of  prin- 
cipals are  held  to  discuss  problems  of  the  classroom  and  at  stated 
times  institutes  are  also  held. 

The  thought  has  often  come,  not  to  those  who  have  contributed  by 
denial  and  sacrifice,  but  to  others,  why  all  this  great  expenditure  of 
money  when  schools  are  already  provided?  Why  should  Catholics 
trouble  themselves  when  the  state  itself  has  taken  up  the  burden  of 
education  ?  Why  should  they  stint  themselves  to  erect  school  build- 
ings of  their  own  when  they  have  already  shared  in  the  cost  of  the 
public  school  buildings?  Catholics  are  not  at  enmity  with  the  public 
schools,  and  that  they  do  not  use  them  is  no  indication  that  they  are 
not  interested  in  them.  The  public  schools  and  the  Catholic  schools 
have  many  things  in  common.  They  both  aim  to  turn  out  worthy 
citizens,  to  prepare  tlie  young  for  the  share  they  must  take  in  the 
public  welfare.  But  the  Catholic  position  goes  further  and  contends 
that  all  true  education  must  train  for  citizenship  of  Heaven,  and  in  so 
training,  insure  with  more  certainty  that  tlie  children  will  become 
worthy  nicml)ers  of  society. 

This  in  brief  is  the  reason  for  the  Catholic  system  of  education.  The 
public  schools  do  well,  but  they  leave  out  religion.  Hence  Catholics 
build  their  own  schools  while  at  the  same  time  they  help  support  the 
public  schools. 

The  Western  RESEm-E  Historical  Society 

The  broadening  .scope  and  the  cumulative  influence  of  the  Western 
Reserve  Historical  Society  have  been  among  the  most  gratifying  fea- 
tures of  Cleveland's  higher  life.  Its  substantial  standing  as  one  of  the 
strongest  forces  for  education  and  culture  evolved  in  the  Forest  City 
is  a  pronounced  fact  which  ha.s  been  in  repeated  evidence  with  the 
progress  of  this  history  of  Cleveland.  Conceived  in  1866  by  Judge 
Charles  C.  Baldwin  as  a  modest  branch  of  the  Cleveland  Library  Asso- 
ciation, of  which  he  was  an  oificer  and  a  trustee,  it  has  developed  into 
an  independent  institution,  with  a  special  field  and  a  definite  mission. 
Although  its  archives,  its  library,  its  museum  and  its  galleries  of  paint- 
ings, rare  prints  and  works  of  art  are  especially  rich  in  all  that  relates 


412  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS    [Chap.  XXIIl 

to  the  Western  Keserve,  its  collections  have  long  outgri'own  that  limita- 
tion and  have  even  overflowed  the  bounds  of  Ohio. 

Taking  up  the  story  of  this  evolution  of  a  useful  and  representa- 
tive institution,  it  is  known  that  Judge  Baldwin  called  a  meeting  to 
consider  the  formation  of  such  a  society  on  Thursday  evening,  the 
eleventh  of  April,  1867.  He  had  already  enlisted  the  support  and,  to  a 
large  extent,  the  enthusiasm  of  Colonel  Charles  Whittlesey,  who  had 
also  imparted  the  inspiration  to  Joseph  Perkins,  John  Barr,  Henry 
A.  Smith,  A.  T.  Goodman  and  other  scholars  and  prominent  men  of 
Cleveland  who  had  a.ssisted  in  the  building  of  the  Library  Association. 
These  gentlemen,  with  others,  met  at  the  date  named  and  formulated 
a  petition  to  the  association  requesting  the  formation  of  a  department 
of  history  in  accord  with  the  amended  constitution.  Passing  over  the 
small  unimportant  steps  leading  to  the  foumling  of  the  department,  at 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  association  in  1867,  it  was  voted  to  rent  the 
third  story  of  the  Society  for  Savings  building,  to  place  therein  certain 
historical  works,  papers,  war  relics  and  other  objects  of  interest  a.s 
a  nucleus  for  a  library  and  a  museum,  and  to  furnish  and  open  the 
rooms  to  the  members  and  the  public  generally. 

The  first  ofScers  of  the  society  were:  President,  Charles  Whittle- 
sey ;  vice-president,  JL  B.  Scott ;  and  recording  secretary,  J.  C.  Buell. 
Its  by-laws  fixed  the  name,  the  AVestern  Resei-ve  Historical  Society,  and 
thus  defined  the  objects  of  the  a.ssociation :  "  To  discover,  procure  and 
preserve  whatever  relates  to  the  history,  biography,  genealogy,  antiqui- 
ties and  statistics  connected  with  the  city  of  Cleveland  and  the  Wes- 
tern Reserve,  and  generally  what  relates  to  the  history  of  Ohio  and 
the  great  West." 

Many  of  the  leading  men  of  Cleveland  joined  the  society  at  an  early 
day,  and  its  membership  has  continued  to  be  drawn  from  the  promi- 
nent residents  of  both  sexes  from  that  time  to  this.  Besides  Judge 
Baldwin,  Colonel  Whittlesey,  M.  B.  Scott,  and  J.  C.  Buell,  the  follow- 
ing became  members  at  the  time  the  society  was  organized,  or  soon 
afterward :  V.  T.  Backus,  P.  H.  Babeock,  D.  II.  Beardsley,  J.  H.  A. 
Bone.  H.  M.  Chapin,  T.  R.  Chase,  J.  D.  Cleveland,  John  D.  Crehore, 
W.  P.  Fogg,  A.  T.  Goodman,  C.  C.  F.  Hayne,  L.  E.  Ilolden,  W.  N. 
Hudson,  Joseph  Ireland,  J.  S.  Kingsland,  George  Mygatt,  E.  R. 
Perkins,  Joseph  Perkins,  Harvey  Rice,  C.  W.  Sackrider,  John  H.  Sar- 
gent, C.  T.  Sherman,  Jacob  H.  Smies,  Henry  A.  Smith,  A.  K.  Spencer, 
Samuel  Starkweather,  Peter  Thatcher,  George  R.  Tuttle,  II.  B.  Tuttlo, 
Samuel  Williamson,  George  Willey,  and  S.  V.  Willson. 

Colonel  Whittlcscv  contimied  as  iiresidciit  nT  the  societv  until  his 


1867-1918]     WESTKK'X  RESERV1-:   HISTORICAL  SOCIETY    413 

death  in  1886  and  was  sueceeilctl  by  Judge  Baldwin,  who  likewise 
gave  faithfully  of  his  tiiuc,  .strcugtii,  abilities  and  means  to  its  growth, 
until  (leatii  foi-ced  hiiu  to  reliiiquish  its  responsibilities  which  had  never 
been  burdens  to  either.     To  these  two  the  Western  Reserve  Historical 


The  Society's  Building  ox  the  Public  Square 


Society  owes  its  firm  foundation,  and  the  historical,  archaeological, 
genealogical,  geological  })nd  scientific  material  which  they  placed  in  its 
archives,  as  a  result  of  their  investigations,  explorations  and  writings, 
constituted  an  iiivaluahlc  treasure  of  itself.     Their  contributions  have 


414  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIII 

beeu  noted  more  in  detail  elsewhere,  and  complete  lists  of  their  nu- 
merous publications  may  be  consulted  in  the  society's  library. 

Leonard  Case,  Henry  C.  Ranney,  L.  E.  Holden  and  others  also 
made  valuable  contributions  to  the  library  and  museum  of  the  society. 
Henry  Clay  Ranney,  its  third  president,  served  from  1895  to  1901; 
Liberty  E.  Holden,  1901-07;  Wallace  H.  Cathcart,  1907-13,  and 
William  P.  Palmer  since  the  latter  year. 

The  vice-presidents  of  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society 
have  been  as  follows :  M.  B.  Scott,  1867-72 ;  J.  H.  Salisbury,  1870-80 ; 
Elisha  Sterling,  1873-83;  William  P.  Fogg-,  1878-96;  D.  W.  Cross, 
1880-91;  John  H.  Sargent,  1883-93;  D.  P.  Eells,  1884;  Sam  Briggs, 
1886-92  ;  W.  J.  Gordon,  1891-92 ;  R.  B.  Hayes,  1892 ;  William  Bingham, 
1894-1904;  John  D.  Rockefeller,  1892-1918;  Henry  B.  Perkins, 
1896-1902;  C.  A.  Grasselli,  1902-07;  D.  C.  Baldwin,  1904-05;  H.  A. 
Garfield,  1904-05;  Jacob  B.  Perkins,  1905-18;  O.  J.  Hodge,  1907-13. 

Recording  secretaries:  J.  C.  Buell,  1867-68;  Alfred  T.  Goodman, 
1868-71;  T.  R.  Chase,  1871-72;  C.  C.  Baldwin,  1873-84;  D.  W.  Man- 
chester, 1884-92;  J.  B.  French,  1892-93;  S.  H.  Curtiss,  1893-94;  Wal- 
lace H.  Cathcart,  1894-1907;  W.  S.  Ilayden,  1907-14;  Elbert  J.  Ben- 
ton, 1914-18. 

Treasurers:  A.  K.  Spencer,  1868-69;  George  A.  Stanley,  1869-70; 
Samuel  Williamson,  1870-80;  C.  C.  Baldwin,  1880-83;  Douglas  Per- 
kins, 1883-86;  John  B.  French,  1886-93;  C.  C.  Baldwin,  1893-94 ;  Moses 
G.  Watterson,  1894-95;  Horace  B.  Corner,  1895-1907;  E.  V.  Hale, 
1907-13;  A.  S.  Chisholm,  1913-18. 

During  the  presidency  of  W.  II.  Cathcart,  which  extended  from 
1907  to  1913,  funds  were  raised  for  the  cataloguing  and  extension 
of  the  work  of  the  society.  Nothing  of  permanent  value  had  been  done 
in  catalogiiing  before  this  time,  and  during  the  period  from  1907  down 
to  date  this  work  has  been  extensively  carried  on.  The  collections  have 
more  than  quadrupled  in  size  during  the  last  four  years. 

In  1913,  Mr.  Cathcart  retired  from  active  connection  with  the  Bur- 
rows Brothers  Company,  of  which  concern  he  had  been  manager  for 
.some  years,  and  became  the  vice-presidcnrt  and  a  director  of  the  society, 
being  succeeded  by  William  P.  I'alinci-  in  tlic  presidency.  Mr.  Cath- 
cart's  entire  time  is  now  devoted  to  Itic  society  and  its  work.  Under 
^Ir.  Palmer's  administration,  an  endowment  has  l)ceii  raised  amount- 
ing to  $135,000,  and  the  membersliip  largely  inrreascd. 

From  1889  to  1912  no  regular  publications  were  issued.  Beginning 
with  the  latter  year,  regular  yearly  i)ul>licatious  have  been  issued, 


1<)18|TIIE  WESTERN  RESEK\H  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY   415 

bringiii":  the  tracts  or  publications  of  the  society  up  to  ninety-eight 
in  all. 

The  newspaper  collections  liavo  largely  increased  and  tlic  society 
today  has  several  thousand  volumes  of  rare  Ohio  ne\vsi>apcrs  aud  others 
in  its  collections.  President  Palmer  jjrcsented  to  the  society  what  is 
known  a.s  one  of  the  largest,  it'  not  the  largest,  collection  on  the  civil 
war  in  any  public  lilii-ary  in  America.  This  collection  is  especially  rich 
in  the  publications  of  both  the  North  and  the  South.  It  also  includes  a 
large  collection  of  rare  manuscripts,  ])i)rtraits,  nuijis,  and  about  30,000 
issues  of  the  iu'wsi>ai)ei's  of  that  period. 

The  numisnuitic  collections  of  the  society  have  been  largely  in- 
creased through  the  gift  of  the  Swasey  collection  of  Greek,  Roman  and 
Chinese  coins.  Two  of  the  outstanding  collections  of  medals  are  those 
of  the  Washington  medals  presented  to  the  society  by  J.  D.  Cox,  and 
that  of  the  Lincoln  medals  which  came  in  the  Wm.  P.  Palmer  collec- 
tion. The  paper  money  collection  of  the  society  is  very  extensive,  and 
the  collection  of  maps,  which  was  fomied  by  Judge  Baldwin,  has  been 
opened  up  and  made  ready  for  the  use  of  those  interested. 

The  librarv'  of  the  society  is  estimated  to  contain  about  125,000 
books  and  pamphlets.  From  a  small  institution,  local  in  its  scope, 
the  society  has  grown  to  be  one  of  the  most  active  organizations  in  the 
preservation  of  American  history  that  there  is  in  the  United  States. 

The  costume  collection  of  the  society  is  recognized  as  one  of  the 
most  extensive  of  its  kind  in  America.  This  was  received  as  a  gift 
from  Ralph  King  in  memory  of  his  brother,  Charles  6.  King.  The 
collection  has  been  placed  in  a  separate  room  where  the  rare  and  costly 
volumes  have  been  especially  provided  for.  The  collection  of  books 
on  the  Shakers  which  was  presented  to  the  library  by  W.  H.  Cathcart 
is  the  most  definitive  collection  that  has  ever  been  brought  together 
of  this  old  communistic  society  more  than  one  hundred  years  of  age. 
At  one  time,  the  Shakers  had  four  different  settlements  in  the  state  of 
Ohio.  Through  the  courtesy  of  J.  II.  Wade,  the  genealogical  collection 
of  the  society  has  been  largely  increased  until  now  the  department  in 
that  line  consists  of  nearly  3,000  distinct  genealogies.  For  the  last 
few  years,  by  the  aid  of  V.  F.  Prenti.ss,  systematic  collections  of  books 
bearing  on  the  state  of  Ohio  have  been  made  and  many  rare  items 
have  been  added  to  the  already  large  collection  brought  together  in 
that  historical  field. 

For  thirty  years,  the  society  occupied  its  home  on  the  Public  Square, 
in  the  old  building  of  the  Society  for  Savings,  the  site  of  which  is  now 


18tii)-l!)18j  TllK  PUBLIC  LIBRARY  417 

occupied  by  the  Cliaiiil)er  of  Commerce  building;  then  the  society 
secureil  title  to  the  property  through  a  generous  public  subscription 
headed  by  John  D.  Rockefeller.  Later,  the  property  was  sold  to  the 
Chamber  of  Conunerce  and  a  site  on  the  University  Circle  (Euclid 
Avenue  and  East  One  Hundred  and  Seventh  Street)  was  secured.  Here 
a  handsome  fireproof  building  was  erected,  the  society  first  occupying 
it  in  the  winter  of  1897-98. 

The  present  officers  of  the  society  are:  President,  William  P. 
Palmer;  vice-president  and  director,  Wallace  H.  Cathcart;  honorary 
vice-presidents,  J.  D.  Rockefeller,  Jacob  P.  Perkins ;  secretary,  Elbert 
J.  Benton ;  treasurer,  A.  S.  Chisholm ;  tru.stees,  Elroy  M.  Avery,  S. 
Prentiss  Baldwin,  C.  W.  Bingham,  A.  T.  Brewer,  E.  S.  Burke,  Jr.,  W. 
H.  Cathcart,  A.  S.  Chisholm,  J.  D.  Cox,  Wm.  G.  Dietz,  James  R.  Gar- 
field, C.  A.  Gra.sselli,  Webb  C.  Hayes,  Ralph  King,  Wm.  G.  Mather, 
Price  McKinney,  D.  Z.  Norton,  Wm.  P.  Palmer,  Douglas  Perkins,  Jacob 
B.  Perkins,  F.  F.  Prentiss,  John  L.  Severance,  Ambrose  Swasey, 
Charles  F.  Thwing,  J.  II.  Wade,  and  S.  S.  Wilson. 


The  Cleveland  PubI/IC  Library 
By  Mrs.  Julia  S.  Harron,  Library  Editor 

The  nucleus  of  the  present  great  public  library  system  of  Cleve- 
land, now  the  third  largest  in  the  country,  was  a  collection  of  2,200 
books  provided  for  the  Central  High  School  by  the  school-library  law 
of  1853.  It  was  established  as  a  fi'ee  public  library  under  an  act  of 
1867  authorizing  the  levy  of  one-tenth  of  a  mill  tax  for  library  pur- 
poses, and  opened  in  1869,  occupying  rooms  in  the  Northrup  and 
Harrington  Block  on  Superior  Street,  over  what  was  later  the  Higbee 
Company's  store.  Although  known  as  the  Public  School  Library,  it 
was  free  to  the  public ;  in  1883,  it  adopted  the  title  of  The  Cleveland 
Public  Library. 

In  the  ten  years  following  the  opening  of  the  library,  two  removals 
were  necessitated  by  its  rapid  gi'owth.  In  1879,  it  was  removed  to 
the  second  and  third  floors  of  the  former  Central  High  School  build- 
ing where  it  was,  for  twenty-one  years,  the  guest  of  the  Board  of 
Education,  the  offices  of  which  occupied  the  first  floor.  This  building, 
on  Euclid  Avenue  near  East  Ninth  Street,  was  torn  down  in  1901 
to  make  room  for  the  present  Citizens'  Building.  After  a  short 
sojourn  in  the  City  TTnll.  the  lilirai'y  was  moved  to  its  first  separate 

Vol.    I— JT 


418 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIII 


building,  the  temporary  Main  Library  at  1443  East  Third  Street. 
The  work  burst  the  bounds  of  these  quarters  and  overtiowed  into 
two  or  three  neighboring  buildings;  so,  in  1913,  the  library  made  its 
fifth  hegira  and  now  occupies  the  fifth  and  sixth  floors  of  the  Kinney 
&  Levan  Building,  1375-1385  Euclid  Avenue,  whence  the  next  remove 
will  be  into  its  permanent  home,  a  dignified  and  beautiful  Central  Li- 


JlUiAliV    Jli:iLl>l.\(.;   OF   1879 


brary,  as  yet  unlmill.  hur  jinivided  for  by  the  $2,000,000  bond  issue 
voted  by  the  citizens  of  Cleveland  in  1912. 

The  building  of  this  Central  Library  has  necessarily  been  post- 
poned probably  until  the  terrniiuition  of  the  war,  for  the  reason  that  the 
$2,000,000  appropriation  on  which  the  plans  of  Walker  &  Weeks,  the 
successful  competing  architects,  were  based,  is  now  inadecjuate  to  cover 


1!)181  Till-:  PUBLIC  LliiKAKY  419 

tlio  cost  of  the  proposed  Imililiiifr.  This  library  building  is  to  he  a 
part  of  the  eity's  group  plan,  and  will  be  loeated  on  the  site  of  the 
old  City  Hail  on  Superior  Avenue  at  East  'i'hinl  Street,  on  a  line 
with  the  Federal  Hnildiiiir  and  loliowing  the  same  general  arehi- 
teetural  style. 

The  present  Main  Library,  with  its  eollection  of  nearly  :i()().000 
volumes,  is  the  direet  outgrowth  of  the  little  I'nblie  Seiiool  Librai'y  of 
12,200  volniues,  but  it  is  only  the  main  trunk  of  a  great  system  with  a 
total  of  more  than  600.000  volumes,  the  eireulation  fi^ires  of  which, 
f(n-  irtlT,  wei-e  more  than  3,400,000;  which  has  more  than  fi.^O  agencies 
including  branches  and  smaller  liraiiches,  high-school,  grade-school, 
and  class-room  libraries,  and  stations  in  business  and  industrial  plants; 
and  in  which  at  least  ten  of  the  larger  branches  serve  from  five  to 
forty  thousand  boi-rowers  each,  i.  v.,  a  public  ranging  in  size  from  the 
population  of  a  town  like  Painesville,  Ohio,  to  that  of  a  city  nearly 
the  size  of  Canton. 

The  first  branch  of  the  Clevelaml  Public  Library  was  opened  in 
the  spring  of  1892  on  the  second  floor  of  a  business  block  opposite 
the  old  market  house  on  Pearl  Street,  now  West  Twenty-fifth  Street. 
Since  that  date,  largely  through  the  generosity  of  ^Ir.  Andrew  Car- 
negie, the  material  growth  of  the  library  has  been  phenomenally  rapid. 
Today,  thirteen  of  the  fifteen  larger  branches  are  in  buildings  provided 
by  the  Carnegie  fund,  a  fourteenth,  the  Alta  House,  a  combined  library 
and  social  settlement  building,  being  the  gift  of  Mr.  John  I).  Rocke- 
feller. 

The  Woodland  Branch,  the  first  of  these  dignilied  Carnegie  build- 
ings, was  completed  in  June,  1904;  the  East  79th,  the  first  of  a  new 
type  of  smaller  branch  buildings,  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1915. 
Two  other  Carnegie  branches  of  the  same  size  and  general  plan  as 
the  East  79th  were  completed  in  ilay,  1918,  and  are  ready  for  the 
installation  of  furniture  and  fittings.  These  are  the  Trcmont,  born 
of  a  little  portable  library  in  Tremont  School  yard  which,  in  1916,  did 
the  second  largest  amount  of  children's  work  in  the  entire  system, 
and  the  Brooklyn,  at  ]\[apledale  and  West  Twenty-fifth  Street,  the 
work  of  which  has  rapidly  been  outgrowing  the  double-store  building 
in  which  it  is  housed.  The  plans  are  also  completed  for  a  building 
for  the  Superior  Branch,  to  be  erected  on  T<]ast  One  Hundred  and 
Fifth  Street  opposite  Dean  School. 

To  write  about  the  Public  Library  merely  as  an  example  of 
phenomenal  growth  would  be  to  do  it  an  injustice ;  a  true  account 
should  represent  it,  first  and  foremost,  as  one  of  the  most  vigorously 


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1918]  THE  PUBLIC  LIBRARY  421 

ami  lu'lpi'iilly  i'uiK-liouiny;  parts  (if  the  city's  social  organism.  In 
a  recent  address  on  tlio  phu'e  of  tin-  lilirary  among  the  recreative 
institutions  oftlic  city,  Mr.  Allen  Burns,  tlicn  of  the  Cleveland  Founda- 
tion, pointed  out  that  the  library's  claim  to  social  service  docs  not 
rest  solely  upon  its  free  distribution  of  books  but  on  its  constructive 
pioneer  work  in  the  organization  of  leisure  for  pleasure  and  profit. 
In  doing  this  work,  the  library  has  allied  itself  with  parents,  schools, 
industrial  and  business  houses,"  charitable  institutions,  clubs  and  so- 
cieties, and  the  departments  of  the  city  goverinnent. 

The  schools  teach  reading  as  an  art.  The  libraries  teach  not  only 
the  use  of  books  as  tools  for  inci-easing  efficiency  but  as  sources  of 
happiness — as  the  most-worth-while  and  least-taxing  I'csource  of  leisure 
hours.  It  is  the  library's  work,  tlien,  not  only  to  provide  books  but 
to  educate  its  public  in  taste  and  appreciation.  When  its  work  is 
with  the  adult  whose  attitude  tow'ard  books  is,  at  the  best,  negative  and 
whose  appreciations  arc  limited,  the  problem  is  ditficult  and  the  results 
not  always  remarkable,  hut  when  the  library  has  a  chance  to  begin  with 
the  children  and,  through  its  story-hours,  literary  and  debating  clubs, 
and  attractive  children's  rooms,  to  ally  its  work  with  that  of  the 
schools,  then,  at  every  stage  of  the  individual's  growth,  it  can  provide 
something  definite  toward  the  enrichment  of  his  life. 

About  three-fourths  of  Cleveland's  population  is  foreign-born  or 
of  the  first  generation ;  the  library  recognizes  that  it  owes  a  large 
measure  of  service  to  these  people.  Fortunately,  it  is  not  so  necessary 
that  the  foreigner  be  caught  young.  However  narrow  his  actual  read- 
ing experience,  he  has  behind  him  generations  of  reverence  for  books 
— perhaps  his  book  tastes  are  already  formed.  So  in  this  country 
of  free  books  his  love  for  them  gi'ows  by  that  on  which  it  feeds,  and 
they  play  a  vital  part  in  both  his  work  and  play.  The  library  takes 
a  particularly  active  part  in  the  Americanization  of  the  foreigner, 
giving  its  club  rooms  for  the  use  of  naturalization  and  English  classes, 
furnishing  special  instruction  to  the  newcomers  to  this  country  in  the 
privileges  of  the  library,  and  sending  books  to  the  training  camps  for 
the  instruction  of  the  selected  foreign-born. 

On  account  of  the  fullness  of  its  book  collections,  especially  along 
technical  and  sociological  lines,  and  the  special  knowledge  of  the 
librarians  who  have  the  several  departments  in  charge,  the  library  is 
able  to  give  exceptionally  satisfactory  reference  service  to  business 
and  professional  men,  manufacturers,  teachers,  and  students  in  the 
arts.  The  fact  that  its  periodical  sets  arc  unusually  complete  is  a 
further  aid  to  this  efficient  reference  work. 


I'l   ill.lC    liltAxcil     l.iniiAHIKS 


1918]  Till';   IMl'.IJC  LIBRARY  423 

To  the  librarian  of  tlio  Cleveland  I'uMic  Lil)rai-y,  tlie  profession 
owes  the  "Cunuilative  Index,"  an  invaliial)le  library  tool,  and  the 
"Open  Shelf,"  an  improved  method  of  library  service  as  applied  to 
the  larg:e  public  library,  botli  of  which  gave  library  science  a  marked 
forward  impetus.  In  1896,  Mr.  Brett  conceived  the  plan  of  the  Cumu- 
lative Index  to  Periodicals  and.  durin}>;  1897  and  1808,  it  was  publi.shed 
in  the  Cleveland  Public  Lil)rary  under  his  direction.  The  design  of 
this  undertaking  was  to  furnish,  once  a  month,  an  index  to  the  material 
in  a  hundred  selected  periodicals,  the  index  appearinp;  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible after  the  publication  of  the  periodicals  and  cunmlating  from 
month  to  month,  that  is,  including  in  each  number  all  material  previ- 
ously jiublishcd,  arranged  in  a  dictionary  catalog  of  authors,  subjects 
and  titles.  Tliis  was  the  first  application  of  cumulation  l)y  the  use  of 
the  linotype  to  indexing,  and,  its  possibility  and  importance  once 
demonstrated,  it  was  taken  over  by  a  publishing  bouse  and  is  now  the 
Readers'  Guide  to  Periodical  Literature  which  has  done  much  to 
lighten  the  labors  of  librarians  and  other  literary  workers. 

In  1890,  the  Cleveland  Public  Library  adopted  the  "open  .shelf" 
plan — the  fii"st  large  pulilic  libraiy  in  the  world  to  give  free  access 
to  its  shelves.  The  plan  had  been  much  discussed  by  American  libraries 
and  generally  voted  impracticable  on  the  ground  that  the  loss  of 
books  would  be  so  great  as  to  offset  any  increase  of  circulation  and 
lessening  of  necessary  service  which  might  result.  The  librarian's  re- 
port for  the  following  year,  1891,  noted  an  increase  of  nearly  fifty  per 
cent  in  the  circulation  and  a  loss  of  books  smaller  than  that  of  any 
previous  year,  a  large  proportion  of  those  mi.ssing  being  from  fiction, 
the  only  cla.ss  to  which  free  access  was  not  allowed. 

The  open  shelf  i)lan  was  gradually-  adopted  by  other  libraries  all 
over  the  country  until  now  the  chief  connotation  of  the  term  "imblic 
library"  is  the  idea  of  free  access  to  books.  The  adoption  of  the  name 
"Open  Shelf,"  for  the  monthly  annotated  bulletin  of  the  library,  is  a 
slight  concession  to  its  pardonable  pride  in  having  blazed  the  trail 
along  this  now  much  traveled  line  of  public  service. 

Besides  its  own  collection  of  reference  and  circulating  books,  the 
library^  is  the  custodian  of  several  special  collections  amounting  in  all 
to  about  75,000  volumes.  The  most  notable  of  these  is  the  John  G. 
"WTiite  collection  of  Orientalia  and  Folk-lore,  numbering  about  40,000 
volumes  and  including  many  rare  and  valuable  books  representing 
more  than  one  hundred  and  forty  languages.  The  collection  has 
recentlj-  been  put  into  such  order  as  to  make  it  available  for  reference 
use,  and  scholars  in  all  parts  of  the  eountrj-  are  consulting  it. 


"William  H.  Brett 


1918]  THE   ITI'.LIC  LIBRARY  425 

The  affairs  of  the  lilirary  an'  adiiiinistcred  liy  a  lioard  of  seven 
inenibers,  I'hoseti  1iy  the  board  of  education.  Tiu'  only  woman  wIkj 
ever  was  a  uienilier  of  this  board  was  ]\lis.  Klroy  M.  Avery.  At  the 
present  time  (litl8)  tiie  Library  Board  consists  of  John  G.  White, 
president;  F.  V.  Prentiss,  vice-president;  Carl  Lorcnz,  secretary;  Emil 
Joseph,  Charles  K.  Kennedy,  A.  A.  Stearns,  and  E.  TI.  "Whitlock. 

An  article  about  the  Cleveland  Public  Library  would  be  incomplete 
without  a  brief  characterization  of  its  librarian  and  vice-librarian. 
William  Howard  Brett  became  librarian  in  1884  and  has  gjuided  its 
policies  during  a  period  of  thirty-four  years  of  steady  progress  and  of 
activities  ever  multiplying  and  broadening  in  scope.  When  he  took 
charge  of  the  library  there  were  ten  persons  employed.  Now^  there  are 
more  than  500  persons  on  the  pay  roll,  all  united  in  bonds  of  loyalty 
to  their  chief,  and  inspired  by  his  vision  and  enthusiasm  to  give  their 
best  service  to  the  institution.  For  twenty-two  years,  Linda  A.  East- 
man has  been  the  efficient  associate  of  the  chief  librarian  and,  second  in 
authoritj',  has  borne  an  important  part  in  the  development  of  the 
system.  She  combines  rare  idealism  with  iniusual  ability  to  develop 
and  realize  ideals  in  practical  working  methods.  She  is  the  good  friend 
and  wise  counseller  of  every  member  of  the  staff. 

Almost  at  the  moment  of  going  to  press  comes  the  tragic  news  of 
]\Ir.  Brett's  siidden  death  on  the  twenty-fourth, of  August,  1918.  Mr. 
Brett  was  born  in  Braceville,  Ohio,  the  first  of  July,  1846,  but  his 
early  years  were  spent  in  Warren,  Ohio.  He  fought  in  the  Union  army 
in  the  civil  war.  He  was  a  student  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
LTniversity  of  Michigan,  1868-69,  and  at  Western  Reserve  University, 
1874-75.  He  received  an  honorary  degree,  M.  A.,  from  Hiram  College, 
in  1894. 

He  first  became  known  to  Clevelanders  as  a  salesman  in  the  book- 
store of  Cobb,  Andrews  and  Co.  In  1884,  he  was  appointed  librarian  of 
the  Cleveland  Public  Library  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  had  nearly 
completed  thirtj'-four  j-ears  of  continuous  and  devoted  sen-ice.  In  this 
long  period,  Mr.  Brett  made  many  real  contributions  to  his  profes- 
sion. On  the  bibliographical  side  were  the  printed  catalog  of  the 
Cleveland  Public  Library,  long  a  model  of  dictionary  catalog,  and  the 
"Cumulative  Index  to  Periodicals,"  now  known  as  the  "Reader's 
Ouide  to  Periodical  Literature"  and  the  pioneer  in  this  field.  In 
1903,  he  helped  to  found  the  Western  Reserve  University  Library 
School  and  was  dean  of  the  school  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Ohio  Librarv  Association  and  served  as  its 


426  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXIII 

first  president.  He  was  president  in  1897  of  the  American  Library 
Association,  one  of  its  oldest  members  and  always  one  of  the  most 
valued. 

After  the  beginning  of  the  war  with  its  opportunity  for  libraries 
of  supplj'ing  books  to  the  soldiers,  Mr.  Brett,  whose  own  service  flag 
bore  four  stars,  had  given  himself  untiringly  to  this  enterprise.  He 
served  on  the  American  Library  Association  War  Service  Committee, 
on  its  Finance  Committee  and  had  charge  of  the  very  important  over- 
seas work,  conducted  from  the  Newport  News  Dispatch  office,  as  well 
as  of  the  service  to  some  twenty-five  or  thirty  camps  in  the  immediate 
vicinity. 

His  great  work,  however,  was  tlie  lunnanizing  and  the  socializing 
of  the  public  library.  The  record  of  his  achievement  may  be  partially 
read  in  the  history  of  the  Cleveland  Public  Library,  but  no  written 
account  can  ever  be  given  of  his  services  to  his  fellow  workers 
throughout  the  country.  He  was  a  wise  and  kindly  counsellor  and 
an  inspiring  leader.  His  devotion  to  his  work  was  of  a  quality  rarely 
seen.  He  was  devoid  of  personal  ambition,  undauntedly  optimistic, 
constructive  always  in  his  thinking  and  planning,  and  ever  the  simplest 
and  most  lovable  of  men. 


The  Early  Settlers'  Assoclvtion 

• 

As  stated  in  chapter  XVIII,  this  organization  was  formed  in 
November,  1879,  largely  through  the  personal  efforts  of  "Father" 
IT.  ^r.  Addison,  wlio  liad  urged  in  numerous  articles  in  the  newspapers 
the  assend)ling  of  the  eai'ly  settlers  to  bring  about  "an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  each  other  .  .  .  and  to  secure  the  preservation 
of  nuich  unwritten  history  of  our  country  and  vicinity."  The  first 
meeting  of  which  we  have  any  account  was  a  conference  held  in  the 
office  of  George  C.  Dodge  in  his  residence  at  the  corner  of  Euclid 
avenue  and  Seventeenth  street  at  which  TTarvcv  Kice,  Judge  Daniel 
Tilden.  H.  M.  Addison  and  IVfr.  Dodge  were  present.  Tlioy  discussed 
the  project  at  length  and  decided  to  call  a  public  meeting  to  which 
were' invited  many  of  our  prominent  citizens.  On  the  nineteenth  of 
November,  1879.  the  meeting  was  held  in  the  probate  court-room,  and 
the  a.ssociation  organized  with  Ilarvcy  Rice,  president;  Sherlock  J. 
Andrews  and  John  W.  Allen,  vice-presidents:  George  C.  Dodge,  secre- 
tary and  troa.surer;  and  R.  T.  Tjyon,  Tliomas  Jones.  S.  S.  Coe.  W.  J. 
Warner,  David  L.  Wiglitman,  executive  committee. 


1879-1918]     Till-:   KAIJl.V  SKTTLKRS'  ASSOCIATION  427 

Its  first  luiiiual  lueoting  was  held  on  the  twentieth  of  May,  1880,  in 
the  Euclid  Avenue  Pros])yterian  church.  Meetings  have  been  held  an- 
nually since  that  date,  hi  1883,  the  association  began  the  collection 
of  a  fund  for  erecting  a  monument  to  Moses  Cleavcland,  the  founder 
of  the  city.  The  statue  is  now  standing  in  the  Public  Square.  As  the 
ninety-second  anniver.sary  of  General  Cleaveland's  first  arrival  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  fell  on  Sunday,  the  unveiling  of  the  statue 
took  place  on  Jlonday.  the  twenty -third  of  July,  1888. 

'Tis  here,  wliun  Nature  reigned  supreme. 
That  General  Cleavelaud  trod  the  wild ; 

And  sa-w  an  infant  in  his  dream. 

And  with  his  name  baptized  the  child. 

— Harvey  Rice. 

In  1896,  during  the  Centennial  celebration,  the  association  bore  a 
leading  part.  The  old  log  cabin  in  the  square,  center  of  great  interest, 
was  the  suggestion  of  '"Father"'  Addison  and  the  work  of  his  col- 
leagues in  the  association.  It  was  dedicated  on  the  twenty-first  of 
July,  by  an  appropriate  "house  warming."  The  twenty-ninth  of  July 
was  "Early  Settlers"  Day."  The  association  met  in  Army  and  Navy 
hall  and  listened  to  reminiscences  of  the  pioneer  days.  The  Annals  of 
the  society  contain  invaluable  historical  material.  The  earlier  num- 
bers, especially  contain  the  narratives  of  the  pioneers  wdio  relate,  in 
their  own  forcible  manner,  the  story  of  the  beginnings  of  the  county. 
The  Annals  also  contain  valuable  biogra]iliical  notices  of  the  early  set- 
tlers; and  the  later  inimbers  are  a  valuable  record  of  the  early  mar- 
riages in  the  county.  "Father"  H.  ^M.  Addison  was  born  in  Euclid 
township  in  1818.  In  1856,  he  came  to  Cleveland,  where  he  engaged 
in  .iouiMialism.  Tie  was  the  founder  of  the  Children's  Fresh  Air  Camp 
and  was  active  in  many  other  worthy  enterprises.  He  died  on  the 
fourteenth  of  January.  1898.  Harvey  Rice  continued  to  serve  as  presi- 
dent until  his  death  in  1892,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  the  lion. 
Richard  C.  Parsons.  After  the  d<>ath  of  ]\Ir.  Parsons,  Orlando  J. 
Hodge  became  president  and  served  as  sucli  until  his  death  in  1911. 

The  society  holds  an  all-day  meeting  every  year  on  the  tenth  of 
September,  the  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  Lake  Erie.  For  the  last 
few  years,  the  meetings  have  been  held  in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Auditorium.  The  morinng  session  is  usually  given  up  to  an  address 
by  a  prominent  speaker  with  a  vital  message.  During  the  noon  hour, 
a  luncheon  is  served  and  a  social  reunion  enjoyed.  The  afternoon 
session  is  given  over  to  talks  and  discussions  pertaining  to  local  life. 

The  membership  of  the  society  now  mnnbers  nearly  six  hundred. 


428  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIII 

The  requirements  for  admission  ai-e  forty  years'  residence  upon  the 
Western  Reserve  and  the  payment  of  a  nominal  sum  for  annual  dues 
which  payment  covers  the  cost  of  the  annual  meeting  and  furnishes  a 
copy  of  the  Annals,  a  pamphlet  of  nearly  one  hundred  pages. 

It  is  the  desire  of  the  society  that  as  many  eligible  persons  as  will 
come  into  the  organization  in  order  that  it  may  serve  the  purposes 
for  which  it  was  founded  as  stated  above,  and  for  the  further  reason, 
as  expressed  in  the  eloquent  address  of  Judge  Kriehbaum  last  year 
wherein  he  said : 

"It  is  a  mighty  fine  thing  to  perpetuate  the  memory  and  deeds  of 
our  ancestors — it  has  its  roots  in  the  first  Commandment  with 
promise." 

The  officers  of  the  society  for  1919  are:  President,  The  Hon.  Alex- 
ander Hadden ;  vice-presidents,  James  W.  Stewart,  "W.  S.  Kerruish ; 
secretary,  Sherman  Arter ;  treasurer,  Thomas  J.  McManus ;  Chaplain, 
The  Rev.  J.  D.  Williamson,  D.  D. 


CHAPTER  XXIV 

STORY  OF  THE  CORPORATION'S  DEVELOPMENT 
By  H.  G.  Cutler 

Cleveland's  municipal  evolution  has  been  no  more  trying  or  per- 
plexing than  that  of  any  other  great  western  city,  the  affairs  of  which 
have  been  conducted  by  intelligent  and  progressive  men,  desirous  of 
working  tlu'ough  well  defined  forms  of  government.  The  various 
changes  in  its  body  corporate  were  brought  about  through  the  con- 
flicting views  of  those  who  desired  not  only  Cleveland,  but  the 
other  cities  of  Ohio,  to  be  brought  under  the  systematic  control  of 
the  general  laws  of  the  commonwealth,  and  those  who  championed 
a  distinct  municipal  type  even  at  the  expense  of  systematic  action  and 
smoothness  of  operation. 

Under  the  first  state  constitution,  Cleveland  City  of  1836  was, 
like  all  her  sisters  of  Ohio,  chartered  by  special  act;  and,  as  this 
was  a  period  of  city-making,  a  flood  of  such  special  acts  poured 
through  the  legislature.  The  common  council,  which  comprised 
three  membei's  from  each  of  the  three  wards,  was  all-in-all,  and  the 
mayor  was  little  more  than  a  head  magistrate.  The  marshal,  with 
his  deputy  or  deputies,  and  the  city  treasurer,  were  the  other  execu- 
tives who  were  elected  annually. 

A  CiTT  OF  THE  Second  Class 

Then  those  legislators  who  were  weary  of  the  confusion  attendant 
on  special  acts  of  regulation  got  the  upper  hand  and,  in  1852,  passed 
the  general  state  act  for  the  incorporation  of  cities  and  villages. 
Twenty  thousand  inhabitants  constituted  the  dividing  line  between 
cities  of  the  first  and  second  classes,  and  Cleveland  fell  in  the  minor 
division.  But  its  municipal  afifairs  had  expanded  and  multiplied,  so 
that  a  board  of  city  commissioners  was  created  to  have  charge  of 
the  streets  and  bridges  and,  in  addition  to  the  marshal,  treasurer 
and  city  .solicitor,  a  superintendent  of  markets  was  elected  and  a 
civil  engineer  and  auditor  created,  as  well  as  a  complete  police 
court,  including  a  judge,  clerk  and  prosecutor. 

429 


430  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS    [Chap.  XXIV 

Watee  Supply  and  Protection  Against  Fire 

At  that  time,  as  has  been  learned  from  the  narrative  history, 
flavor  Abner  C.  Brownell  and  a  special  committee  had  just  made 
a  preliminary  report  on  the  advisability  of  providing  for  a  municipal 
wator  supply.  The  city  was  protected  from  fire  by  half  a  dozen 
volunteer  companies,  with  as  many  hand  engines  and  a  hook  and 
ladder.     The  water  supply  was  drawn   from  street  comer  cisterns, 


The  City  IIai.l  op  Today 

often  nearly  empty  or  clogged  with  mud.  iunl,  if  the  fire  happened 
to  be  near  the  river  or  canal,  all  the  better  for  the  final  quenching 
of  the  flames. 


Trials  of  Tiiii  Public  ]\Iarkets 

The  public  markets  had  been  established  for  years.  There  was 
even  an  open  wood  market  at  the  foot  of  Water  Street  and  as  early 
as  1839  the  city  built  a  market  house  on  ]\Iichigan  Street.  When 
Cleveland  was  incorporated  under  the  general  law  of  1852  the  feeling 
was  bitter  between  the  proprietors  of  the  markets  and  the  hucksters 
and  grocers.  The  hucksters  were  dlteii  thorns  in  the  sides  of  both 
markotmen  and  grocers,  as  they  would  sally  out  into  tli(>  district  of 
the  truck  gardeners  at  unearthly  hours  in  the  morning,  liny  up  the 
fresh  produce  and  unload  it  on  their  customers  before  the  luarket- 
nien   and   grocers  bad   o|i('neil   their  doors.     The   (luai'rel   soon   after- 


1918 J  MUNICIPAL  DEVELOPMENT  431 

ward  became  very  rampant,  and  was  finally  assuaged  by  the  building 
of  large  munieipal  market  iiouses  and  their  promotion  as  city  institu- 
tions. This  important  movement,  the  advantages  of  which  to  the 
retail  buyer  became  more  and  more  evident,  was  fairly  placed  on  its 
feet  by  the  creation  of  the  superintendeney  of  markets  as  an  elective 
office  in  1852. 


Growth  of  Fuie  .\nd  Police  Dep.\rtmbnts  Diking  the  Civil  AVar 

Not  long  afterward  Cleveland  passed  into  the  cities  of  the  lirst 
class,  by  1860,  it  had  reached  a  population  of  43,000,  and,  in  1870,  had 
over  92,000  inhabitants  and  was  just  on  the  verge  of  the  100,000 
mark.  In  the  meantime  the  measures  taken  to  secure  adequate  tire 
protection  for  the  city  were  multii)lying  in  number  and  broadening 
in  scope.  The  volunteer  fire  department  was  abandoned  in  1863, 
soon  after  the  city's  purchase  of  its  first  steam  fire  engine,  and  in 
the  same  year  three  others  were  added,  so  that  on  the  Fourth  of 
July  the  "spick-and-span"  new  department,  with  its  four  gleaming 
and  decorated  "modern"  engines,  made  a  grand  display  in  town. 
In  1864,  a  fifth  steamer  was  purchased,  and  there  was  an  engine  house 
for  each  steamer.  The  last  years  of  the  civil. war,  when  the  losses 
in  Cleveland  by  fires  had  reached  over  $260,000,  were  eventful,  both 
for  the  fire  and  police  departments.  The  alarm  telegraph  system 
was  established  in  1864  and,  in  1865,  the  metropolitan  police  act  was 
put  in  force.  It  created  a  board  of  police  commissioners  consisting 
of  the  mayor  and  four  gubernatorial  appointees.  The  arrangement 
proved  cumbersome  and  loose-jointed,  but  was  the  commencement  of 
the  era  when  the  citizens  realized  the  necessity  of  a  strictly  managed 
police  department  as  a  brancii  of  the  munieipal  service.  At  tiiis  time, 
also,  when  the  fire  department  was  taking  shape,  an  efficient  police 
force  was  considered  as  its  necessary  co-worker,  especially  in  times 
of  large  conflagrations  viheii  officious  citizens  were  prone  to  forget 
that  the  volunteer  firemen  had  been  legislated  out  of  existence. 

The  First  Waterworks 

By  1870,  the  modern  system  of  water  supply  and  distribution  had 
also  been  founded.  Compared  with  the  present  waterworks,  its 
basis  was  small,  but  a  solid  foundation  had  been  laid.  In  the  fall  of 
1856,  the  first  waterworks  had  been  completed  on  the  West  Side. 
Their  main  features  were  the  5,000,000-gallon  reservoir  at  Kentucky 
and  Prospect  streets,  and  the  engine  house  at  the  foot  of  the  former 


432  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIV 

thorouglifare.  The  cost  of  installing  the  pioneer  water  system  of 
Cleveland  was  about  $526,000  and  the  formal  opening  of  the  works, 
on  the  twenty-fourth  of  September,  1856,  involved  a  grand  jubilee  and 
jollification,  as  have  been  described  more  in  detail  elsewhere.  The 
water  was  taken  from  the  lake  about  300  feet  west  of  the  old  river  bed, 
300  feet  out  and  at  a  depth  of  twelve  feet.  The  boiler-plate  inlet  pipe 
was  fifty  inches  in  diameter.  Water  was  conveyed  from  the  inlet  pipe 
to  the  pump  well  on  the  lake  shore  through  a  brick  aqueduct  about 
four  feet  across,  and  the  standpipe,  encased  in  a  look-out  tower,  was 
148  feet  high. 

The  Tunnel  and  Works  of  1870-74 

But  within  a  decade  these  works  were  far  behind  all  public  re- 
quirements and,  in  1867,  surveys  for  a  new  tunnel  were  made,  on 
the  recommendation  of  Prof.  J.  L.  Cassels,  the  eminent  scientist  and 
mineralogist  of  Cleveland  Medical  College.  After  numerous  financial 
and  mechanical  delays,  on  the  seventeenth  of  August,  1870,  the  first 
great  lake  crib  was  sunk  in  forty  feet  of  water  6,600  feet  from  shore, 
and  the  two  sections  of  the  new  tunnel  commenced  to  be  pushed 
toward  each  other.  They  met  and  formed  a  whole  in  October,  1872, 
and  the  entire  work  was  completed  and  the  water  first  drawn  through 
the  new  tunnel  on  the  third  of  March,  1874.  Upon  the  completion  of 
the  new  tunnel,  the  old  intake  was  abandoned.  A  new  engine  house 
was  built  near  the  old  one,  other  engines  installed,  and  total  expenses 
of  .$320,000  incurred  in  constructing  the  new  works.  Seven  lives  were 
lost  in  the  progress  of  the  improvements.  The  old  Kentucky  reservoir 
continued  in  service  for  many  years,  even  after  it  was  hopelessly 
outgrown. 

General  Municipal  Code  of  1870 

When  it  is  remembered  that  the  streets  and  parks,  the  bridges 
and  viaducts,  the  local  transportation  lines,  and  all  other  public  util- 
ities were  rapidly  expanding  and  extending  with  Cleveland's  popu- 
lation by  tlie  commencement  of  the  '70s,  it  is  little  wonder  that  the 
legi-slators  busied  themselves  to  see  what  could  be  done  to  simplify 
the  municipal  government.  In  1870,  the  state  legislature  attempted 
to  put  upon  the  statute  books  a  general  code  of  laws  applicable  to 
all  cities  of  the  first  class,  in  which  Cleveland  had  long  rested  securely. 
It  provided  for  the  election  of  a  mayor,  solicitor,  treasurer,  street 
commissioner,  police  judge,  police  prosecuting  attorney  and  police 
court  clerk,  and  for  the  appointnioiit  l)y  the  mayor  (with  the  consent 


191SJ  -ML'NR'U'AL  DHVKLOi'MEXT  433 

of  tho  I'oniiiioii  (HMiiicil)  of  the  civil  enginoor,  fire  engineer,  supcrin- 
teniUnt  of  markets  and  chief  of  police.  The  code  went  to  ruin  over 
the  complex,  vexatious  classification  of  cities,  the  simple  test  of 
population  being  overwhelmed  by  a  multitude  of  minor  considera- 
tions. Tile  mayor  of  the  city  had  become  little  more  than  a  figure- 
head of  the  municipal  government. 

ITi>MK  Klle  of  the  Police  Department 

In  1872,  the  chief  executive  regained  control  of,  at  least,  the 
police  department,  through  the  jiassage  of  the  legislative  act  replac- 
ing the  members  of  the  board  of  police  commissioners  appointed  by 
the  governor  with  local  representatives  elected  by  the  people.  Tiiis 
distinctively  home  commission  consisted  of  ^layor  Charles  A.  Otis,  Dr. 
J.  C.  Schenck,  John  M.  Sterling,  Dr.  J.  E.  Robin.son  and  George  Saal. 
Under  the  new  plan  tiic  city  was  divided  into  seven  police  precincts. 

Municipal  Government  p,v  Pxiakds 

In  1873,  also,  the  municipal  management  of  the  fire  department 
was  reorganized,  as  the  legislature  of  that  year  created  a  board  of 
fire  commissioners,  comprising  the  mayor  and  chairman  of  the  council 
committee  on  fire  and  water,  and  three  citizens  appointed  by  the 
head  of  the  city  government.  The  mayor  was  coming  into  his  own 
pi'oper  authority,  and  the  government  by  boards,  primarily  respon- 
sible to  him,  or  to  the  people  as  a  body  of  electors,  was  getting  well 
under  way.  It  was  first  crystallized  under  the  comprehensive  code 
of  May,  1878.  Fnder  its  provisions  the  mayor,  councilmen,  treasurer, 
police  judge  and  prosecutor  were  elected  by  the  peo])le,  and  the 
auditor,  city  clerk  and  civil  engineer  appointed  by  the  common 
council.  The  following  boards  were  created:  Board  of  police  com- 
missioners, compo.sed  of  the  mayor,  and  four  commissioners  elected 
by  the  people ;  board  of  directors  of  the  house  of  refuge  and  cor- 
rection, appointed  by  the  mayor;  board  of  health,  comprising  the 
mayor  and  other  members  appointed  by  the  council;  board  of  in- 
firmary directors,  elected;  board  of  improvements  (its  establishment 
optional),  the  diief  functions  of  which  were  to  keep  the  .streets  clean 
and  in  repair,  comprising  the  mayor,  civil  engineer,  street  commis- 
sioner, chairman  of  the  council  committee  on  streets  and  one  member 
appointed  by  the  common  council ;  board  of  park  commissioners, 
appointed  by  the  mayor  with  council  consent ;  board  of  waterworks 
trustees,  elected  by  popular  vote;  board  of  fire  commissioners,  com- 


434  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIV 

posed  of  four  elected  members  and  the  chairman  of  the  council  com- 
mittee on  fires :  board  of  cemetery  trustees,  elected ;  board  of  revision, 
a  general  body  of  review  covering  the  operations  of  all  the  municipal 
departments  and  boards,  comprising  the  mayor,  president  of  the 
city  'council  and  the  city  solicitor.  A  superintendent  of  markets  was 
also  appointed  by  the  mayor,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  city 
council.  The  council  was  authorized  to  appoint  inspectors  of 
various  foods  and  other  products.  Nearly  all  the  boards  mentioned 
in  the  code  of  1878  served  without  pay,  which,  while  it  might  be 
economical  in  outward  show  of  dollars  and  cents,  had  the  effect  of 
providing  a  general  basis  of  e.xcuses  for  inefficiency  or  carelessness 
in  the  performance  of  prescribed  duties.  You  cannot  hold  a  man 
very  closely  to  his  job  when  you  pay  him  nothing  for  his  work. 

A  number  of  changes  were  made  in  the  municipal  government 
in  the  period  1878-91,  the  most  radical  of  which  was  the  division 
of  the  council  into  two  bodies — the  lower  one  being  a  board  of  alder- 
men from  the  several  aldermanic  districts,  and  the  upper,  a  council 
comprising  a  member  from  each  ward.  The  plan  corresponded  to 
the  house  of  representatives  and  the  senate  of  the  state  legislature. 

Trial  of  the  Federal  Form 

As  time  went  on,  it  became  evident  that  there  were  many  ways 
by  which  the  various  boards  and  subdivisions  of  the  city  government 
could  be  consolidated,  classified  and  simplified,  according  to  well  estab- 
lished business  methods  and  the  modern  principles  of  municipal 
government.  Under  the  board  plan,  also,  it  was  found  that  independ- 
ent offices  had  multiplied  beyond  reason.  Finally,  in  1888,  Col.  John 
M.  Wilcox  suggested  that  the  municipality  be  founded  on  the  Federal 
form  of  government.  Two  years  later,  after  much  discussion,  the 
Ilodge  bill,  looking  toward  that  end,  was  introduced  to  the  legisla- 
ture, but  so  amended  as  to  be  ainoriihous  and  necessarily  rejected  as 
a  monstrosity.  The  colonel  (0.  J.  Ilodge)  was  not  to  lie  discouraged, 
and  appeared  with  an  acceptable  measure,  which  liecame  a  law  on  the 
sixteenth  of  March,  1891.  Although  that  was  eventually  thrown  out 
by  the  highest  state  court,  it  was  really  the  basis  of  the  nnuiicipal 
form  of  government  under  which  Cleveland  now  prospers. 

Decadal  Expansion  of  Police,  Fire  and  AVatvu  Departments 

The  decade  1881-91  was  one  of  remarkable  expansion  in  all  those 
divisions  which  are  now  included  in  the  city  departments  of  public 


1918]  MUNlCll'AL  DEVELOPMEiNT  435 

safety  and  inililic  utilities.  Tn  the  forinor  deiiai'tiiieiit  are  tlie  great 
divisions  of  police  and  lire,  and  in  the  latter  tiiat  of  water.  Tho 
year  1881  marks  the  creation  of  the  police  pension  fiuul  and  the 
reorganization  of  the  lire  department  into  three  battalions,  each  in 
coniniand  of  an  assistant  chief.  This,  and  inueh  else,  was  the  w'ork 
of  James  W.  Dickinson,  one  of  Cleveland's  best  chiefs.  In  the  fall 
of  1883,  after  the  city  had  suflFered  from  several  very  disastrous 
fires,  five  new  engines  were  bought  and  an  extension  ladder  truck 
was  introduced,  while  a  few  years  afterward  Cleveland  Imilt  and 
placed  in  conunission  its  tirst  fire  boat,  the  "Joseph  L.  Weatherley," 
so  named  in  honor  of  the  old  chief  of  the  volunteer  department  and 
the  first  president  of  the  board  of  trade. 

The  water  service,  so  closely  coordinated  with  the  efficient  woi'k- 
ings  of  the  fire  department,  had  also  greatly  improved,  and  partially 
advanced  in  an  effort  to  keep  pace  with  the  city's  population.  In  1890, 
Cleveland  had  261.000  people  within  its  limits.  The  old  Kentucky 
reservoir,  by  188,"),  was  served  onl.y  by  the  antiquated  pumps  originally 
used  for  that  piirpose,  while  several  new  pumps  sent  tlie  l)ulk  of  the 
water  supply  directl.v  into  the  service  mains.  Tn  the  year  named, 
two  reservoirs  were  built  on  the  eastern  heights  of  the  city ;  the 
low-pressure  reservoir  being  Fairmount.  on  Fairmount  Street,  near 
"Woodland  Hills,  and  that  for  high-pressure  or  fire  service,  on  Kinsman 
Street  in  Woodland  Hills  Park.  With  the  opening  of  these  reservoirs 
in  1885,  the  Kentucky  reservoir  was  abandoned  and  its  site  con- 
verted into  a  park. 

In  18^3,  after  a  year  of  the  most  destructive  (ires  which  Cleve- 
land had  suffered  (loss 'in  1892,  $1,482,000),  a  program  was  adopted 
for  the  largest  increase  of  equipment  yet  made.  It  comprised  six 
engines,  three  trucks,  a  water  tower  to  be  placed  on  Engine  IIou.se 
No.  1,  St.  Clair  Street;  a  new  fire  boat,  subsequently  built  and  sta- 
tioned at  the  Lower  Seneca  Street  Bridge,  and  named  after  ]\[ayor 
John  II.  Farley,  and  three  new  engine  houses.  The  expenditures 
amounted  to  $147,000. 

The  Great  Tunnel  A^•D  Modern  Water  System  of  Topay 

At  this  time,  or  at  least  soon  after,  there  was  a  general  awakening 
over  the  poor  quality  of  the  water  supply  and  the  inadequacy  of  the 
service.  The  result,  which  was  not  fully  realized  until  nearly  the 
passing  of  a  decade,  was  the  building  of  Cleveland's  great  lake  tunnel. 
The  basis  for  the  long-extended  work  was  laid  by  the  sjjccial  citizens' 
committee,  appointed  by  Mayor  R.  E.  JIcKisson  in  1895  and  consisting 


436  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIV 

of  Samuel  Mather,  C.  F.  Brush,  L.  E.  Holdeu  and  AVilson  il.  Day. 
As  the  result  of  their  investigation  and  the  urgency  of  their  recom- 
mendations, the  bonds  were  issued  and  work  was  commenced,  under 
the  superintendency  of  W.  J.  Gawne,  the  contractor,  on  the  eighth  of 
October.  1896. 


Series  of  Casualties 

The  sinking  of  the  .shore  shaft  commenced  on  that  day  and,  under 
air  pressure,  the  excavations  progressed  through  the  soft  clay,  with- 
out accidents,  until  the  eleventh  of  May,  1898,  when  a  distance  of  6,280 
feet  had  been  completed.  On  that  day,  an  explosion  occurred  in  the 
heading,  which  so  badly  burned  the  eight  men  in  the  tunnel  that  they 
all  died  within  a  few  da3"s.  On  the  eleventh  of  July  of  the  same  year, 
before  the  tunnel  had  been  pushed  through  another  300  feet,  a  second 
explosion  occurred,  caiLsing  the  death  of  eleven  men.  After  recovering 
the  bodies  of  all  the  men  from  the  debris  which  had  caved  in  from  the 
clay  roof,  the  heading  was  closed  and  no  more  tunneling  was  at- 
tempted from  this  fatal  drift.  The  work  was  prosecuted  from  the 
intake  shaft,  or  lake  end  of  the  tunnel,  and  the  junction  made  with 
the  shore  section  on  the  ninth  of  July,  1899.  The  permanent  intake 
crib  had  been  placed  in  position  a  year  before.  By  1901,  while  prepa- 
rations were  being  made  to  join  all  the  sections  of  the  work  as  a  whole. 
and  celebrate  its  completion,  another  terrible  accident  overtook  the 
enterprise.  On  the  fourteenth  of  August,  the  superstructure  of  the 
crib  was  entirely  burned,  five  men  perishing  in  the  flames  and  five 
others  being  drowned.  Rebuilding  at  once  commenced,  but  within  less 
than  a  week  the  shaft  at  the  intake  crib  broke  off  at  the  bottom  of  the 
lake  and  the  inrushing  water  and  soft  clay  wrecked  the  structure  and 
smothered  and  di'O'uiied  five  men.  It  was  an  appalling  scries  of  casu- 
alties, and  the  record  was  not  to  end  with  August,  1901 ;  for  on  the 
fourteenth  of  December.  1902,  after  the  two  drifts  had  been  connected 
and  the  tunnel  completed  for  its  entire  length,  an  explosion  of  gas 
occurred  in  the  west  section  by  which  four  men  were  killed  or  died  of 
their  injuries;  and,  besides  the  lives  lost  in  these  accidents,  a  number 
of  men  died  from  what  was  known  as  cai.sson  disease,  brought  about 
by  the  dead  air  and  noxious  gases  in  which  they  were  obliged  to  work. 

Before  the  works  were  completed  it  was  necessary  to  rebuild  por- 
tions of  the  tuiniel  which  had  been  weakened  by  quicksands  and 
enormous  pressure,  so  that  it  was  not  uiilil  the  clcvcntli  of  February, 
1904,  that  watei'  was  first  pumped  through  tlie  tunnel  into  the  mains 
from  the  new  Kirtland  Street  station.     On  the  sixth  of  the  following 


1918]  MUNICIPAL  DEVELOPMENT  437 

April,  all  pumping  through  the  "West  Side  tunnels  was  discontinued 
for  city  use  and  they  were  held  in  reserve  solely  for  fire  protection. 
In  the  same  year,  a  high-pressure  service  for  the  higher  altitudes  of 
the  city,  especially  the  heights  to  the  east  was  installed.  So  that  the 
present  water  system  of  Cleveland  may  be  said  to  date  from  1904, 
especially  from  April  of  that  year. 


The  Waterworks  as  Completed 

The  great  intake  or  lake  tunnel,  which  is  the  backbone  and  head  of 
the  system,  is  nine  feet  in  internal  diameter,  beginning  at  the  shaft 
on  the  grounds  of  the  Kirtland  Street  pumping  station  and  running 
northwesterly  26,048  feet,  or  a  trifle  less  than  five  miles,  to  the  intake 
shaft.  The  latter  is  sunk  inside  of  a  steel  and  concrete  crib  100  feet 
in  diameter,  located  approximately  four  miles  from  shore.  The  posi- 
tion of  the  crib  was  selected  so  as  to  bring  the  intake  as  far  west  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Cuj'ahoga  River  as  possible  and  place  it  out  of  the 
path  of  the  sewage  discharge  which  is  easterly  down  the  lake.  The 
tunnel  lining  consists  of  three  rings  of  shale  brick  laid  in  natural 
cement  mortar,  the  walls  being  about  thirteen  inches  thick. 

The  Filtratiox  Plant  and  Other  "Works 

In  1914,  the  Division  Avenue  plant  was  dismantled,  witli  the 
exception  of  three  vertical  expansion  engines  and  the  new  plant, 
including  buildings,  boiler  equipment  and  the  addition  of  two  Allis- 
Chalmei-s  vertical  expansion  pumps  for  low  pressure  work  and  one 
of  the  same  type  for  high  pressure  work,  were  installed,  together  with 
new  boiler  equipment  and  buildings.  At  the  same  time  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Di\nsion  Avenue  filtration  plant  was  started  adjoining  the 
Division  Station  groiinds.  with  a  capacity  of  150.000,000  gallons  per 
day.  The  filtration  building,  coa^lation  basins,  mixing  chambers 
and  chemical  house  were  constructed  east  of  the  station  and  the  clear 
water  basins  located  just  west  of  it. 

"Work  was  also  begun  on  the  extension  of  the  two  tunnels  leading 
from  the  old  Division  Avenue  station  to  the  old  crib,  located  about 
a  mile  from  the  shore,  by  the  construction  of  a  ten-foot  concrete 
tunnel  16.000  feet  northerly  from  Crib  No.  4  to  the  submerged  crib 
located  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  westerly  from  the  intake  of  the 
east  side  tunnel. 

The  rebuilding  of  the  Division  Avenue  station  and  the  construc- 
tion of  the  filtration  plant  were  finished  in  1917.    The  latter  was  put 


438 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIV 


in  operation  and  the  first  water  filtered  on  a  small  scale  in  November 
of  that  year :  in  JIarch,  1918,  the  plant  was  in  complete  working  order. 

The  Baldwin  Reservoir 

In  1914,  the  excavation  for  the  Baldwin  reservoir,  which  is  located 
on  the  heights  just  east  of  Baldwin  Road,  was  begun.  The  elevation 
of  this  reservoir  is  225  feet  above  city  datum.  Its  capacity  will  be 
130,000,000  gallons.  It  is  planned  to  finish  this  reservoir  in  1920. 
This  will  replace  the  present  Fairmount  reservoir,  which  has  a  ca- 
pacity of  80,000,000  gallons,  and  its  high  water  elevation  is  170  feet 
above  city  datum.  The  object  of  the  Fairmount  reservoir  is  to  give 
increased  storage  capacity  as  well  as  increased  pressure,  on  what  is 
known  as  the  low  service  district. 

Miles  and  Valuation  of  Water  Works 

On  the  first  of  January,  1918,  the  total  mileage  of  all  sizes  of  pipe 
in  use  in  tlie  eitv  was  as  follows: 


Size 


48- 

ineh 

42- 

inch 

36- 

inch 

33- 

inch 

30- 

inch 

24- 

inch 

20- 

inch 

16- 

inch 

12- 

inch 

10- 

inch 

8- 

inch 

6- 

inch 

4- 

inch 

3- 

incli 

Miles 
...  7 
...  6 
...16 


.  31 
.  19 
.  5 
.  42 

.  68 
.  67 
.130 
.548 
.  44 
.     1 


Feet 

918 

238 

2,934 

985 

2,892 

5,121 

4,883 

3,244 

1,332 

849 

4,524 

1,319 

2,119 

2,968 


Total  990  miles,  2,644  feet. 


The  approximate  valuation  of  the  water  department  on  the  first 
flf  January.  1918,  was  $30,000,000. 


Zones  and  Area  of  Supply 

On  account  of  the  various  elevations  of  the  city,  the  city  is  supplied 
through  four  zones.     The  first  zone,  known  as  the  low  service  dis- 


1918]  MUNICIPAL  DEVELOPMENT  439 

trict,  comprises  that  portion  of  tlie  city  below  120  feet  elevation.  The 
second  zone,  known  as  the  first  high  service  district,  comprises  that 
portion  of  the  city  between  120  and  250  feet  elevation.  The  third 
zone,  known  as  the  second  high  service  district,  forces  the  water  to 
that  portion  of  the  city  and  suburbs  between  250  and  375  feet  eleva- 
tion. The  fourth  zone,  known  as  the  third  high  service  district,  sup- 
plies the  buildinfrs  known  as  the  Coolcy  Farm  Colony. 

The  area  supplied  from  (he  Cleveland  Water  Works  system  com- 
prises an  area  extending  from  Rocky  River  on  the  west  to  Wil- 
louglihy  on  the  east  and  southerly  as  far  as  Bedford,  including  the 
suburbs  of  East  Cleveland,  Bratenahl,  Cleveland  Heights,  Shaker 
Heights,  East  View  Village.  Boechwood  Village,  Maple  Heights  Vil- 
lage, South  Ncwhurg  Village,  Brooklyn  Heights  Village,  West  Park 
and  Lakewood  and  Newburg  Heights. 

Progress  of  the  Fire  Department 

In  the  meantime,  the  fire  department  had  materially  progressed. 
Commencing  with  1868,  when  it  became  a  paid  city  institution,  vari- 
ous measures  were  adopted  to  protect  and  relieve  firemen  and  their 
families.  Some  were  purely  co-operative  and  private,  such  as  the 
Cleveland  Firemen's  Relief  Association,  and  others  were  public  and 
supervised  by  trustees  elected  by  the  department.  The  most  impor- 
tant of  the  latter  is  the  Firemen's  Pension  Fund,  established  in  1881. 
In  this  year  also  the  "sliding  pole"  was  introduced  to  the  depart- 
ment ;  before  that  epochal  year,  the  firemen  tumbling  down  stairs  to 
get  to  the  ground  floor  and  their  apparatus,  in  case  of  fire. 

The  year  1891  was  a  memorable  one  for  those  interested  in  munici- 
pal reform  and  in  the  safeguarding  of  their  properties  against  the 
growing  perils  of  fire,  for  in  that  year  the  city  shuffled  off  the  com- 
plex board  plan  in  favor  of  the  federal  form  of  government  and, 
principally  through  the  insistent  abilities  of  Chief  Dickinson,  of  the 
fire  department,  the  high-pressure  idea  was  conceived  and  partially 
executed. 

Adoption  of  the  Federal  Form  of  Government 

The  salient  features  in  these  general  and  special  reforms  are  so 
well  presented  by  the  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer  in  its  diamond  jubilee 
number  of  1916  that  the  writer  makes  no  apology  for  devoting  con- 
siderable space  in  this  chapter  to  the  exposition  of  these  subjects  by 
that  newspaper.    "In  1891,"  it  says,  "the  Legislature  gave  the  City 


440  CLEYELAXD  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIV 

of  Cleveland  the  authority  to  drop  its  boards  and  to  assume  the 
Federal  form  of  government.  The  mayor,  under  this  plan,  became 
the  real  executive  head  of  the  City  Government,  and  was  given  the 
authority  to  appoint  six  directors  to  head  six  departments  of  the 
government.  William  G.  Rose  was  the  first  mayor  of  Cleveland  under 
the  federal  plan  of  government  and  this  form  remained  in  effect 
until  it  was  attacked  in  the  courts  during  the  administration  of  Tom 
L.  Johnson. 


Ch.vrters  Unconstitutional 

"In  June,  1902,  the  supreme  court  ruled  that  Cleveland's  federal 
form  of  government  and  every  municipal  charter  in  the  state  were 
unconstitutional  and  a  special  session  of  the  legislature  was  called  to 
prepare  a  new  municipal  code  that  could  be  generally  and  uniformly 
applied.  Citizens  of  Cleveland  thi*ough  their  representatives  fought 
for  the  estalilishment  of  the  federal  plan  of  government  and  the  code 
as  finally  adopted  did  contain  certain  of  the  elements  that  had  caused 
the  federal  plan  to  make  its  wide  appeal. 

"Under  the  new  plan  of  government,  the  mayor  named  the  members 
of  the  board  of  public  safety.  Three  members  of  the  board  of  public 
service,  the  city  solicitor,  the  city  treasurer  and  the  city  auditor,  were 
elected.  The  council  contained  one  member  from  each  ward  and 
four  members  were  elected  at  large.  This  plan  of  government  re- 
mained in  effect  until  1910,  when  the  Paine  law  making  further  im- 
portant changes  in  the  government  of  cities  of  Ohio  became  operative. 
This  law  permitted  the  mayor  to  name  a  director  of  public  service  and 
this  officer,  together  with  the  mayor  and  a  director  of  public  safety, 
made  up  the  board  of  control.  Tlie  Paine  law  also  established  a  civil 
service  commission. 


Home  Rule  Agitation 

"Home  rule  agitation  i]i  the  large  cities  of  the  state  and  the 
demand  for  other  changes  in  the  Ohio  constitution  led  to  the  recent 
constitutional  convention,  at  which  forty-one  amendments  were  agreed 
to.  Included  in  these  were  the  much  discussed  home  rule  provisions 
enabling  cities  of  the  state  to  adopt  their  own  charter  and  to  assume 
all  powers  of  local  self-government.  These  were  submitted  to  popular 
vote  on  Sept.  3,  1912.  and  shortly  afterwards  Cleveland  elected  its 
charter  commission.  The  commission  at  a  series  of  public  meetings 
framed  a  charter  that  was  based  on  the  federal  form  of  government. 


Newton  D.  Baker 


442  CLEVELANT)  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXIV 

The  mayor  was  given  power  to  name  all  eit.y  department  heads, 
including  the  finance  director  and  the  director  of  law.  As  under  the 
federal  form  of  government,  the  mayor  and  his  six  department 
heads  constitute  the  board  of  control.  This  board  passes  on  con- 
tracts and  on  minor  and  routine  niattere  of  legislation. 

"The  new  city  charter  was  approved  by  voters  of  Cleveland  in 
July,  1913,  and  became  effective  Jan.  1,  1914.  Newton  D.  Baker  was 
the  first  mayor  elected  under  this  home  rule  form  of  government. 
Certain  phases  of  his  public  career  had  been  strangely  like  the  activ- 
ities of  another  young  attorney  of  eighty  years  before,  who  was 
Cleveland's  first  mayor.  Both  were  active  in  the  framing  of  city 
charters  and  the  fight  for  home  rule  govei'nmcnt. 

"Written  into  the  newly  amended  constitution  of  the  state  of 
Ohio  are  provisions  that  bear  the  impress  of  Cleveland's  beliefs  and 
policies.  The  long  struggle  for  home  rule  from  the  days  of  the 
young  mayor  of  the  early  'SOs  to  the  day  of  Newton  D.  Baker  is  there 
written,  the  struggle  for  municipal  ownership  of  public  utilities  led 
for  ten  years  by  former  ]\Iayor  Tom  L.  Johnson  is  there  written." 

The  Fike  Department  Up  to  Date 

There  is  no  branch  of  the  city  service  of  which  Cleveland  is  more 
proud  than  its  fire  department,  which,  although  officially  a  division 
of  the  department  of  public  safety,  is  now,  as  always,  directly  man- 
aged by  a  responsible  head.  Its  development  since  its  great  feature 
of  high-pressure  of  the  water  service  was  introduced  is  thus  de- 
scribed by  the  Plaiii  Dealer: 

"Water  in  huge  (piantities  at  high  pressure  became  an  increasingly 
important  necessity  as  Cleveland  annexed  adjacent  territory  and  be- 
gan to  erect  tall  buildings  in  its  business  sections.  Prior  to  1891 
the  ordinary  steam  fire  engine  was  the  only  fighting  agency. 

"In  that  year  occurred  a  disastrous  |ire  at  the  building  of  Short 
&  Forman.  Sui)erior  avenue  N.  W.  Difficulty  was  being  experienced 
in  reaching  the  upper  floors  with  the  steamer  streams  when  Fire 
Chief  James  W.  Dickinson  ordered  large  lines  laid  out  from  the  fire- 
boat  Weatherley  in  the  river  at  the  foot  of  Superior  avenue.  The 
powerful  streams  of  water  produced  by  the  lioat's  big  pum])s  com- 
pletely dwarfed  the  steamer  streams,  (lesjute  llie  distance  between 
the  boat  and  the  fire. 

"In  tliis  incident  the  modern  high  pressure  system  had  its  incep- 
tion. Chief  Dickinson  conceived  tlie  idea  of  laying  in  tlie  East  and 
West  Side  Imsincss  districts  a  .scries  of  liigh   pressure  water  n\ains 


1918] 


MUNICH' AL  DEVELOPxMENT 


443 


connected  with  'lieadcrs'  at  the  river.  The  fireboat,  hitching  up 
at  eitiicr  'header"  wouKl  furnish  liigh  pressure  for  the  Kast  or  West 
Side  as  the  case  migiit  he. 

"The  East  Side  'header'  and  mains  were  laid  first.  They  were 
admittedly  an  exporinient  and.  for  the  reason  that  the  pipes  were 
only  three  feet  below  the  earth's  surface,  it  was  necessary  1o  drain 
them  in  winter  to  prevent  freezing. 

"The  principle  was  right,  however,  and  Detroit  and  Philadelphia 


Fires  Always  "W.mtixg  for  the  Lumber  District 

follow^ed  it.     In  1901  a  'header'  and  mains  for  West  Side  high  pres- 
sure were  laid. 


Methods  Are  Changed 

"From  Chief  Dickinson's  experiment  at  the  Short  &  Forman  fire 
grew  the  big  high  pressure  pumping  station  on  Lakeside  avenue 
N.  E.,  and  a  ccmipletc  change  in  fire  fighting  methods.  This  plant, 
costing  $200,000,  went  into  service  in  1!)13.  It  is  erpiipped  witii  four 
sets  of  pumps  capable  of  supplying  a  total  of  10,000  gallons  of  water 
a  minute.  The  downtown  East  Side  and  flats  districts  ai-e  honey- 
combed with  high  pressure  mains  and  each  year  sees  them  extended. 

"Cleveland's  growth  brought   still   another  change — the  coming 


444  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  EN\aRONS   [Chap.  XXIV 

of  the  motor  drawn  appai'atus  and  the  passing  of  the  galloping  tire 
horses  of  time  honored  memory.  The  first  piece  of  motor  apparatus 
installed  in  Cleveland  was  Engine  No.  34  which  went  into  service 
in  1912. 

"In  1913  twentj--two  pieces  of  apparatus  were  motorized.  These 
included  tractors  for  Hook  and  Ladder  Trucks  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  7,  8 
and  11 ;  a  motor  truck  for  Hook  and  Ladder  No.  12 ;  a  motor  truck  for 
the  newlj'  organized  Hook  and  Ladder  Company  No.  13,  motor  hose 
wagons  for  High  Pressure  Hose  Companies  Nos.  1  and  2 ;  tractors 
for  Engines  Nos.  16  and  28 ;  an  auto  pumping  engine  for  Engine  Com- 
pany No.  31;  a  combination  auto  pumping  engine  and  hose  wagon 
for  Engine  Company  No.  35;  two  'flying  squadron'  wagons;  a 
motor  hose  wagon  for  Engine  Co.  No.  11  and  twelve  roadsters  for 
chief  oiificers. 

Motor  Tr.\ctors  Bought 

"In  1914  motor  tractors  for  engines  Nos.  4  and  17  and  combina- 
tion auto  pumping  engines  and  hose  wagons  for  Engine  Companies 
Nos.  9  and  24  were  installed.  This  year  a  new  tractor  drawn  steam 
pumping  engine  and  motor  hose  wagon  for  Engine  Company  No.  14 
went  into  service.  Fire  Chief  George  A.  Wallace  recently  asked  for 
.$401,000  to  motorize  the  remainder  of  the  department  and  install 
'several  new  companies. 

"Only  five  chiefs  have  held  office  since  Cleveland's  paid  depart- 
ment was  formed.  James  A.  Craw  was  the  first.  He  was  succeeded 
in  February,  1864,  by  James  Hill.  Chief  Hill  retired  in  February, 
1875,  and  John  A.  Bennett  was  promoted  from  first  assistant  to  chief. 

"Chief  Bennett  was  succeeded  Dee.  22,  1880,  by  James  W.  Dick- 
inson. Chief  Dickinson's  fii-st  general  order  was  for  the  formation 
of  the  dilTerent  companies  into  battalions. 

"Chief  Dickinson  retired  Feb.  9,  1901,  and  March  4  of  the  same 
year  George  A.  Wallace  was  made  chief,  whicli  office  he  holds  today. 

"A  history  of  Cleveland's  paid  department  and  a  history  of 
George  A.  W^allace  would  be  almost  identical.  As  Cadet  Wallace, 
the  present  chief  went  into  the  fire  service  of  Cleveland  June  1,  1869, 
six  years  after  the  formation  of  the  paid  department.  From  cadet  to 
leading  hoseman,  jumping  the  rank  of  lieutenant  to  a  captaincy,  then 
to  fourth  assistant  chief,  third  assistant  chief,  second  assistant  chief, 
first  assistant  chief  and  now  chief — this  is  the  forty-seven-year  record 
of  Cleveland's  chief,  who  is  probably  the  best  known  fire  fighter  in 
the  United  States. 


1918]  MUNICIPAL  DEVELOPMENT  445 

"When  on  duty  Chief  Wallace  has  a  knack  of  'getting  the  jump' 
on  the  most  stubborn  blaze  and  his  personality  has  inspired  the  same 
virtue  in  the  officers  and  men  under  him.  As  a  result  of  this  depart- 
mental quality  Cleveland's  annual  lire  loss  is  surprisingly  low  wiicn 
compared  with  that  of  other  cities  of  similar  size." 

Present  Fire  and  Police  Divisions 

The  present  municipal  divisions  of  fire  and  police  are  now  in- 
cluded in  the  Department  of  Public  Safety.  The  fire  system  com- 
prises one  chief,  one  secretary,  one  assistant  secretary,  two  assistant 
chiefs,  nine  battalion  chiefs,  one  surgeon,  one  veterinary  surgeon,  one 
superintendent  of  machinery  and  one  chief  of  the  fire  alarm  telegi-aph. 
It  is  divided  into  thirty-five  fire  engine  companies,  thirteen  hook 
and  ladder  and  four  hose  companies.  Within  the  division  of  fire  is 
also  the  Bureau  of  Fire  Prevention,  and  connected  with  its  plant 
are  also  a  veterinary  hospital  and  a  training  stable. 

The  division  of  police  consists  of  one  chief,  one  inspector,  one  chief 
of  detectives,  one  surgeon,  ten  captains,  forty-two  lieutenants,  forty 
detectives,  eighteen  mounted  policemen,  sixty-nine  connected  with  the 
regulation  of  street  traffic  and  800  patrolmen.  The  present  chief  of 
police  is  Frank  W.  Smith. 

The  prevailing  home  rule  of  municipal  government,  based  on  the 
Federal  sj'stem,  seems  to  be  easy  of  comprehension  and  works  with 
practical  smoothness.  It  may  even  be  of  sufficient  elasticit.y  to  be 
extended  over  the  proposed  coordination  of  the  county  and  the  city 
governments.  As  it  will  take  little  longer,  with  the  recent  rate  of 
expansion  prevailing,  for  the  territory  of  the  City  of  Cleveland 
and  the  County  of  Cuyahoga  to  be  coextensive,  that  problem  will 
undoubtedly  have  to  be  met  in  the  near  future. 

As  the  municipal  body  now  exists,  its  executive  head  is  the 
mayor,  under  whom  are  seven  departments,  each  with  its  director 
and  divided  into  various  divisions,  superintended  by  special  com- 
missioners. The  roster  of  the  principal  executive  officials,  in  1918,  is 
as  follows: 

Executive 

Mayor — Harry  L.  Davis. 

Mayor's  Secretary — Fred  W.  Thomas. 

Department  of  Law 
W.  S.  FitzGerald,  director. 


446  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENWIRONS    [Chap.XXlV 

Assista)it  Directors — Alfred  Cliuii,  James  T.  Cassidy,  J.  C.  Mans- 
field, J.  D.  Marshall,  W.  B.  Cole. 

CJiief  Prosecutor — James  L.   Lind. 
Chief  Clerk— J.  M.  Crawford. 

Department  of  Public  Service 

Alex  Bernstein,  director. 

Director's  Secretary,  Alva  R.  Corlett. 

Division  of  Streets — John  G.  Tomson,  commissioner :  Street  clean- 
ing, street  repairs,  paving  permits. 

Division  of  Engineering  and  Construction — Robert  Hoffman,  com- 
missioner: Paving,  sidewalks,  sewers,  bridges  and  docks  (rivers  and 
harbors),  sewage  disposal,  plats  and  surveys,  street  signs  and  house 
numbers. 

Division  of  Garbage — Aaron  Gaunter,  superintendent  of  collec- 
tion. 

Department  of  Parks  and  Public  Property 

Floyd  E.  Waite,  director. 
Director's  Secretary — Joseph  R.  Ray. 

Division  of  Parks — Lyman  0.  Xewell,  commissioner  of  parks; 
Harry  C.  Hyatt,  city  forester. 

Division  of  Recreation — J.  F.  Potts,  commissioner  of  recreation. 

Division  of  Markets — George  P.  Samman. 

City  Architect— F.  H.  Betz. 

Street  Lighti)ig — Albert  ^loritz.  superintendent. 

Department  op  Puhlic  Welfare 

Lamar  T.  Bciiian,  director. 
Director's  Secretary — A.  E.  Maska. 
Division  of  Health — Dr.  H.  L.  Roekwood,  commissioner. 
Division   of  Employment — Charles. F.   Arndt,   commissioner. 
Bureau  of  Immigration — John  Prucha,  chief. 
Bureau  of  Outdoor  Eclief — William  A.  Keuney.  suporintondent. 
Parole  Officer — Turney  H.  Braund. 
City  Chemist— \Y.  S.  Wliite. 

Department  ok  Pim!lic  Safety 

A.  B.  Sprosty,  director. 
Division  of  Police — Frank  W.  Smith,  chief,  Conlral  Police  Sta- 
tion; secretary  of  police  depavtmcnl,  W.  W.  Xon-is. 


1918]  MUNICIPAL  DEVELOPMENT  447 

Division  of  Fire — George  A.  Wallace,  chief;  fire  prevention  bu- 
reau, Thomas  F.  Connell,  chief  warden. 

Division  of  Bidldings — E.  W.  Cunningham,  commissioner;  Samuel 
Hatcher,  commissioner  of  division  of  smoke. 


])ei-artmknt  of  Finance 

Clarence  J.  Ncal,  director. 
Division  of  Accounts — C.  S.  Metcalf,  commissioner. 
Divisian  of  Treasury — Russoll  V.  Johnson,  city  treasurer. 
Division  of  Assess))ients  and  Licenses — L.  C.  Cukr,  commissioner. 
Divisio-n  of  Purchases  and  Supplies — Edward  Shattuck,  commis- 
sioner. 

Department  op  Public  Utilities 

Thomas  S.  Farrell,  director. 

Director's  Secretary — Stanley  Spirakus. 

Division  of  Water — J.  T.  Martin,  commissioner. 

Division  of  Light  and  Heat — W.  E.  Davis,  commissioner. 

Board  of  Control — Mayor  Davis,  president,  and  directors  Fitz- 
Gerald,  Bernstein,  Bcman,  Sprostj',  Neal,  Waite  and  Farrel.  Fred 
W.  Thomas,  secretarj'. 

Civil  Service  Commission — Louis  A.  Dcutsch,  president;  Ralph  W. 
Edwards  and  Benjamin  Parmely,  commissioners;  Louis  Simon,  secre- 
tary. 

Sinking  Fund  Commission — Mayor  Davis,  president;  Clarence  J. 
Neal,  secretary,  and  president  of  city  council  H.  C.  Gahn. 

Board  of  Revision  of  Assessments — ]\Iayor  Davis,  president;  Clar- 
ence J.  Neal,  secretary ;  directors  FitzGcrald  and  Bernstein,  and 
president  of  city  council  IL  C.  Gahn. 

City  Street  Railroad  Commissioner — Fielder  Sanders. 

The  legislative  branch  of  the  municipal  government  is  represented 
By  tlie  city  council,  composed  of  one  mpml)er  from  each  of  Cleveland's 
twenty-six  wards,  the  president  of  which  is  Harry  C.  Gahn,  member 
from  the  Eighteenth  Ward. 

Tlie  local  .judiciary,  or  municipal  court,  is  divided  into  civil  and 
criminal  branches.  The  chief  justice  of  the  civil  brancli  is  William 
n.  ]\IeGannon.  He  has  seven  associates,  simply  designated  as  judges — 
Messrs.  Daniel  B.  Cull,  Wm.  B.  Beebe,  George  P.  Baer,  Samuel  H. 
Silbert,  David  IMoylan,  W^alter  McMahon  and  Charles  L.  Salzer.   The 


448  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIV 

two  judges  on  the  eriminal  bench  are  Samuel  E.  Kramer  and  Frank 
C.  Phillips.     Peter  J.  Henry  is  clerk  of  the  municipal  court. 

There  have  been  no  radical  changes  in  the  county  government  for 
many  years,  except  in  the  composition  of  the  various  courts  which 
are  identified  with  it  in  various  degrees  of  intimacy,  and  such  trans- 
formations are  treated  in  th(;  chapter  devoted  to  the  Bench  and  Bar 
and  professional  matters  in  general.  The  government  now  in  opera- 
tion is  composed  of  the  following  officials:  auditor,  John  A.  Zangerle; 
county  clerk,  E.  B.  Haserodt:  sheriff,  E.  J.  Ilanratty ;  recorder,  Hosea 
Paul;  surveyor,  "\V.  A.  Stinehcomb;  treasurer,  John  J.  Boyle;  presi- 
dent of  board  of  county  commissioners,  Joseph  Menning;  probate 
judge,  Alexander  Hadden;  prosecuting  attorney,  Samuel  Doerfler. 
Tlie  terms  of  the  sheriff,  prosecuting  attorney  and  coroner  expire  on 
the  first  ilondav  in  Januarv,  1919;  the  term  of  the  countv  clerk,  tlie 
first  Monday  in  August  of  that  year :  the  terms  of  the  president  of  the 
board  of  county  commissioners,  treasurer,  recorder  and  surveyor 
in  September,  1919,  and  the  term  of  the  probate  judge  in  Febi'uary, 
1921. 

"With  this  general  tracing  of  the  development  of  the  "ounty  and 
municipal  systems  of  government,  and  the  sketching  of  several  public 
departments  and  institutions  which  are  inseparable  parts  of  their 
fundamental  life,  other  topics  are  now  taken  up,  the  details  of  which 
have  occupied  the  minds  and  ])hysical  activities  of  all  progressive 
Clcvelanders  during  the  periods  of  tlieir  residence  in  the  Forest  City. 


CHAPTER  XXV 

MEANS  OF  COilMUNICATION 

By  77.  G.  Cutler 

The  center  of  the  Public  Square  is  where  Superior  Street,  running 
from  northeast  to  southwest,  and  Ontario  Street,  running  from  north- 
west to  southeast,  intersect.  From  this  point,  distances  in  Cleveland 
are  generally  measured.  With  the  elaboration  and  progi'cssive  com- 
pletion of  the  gi'oup  plan  by  which  all  public  buildings,  whether  city, 
county  or  federal,  are  being  massed  around  the  Public  Square,  along 
the  proposed  mall  to  the  lake  front  and  along  that  district  almost  to 
Lake  Erie  itself,  Cleveland  has  established  even  more  than  ever  before 
a  grand  down  town  center.  It  corresponds  to  the  head  or  brain  of  the 
body,  from  which  its  diverse  and  elaborate  activities  radiate. 

The  Streets  of  Old  Cleveland 

The  streets  of  the  original  village  were  Ontario,  Erie,  Miami  and 
Water,  running  generally  from  northwest  to  southeast,  and  Superior, 
Huron,  Ohio,  Lake,  Bath  and  Federal,  running  virtually  in  opposite 
directions.  By  1815,  when  new  streets  were  added  to  the  original 
plat,  the  only  thoroughfare  really  clear  was  Superior  west  of  the 
square.  In  the  year  named,  St.  Clair,  Bank,  Seneca,  Wood,  Euclid  and 
Diamond  streets  were  added.  Diamond  Street  bounded  the  square 
or  diamond.  It  was  during  that  year  (1815),  that  Warren  surveyed 
the  highway  which  followed  the  ridge  from  the  Public  Square  to  Huron 
Street  and  connected  the  lands  located  in  Cleveland  township  with 
those  selected  in  Euclid.  Those  old  time  surveyors  and  promoters 
were  scholars  and  had  an  especial  admiration  for  the  ancient  mathe- 
matician, Euclid ;  hence  the  name  they  bestowed  upon  the  township 
and  the  road.  As  the  years  passed,  Euclid  Road  became  a  most  pop- 
ular thoroughfare  between  Cleveland  and  Paiuesville,  P]rie  and  Buf- 
falo, and  was  also  known  as  the  Buffalo  Road  as  late  as  1825.  Thus 
Euclid  Avenue  came  to  be. 

The  "208  and  '30s,  witnessed  considerable  development  of  the  street 

449 

Vol.  I 2  9 


450 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS     [Chap.  XXV 


system  of  young  Cleveland  and,  by  1835,  nearly  all  tlie  thoroughfares 
of  the  original  town,  as  mentioned,  with  those  added  in  1815,  were 
cleared  and  established.  Of  the  radial  streets,  St.  Clair,  the  northern- 
most was  opened  in  1816.  It  was  called  the  North  Highway  and  Fed- 
eral Street  was  subsequently  merged  into  it.  St.  Clair  became  the 
fashionable  lake  shore  drive  and  led  to  the  Northern  Ohio  fair  grovinds 
and  race  track  near  Glenville. 

Superior  Street  was  early  planned  to  be  Cleveland's  leading 
thoroughfare ;  its  principal  retail  business  street  down  town  and  the 
chief  link  between  the  central  Public  Square  and  the  great  resident 


'■'""'Mat.i 


e  nni-ir'--i-fl-Ti- 

II  iA-,-  -  '  -  > 

If,*; -aV-v       •• 


I 


*i 


•i 


Public  Squ.\re,  Siiuwixg  Supekidr  anu  Euclid  Avenues 


district  pro.iected  toward  the  east.  Until  a  comparatively  I'ecent 
period  it  was  the  backbone  of  the  city's  principal  retail  district,  but 
the  great  residence  territory  which  was  to  be  developed  along  Payne 
Avenue,  which  was  opened  in  1853,  was  invaded  by  industrial  smoke 
and  unsightliness  before  the  property  came  into  the  hands  of  builders 
and  home-seekers.  The  result  was  to  crowd  the  handsome  homesteads 
of  the  city  further  to  the  soutli  in  East  Clevelaiid. 

I'rospect  Street,  which  had  been  su'i'veyed  by  Aliaz  iMcrciiant  in 
1831,  and  during  civil  war  times,  as  well  as  later,  was  a  fashionable 
residence  street.  Kinsman  Street,  the  Old  South  Highway,  laid  out  as 
early  as  1797  and  in  the  '60s  called  Woodland  Avenue,  also  had  its 
day  when  it  was  lined  with  stately  homes  and  was  one  of  the  fashion- 
able drives  into  a  bcautifn!  sulmi-liaii  district. 


1918] 


MEANS  OF  COMi\IUNICATION 


451 


Expansion  in  all  Directions 

But  all  of  these  thorouprhfares,  including:  Euelid  Avenue,  have  been 
invaded  by  tlm  neeessary  expansion  of  retail  business  areas,  although 
the  latter,  especially  beyond  Wade  Park,  has  come  the  nearest  to 
retainingr  its  oriprinal  fame  as  an  avenue  of  lieautiful  homes  of  any 
Cleveland  hitjchway.  The  development  of  Euclid  Avenue  in  that  re- 
gard, has  been  rapid  since  the  annexation  of  East  Cleveland  to  the 
city  in  1872. 

The  village  of  West  Cleveland  was  absorbed  liy  the  city  in  1894. 
At  that  time,  the  leading  street  connecting  the  two  divisions  was 
Colundnis   which   passed  over  an   iron   bridge,   the   most  substantial 


Residences  on  Euclid  Heights 

structure  of  the  kind  then  spaiuiing  the  Cuyahoga  River.  Through 
Columbus  Street,  communication  was  made  with  the  State  Road  to 
Lorain,  later  called  Lorain  Avenue,  and  with  the  Wooster  Pike.  De- 
troit Street,  another  leading  West  Side  avenue  was  vii'tually  a  con- 
tinuation of  ?"uclid.  It  followed  a  lake  ridge  to  the  westward  and 
merged  into  the  State  Road  to  Toledo  and  Detroit.  Franklin  Circle, 
to  be  hereafter  described,  was  the  center  of  the  West  Cleveland  street 
system,  such  as  it  was. 


The  Bridges  and  Viaducts 

As  the  streets  multiplied,  and  various  settled  sections  were  received 
into  the  corporation,  the  problem  of  adequately  bridging  the  Cuyahoga 


452  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS     [Chap.  XXV 

River  and  its  tributaries,  other  streams  which  flowed  into  the  lake  and 
the  numerous  ravines  and  valleys  which  cut  the  site  of  the  municipality 
— the  question  of  how  best  to  bind  together  the  city's  territory  so  as 
to  make  communication  between  all  its  sections  most  convenient,  with- 
out disfigiiring  its  beauties,  was  a  problem  which  tried  the  capabilities 
of  the  best  engineers  and  citizens,  and  it  is  still  a  living  issue.  From 
the  days  of  Ahaz  Merchant,  who  laid  out  most  of  the  original 
thoroughfares  of  Cleveland,  to  the  time  of  W.  A.  Stinchcomb,  whose 
labors  in  street  improvements  and  bridge  and  viaduct  building  are 
woven  into  the  latest  great  developments  in  these  lines,  the  efforts 
of  the  founders  and  promoters  of  the  city  have  been  faithful  and 
untiring  closely  to  unite  the  people  of  its  diversified  physical  terri- 
tory. 

Getting  the  East  and  the  West  Sides  Together 

The  origin  of  this  series  of  great  works  goes  back  to  the  infancy  of 
Cleveland  as  a  settlement  and  a  village.  The  initial  problem,  which 
has  been  fully  solved  only  within  recent  years,  was  how  best  to  bring 
the  settlers  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cuyahoga  River  in  convenient  com- 
munication with  the  West  Siders.  It  is  known  that  the  feri-y  at  the 
foot  of  Superior  Street,  operated  by  Elijah  Gunn,  was  for  some  years 
the  only  public  means  of  getting  to  the  west  side  of  the  river.  It 
was  then  impossible  to  build  a  stationary  bridge  at  that  point,  as  it 
would  obstruct  navigation.  Some  years  later,  a  compromise  between 
the  landsmen  and  the  marines  was  effected  by  which  a  floating  bridge 
of  whitewood  logs  was  built  much  further  south,  at  a  point  where  the 
Center  Street  bridge  now  spans  the  river.  In  the  Annals  of  the  Early 
Settlers'  Association  it  is  stated:  "When  vessels  wished  to  pass,  the 
logs  were  floated  to  one  side  and  were  brought  back  into  place  by 
means  of  ropes.    This  was  tlic  first  bridge  across  the  Cuyahoga." 

First  Permanent  Bridge  Across  the  Cuyahoga 

But  something  more  substantial  materialized  during  the  mayoralty 
of  John  W.  Willey,  Cleveland's  first  mayor.  James  S.  Clark  and 
others  platted  a  strip  along  the  east  side  of  the  river  which  lliey 
called  Willeyville.  Clolumbus  Street  bisected  it,  and  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  Cuyahoga  rdiiimcnrrd  llic  Woostcr  and  Medina  turnpike. 
A  bridge  was  the  logical  connection;  and  Columbus  bridge  was  l)uilt. 
It  was  the  first  sulistantial  structure  to  span  the  stream,  was  built  In- 
:\Ir.  Clark  and  liis  associates  and  cost  $15,000.     The  bridge  was  200 


1918J  :\IEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION  453 

feet  long,  with  a' draw  suffieient  to  allow. a  vessel  of  forty-nine  foot 
beam  to  pass  throup:li.  It  was  an  old  time  covered  bridge,  twenty-four 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  river,  but  a  contemporary  print  states 
that  it  "presents  an  imposing  appearance  and  reflects  much  credit  on 
the  architect,  Nathan  Hunt.  This  splendid  bridge  was  presented 
to  the  corporation  of  the  City  of  Cleveland  by  the  owners,  with  the 
express  stipulation  that  it  should  forever  remain  free  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  the  i)ul)]ic,  although  the  Legislature  had  previously  chartered 
it  as  a  toll  bridge."  The  bridge  thus  made  over  to  Cleveland  diverted 
so  much  of  the  ti-ade  to  the  East  side  which  had  formerly  come  to  Ohio 
City,  or  "West  Cleveland,  that  the  "West  Siders  openly  rebelled,  especi- 
ally after  the  Cleveland  council  directed  the  removal  of  the  east  half 
of  the  old  float  bridge,  which,  legally,  it  had  a  right  to  do  as  that 
structure  was  the  joint  property  of  the  two  cities.  The  Bridge  "War 
which  was  the  physical  culmination  of  the  quarrel,  was  fought  over  the 
Columbus  span,  and  is  described  in  the  early  portion  of  the  narrative 
history. 

Other  Bridges  at  the  Strategic  Point 

The  quarrel  was  still  on  when,  in  1846,  the  towns  agitated  the  build- 
ing of  a  larger  bridge.  Ohio  City  said  "No;  and  we  stand  on  your  old 
ground  (addressing  the  City  of  Cleveland).  You  own  only  to  the 
middle  of  Cuyahoga  River."  So  the  county  stepped  in  and  built  the 
second  bridge;  in  1870,  the  third  was  completed  and  in  1898,  the 
fourth.  The  present  structure,  built  at  a  cost  of  ,$80,000,  is  operated 
by  electricity.  It  is  at  the  apex  of  the  westernmost  bend  or  horseshoe 
of  the  river,  across  which  it  was  thrown  south  for  the  express  purpose 
of  diverting  the  trade  of  the  southern  country  towns  from  Ohio  City 
to  Cleveland,  and  until  the  two  were  consolidated  the  hostility  between 
the  East  and  "West  sides  was  bitter  and  always  rampant. 

The  Columbus  Street  bridge  is  worthy  of  special  comment,  which 
has  already  been  well  made  in  the  following  words :  ' '  One  of  the  most 
original  and  novel  bridges  in  the  city  and  the  first  of  its  kind  ever 
built,  as  far  as  we  are  awai'e,  with  the  exception  of  a  contemporary 
built  at  some  government  arsenal  in  Spain,  of  which  the  details  were 
never  given  in  American  periodicals,  is  the  double  swing  bridge  at 
Columbus  Street,  designed  by  Walter  P.  Rice,  chief  engineer,  assisted 
by  James  T.  Pardee,  city  bridge  engineer,  and  John  Brunner,  of  the 
Blount  "^'eriioii  Bridge  "Works,  the  latter  rendering  important  sei-\'ice 
in  the  development  of  the  shop  drawings.     This  bridge  is  of  special 


454  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXV 

type  as  its  name  implies,  and  was  the  outgrowth  of  special  conditions. 
Its  construction  saved  the  City  of  Cleveland  about  $60,000,  as  against 
the  proposed  plan,  and  has  proved  one  of  the  quickest  moving  and 
most  satisfactory  bridges  on  the  river.  This  type  does  away  with  the 
old  characteristic  center  pier,  affording  a  clean  opening  of  about  113 
feet  in  the  center  of  the  stream — a  necessity,  as  the  location  is  at  one 
of  the  worst  bends  in  the  river  and  every  inch  of  channel  is  needed 
for  the  passage  of  large  freighters.  The  two  separate  spans  are 
designated  as  'bobtails;'  that  is,  one  arm  licing  shorter  than  tlie 
other  and  countei'weighted.  The  roadway,  when  the  bridge  is 
closed,  has  a  grade  of  about  three  feet  per  hundred  feet  and  has  a 
length  of  279  feet  total,  the  shore  ends  locking  into  anchorage  and 
forming  a  cantilever.  The  motive  power,  another  innovation  at  that 
time,  being  a  combination  of  electricity  and  compressed  air;  the  oper- 
ation of  diaphragm  gates  at  approaches,  latching  of  bridge,  and 
raising  and  lowering  of  ajiron  at  center,  being  controlled  by  the 
latter  power,  while  the  actual  swinging  of  the  two  spans  is  done  by 
electric  motors.     This  type  was  later  duplicated  in  Canada." 

Direct  Communication  with  Ohio  City 

In  the  days  when  Cleveland  was  centered  around  tlie  mouth  of  the 
river  and  the  public  square,  the  most  direct  means  of  communication 
with  Ohio  City  and  the  west  generally  was  by  way  of  Division  and 
liighthouse  (Willow)  streets.  In  the  '50s,  therefore,  bridges  were 
l>uilt  across  the  river  at  tliose  crossings.  The  wooden  structures 
were  subsequently  replaced  by  iron  bridges.  The  marine  interests 
fought  the  building  of  the  old  Liglithouse  Street  bridge,  liut  opposi- 
tion calmed  down  somewhat  when,  in  1856,  its  construction  was 
authorized  by  the  city  and  the  State  Board  of  Public  Works.  In 
1897,  a  new  bridge,  operated  by  electricity,  replaced  the  old. 

A  Bkidge  Story  of  iMysteky 

Seneca  Street  bridge  was  aiiotliei-  of  ihc  pidiicrr  bi-idges  designed 
to  bring  trade  to  Cleveland  before  Uie  railroads  had  proved  themselves 
an  fi.xed  and  dependable.  It  was  .so  overloaded  with  cattle  upon  a 
certain  occasion  in  1H57  that  it  eollajiscd  and  fell  into  the  river. 
Tlie  fate  of  the  cattle  is  unrecorded,  'i'lic  bi-idge  wliicli  rej^laced  tlie 
wrecked  concern  was  a  liaiid   dfjiwbridgi' ;  an   iron  iin(^   followed;   in 


1918]  MEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION  455 

1888,  a  hridfjo  of  two  spans,  iioarly  300  feet  in  length  was  constructed, 
and,  in  1903,  the  city  built  its  first  Sherzer  roller  lift  bridge,  known  as 
the  Middle  Seneca  or  Middle  West  Third  Street  bridge.  Its  operating 
power  is  electricity. 

Other  Cleveland  Bridges 

The  Main  Street  bridge,  which  was  one  of  the  first  iron  structures 
of  the  kind  in  the  city,  was  originally  built  in  1869.  It  was  recon- 
structed in   1885  and  the  draw  is  operated  by  steam. 

The  old  wooden  drawbridge  at  Center  Street  antedated  the  iron 
structure  at  Main.  It  was  completed  in  1863,  although  the  truss 
iron  draw  was  not  built  until  the  early  '70s.  This,  in  turn,  was  re- 
placed by  the  bridge  of  1900,  operated  by  electricity. 

When  the  Jefferson  Avenue  bridge,  over  the  river  and  canal,  was 
finished  in  1872,  it  was  the  finest  structure  of  the  kind  in  Cleveland. 
It  was  built  by  the  King  Iron  Bridge  Company.  The  river  span  was 
150  feet  long  and  that  crossing  the  canal  117  feet.  Cost  nearly 
$40,000.  In  1907,  a  double  rolling  lift  bridge  was  built  over  the 
new  channel  of  the  river,  and  a  fixed  span  was  thrown  over  the  old 
channel  where  the  oi'iginal  swing  span  had  been,  at  a  total  cost  of 
$182,000.    The  lift  span  is  operated  by  electricity. 

In  the  year  that  the  first  Jefferson  Avenue  bridge  was  completed, 
was  opened  the  Central  Way  under  the  tracks  of  the  Cleveland  and  ■ 
Wheeling  Railway.  At  once  it  became  the  heavy  traffic  highway, 
the  principal  outlet  of  the  refineries  and  the  iron  manufactories. 
The  bridge  across  the  river  was  an  old  wooden  affair  and.  in  1883,  was 
swept  away  by  a  flood.  A  suitable  iron  bridge  nearly  200  feet  long 
replaced  it  the  same  year,  and  electrical  power  was  installed  in  1917. 
The  structure  is  now  known  as  the  Upper  West  Third  Street  bridge. 

W.VLWORTH   R[JN   Vl\DUCT 

The  first  of  the  largo  viaducts  to  be  built  by  the  city  was  that  over 
Walworth  Run  and  the  Big  Four  tracks,  at  what  was  then  the 
southern  outskirts  of  the  city.  It  was  built  of  iron,  and  compri.sed 
three  spans  with  a  total  reach  of  260  feet.  The  cost  was  nearly 
$80,000.  The  Walworth  viaduct  was  rebuilt  of  iron  and  steel  in 
isss.  In  1911,  it  was  reconstructed  in  connection  with  the  grade- 
crossing  work  of  the  New  York  Central  and  St.  Louis  railroads. 


456  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXV 

High-Level  Bridge  Demanded 

But  the  city  realized  more  and  more,  as  both  the  East  and  the 
West  sides  expanded  in  area,  increased  in  population  and  their  busi- 
ness and  ci\nc  demands  for  ready  intercommunication  became  in- 
sistent, that  some  radical  work  must  be  accomplished  by  which  the 
physical  difficulties  of  the  municipal  site  might  be  overcome  as  a 
whole.  Small  bridges  to  cross  various  streams  and  minor  viaducts  to 
bridge  ravines  and  little  valleys  must  be  put  aside  in  favor  of  some 
grand  high-level  structure  which  should  be  thrown  from  the  high- 
lands of  East  Cleveland  to  those  of  West  Cleveland,  so  far  above  the 
river  that  its  navigation  could  freely  progress  beneath.  The  dis- 
cussion of  this  grand  radical  project  commenced  in  the  '60s,  was 
placed  in  the  background  by  civil  war  matters  which  would  not  be 
suppressed  by  any  others,  and  definitely  and  strongly  revived  in 
1870. 

Building  op  the  Old  Superior  Street  Viaduct 

Both  "sides"  of  the  river  now  saw  the  vital  necessity  of  the  move- 
ment, and,  if  there  was  any  preponderance  of  enthusiasm  and  initia- 
tive, local  historians  now  generally  place  it  to  the  credit  of  the  West 
Siders.  Of  the  latter  champions  none  were  more  persistent  or  in- 
fluential than  Henry  W.  S.  Wood  and  Belden  Seymour;  and  when 
West  Cleveland  was  incorporated  as  a  village,  in  1872,  they  and  other 
champions  of  their  section  redoubled  their  efforts  to  secure  this  most 
natural  connection  and  one  which  had  been  so  early  advocated  and 
partially  realized.  The  story  of  the  final  construction  of  the  old 
Superior  Street  viaduct  is  long  and  involved,  and  it  would  not  serve 
any  good  purpose  to  enter  the  multitude  of  details  composing  the 
account ;  for,  as  the  peace-loving  LPnclc  Toby  said  in  the  immortal 
Tristram  Hhandy,  "much  may  be  said  on  both  sides  of  the  ques- 
tion." The  assertion  may  be  ventured,  however,  that  among  those 
most  prominent  in  the  construction  of  the  old  viaduct,  besides  those 
already  mentioned,  were  George  Willcy,  C.  W.  Palmer,  Judge  J.  M. 
Coffinberry,  J.  P.  Ilollaway  and  others.  These  gentlemen  not  only 
were  pei-sisleiit  in  furthering  the  enterprise  during  its  initial  stage, 
hut  continued  to  give  it  their  best  efforts  until  the  viaduct  was  an 
assurance.  At  this  time,  Charles  H.  Strong  was  city  engineer  with 
C.  G.  Force  as  his  assistant,  and  u])on  tliem  fell  the  practical  details 
of  construction   from   first   to  last. 

In  March,  1872,  a  special  committee  of  llie  Cleveland  city  council, 
appointed  to  consider  the  high-level  bridge  problem  in  all  its  licarings, 


1918]  MEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION  457 

reported  in  favor  of  the  route  from  the  corner  of  Merwin  and  Su[)e- 
rior  streets  to  the  iiiterseetion  of  I'earl  (West  Twenty-fifth)  Street 
and  Detroit  Avenue.  Afterwards,  the  general  assembly  granted  the 
authority  to  construct  the  viaduct  along  that  line,  the  voters  of 
Cleveland  gave  it  their  sanction  and  the  work  was  placed  under  prac- 
tical licadway.  At  a  cost  of  more  than  half  a  million  dollars,  the 
Big  Foui-  Railroad  tracks  '.verc  lowered ;  the  canal  was  vacated  for 
three  miles,  virtually  from  Superior  Street  to  the  southern  city 
limits,  and  the  city  made  a  new  river  entrance  to  the  lake  about  a 
mile  east  of  the  old  one,  the  moving  of  the  old  locks  and  vacating  the 
canal  bed  being  accomplished  at  an  additional  cost  of  $360,000.  The 
usual  number  of  suits  and  vexatious  delays  arose  before  the  entire 
right-of-way  was  secured  and  it  was  not  until  the  twenty-seventh  of 
December,  1878,  that  Messrs.  Wood  and  Seymour,  representing  the 
most  prominent  citizen  high-levelites  of  the  East  and  West  sides,  met 
at  the  middle  of  the  Superior  viaduct  draw  and  clasped  hands  in  token 
of  a  united  Cleveland. 

The  great  undertaking  had  l)een  made  a  notable  engineering  reality 
at  the  expenditure  of  administrative  and  executive  talents  of  the 
highest  order,  represented  in  mere  dollars  by  $2,170,000.  It  was  a 
free  bridge,  although  the  original  act  allowed  the  collection  of  toll.  It 
was  3,211  feet  long,  the  draw  being  about  a  tenth  of  the  total  length 
and  seventy  feet  above  high  water  mark.  In  the  foundation, 
7,270  piles  were  used,  8,508  perch  of  stone  and  15,500  yards  of  gravel 
tilling;  and  that  same  foundation  supported  over  150,000  tons  of 
stone  and  iron. 

FoRM.\L  Dedication  op  First  High  Level,  Bridge 

On  the  day  following  the  informal  meeting  of  Messrs.  Wood  and 
Seymour,  the  viaduct  was  formally  dedicated  to  the  public.  The 
Cleveland  Light  Artillery  fired  the  federal  salute  at  daybreak  and  at 
10:30  A.  M.  there  was  a  parade  through  the  down-town  streets  by 
military  and  civil  orders,  the  fire  department  and  citizens  generally 
participating  in  it.  Of  the  local  militaiy  organizations  the  old 
time  "Cleveland  Grays"  were  favorites.  Many  of  the  brightest 
and  most  able  young  men  of  the  city  had  joined  its  ranks  at  some 
time  or  other,  and  one  Myron  T.  Herrick,  was  a  member  of  it  on  that 
eventful  winter  da.v,  fort.v  years  ago,  when  the  united  towns  cele- 
brated the  completion  of  the  first  Superior  Street  viaduct.  At 
12:30  a  ma.ss  meeting  was  held  in  the  old  Tabernacle,  corner  of 
Ontario  and  St.  Clair  streets,  at  which  addres-ses  were  delivered  by 


458 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXV 


Mayor  William  G.  Rose  and  Governors  Bishop,  of  Ohio,  and  Mathews, 
of  "West  Virginia.  In  the  evening  a  banquet  was  given  at  the 
Weddell  House,  at  which  Amos  Townsend,  a  former  member  of  con- 
gress from  the  Cleveland  district,  presided.  On  the  twenty-ninth  of 
December,  1878,  the  bridge  was  opened  for  the  public  use,  and  well 
fulfilled  its  functions  for  more  than  thirty  years,  or  until  a  greater 
Cleveland  demanded  a  greater  viaduct. 

Greater  Viadiict  for  Greater  Cleveland 

This  splendid  structure,  officially  designated  as  the  High  Level 
Bridge,  has  been  open  for  traffic  since  Thanksgiving  Day  and 
Christmas  Day,  1917 ;  the  upper  deck  was  opened  to  vehicles  on  the 
former  day,  and  the  lower  deck  to  street  cars  on  the  latter  day.  It 
is  of  double-deck  steel  and  reinforced  concrete  construction  and  was 
built  under  the  general  superintendence  of  Frank  R.  Lander  and  W. 


The  New  High  Level  Bridge 


A.  Stinchcomb,  county  surveyors  respectively:  Mr.  Wood  is  given 
the  credit  for  being  the  father  of  the  double-deck  plan,  which  was 
ailopted  by  the  county  commissioners  after  the  holding  of  several 
stormy  meetings.  The  plans  were  then  prepared  by  Mr.  Lander, 
under  whom  the  work  progressed  for  two  years,  being  completed  under 
Mv.  Stinchcomb.  The  first  actual  consti-ndion  work  was  started  by  the 
O'Rourke  Engineering  Company,  on  the  fourth  of  June,  1912.  The 
k'tigth  of  the  viaduct  from  the  intcr.scci  ion  of  West  Twenty-fiftli  and 
Detroit  Avenue  to  the  center  line  of  West  Ninth  Street  is  3,112  feet; 
from  Superior  to  West  Ninth,  475  feet ;  in  West  Twenty-fifth  south  of 
Detroit  Avenue,  958  foct,  and  in  Detroit,  west  of  West  Twenty-fifth 
Street,  1,085  feet.  Total  5,C30  feet,  or  over  one  mile.  There  are  twelve 
concrete  arches  and  one  steel  arch,  which  spans  the  river,  for  a  length 
of  r)91  feet  and  190  feet  abovi'  the  sui'face  of  the  water.    The  total  cost 


1918]  MEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION  459 

ot"  the  viaduct,  inehuiins  subways,  has  been  approximately  $3,601,000; 
of  the  land  acquired  for  riglit  of  way,  $1,683,000.  Grand  total,  for 
land  and  structural  work,  $5,284,000. 

County  Engineer  Stinchcomb  has  nuido  the  following  interesting 
estimates,  and  thereby  deviated  from  the  typical  atmosphere  of  the 
dry-}is-dust  statistician : 

One  hundred  and  twcuty-four  thousand  eight  hundred  cubic  yards 
of  concrete  were  used  in  construction  of  the  piei-s,  foundations,  arches, 
floors  and  subway  approaches.  If  this  concrete  were  made  into  a 
wall  6  feet  high  and  18  inches  thick,  it  would  be  approximately  70 
miles  long. 

The  eai'th  excavation  for  bridge  and  approaches  was  199,500  cubic 
yards.  This  would  make  a  trench  3  feet  wide  and  3  feet  deep,  110 
miles  long.  If  the  earth  were  all  thrown  to  one  side,  a  splendid  mili- 
tary trench  could  be  made. 

Concrete  piles  147,840  lineal  feet  were  used  under  the  piers.  If 
placed  end  to  end  they  would  extend  28  miles.  If  these  piles  were 
made  into  a  concrete  walk  6  feet  wide  and  4  inches  thick,  it  would 
extend  from  Kocky  River  to  Euclid  Beach. 

The  steel  used  for  reinforcing  the  concrete  weighed  9,850  pounds. 
This  amount  of  steel  would  make  a  fence  5  feet  high,  about  19  miles 
long. 


Central  Viaduct 

Until  this  last  and  greatest  of  the  city  viaducts  was  completed,  the 
Central  Viaduct,  which  crosses  the  Cuyahoga  River  at  its  next  pro- 
nounced horseshoe  bend  southeast  of  the  Columbus  bridge,  as  well  as 
Walworth  Run  which  enters  the  main  stream  at  this  point,  was  the 
longest  structure  of  its  kind  in  Cleveland.  It  was  built  in  answer 
to  the  demands  of  the  South  Side  for  more  convenient  communi- 
cation with  the  central  districts  of  the  city.  The  agitation  com- 
menced in  the  common  council  in  the  spring  of  1879,  but  the 
route  from  Ohio  and  Hill  streets  to  Jennings  Avenue  was  not 
adopted  until  the  summer  of  1885,  and  ground  was  not  actually 
broken  until  the  fifth  of  May,  1888.  In  December  of  that  year,  the 
l)ridge  was  opened  to  the  public,  with  appropriate  ceremonies.  The 
King  Iron  Bridge  Company  did  the  bulk  of  the  structural  work. 
The  Cuyahoga  River  span  of  the  bridge  is  2,839  feet,  and  the  Wal- 
worth Run  span  (Abbey  Avenue  branch)  1,092  feet;  total  length, 
3,931  feet.  The  entire  cost  of  the  Central  Viaduct  was  $885,000, 
although   the   amount   authorized   was   $1,000,000.     From   the  first, 


i60  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXV 

both  the  public  and  the  eiigiiieere  have  viewed  this  work  with  some 
apprehension,  especially  after  it  was  discovered,  a  few  years  subse- 
quent to  its  completion,  that  the  hillside  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
river  was  slowly  slipping  against  the  piers  and  threatening  their 
stability.  They  were  strengthened,  but  still  the  settling  and  pro- 
gressive pressure  continue,  a.s  in  other  ways  of  nature,  slowly  but 
surely.  It  was  at  the  Central  Viaduct,  also,  that  the  terrible  accident 
occurred,  on  the  sixteenth  of  November,  1895,  by  which  an  electric  car 
plunged  into  the  valley  through  the  open  draw  and  killed  seventeen 
persons.  So  that  the  Central  viaduct  is  in  some  respects,  another  name 
for  a  "creepy  feeling"  in  the  constitution  of  the  average  Clevelander. 

KiN^GSBURY  Run  Improvements 

King.sbury  Run  Viaduct  (now  East  Thirty-fourth  Street  bridge) 
was  built  in  1SS4-S6  over  the  Run  and  the  Erie  tracks  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  southeastern  Clevelanders.  The  bridge  is  over  800  feet 
long  and  the  Kingsbuiy  Run  trestle  nearly  500  feet.  The  cost  of 
the  improvements  was  $147,000. 

Brooklyn-Brighton  Connection  v^'ith  the  Southwest 

But  a  much  more  important  and  far  more  recent  viaduct  connec- 
tion ha.s  been  made  far  to  the  southwest.  It  is  a  handsome  and  sub- 
stantial structure  completed  in  1916  and  already  widely  known  as 
the  Brooklyn-Brighton  bridge.  It  crosses  the  valley  of  Big  Creek, 
connecting  West  Twenty-fifth  Street  with  Pearl  Road  and  making  it 
practically  one  thoroughfare  throughout  its  entire  length.  In  other 
words,  it  connects  that  portion  of  Cleveland  known  as  Old  Brooklyn 
with  South  Brooklyn,  now  entirely  within  the  city  limits.  The  Brook- 
lyn-Brighton bridge  was  built  by  tlie  Bates  &  Rogers  Construction 
Company,  of  Chicago,  and,  with  right-of-way,  cost  approximately 
$800,000.  It  is  of  reinforced  concrete  coiislruction  and  is  1,726 
feet  long. 

Other  Bridges  .vnd  Viaoucts 

East  Thirty-fifth  Street  viaduct,  at  the  New  York  Central  &  St. 
Louis  Railroad  (formerly  Willson  Avcinie)  was  com])letcd  in  1898; 
approximate  cost,  $94,000. 

Willett  Avenue  bridge  (now  l<'iilton  Koad)  sjianning  Walworth 
Avenue;  completed  in   IflOI. 


1918]  MEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION  461 

Clark  Avenue  viaduct.  Length  of  steel  work,  5,992  feet.  Weight 
of  steel  work,  11,173  tons.  Approximate  cost,  $1,398,000.  Com- 
pleted in  1917.     Total  length,  iiichuliiif;  intervening  fill.s,  6,687  feet. 

Proposed  Lob.\in-IIukon  Bridge 

Another  bridge  over  the  Cuyahoga  River  is  proposed;  it  is  to  be 
located  between  Columbus  and  Central  and  is  to  be  known  as  the 
Lorain-IIuron  Bridge;  its  construction  w-as  authorized  by  popular 
vote  in  1914.  Surveys,  plans  and  estimates  have  been  made  but  nego- 
tiations are  still  pending  to  acquire  the  right-of-way.  The  proposed 
route  is  from  Ontario  Street  at  Huron  Road  to  Lorain  Avenue  near 
"West  Seventeenth  Street,  and  the  plans  call  for  a  double-deck  rein- 
forced concrete  bridge,  like  the  Detroit-Superior  viaduct,  3,600  feet  in 
length. 

Street  Car  and  Interurban  Service 

The  topography  of  Cleveland  makes  numerous  bridges  and  via- 
ducts necessary  in  order  to  bind  the  city  together  as  a  united  commu- 
nity ;  and  with  the  improvement  of  its  streets  as  continuous  thorough- 
fares came  the  introduction  of  various  forms  of  local  transportation. 
It  is  a  long  step  from  tlie  days  of  the  Cleveland  &  Newburg  Railroad, 
operated  in  the  '30s  along  Euclid  Road  on  a  wooden  track,  by  a 
tandem  team  of  horses,  and  running  from  the  stone  quarries  in  New- 
burg township  to  the  Public  Square,  to  the  complex  and  complete 
system  of  electric  cars  looping,  by  the  hundi-eds,  through  that  same 
locality.  Omnibuses  began  to  appear  and  multiply  along  Euclid, 
Superior,  Prospect,  St.  Clair,  Kinsman,  Detroit  and  other  trunk  thor- 
oughfares in  the  late  '50s  and  early  '60s,  connecting  Cleveland  also 
with  Collamer,  Chagrin  Falls,  Chardon,  Medina  and  other  neighbor- 
ing towns.  In  1859,  the  street  car  history  commenced  with  the  author- 
ization of  the  East  Cleveland  and  Kinsman  lines  by  the  City  Council. 
In  the  following  year,  the  East  Cleveland  line  was  put  in  operation 
between  Bank  Street  and  Willson  Avenue.  It  proved  to  be  the  father 
of  the  great  East  Side  system  toward  the  north,  just  as  the  Kinsman 
line  became  the  backbone  of  the  southeastern  system.  The  line  along 
St.  Clair  was  chartered  in  1863  and  during  that  year  the  West  Side 
Street  Railway  Company  was  organized.  The  Brooklyn  Street  Rail- 
way was  chartered  in  1869.  and  a  few  years  later  the  South  Side  Rail- 
road commenced  to  extend  its  lines  southeast  toward  Seranton,  Jen- 
nings and  the  citv  limits. 


462  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXV 

The  Advent  op  Electricity 

The  '80s  were  marked  by  a  consolidation  of  various  independent 
street  car  lines,  and  on  the  twenty-sixth  of  July,  1884,  the  East  Cleve- 
land Street  Railroad  Company  placed  in  commission  the  first  electric 
ear  ever  run  in  America.  The  Bentley-Knight  underground  system 
was  adopted.  The  route  of  this  historic  ear,  which  was  to  be  the  fore- 
runner of  the  deadly  enemy  of  the  cumbersome  cable  car,  was  from 
Garden  (Central)  Street,  two  blocks  west  of  Willson  Avenue,  to  New 
Street,  and  thence  into  Quincy.  The  tracks  of  this  first  electric  line 
were  strap  rails  laid  on  wooden  stringers  about  eight  inches  deep.  The 
power  was  generated  from  a  Brush  arc  light  machine  in  the  Euclid 
Avenue  car  barns. 

Gr.\nd  Consolid.vtion  and  Expansion 

The  grand  consolidation  of  Cleveland's  car  lines  took  place  in  1893, 
when  the  Superior,  St.  Clair,  Woodland  Avenue  and  West  Side  cable 
roads  were  all  merged  into  the  Cleveland  City  Railway  Company,  and 
the  Broadway,  Newburgh,  East  Cleveland  and  South  Side  companies 
were  consolidated  as  the  Cleveland  Electric  Railway  Company.  In 
1900,  electricity  finally  ti'iumphed  and  virtually  the  entire  city  system 
was  united  under  the  ownership  and  management  of  the  Cleveland 
Electric  Railway  Company.  Followed  then  the  historic  street  car 
war,  led  by  Mayor  Tom  Johnson  and  continuing  through  his  four 
administrations.  It  was  fought  in  tlie  courts,  in  the  streets  and  in 
countless  political  contests,  and  finally  wa.s  decided,  according  to 
Mayor  Tom's  ideas,  in  the  United  States  District  Court.  Since  1910, 
when  the  referendum  backed  up  the  court,  no  city  has  had  a  better 
street  ear  service  at  a  cheaper  rate  than  Cleveland.  Seven  tickets 
for  a  quarter,  with  an  additional  penny  for  a  transfer,  can  hardly  be 
beaten ! 

Since  the  foregoing  was  written,  in  August,  1918,  the  amendment 
to  the  Tayler  franchise  was  passed,  putting  in  force  new  rates  of  fare, 
during  and  for  six  months  after  the  war.  The  entire  matter  is  fully 
set  forth  in  Chapter  XXI. 

The  Connections  Outside  of  Cleveland 

Tlic  Public  Square  is  also  the  center  of  not  only  the  street  car  lines 
which  penetrate  Cleveland's  entire  city  area,  but  of  a  widely  extended 
suburban  oi-  iiitciMirVian  system.     The  pioneer  fril>utarv  line,  and  one 


Superior  Avenue,  Looking  East  from  the  Square 


Erci.iD  Avenue  Business  Section  Looking  West 


464 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXV 


of  the  fii-st  iiiterurban  roads  to  be  chartered  in  Ohio,  was  the  Akrou, 
Bedford  &  Cleveland,  in  November,  1894.  The  first  ears  over  the  line 
were  run  on  the  twenty-sixth  of  October,  1895.  It  was  over  twenty- 
seven  miles  long  and  extended  from  Akron,  through  Cuyahoga  Falls, 
to  Newburg,  where  it  connected  with  the  Cleveland  Electric  Railway. 
Its  present  route  in  Cuyahoga  County  is  by  way  of  Sagamore,  Bedford 
Village,  Rockside  and  Garfield  Park,  where  it  connects  with  the  Cleve- 
land system.  As  a  whole,  it  is  part  of  the  Northern  Ohio  Traction 
system,  which  places  the  city  in  close  connection  with  Canton,  Kent, 
Ravenna  and  Barberton.  . 

The  Cleveland  &  Southwestern  Traction  Company  is  the  consoli- 


l-iocKY  River  Bridge  and  its  (J heat  Concrete  Span 


dation  of  a  number  of  old  roads,  the  principal  of  which  were  the 
Cleveland  &  Bcrea  Street  Railway  (1876)  and  the  Cleveland  &  Elyria 
Electric  Railway.  The  consolidation  of  these  and  other  lines  under 
the  name  of  the  Cleveland  &  Southwestern  was  effected  in  1902.  Its 
points  include  Berea,  Elyria,  Oberlin,  Norfolk,  Medina,  Bucyrus  and 
Mansfield.  Into  Cuyahoga  County  its  line  runs  from  the  southwest 
and  west,  by  way  of  the  Beroa  Road  and  Lorain  Avenue. 

The  Cleveland,  Painesville  &  Eastern  Railway  was  opened  on  the 
Fourth  of  July,  1896,  and  operates  from  East  (.leveland  to  Painesville. 
The  interurban  route  .ioins  the  Cleveland  system  through  two  lines — 
the  main  one  at  Euclid  Avenue  and  the  shore  line  at  St.  Clair. 

The  Cleveland  &  Eastei-ii  Railway  Company  was  incoi'i)ot'ali'il  in 
1899  and  oiierates  two  lines — tlie  Chagrin   l^'alls  linr,  wliicli  cDnni'i'ts 


1918]  MEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION  465 

with  the  city  system  at  Kinsman  Road  and  rims  to  the  place  named, 
fourteen  miles,  by  way  of  Warrensville ;  and  the  Gates  Mill  line,  run- 
ning throufrh  the  piotinvsqiie  Chajjrrin  Valley  to  the  point  indicated. 

In  1897,  the  Lorain  &  Cleveland  Railway  was  opened  from  Rocky 
River  westward  to  Lorain,  nineteen  miles,  and  with  other  interurban 
lines  organized  chiefly  in  Sandusky,  Toledo  and  Norwalk,  was  absorbed 
by  the  Lake  Shore  Electric  Railway  Company.  The  last  named  was 
incorporated  in  1901,  and  in  that  year  commenced  to  operate  through 
cars  from  Toledo  to  Cleveland.  It  ha.s  continued  to  be  a  growing 
system,  and  joins  up  with  the  local  lines  at  Clifton  Boulevard. 

The  Puritas  Springs  is  a  line  of  comparatively  late  construction, 
built  from  the  .southwest.  Grayton.  this  county,  is  the  end  of  the  line, 
and  it  joins  the  Cleveland  system  by  way  of  the  Lorain  route. 

The  Public  Square  and  the  Grand  Group  Plan 

Cleveland  is  bound  together  by  well-improved  thoroughfares,  great 
bridges  and  viaducts,  by  bands  of  iron  and  steel  and  currents  of  elec- 
tricity. Fortunately,  the  nucleus  of  its  business,  civic  and  corporate 
life  was  in  such  a  condition  as  to  make  feasible  a  grand  grouping 
plan  which  should  present  an  impressive  illustration  of  its  eiilture  and 
progress.  Other  great  cities  had  erected  massive,  magnificent  and 
costly  public  structures  in  scattered  districts,  often  separated  by 
mountainous  blocks  of  business  houses  and  office  skv'-serapers.  What 
for  years  had  seemed  like  disgraceful  eyesores  on  the  face  of  Cleve- 
land's downtown,  proved  to  be  a  blessing  in  perfect  disguise.  Out- 
grown, dirty  and  shabby  tenements  and  stores  lined  a  prospective 
mall  which  was  to  connect  the  historic  and  magnificent  Public  Square 
with  the  grand  Lake  Front,  so  alive  with  artistic  and  architectural 
possibilities.  Although  the  first  two  court-houses  were  built  on  the 
Public  Square,  for  a  period  of  sixty  years  the  ten-acre  heart  of  Cleve- 
land has  been  dedicated  to  art  and  patriotism,  or  to  the  purposes  of 
a  vast  distributing  and  receiving  center  of  the  city's  populace.  It  ha.s 
always  remained  the  people's  commons,  open  to  all,  and  in  the  early 
days  the  citizens  rather  rebelled  at  placing  a  simple  fence  around  to 
keep  out  the  four-legged  live  stock.  In  1856,  a  fountain  was  placed 
in  the  center,  at  the  intersection  of  Superior  and  Ontario,  and  some 
fifteen  years  later  the  lily  fountain  wa-s  transferred  to  the  Square  from 
Franklin  Circle,  West  Cleveland.  The  Perr\'  monument  was  erected 
in  1860,  and  commemorated  the  forty-seventh  anniversary  of  the  bat- 
tle of  Lake  Erie.  It  was  shifted  several  times  within  the  Public 
Square  before  being  moved  to  Wade  Park  in  1894.    In  the  meantime 

Vol.  1—30 


466  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXV 

(1890),  the  last  of  the  beautiful  elms  which  so  loug  upheld  the  luanie 
of  the  Square  as  a  park  had  been  moved  away,  and  hotels,  banks, 
churches  and  residences  had  been  built  around  it.  Carts  and  express 
wagons  lined  its  boundaries  and  it  was  anything  but  a  beautiful  lieart. 
At  this  period  of  its  decadence,  the  "city  hall,"  on  its  southwest 
corner,  and  the  court-house  on  the  north  side  of  the  Square  near  the 
old  stone  church,  were  its  promises  as  a  public  centei-.  Several  years 
after  the  civil  war,  the  Sgciety  for  Savings  erected  a  banking  house 
on  the  site  now  occupied  by  tlie  Cliamber  of  Commerce  at  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  Public  Square,  not  far  from  the  postoffice.  The  ]\Ioses 
Cleaveland  statue  was  unveiled  in  1888  and  on  the  Fourth  of  July, 
1894,  the  grand  memorial  to  the  soldiers  and  sailors  of  Ohio  was 
dedicated.  The  orations  were  delivered  by  Governor  William  Mc- 
Kinley  and  United  States  Senator  James  B.  Foraker.  That  memorial 
is  the  central  architectural  feature  of  the  Public  Square.  The  anti- 
quated little  field  piece,  spiked  to  the  pavement  on  Ontario  Street 
near  the  monument,  represents  a  civil  war  capture  from  the  Confed- 
erates who  surrendered  it  to  the  Cleveland  Light  Artillery  Company 
at  Laurel  Hill,  Virginia. 

The  real  rejuvenation  and  worthy  improvement  of  tlie  Square 
commenced  in  1900,  when  the  street  railway  and  the  city-  joined  forces 
to  erect  shelter  houses  and  comfort  stations  for  the  people  and  to  lay 
out  what  remained  of  the  grounds  into  attractive  designs.  This  center 
has  become  so  congested  that  the  next  union  of  the  railway  and  munici- 
pal corporations  will  eventuate  in  the  building  of  a  great  subway 
under  the  Public  Square,  after  which  the  latter  may  be  transformed 
into  a  really  beautiful  Central  Park  with  real  trees  and  expanses  of 
sward  and  flower  beds,  with  other  landscape  auxiliaries  worthy  of 
Cleveland's  taste  and  artistic  achievements. 

Origin  of  thk  Group  Plan  of  Piht-ic  Brn.mNC.s 

But  first  the  plan  of  grouping  the  city,  county  and  fedei-al  build- 
ings into  a  grand  civic  center — in  short,  the  Group  Plan — must  be 
fully  developed.  Its  origin  is  credited  to  the  Cleveland  Aicliitcctural 
Cliil),  whicli,  in  1895,  instituted  a  competition  Tor  "tlu'  groujjing  of 
Cleveland's  public  buildings."  AUhougli  the  county  courl-housc  fac- 
ing on  Seneca  Street  was  fairly  creditable,  it  was  twenty  years  old; 
the  municipality  had  never  erected  a  city  liall  and  had  liecn  occujiy- 
ing  Case  block  for  the  same  length  of  time.  So  the  proposal  of  the 
Arcliitectural  Club  fell  on  fertile  soil  and  llic  plan,  which  was  evolved 
after   several    years    of   discussion,    stood    Inr    I  lie    first    prc;irrai 


ii"'('(l 


1918]  JIEAXS  OF  COMMUNICATION  467 

groupiiior  of  puMii'  Iniiklings  in  America.  Professor  diaries  F.  Oliiey, 
owner  of  the  Oliiey  Art  (lallery,  was  one  of  the  .judges  in  the  compe- 
tition inaugurated  hy  tiie  t'levelaml  Arehiteetural  Club.  He  was  also 
a  leading  niemher  of  the  Chamber  of  Comnieree,  to  which  he  intro- 
duced a  resolution  in  January,  18!t!).  i)roviding  for  a  s])ceial  committee 
to  consider  and  report  upon  the  Group  I'ian.  The  Architectural 
League  of  America,  which  met  at  Cleveland  in  the  following  June, 
also  considered  the  innovation  with  much  interest. 

GRorp  Pi-Ax  Commission  Appointkh  and  Pi, an  Accepted 

Two  bills  were  finally  prepared  for  legislative  action — one  by  the 
local  chapter  of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects  ami  the  other 
by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  The  latter  was  the  bill  which  pa.ssed 
the  Ohio  legislature  and  under  which  Governor  Nash  created  the 
Group  Plan  Connnission  on  the  twentieth  of  June,  1902.  It  is  no  secret 
that  the  ambition  to  create  autl  work  out  this  group  plan  had  its  inspir- 
ation in  the  magnificent  grouping  of  the  World's  Fair  buildings  at  Chi- 
cago, especially  those  around  its  superb  Court  of  Honor.  The  appoint- 
ment of  Daniel  II.Buridiam.the  director-general  of  public  works  for  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  as  a  member  of  the  Cleveland  Commis- 
sion, aroused  general  satisfaction  and  enthusiasm.  The  other  members 
were  John  M.  Carrerc,  of  New  York,  who  had  made  a  tlioi-ough  study 
of  .such  groupings  in  European  cities,  and  Arnold  W.  liruniu>r,  a 
national  expert   on   the  planning   and  erection   of  public   buildings. 

There  was  no  change  in  the  personnel  of  the  Group  Plan  Com- 
mission as  originally  formed  uiitil  1911,  when  Frank  B.  Meade,  of 
Cleveland,  and  Frederick  Law  Olmstead,  of  Brookline,  ^lassachusetts, 
succeeded  Daniel  II.  Burnham  and  John  ^I.  Carrerc,  both  deceased. 

The  report  of  the  Group  Plan  Commission  was  presented  to  Mayor 
Johnson  and  the  director  of  public  service  on  the  seventeenth  of  Au- 
gust, 1903,  and  was  formally  accepted  by  them  for  the  city.  The  plan, 
in  general  terms,  provided  for  a  great  plaza  and  esplanade  running 
from  the  Public  Library  and  postoffice  at  one  end  to  the  Union  Pas- 
senger Station  on  the  Lake  Frf)nt  at  the  other  extremity.  In  the  lake 
section  were  also  to  be  the  sites  for  the  new  county  court-house  and  the 
city  hall.  The  proposed  Federal  Building  was  to  be  the  structural 
connection  between  the  mall  and  the  Public  Square,  the  northern  side 
of  which  was  the  massive  Chamber  of  Commerce.  The  court-house 
was  to  front  on  Ontario  Street,  the  city  hall  on  Bond  Street,  and  the 
federal  building  and  library  on  Superior. 


468 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXV 


Building  Sites  Purchased 

Promptly  after  the  adoption  of  the  report,  the  city,  count}-  and 
federal  authorities  commenced  to  negotiate  for  the  purchase  of  the 
required  sites.  Such  transactions  always  consume  much  more  time 
than  is  anticipated,  and  although,  as  a  rule,  property  owners  were 
reasonable  and  public  spirited,  decisive  condemnation  proceedings 
had  to  be  resorted  to  at  times.  Being  a  civil  project,  these  steps 
were  legally  taken,  as  a  matter  of  course.  The  fii-st  parcels  of  land 
purchased  (in  1902)  were  on  Lakeside  and  Summit  avenues,  along  the 
lake  front,  and  between  these  thoroughfares,  along  East  Sixth  Street. 


The  Federal  Building 

In  1906,  the  Case  property  was  purchased,  including  the  city  hall 
block  bounded  by  Lakeside  and  Summit  avenues  and  Third  anil  Ninth 
streets;  the  site  for  the  federal  building  liad  alread,y  been  bought 
and  ground  broken  for  that  structure.  The  payment  for  the  entire 
purchase  from  the  Case  estate  amounted  to  $1,900,000,  and  up  to 
1910,  when  the  sites  for  the  three  main  structures  planiu'd  in  the 
civic  group  had  been  bought,  over  $3,655,000  had  been  expended  on 
these  items — for  the  court-house  site,  5.65  acres,  $1,095,675 ;  the  city 
hall  site,  4.50  acres,  $404,899;  the  nuill,  5.06  acres,  $2,155,180.  Total 
15.21  acres,  at  a  cost  of  $3,655,754. 

It  is  estimated  tliat  about  $1,500,000  of  property  along  the  mall 
is  yet  to  be  acquired  before  the  group  jjlan  will  be  practically  com- 
pleted. 


o 


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470  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS      [Chap.  XXV 

The  Federal  or  Postoffice  Building 

The  federal  building,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Public  Square  and 
fronting  on  Superior  Avenue,  was  the  first  of  the  Group  Plan  struc- 
tures to  be  completed.  It  was  designed  and  erected  by  Arnold  W. 
Brunner,  New  York,  the  only  one  of  the  original  plan  commissioners 
now  living,  and  was  dedicated  in  ^larch,  1911.  The  cornerstone  was 
laid  in  1905.  It  is  a  massive,  modern  government  building  of  granite 
with  interior  corridors  of  marble.  The  north  and  south  facades  are 
ornamented  by  Corinthian  columns  forty-two  feet  high;  on  the  east 
and  west  facades,  pilasters  take  the  place  of  columns.  The  archi- 
tectural impression  made  is  typically  American,  conveying  the  idea 
of  grace  as  well  as  strength.  Two  groups  of  statuary,  representative 
of  "Jurisprudence"  and  "Commerce,"  adorn  the  Superior  Avenue 
front.     The  cost  of  the  building  was  $3,2.30,000. 

The  County  Building 

The  county  court-house  on  the  lake  front  was  completed  later  in 
the  year  1911.  Its  cost  was  over  $4,.500,000.  and  it  is  undoubtedly 
one  of  the  finest  structures  devoted  to  county  purposes  in  the  country. 
It  is  of  the  classic  style,  Iniilt  of  pink  granit<-\  its  interior  decorations 
of  marble  being  superl).  When  one  is  told  that  tliey  were  placed 
there  in  all  their  beauty  at  a  cost  of  half  a  nuUion  dollars,  no  wonder 
whatsoever  follows  the  information.  The  court-house  contains  eighteen 
liandsomely  appointed  courtrooms  and  spacious  and  elegant  ac- 
commodations for  the  county  officials,  grouped  around  a  superb 
court.  The  corridors  on  tlie  .second  fioor,  upon  which  are  situated  all 
the  court  appointments,  are  approached  liy  a  series  of  broad  marble 
staircases,  the  eastern  recess  lieing  graced  witli  a  beautiful  stained- 
glass  window,  representing  Justice  and  bearing  the  names  of  famous 
American  jurists.  The  walls  are  richly  frescoed  and  the  oval  panels  in 
the  north  and  south  walls,  on  the  sccoiul  floor,  are  devoted  to  finely 
executed  paintings  representing  tlic  lending  figures  in  the  signing  of 
the  Dwlaration  of  Independence,  and  a  well-conceived  classical  and 
syml)olic  subject.  On  either  side  of  the  nuiin  entrance  to  the  county 
liuilding  are  seated,  in  their  hi.storic  chairs  of  state,  the  striking  figures 
(if   'i'lionuis  Jeffer.son   and    Alexander    IlMinilton. 

The  Municipal  Hall 

The  city  hall,  i-unipanioii   liuilding  In  the  coiirtdiouse  on   tlii'  lake 
I'rdiit  at   the  foot  of   Kast   Sixth  Street,  is  somewhat  smaller  and  less 


1918)  MEANS  OK  COMMUNICATION  471 

t'xpoiisivf.  liut.  iioiu-  the  loss  elegant  oi-  apiiroiiriate.  It  eiist.  with 
l'iiriiisluiij:;s,  more  tlian  $2,(JU0,0()(),  and  is  a  nninieipal  liall  well  wortii 
the  waitiiif^  all  those  years.  The  city  hall  is  tiiiely  planned  for  its 
l>iir|)()ses,  and  oeeupies  a  superh  site.  The  massive  and  iini)()siiig 
armory  is  opposite  the  building,  and  on  the  lake  front,  east  of  the 
grounds,  are  the  United  States  Marine  and  Lakeside  hospitals.  The 
iut^M'ior  finish  of  the  numieipal  hall  is  chastt'  and  elegant,  and  when 
the  visitor  enters  its  handsome  court  he  is  greeted  from  a  northern 
recess  with  one  of  the  nu)st  inspiring  works  of  art  ever  executed  in 
America — "The  Spirit  of  76."  Everyone  is  familiar  with  it;  its 
veteran  author-painter,  A.  M.  Willard,  a  Clevelander,  recently  died; 
the  origiiuil  of  the  sturdy  youth  who  nuirches  for  the  third  gen- 
eration of  the  Revolutionary  patriots,  is  yet  living  in  the  Forest  ("ity. 

The  building  occupied  for  years  as  a  city  hall  and  the  one  formerly 
used  for  public  library  purposes  at  East  Third  Street  and  Rockwell 
Avenue  were  wrecked  in  l!)lS;'on  their  site  it  is  planned  to  erect  a 
public  library  which  shall  be  a  worthy  companion  to  the  federal  build- 
ing opposite.  The  architectural  beauties  of  the  new  public  library, 
which  is  to  be  so  noteworthy  an  expression  of  Cleveland's  higher 
life,  are  set  forth  in  an  illustration  on  page  420. 

In  the  minds  of  many  the  group  plan  is  so  involved  with  details 
as  to  be  nebulous.  But  the  matter  should  readily  be  cleared  t)y  a 
reference  to  the  simple  outline  diagram  presented  with  this  narrative. 
With  this  diagram  liefore  him,  the  reader  may  also  follow  the  writer 
in  simply  considering  what  has  been  accomplished  in  the  working 
out  of  the  group  and  what  is  still  planned,  but  yet  to  be  accomplished. 

Three  buildings  of  the  five  originally  planned  have  been  com- 
pleted. At  the  east  of  the  Public  Square,  with  its  main  front  on 
Superior  Avenue,  stands  the  federal  building.  It  occupies  the  site 
of  the  old  post-office  and  Case  Hall.  On  the  western  portion  of  the 
Lake  Front  tract  is  the  county  building,  its  central  facade  looking 
south  on  Ontario  Street,  with  a  northern  view  extending  over  Lake 
Erie;  on  the  eastern  portion,  its  central  facade  looking  south  on  Ea.st 
Sixth  Street,  with  a  northern  lake  view,  is  the  city  hall.  The  proposed 
jail  and  criminal  court  building,  west  of  the  court-house,  will  cost 
$]  ,250,000  and  is  designed  to  harmonize  with  the  other  structures  in 
the  group  plan. 

The  original  site  for  the  TTnion  Depot  comjirised  thirty-five  acres 
of  land,  and  wa.s  turned  over  to  the  railroads  by  the  city  for  :iil.400,- 
000,  with  the  understanding  that  this  sum  was  to  be  used  for  depot 
approaches  and  the  acquiring  of  additional  right-of-way  for  the  mall. 
This,  therefore,  is  a  reserve  fund  which  will  go  far  toward  the  ulti- 


472  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS      [Chap.  XXV 

mate  completiou  of  the  group  plan.  Other  public  buildings  have 
been  suggested  as  appropriate  structures  to  grace  the  mall,  such  as 
a  board  of  education  block,  a  criminal  court  building  and  a  munici- 
pal emergency  hospital.  When  the  main  features  have  been  per- 
fected, such  projects  will  also  enter  into  an  even  greater  group  plan 
than  the  present. 

Since  the  foregoing  was  written  and  after  the  diagram  of  the  group 
plan  was  engraved,  an  ordinance  was  introduced  in  the  common  coun- 
cil proposing  to  locate  the  passenger  station  at  the  southwest  corner 
of  the  Public  Square  near  the  new  Hotel  Cleveland.  In  November, 
1915,  the  voters  of  Cleveland  approved  the  lake  front  location,  but 
matters  connected  with  the  solution  of  freight  and  transportation 
problems  brought  about  its  reconsideration.  The  proposed  change  of 
location  to  the  Public  Square  will  be  finally  decided  by  popular  vote. 
The  new  passenger  station  will  not  be  completed  until  after  the  war, 
but  when  its  site  is  determined  the  foundation  for  the  building  will 
be  laid  and  due  provision  made  for  trackage  area. 

The  City  Planning  Commission 

There  is  also  a  City  Planning  Commission  of  Cleveland,  not  to  be 
confounded  with  the  Group  Plan  Commission.  "In  .1912,"  says  the 
magazine.  City  Planning  Progress,  "following  the  enactment  of  a 
state  law  permitting  home  rule  to  Ohio  cities,  tlie  Cleveland  Chapter 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects  undertook  to  secure  a  pro- 
vision for  a  City  Planning  Commission  in  the  new  city  charter  which 
was  then  being  drafted.  The  chapter,  by  the  grace  of  the  mayor, 
the  Hon.  Newton  D.  Baker,  now  secretary  of  war,  was  permitted  to 
write  the  actual  law  governing  the  appointment  of  the  commission. 
As  prepared  by  the  chapter,  the  law  provided  for  the  appointment 
of  a  commission  of  citizen  members  only,  and  it  was  so  written  into  the 
charter  adopted  by  the  electors  in  1913.  This  provision  was  not  accept- 
able to  the  city  officials  as  a  whole,  and  the  charter  was  amended  to 
provide  for  official  members  only.  In  this  form  the  charter  amend- 
ment was  criticized,  and  eventually  redrafted  to  provide  for  a  com- 
mission composed  of  official  and  citizen  members.  In  that  form  the 
charter  amendment  has  been  adopted  and  the  commission  appointed. 

"In  1916,  the  mayor  named  as  the  members  of  the  city  planning 
commission  five  citizens — F.  F.  Prentiss  (chairman),  Morris  A.  Black, 
H.  M.  Famsworth,  William  G.  Mather  and  0.  P.  Van  Swcringen— 
and  six  directors  of  city  departments — Messrs.  Beeman,  Bernstein, 
Farrdl,  FitzGerald,  Neal  and  Sprosty.    William  G.  Rose  is  secretary. 


1918]  MEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION  473 

The  city  council,  in  its  biulget  for  1917,  appropriated  $20,000  for 
the  work  of  the  city  planning  commission,  which  is  now  engaged  in 
the  selection  of  experts  to  advise  them  in  the  preparation  of  a  com- 
prehensive city  plan."  Always  prominent  in  the  final  preparation 
and  adjustments  of  any  far-reaching  municipal  plan  is  the  subject 
of  its  parks  and  boulevards ;  and  with  Cleveland  the  subject  has  been 
growing  in  vitality  and  importance  since  the  vei'j'  infancy  of  the 
village. 


CHAPTER  XXVI 

PARKS  AND  JIARKETS 

By  H.  G.  Cvtler 

Although  of  slow  growth,  there  is  no  feature  of  Cleveland's  his- 
toiy  which  is  more  worthy  of  enthusiastic  conunent  than  the  parks 
and  the  park  system  of  what  was  long  known  as  the  Forest  City. 
The  molding  of  its  parks  into  a  system,  connected  by  boulevards  and 
parkways  and  distributed  wisely  with  reference  to  the  sectional  needs 
of  the  city,  really  dates  from  the  creation  of  its  first  board  of  park 
commissioners  in  1871.  Fortunately,  such  wealthy  and  old-time  citi- 
zens as  Jeptha  PI.  Wade,  William  J.  Gordon  and  John  D.  Rockefeller 
had  not  only  accpiired  propert\-  of  rare  natural  beauty  within  the 
city  limits,  but  were  posses.scd  of  a  civic  pride  and  a  far-sightedness 
as  to  the  needs  of  the  people  for  recreation  and  rest  and  outdoor 
refreshment  which  were  indeed  rai-e  among  men  of  large  means. 
Some  would  date  the  origin  of  Cleveland's  present  system  from  the 
year  1882,  when  Mr.  Wade  deeded  to  tlie  city  more  than  sixty  acres 
in  the  picturesque  valley  of  Doan  Brook,  which  dances  and  sparkles 
through  a  series  of  rocky,  wooded  glens  and  ravines,  meandering 
through  the  central  sections  of  eastern  Cleveland  to  Lake  Erie.  Mr. 
Wade  had  planned  the  park  which  bears  his  name  as  early  as  1872 
and  had  spent  many  thousand  dollars  of  his  private  fortune  in  beau- 
tifying it  before  it  became  city  pi-operty.  Its  nuigniticent  groves  of 
forest  trees  and  stretches  of  open  land,  bnuiul  together  liy  the  charm- 
ing courses  of  the  brook,  had  nuule  Wade  i'ai'k  a  jiopidar  I'csort  from 
the  first.  It  naturally  became  the  nucleus  for  the  creation  of  the 
continuous  stretch  of  parks  and  cnnnectiug  ways  wliicii  Ims  made 
Ea.st  Clevelaiul  famous.  That  scries  rrnm  Sliakci'  Heights  Pai'k 
to  Lake  Eric,  including  Ambler  i'arkway,  K'dcki'lVIIci'  Park,  Wade 
Park  and  Gordon  Park,  is  not  excellc(l  in  i lie  country  as  an  illustfatiim 
of  skilful  and  artistic  combinatii)ii  of  Nature's  contributions  and 
mati's  modifications  and  .so-called  iinpi-ovrnicnts.  In  fact,  tiicre  is 
no  city  in  the  United  States  which  has  retained  in  its  richly  developeil 
residence  districts  so  nuuiy  natural  beauties  as  lias  Cleveland,  espe^ 
ciallv  in  this  eastern  chain  of  seven  miles,  strung  together  by  Doan 


«1i 

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17;^ 

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s  —3 

476  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXVI 

Brook.  AVlien  the  park  system  has  been  fully  developed,  the  city 
will  be  decked  with  one  of  the  most  beautiful  necklaces  of  the  kind 
in  the  world,  connected  by  the  brook  and  various  parkways.  The 
jewels  pendant  on  the  south  are  Garfield,  AVashington  and  Brookside 
parks;  along  the  lake  shore,  Edgewater  Park,  the  grounds  surround- 
ing the  county  court-house  and  the  city  hall  and  Gordon  Park.  The 
maguitieent  Public  Square  and  the  mall  of  Cleveland  are  scarcely  to 
be  classed  as  parks,  although  the  former  was  originally  the  mother  of 
them  all ;  but  ground  in  that  part  of  the  city  has  long  since  become  too 
valuable  to  be  devoted  solely  to  green  grass  or  trees. 

Recreation  P.\rks 

There  are  smaller  parks  within  these  belts,  or  this  necklace — as  it 
will  be  when  perfected.  Woodland  Hills  Park,  on  Woodliill  Road,  is 
a  natural  park  of  forest  trees  about  a  mile  south  of  Ambler  Parkway. 
At  the  corner  of  "Woodland  Avenue  and  Woodhill  Road  is  Luna  Park, 
one  of  the  recreation  centers  of  Cleveland,  and  given  over  to  all  the 
novelties  and  some  of  the  well-worn  features  of  amusement  parks. 

The  largest  and  most  pretentious  of  the  recreation  or  amusement 
parks  is  Euclid  Beach,  in  the  extreme  northeast  corner  of  Cleveland 
on  the  lake  shore.  It  covers  nearly  150  acres  and  furnishes  not  only 
the  usual  forms  of  amusements,  but  bathing  and  swimming  accom- 
modations, as  well  as  cottages  and  tents  for  those  who  ^vish  to  spend 
the  season,  or  portions  of  it,  upon  the  gi-ounds. 

Old  Clinton  Park 

Clinton  Park,  now  in  the  crowded  railroad  district  of  the  lake 
front,  was,  after  the  Public  Square,  the  first  plat  of  gi-ound  to  be 
set  aside  for  public  purposes  within  the  city  limits.  One  of  the  tirst 
real  estate  plats  filed  in  Cleveland,  while  it  was  still  a  village,  was 
recorded  by  Messrs.  Canfield,  Dennisou,  Foster  and  Pease,  in  1835. 
It  set  aside  the  following  described  tract  for  public  purposes:  "Clin- 
ton Park,  364  feet,  8  inches,  by  198  feet,  the  north  line  being  the 
.south  line  of  Park  Place,  and  the  east  line  is  314  feet  distant  from 
the  west  line  of  10  A,  lot  No.  137,  the  south  line  being  the  north 
line  of  Lake  Street,  and  the  west  line  being  314  feet  distant  from 
the  east  line  of  10  A,  lot  No.  136.  Lots  Nos.  1 — 33  arc  subject  to 
a  taxation  for  the  improvement  of  said  park  under  the  directions  of 
the  trastees,  or  a  committee  appointed  by  the  owners  of  said  lots, 
and  each  of  the  said  lots  to  enjoy  every  privilege  and  accommodation 


1918]  PARKS  477 

of  said  park  as  a  pnuiiciuulo  or  walk."  The  plan  of  the  village 
was  to  make  Clinton  Park  the  nucleus  of  a  fine  residence  district, 
and,  for  a  time,  it  seemed  to  exinuul  favorably,  but  the  railroads 
came  in,  stores  and  industries  encroached  upon  the  residences,  and 
the  homes  and  dwellers  therein  were  crowded  to  the  east  and  the 
west.  The  park  fell  into  decay,  although  in  1853  it  was  fenced  and 
slightlj"  improved.  For  a  number  of  yeai"s  past  it  has  been  one  of 
the  playgrounds  for  children  which  have  been  established  in  the 
congested  districts  of  the  city,  and  which  have  become  such  a  credit 
to  the  good  heart  and  humane  instincts  of  Clevelanders. 

Changes  in  Park  Management 

With  other  public  grounds  which  were  laid  out,  Clinton  Park 
was  controlled  by  the  village  board  of  trustees  and  the  city  council 
until  August,  1871,  when  a  board  of  park  commissioners  was  created. 
That  body  was  in  control  for  twenty  years,  when,  in  1891,  the  director 
of  public  works  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  constantly  expanding 
system.  In  1893,  the  legislature  again  created  a  board  of  park 
commissioners,  the  duties  of  which  were  superseded  by  those  given 
to  the  department  of  public  works  in  1900.  Under  the  home  rule  form 
of  government,  the  parks  are  under  the  immediate  control  of  the 
division  of  parks  and  public  grounds  (Samuel  Newman,  chief  engi- 
neer) ,  in  the  department  of  public  service. 

Franklin  Circle 

Another  park  which  was  laid  out  in  very  early  days  was  known 
as  Franklin  Circle,  or  Franklin  Place,  and  was  platted  by  the  county 
sur\'e.vor  in  October,  1836.  It  was  dedicated  to  public  uses  by  the 
original  proprietor  of  Brooklyn  township,  who  then  controlled  the 
property.  Until  1857,  it  was  an  open  market  place  for  neighboring 
farmers,  but  in  that  year  the  city  council  fenced  its  central  section 
leaving  a  street  around  the  outer  circle.  A  pavilion  and  a  fountain 
were  placed  in  the  park  proper,  the  latter  being  moved  to  the  Public 
Square  in  1872.  Then  Franklin  Street  was  pro.jected  through  the 
Circle  and  other  improvements  followed,  including  the  erection  of 
a  .stone  pavilion  to  replace  the  old  wooden  one.  It  was  nicknamed 
"]\rodoc  Park"  and  became  quite  a  political  center,  William  McKinle.y, 
among  others,  holding  forth  therein  when  young  as  a  congressman. 
But  Modoc  Park  and  Franklin  Circle  received  its  death-blow  when 
the  common  council  authorized  the  Forest  City  Railway,  in  1907, 
to  extend  its  line  through  the  grounds. 


478  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXVI 

Early  Attempts  to  Found  East  Cleveland  Parks 

It  took  years  before  the  citizens  of  Cleveland,  as  a  ma,ss,  became 
fnlly  alive  to  the  sanitary  and  elevating  necessity  of  public  parks,  as 
breathing  places  for  the  public.  The  city  authorities,  in  1853, 
spurned  Nathan  Perry's  offer  of  seven  acres  on  Euclid  Avenue 
near  Periy  Street  at  $2,000  per  acre,  and  later  the  proposal  of  Philo 
Scovill  to  sell  the  municipality  twenty  acres  bounded  by  Green- 
wood, Perry,  Scovill  and  (jarden  streets  for  $3,000  per  acre.  In 
1856,  a  third  attempt  to  secure  a  park  in  East  Cleveland  failed.  A 
special  committee  of  the  council  recommended  the  purchase  of 
Williams  Park,  bounded  by  Ca.se,  Willson.  Kcnnard  and  Garden 
aveniics,  but  its  members  could  not  obtain  the  united  support  of  that 
body.  Somewhat  later,  a  movement  to  purchase  a  park  for  each  side 
of  the  river  was  smothered,  and  then  the  park  enthusiasts  rested  for 
ten  years. 

Three  City  Parks  Proposed 

In  September,  1865,  the  agitation  was  renewed  and  in  November 
the  special  committee  of  the  city  council  appointed  to  examine  the 
question  made  an  illuminating  report  in  which  was  earnestly  recom- 
mended the  purchase  of  three  parks — one  on  the  lake  front,  another 
in  the  east  and  near  Willson  Avenue,  and  a  third  on  the  west  side 
on  Detroit  Street.  The  greatest  stress  was  laid  on  the  necessity  of 
providing  for  a  lake-front  park. 

Miles  Park,  Newbitrg 

Ncwburg  Village,  adjoining  the  city  limits  on  the  south,  thi'ougli 
the  county  surveyor  of  1850,  Ahaz  Merchant,  set  aside  a  public  s<|uare, 
or  commons,  from  Gaylord  Street  (East  Ninety-third  Street)  to  Wal- 
nut (Sawyer)  Street.  Theodore  Miles,  the  original  owner  of  the 
commons,  a  Newburg  pioneer,  gave  his  name  to  it  in  1877,  after  iiis 
village  had  been  annexed  to  Cleveland  for  several  years.  At  that 
time,  the  old  town  hall  became  a  iinblic  library  and,  in  1S!)4,  the 
library  board  leased  I\Iiles  Park  fi'om  tlic  park  commissioners  for 
a  term  of  years.  In  1907,  a  new  library  Imilding  was  completed  on 
that   site,   thus   almost    iililitrrnt  ing   the    park    rcatiire   of   it. 

The  Old  South  Sidk  Park 

Wliat  was  known  as  llic  old  Smitli  Side  I'ark  lias  liccii  railed 
Liiii-oln    Scpuire   since   1897,    when    I  lie    park    ciinniiissioners   changed 


1918]  PARKS  479 

iiKinv  names  of  tlu'  public  firouiiils.  The  original  name  was  I'clton 
Pai'k;  it  comprised  nearly  seventy  aeres  purchased  by  ]\li-s.  Tliirsa 
Pelton,  in  ISfiO,  as  tlie  g-roiuuis  for  a  girls'  school.  Her  death,  in 
18r)3,  ended  both  her  school  and  her  private  pnvk  schemes  and  the 
grounds  were  fenced  in  and  tlic  gates  locked.  Tbc  people  thought  it 
.should  be  reserved  for  i)uli!ic  purjioses,  the  gates  were  torn  down 
several  times,  and  for  a  decade  the  disj)ute  was  also  fought  out  in 
the  courts.  In  1879,  the  city  i)urchased  the  property  and  it  was 
tlirown  oi)en  as  a  indilic  jiark.  It  has  since  had  rather  a  varied 
career. 

Lake  Vikw  Park 

On  the  twenty-second  of  Januar.y,  1867,  the  common  council  reeom- 
nu'uded  the  purchase  of  lands  on  Seneca,  Wood,  Ontario  and  Erie 
stre<'ts.  The  land  thus  bounded  was  covered  by  an  un.sightly  collection 
of  huts  called  Shantytown.  The  ground  was  purchased  and  put  under 
the  control  of  the  board  of  park  commissioners  in  1873,  but,  with  the 
growth  of  railroad  tratfie,  the  improvements  made  were  innuaterial. 
The  founding  of  Lake  View  Park  marks  an  important  advance  in 
the  nnmicipal  and  public  support  of  the  park  system,  as  during  1873, 
the  tirst  general  tax  (two  tenths  of  a  mill)  was  levied  for  the  pur- 
chase of  Lake  View  Park  and  the  improvement  of  the  Public  Square 
and  Franklin  Circle. 

Gordon  Park 

In  the  meantime,  William  J.  Gordon,  a  wholesale  grocer  and 
citizen  of  large  and  clear  vision,  had  been  purchasing  groves  ravines 
and  stretches  of  pasture  land  along  the  lake  shoi-e  and  on  both  sides 
of  Doan  Brook  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south.  He  had  commenced 
this  noble  work  as  early  as  1865,  and  when  he  died  in  1892  he  had 
laid  out  the  grounds  with  such  rare  skill  that  when  they  pa.ssed 
to  the  city  from  his  estate,  in  the  following  year,  there  was  little  to 
change  in  their  basic  filatures;  before  Mr.  Gordon's  hand  and  artistic 
taste  commenced  to  mold  them,  the  lines  of  the  varied  landscape, 
cut  by  Doan  Brook,  had  been  sharply  drawn.  The  conditions  im- 
posed by  his  will  were  that  the  city  should  maintain  the  grounds 
under  the  name  of  Gordon  Park:  that  the  shore  on  the  lake  front 
should  be  pi'otected  from  encroachments;  that  the  drives  and  ponds 
should  be  maintained ;  that  no  fence  should  obstruct  the  land  view 


DoAN  Brook,  Gordon  Park 


Along  the  Canal 


1918]  PARKS  481 

and  tliat  the  city  slioulil  ()r('serve  tlio  Imrial  lot  of  the  Goriloiis. 
These  provisions  luive  been  faithfully  observed.  In  1894,  a  tract  of 
thirty  acres  adjoining  the  park  and  known  as  the  "|)ienic  grounds" 
was  purchased  from  the  Gordon  estate  and  added  to  the  original 
gift  from  Mr.  Gordon.  Wading  pools  for  children  were  made  in  tlie 
brook  and  a  large  batlihouse  and  pavilion  erected  in  1901.  The 
bathhouse  wa.s  burned  in  1918.  In  the  way  of  arti.stie  embellish- 
ments, provided  within  the  past  decade,  was  the  Perry  lueniorial. 
The  Perry  statue  proved  to  be  quite  a  wanderer.  A  noble  conception, 
as  it  originally  stood  in  the  Public  Sqiuire  the  dignity  and  effective- 
ness of  the  figure  representing  the  naval  hero  of  the  Lake  Erie  en- 
gagement were  somewhat  modified  by  its  ostensible  earnestness  in 
directing  the  attention  of  the  spectator  to  the  well-known  frog  pond 
in  the  immediate  vicinity.  In  1894,  the  statue  was  moved  to  Wade 
Park,  then  the  only  plat  of  ground  worthy  the  name ;  in  1913, 
when  ground  was  broken  for  the  Art  Museum  there,  it  was  again 
shifted  to  Gordon  Park  and  appropriately  placed  where  Commodore 
Perry  eould  overlook  Lake  Erie.  Of  late  years,  the  improvements 
and  attractions  added  to  Gordon  Park  have  been  numerous.  Its 
flower  gardens  and  conservatory  are  leading  features.  Within  the 
past  few  years  several  tennis  courts  have  been  added  to  those  already 
provided  and,  as  late  as  1915,  the  shallow  portions  of  Doan  ]?rook 
north  of  the  viaduct  were  dredged  so  as  to  make  that  portion  of  the 
stream  available  for  harboring  motor  boats.  Thousands  of  city- 
weary  people  in  the  open  season  have  cause  to  bless  the  generosity 
and  forethought  of  William  J.  Gordon. 

Wade  P.vrk 

As  already  stated,  Jeptha  H.  Wade,  in  1872  had  planned  a  park 
in  the  central  districts  watered  and  beautified  by  Doan  Brook.  After 
ten  years  of  individual  work  he  decided  to  deed  the  tract  to  the  city, 
the  condition  of  the  transfer  being  that  the  municipality  should 
expend  at  lea-st  $75,000  in  improving  the  park.  The  deed  was 
executed  in  September,  1882,  and  the  city  council  formally  accepted 
the  gift,  under  the  condition  stipulated,  on  the  twenty-sixth  of  the 
month.  Thus  the  bulk  of  the  land  constituting  Wade  Park  became  pub- 
lic property  eleven  years  before  Gordon  Park  w^as  transferred  to  the 
city ;  for  that  reason  the  former  is  usually  considered  the  pioneer  of 
the  modern  city  parks,  although  Mr.  Gordon  conceived  and  partially 
created  the  gem  which  bears  his  name  seven  years  before  ]\lr.  Wailc 

Vo)    1      -81 


482 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVI 


entered  the  work  of  niakiug  Cleveland  a  City  Beautiful.  The  orig- 
inal donation  was  about  seventy-five  acres ;  eleven  aei'es  have  since 
been  added.  The  $75,000  first  expended  on  Wade  Park  was  applied 
to  the  construction  of  the  Centaur  Pond  and  the  laying  out  of  walks 
and  drives.  In  1889,  a  zoological  collection  was  begun  and,  for  twenty- 
five  years,  the  birds  and  animals  there,   including  a  fine  herd   of 


Centaue  Lake  and  Museum  ok  Aut 


American  deer  and  a  good  collection  of  bears,  were  the  delight  of 
crowds  of  Clevclauders.  In  ]!)14,  the  last  of  the  "Zoo"  was  moved 
to  Brookside  Park,  the  proper  dens  foi'  I'.iiiin  having  liccn  completed. 
The  building  of  the  massive,  imjjosing  mid  heautilul  Art  i\luse>uni  in 
Wade  Vark  hail  made  necessary  a  reari-aiigcnuMit  and  excision  of  sev- 
eral of  its  older  features.  Considering  Unit  the  nniscum  was  first 
open  to  (he  |iublii-  in  June,  imfl.  rcmarkalilc  pfngrrss  has  liccii  mndc  in 


1918]  •  PARKS  483 

jratlipriiijr  its  collei'tions  of  Ainericaii,  Frpucli,  Eiifjlish,  Italian  and 
otiier  European  paintings;  its  tapestries,  anti(|ues,  and  speeiincns 
of  middle-age  armor  and  weapons;  and  the  founding  of  its  beautiful 
eonservatory  at  one  extremity  of  the  eentral  eourts.  Ono  large  see- 
tion  is  given  up  to  a  striking  eolloetion  of  mediaeval  aecouternients  of 
war,  now  very  interesting  as  material  for  eoniparison  with  the  weapons 
of  defense  and  offense  introdueed  by  the  World  War.  .Most  note- 
worthy of  any  single  attraction  of  the  museum  is  the  graml  memorial 
room  presented  to  the  public,  with  its  magnificent  decorations  and 
rare  old  paintings,  by  Mrs.  Liberty  E.  IToldtMi. 

Notable  niomniieiits  on  the  grounds  of  Watlc  Park  arc  the  statues 
of  Harvey  Rice  and  of  (Jocthc  and  Schiller,  ojiposite  the  museum, 
and  of  Kosciusco  and  JMark  Ilanna.  The  last  named  stands  on  an 
imposing  elevation  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  i)ai-k.  lioating 
on  the  Centaur  Pond — so  called  froTii  the  figure  which  rears  itself 
from  the  center  of  the  pond — has  always  drawn  many  to  Wade  Park, 
and,  during  the  American  participation  in  the  World  War,  its  com- 
mons made  ideal  drill  grounds  for  training  the  citizen  .soldiery. 

In  short,  Wade  Park  has  always  been  among  the  most  p()])ular, 
as  well  as  beautiful,  of  the  city  pleasure  grounds,  but  being  in  the 
heart  of  a  cultured  resident  district  its  attractions  have  become 
more  a^nd  more  of  an  elevating  nature,  and  the  location  of  the  Art 
Museum  at  its  present  site  was  especially  appropriate.  Directly 
southeast  of  the  park  is  the  picturesque  group  of  buildings  represent- 
ing the  Western  Reserve  University  and  the  Case  School  of  Ai)|ilic(l 
Science. 

F.UHViEw  Park 

After  "Wade  Park,  the  next  tract  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the 
city  was  the  site  of  the  old  Kentucky  Street  reservoir.  It  was  aban- 
doned for  water  works  pitrposes  in  1890,  was  transferred  to  the  park 
commissioners  and  named  Reservoir  Park.  In  lS!t7  it  was  given 
the  more  eiiphonious  title  F'airview  Park. 


The  Clevei/And  Park  Plan  Anoi-Tpm 

The  early  "90s  form  an  eventful  period  in  the  creation  of  a  real 
park  system,  as  well  as  in  its  actual  development.  From  the  year 
1893  dates  what  is  known  as  the  Cleveland  Park  Plan  which  orig- 
inated in  the  definite  ambition  of  the  park  advocates  to  make  Doan 


484  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXVI 

Brook  tlie  backbone  of  an  enchanting  bod}'  of  pleasure  grounds 
stretching  through  East  Cleveland.  Ten  years  before  the  passage 
of  the  park  act,  such  men  as  J.  H.  Wade,  J.  ]\I.  Curtiss  and  A. 
Everett,  as  park  commissioners,  had  advocated  such  a  move,  but  they 
seemed  to  have  been  ahead  of  public  sentiment  and  failed  of  adequate 
support.  But  in  the  spring  of  1893  (April  5),  after  much  previous 
agitation  and  many  public  conferences  of  citizens,  an  act  passed  the 
legislature  providing  for  a  board  of  five  eoimnissioners,  composed 
■  of  the  mayor,  the  president  of  the  city  council  and  three  other  mem- 
bers to  be  appointed  by  the  trustees  of  the  park  sinking  fund.  The 
fir.st  board  consisted  of  Robert  Blee  (mayor),  A.  J.  Michael  (presi- 
dent of  the  council),  Charles  H.  Bulkley,  Amos  Townsend  and  John 
F.  Pankhurst.  Charles  A.  Davidson  soon  succeeded  Mr.  ^lichael. 
and  F.  C.  Bangs  was  appointed  secretary.  The  plan  finally  adopted 
hy  the  board  included  "a  large  park  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city  in 
each  of  the  seven  main  sections,  the  same  to  be  so  located  that  in 
case  the  future  should  so  determine  and  the  needs  of  the  city  so 
require  that  such  outlying  parks  could  be  readily  united  and  con- 
nected by  a  broad,  smoothly  paved  boulevard  enclosing  the  city." 
E.  W.  Bowditch,  the  Boston  landscape  architect,  was  engaged  to 
cari'v  out  the  plan,  or  such  features  of  it  as  were  feasible  at  that 
time. 

The  special  park  commission  soon  issued  bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$800,00(1  and  proceeded  to  acquire  the  primitive  valley  of  Doan 
Brook  and  sites  for  Edgewater,  Brooklyn  (Brookside)  and  New- 
burgh  (Garfield)  parks  and  Ambler  Parkway.  The  upper  drive  was 
also  laid  out  to  connect  Gordon  and  Wade  parks  and  bridges  con- 
structed at  Wade  Park,  Superior  and  St.  Clair  avenues.  Tn  1897, 
many  of  the  parks,  including  Brooklyn  and  Newburg,  were  renamed 
as  indicated. 


Edgew.\tf,r  Park 

Edgewater  Park,  most  of  which  was  ])iirchased  in  1894,  is  the  most 
extensive,  beautiful  and  elaborately  ini|)i-()vc(l  of  the  publie  grounds 
lying  along  Jjakc  Erie,  it  I'ninpr'ises  over  one  hundred  acres,  is  aliout 
three  miles  west  of  the  downtown  distrirt  and  stretclies  along  the 
lake  front  for  six  thousand  feet,  with  its  bathing  iMMches,  massive 
lircakwaters.  boat  landings,  great  batiiliouse  and  (iiniiii!;  i)avili()n,  and, 
further  iidand,  tennis  courts,  i)icnic  grounds,  groves  aiul  ravines, 
flower  beds,  shaded  walks  and  broad  drives.  Tn  18!)6,  work  was  com- 
menced on  the  boulevard  that  skirls  tiie  bike  and  connects  Edgewater 


EntraiNce  to  Edukwatkk  Pakk 


MuNicii'Ai.  I!atii  House 


486 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXVI 


«"itli  Detroit  Street.  The  first  of  its  bathhouses  and  pavilious  were 
completed  in  1902.  Witliin  late  years,  the  most  noteworthy  improve- 
ment realized  was  the  completion  of  an  immense  bathhouse,  capable 
of  accommodating,  with  rooms  and  lockers,  nearly  a  thousand  men, 
women,  girls  and  boys.  It  was  opened  in  July,  1914.  The  upper  story 
of  the  building  is  occupied  by  a  refreshment  and  dining  room.  In- 
cluding the  construction  of  the  bathhouse,  equipment  and  grading 
of  the  grounds,  and  the  building  of  more  than  800  feet  of  jetties  and 
other  stone  shore-protection,  $157,000  was  expended  in  the  com- 
I)letion  of  these  improvements.  In  the  following  year  (1915),  a  new 
boat  landing  was  built  and  Edgewater  Drive  laid  out  between  Lake 


Cliffs  .\nd  15ridges  .\t  Hkookside 

Aveniu-  and  Lai<e  Ei'ie,  the  eveutu;ii  plan  being  to  extend  the  latter 
to  Rocky  River  four  miles  to  the  west.  For  lovers  of  boating  and 
bathing  Edgewater  I'ark  leads  the  Cleveland  system.  No  more 
s\veei)iiig  and  niagnilicciil  view  (if  the  hike  ami  the  harbor,  with  the 
great  city  of  Cleveland  as  tlie  eastern  backgrduinl,  can  lie  obtained 
than  from  the  bold  jn'omontoi'v  ^liich  juts  luit  t'l'oin  the  western 
extreiuitv  of  Edgewater  I'arli. 


l^RooKsiDF.  Pakk 

lirookside  Park  coinijrises  about  Kil)  acres  in  southern  Cleve- 
land, on  eitiier  side  of  Pig  Creek,  the  original  trail  ol'  which,  or  half 
its    jiresent    area,    was    purchased    in    1S1I4.      I'orlions    of    tlic    park 


1918  J  PARKS  487 

wore  at  oiu>  tiiiio  iiicliult'd  in  tlio  liarkcr,  I'oc  ami  (^iiii'k  farms. 
Aside  from  its  natural  attractions  along  Big  Creek,  whicli  is  s])anned 
In-  a  massive  eotii-rete  l)ri(lge,  Hrooksitle  I'ark  presents  tlic  "Zoo" 
as  its  most  popular  feature.  The  deer  park  and  bear  dens  occupy 
well  chosen  ground  on  the  Iieights.  The  nucleus  of  the  collection 
was  transferred  from  Wade  Park  in  1913-14,  the  finishing  touches 
to  the  hear  dens  and  the  deer  runs,  with  their  sui-rouiulings,  being 
given  in  tlie  hitter  year.  In  l!)Ii),  the  ac(|uatic  fowl  were  treated 
to  a  fine  new  pond  and  lumse,  and  the  jjuhlic  was  provided  with 
another  entrance  from  West  Twenty-fifth  Street.  Rrookside  is  a 
gem  of  the  i)ark  lu^cklace. 

Garfield  Park 

Garfield,  at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  tlie  encircling  system,  is 
one  of  the  largest  of  the  city  parks,  comprising  more  than  180  acres 
ilill  Creek  breaks  it  into  numerous  ravines,  some  of  which  stand  out 
in  the  open  and  others  wind  between  wooded  heights.  A  pretty  lake 
for  boating  was  constnicted  in  1915  between  the  old  lake  and  ]\Iill 
Creek.  Tliere  are  tennis  courts,  picnic  grounds  and  countless  walks 
and  drives,  winding  through  the  woods,  along  broad  stretches  of 
meadow,  and  over  hills.  The  car  line  enters  the  heart  of  (larfiekl 
Pai-k,  and  it  is  one  of  the  most  extensive,  popular  and  naturally 
varied  of  all  the  city  parks.  It  adjoins  the  grounds  of  the  Cleve- 
land State  Hospital  to  the  northwest,  that  portion  of  the  park  having 
been  purchased  from  the  institution  mentioned.  The  original  tracts, 
bought  by  the  commissioners  in  1896,  were  the  Carter,  Rittberger 
and  Dunham  farms. 

Ambler  Parkway  Connection 

Ambler  Parkway  connects  Rockefeller  Park  south  with  Shaker 
Heights  Park,  which  is  the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  chain 
stretching  across  East  Cleveland  from  Lake  P]rie.  The  original  tract 
was  a  gift  from  Mrs.  Martlia  15.  Ambler,  made  in  1894,  and  lying  be- 
tween Cedar  Avenue  and  Ambler  Heights,  the  balance  to  complete  the 
parkway  being  i)urchased.  Its  striking  natural  feature  is  a  deep 
ravine  l)ordered  with  some  of  the  finest  forest  trees  in  Cleveland. 

Shaker  Heights  Park 

The  Shaker  Heights  Park,  the  site  of  which  was  doimted  by  the 
land  company  thus  named,  in  1895,  comprises  the  largest  area  of  any 


488  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXVI 

of  Cleveland's  public  grounds.  It  includes  the  site  of  the  old  Shaker 
settlement,  founded  in  Warrensville  township  in  1823.  For  years, 
it  was  quite  flourishing  as  an  industrial  coniinunity,  Init  declined  after 
the  civil  war  and,  in  1892,  was  purchased  of  the  colony,  or  what  re- 
mained of  it,  by  a  land  company.  Shaker  Heights  Village,  whicli 
surrounds  the  park,  has  since  developed  into  a  district  of  handsome 
residences.  It  is  at  Shaker  Heights  Park  that  Doan  Brook  expands 
into  a  series  of  small  lakes,  the  largest  of  which  are  known  as  ITpper 
and  Lower  Shaker  lakes.  The  canoeist  finds  a  fair  scope  for  his 
paddle  in  that  region  and  a  large  canoe  house  has  been  liuilt  on  the 
lower  lake  for  his  accommodation.  It  is  the  only  natural  lake  region 
of  considerable  extent  in  the  Cleveland  svstem. 


The  Rockefeller  Parks 

But  the  climax  to  the  persistent  and  often  discouraging  activities 
of  those  who  had  so  long  been  working  for  a  continuous  park  system, 
e.speciallj'  in  Ea.st  Cleveland,  came  in  1896.  At  a  meeting  held  on  the 
twenty-second  of  July  of  that  year,  President  J.  G.  W.  Cowles,  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  made  the  announcement  that  John  D.  Rocke- 
feller had  given  to  the  city  for  park  i)nrposes  275  acres  along  Doan 
Brook,  valued  at  $270,000,  as  w^ell  as  .1;300,0G0  to  improve  the  tract. 
Thus  was  completed  the  broad  band  of  parks  and  ways  on  both  sides  of 
Doan  Brook  from  its  source  to  its  mouth,  some  seven  miles  in  extent. 
Below  Wade  Park  the  tract  is  known  as  Rockefeller  Park  North  and 
above  it  as  Rockefeller  Park  South ;  •  it  embraces  respectively,  over 
two  hundred,  and  nearly  seventy  acres.  At  the  southern  extremity 
of  North  Rockefeller  Park  a  broad  artificial  waterway  has  been  formed 
of  considerable  length  which  is  a  great  source  of  pleasure  for  lovers 
of  boating,  and  from  that  point  north  for  several  miles  to  St.  Clair 
Avenue  there  is  a  constant  succession  of  picturesque  walks,  picnic  iind 
play  grounds  and  winding  driveways. 

Other  Co.n'nivC'I'ino  Boi'lev-vrds 

In  onh'i'  to  complete  the  dcvcloiimcnt  of  RockctVller  IJoiUcvard 
near  its  junction  with  Euclid  Avenue,  the  Case  School  of  Applied 
Science,  J.  II.  Wade  and  Pati-ick  Calhoun  gave  strips  of  land  on 
Euclid  Avenue,  Doan  Street  (East  One  Hundred  and  Fifth  Street), 
Cedar  Avenue  and  in  Cedar  Glen. 

In  1904,  surveys  were  made  for  the  connecting  lioulevard  l)etween 
Edgewater    and    Hrooksidc    ]);n-ks    ;iiid    liroiul    ptirkways    have    liccii 


1918]  PARKS  489 

plaiuu'il.  Iiiiulint,'  Brooksido  with  Washiiifrtoii,  Washington  with  liar- 
field,  aM<l  (iartiold  witii  Sliai^cr  Ilcifriits  and  tlic  eastern  lielt. 


Washington  Park 

Washington  Park,  between  Brookside  and  Garfield  in  the  southern 
system,  is  located  in  a  valley  near  the  interseetion  of  Harvard  Street 
and  Independence  Road.  The  original  tract  was  purchased  from 
the  Forest  City  Park  in  1899,  and  additions  have  since  heen  made 
liy  which  its  area  has  been  increased  to  over  100  acres.  The  lirst 
bridge  across  the  deep  ravine  which  traverses  the  park  was  huilt 
in  1909. 

Parks  in  the  Making 

Some  fifty  acres  between  East  Fortieth  and  East  Fifty-fifth 
streets,  cut  by  the  Erie  Railroad  and  Kingsbury  Run,  a  tributary 
of  the  Cuyahoga  River,  have  been  partially  improved  of  late  years, 
and  eventually  may  earn  the  title  bestowed  upon  the  tract,  Kingsbury 
Run  Park.  In  1916,  the  lowest  lands  in  that  locality  w-ere  raised  about 
four  feet,  a  culvert  having  previously  been  built  to  bridge  the  stream 
or  Run. 

Library  Park  is  a  triangular  tract  of  about  two  acres  on  Lorain 
Avenue  and  west  of  West  Thirty-eighth  Street.  The  Johnson 
Memorial,  which  was  completed  in  1914,  stands  in  the  center  of  the 
park. 

The  Parks  Truly  Popularized 

A  number  of  features  which  apply  more  or  less  extensively  to 
the  park  system  as  it  has  developed,  through  study  and  experiment, 
should  be  noted.  Especially  during  the  decade  in  which  Tom  L.  John- 
son was  mayor,  in  1901-09,  persistent  efforts  were  made  really  to  give 
the  people  access  to  the  beauties  and  comforts  of  the  parks.  "Keep 
olT  the  grass"'  signs  were  removed,  childi'cn's  playgrounds  were  estab- 
lished, baseball  diamonds  multiplied,  shelter  and  comfort  houses 
were  built  and  even  winter  sports,  such  as  slides  and  ice  rinks  and 
ponds,  were  inaugurated  in  the  public  parks.  Band  concerts  were 
also  provided  for  in  all  the  large  parks.  Perhaps  the  most  far-reach- 
ing of  these  movements  designed  really  to  dedicate  the  city  parks  to 
the  full  use  of  the  peoj)le  and  also  to  establish  smaller  centers  of 
recreation  were  inaugurated  in  1904  in  the  opening  of  the  play- 
grounds and  jiublic  bathhouses  in  diffei'ciit  sections  of  the  congested 


490  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  NXVI 

population.  "When  the  proceeds  of  the  old  sinking  fund  created  from 
the  city's  investment  in  railroad  stock  became  available  for  the  first 
seven  wards,  several  bathhouses  were  erected,  and  playgrounds  estab- 
lished near  the  Orange  Street  bathhouse  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Marion 
and  Waring  schools.  At  the  present  time,  there  are  more  than  a 
dozen  of  these  playgrounds  in  the  section  of  the  city  where  thc.y  will 
do  the  most  good. 

An  indispensable  ad.junct  to  the  parks  is  the  force,  of  special  park 
policemen.  Although  they  commenced  to  be  assigned  to  the  duties 
of  guarding  the  welfare  of  the  patrons  in  1894,  they  were  not  fully 
organized  until  1903.  Since  1897,  the  city  government  has  included 
a  department  of  forestry,  the  members  of  which,  headed  by  the 
forester,  carefully  guard  the  welfare  of  the  beautiful  trees  and 
shrubs  in  the  parks,  along  the  parkways  and  in  all  the  thoroughfares 
within  the  limits  of  the  city.  It  is  this  force,  as  much  as  any  one 
agency,  which  has  so  well  maintained  Cleveland's  early  reputation 
as  the  Forest  City  of  the  West. 

The  Paeks  Statistic.\lly  Considered 

As  some  of  the  readers  of  this  chapter  are  undoiibtedly  statis- 
tically inclined,  the  following  table,  taken  from  the  last  report  of  the 
park  engineer,  is  given  iu  conclusion : 

Parks  acres 

DONATED 

Ambler  Parkway 36.059 

Ambler-Woodland  Hills 

Boulevard 16.402 

Broadway  Play  Ground 

Brookside  Park 

Bulkley  Blvd 

Clinton  Park   1.666 

E.  37th  and  E.  38th  P.  G.* 

E.  38th  and  E.  39th  P.  G 

Edgewater  Park  16.730 

Fairview  Park  and  P.  G 

Forest  Hill  Parkway 80.511 

Franklin    Circle    1.41(1 

Garfh'ld    Park    

Gordon  I'ark   112.520 

Jefferson    Park    12.000 


ACRES 

TOTAL 

COST  PROM 

PURCHASED  ACRES 

DEEDS 

11.956 

48.015 

$  11,678.00 

5.493 

21.895 

8,517.00 

.734 

.734 

17,500.00 

159.159 

159.159 

75,887.00 

38.345 

38.345 
1.666 

619,259.00 

.966 

.966 

28,150.00 

1.180 

1.180 

31,900.00 

100.410 

117.140 

207,526.95 

6.040 

6.040 

29,537.50 

7.265 

87.806 
1.410 

9,444.50 

181.930 

181.!)30 

112.520 

12.000 

54,762.19 

•I'laypround. 


1918]                            PARKS  AND  .MARKETS  491 

Parks                                   acres         acres       total  cost   prom 

donated  purchased  acres  deeds 

KcIly-Pi-rkins  P.  G 2.213        2.213  $20,000.00 

Kingsbury  Hun   I'ark 

(0pp.  E.  40th)  12.220        3.748       15.968  12,775.00 

Kiufrslniry  Run  Park 

(, East  of  K.  55th)   33.550        33.550         

Lake  Front  Park 58.000      58.000  27,725.00 

Laki-  View  Park 10.410       10.410  208,380.25 

Library  Park 2.057         2.057  77,880.00 

Lincoln    Square    7.550        7.550  50,000.00 

Monuiuontal  Park    4.440        4.440         

IMarion   P.  G 747           .747  22,100.00 

Miles  Park 1.690         1.690  2,000.00 

Newark-Trent  P.  G 1.112         1.112  8,000.00 

Orange  Ave.  P.  G 1.395         1.395  89,500.00 

Rockefeller  Park  North    . . .     56.820     149.639     206.459  296,049.77 

Rockefeller  Park  South 57.226         9.814       67.040  27,435.50 

Shakers  Ileigiits  Park 292.462        292.462  

Sterling  P.  G 956         1.530        2.486  51,065.00 

Superior-Luther  P.  G 954           .954  18,120.00 

Train  Ave.  P.  G 1.202         1.202  8,850.00 

Wade  Park   74.564      11.070      85.634  21,424.00 

Waring  P.  G 306           .306  7,100.00 

Washington    Park    3.634       97.860     101.494  50,344.40 

West  Boulevard   44.121     167.559     211.680  102,885.31 

West  Tliirt.v-eighth  P.  G 1.046         1.046  19,050.00 

Woodland  Hills  Park   43.656       69.334     112.990  112,878.14 

Woodland  Hills-Garfield 

Boulevard    48.894     117.414     166.308  207,206.90 

Totals    949,879  1,230.128  2,179.999  $2,534,940.68 

The  City  Market  Hoi'Ses' 

The  public  markets  of  Cleveland  are  aceoniinodated  in  seven 
houses:  (1)  Central  IMarket,  at  Ontario  Street,  between  Bolivar  Road 
and  Eagle  Avenue;  (2)  Sheriff  Street,  East  Fourth  Street,  between 

Huron  and  Bolivar  roads;  (3)  West  Side,  on  West  Twenty-fifth 
Street  and  Lorain  Avenue;  (4)  Broadway,  at  Broadway  and  Canton 
Avenue;  (5)  Forty-sixth  Street,  East  Forty-sixth  Street  and  Euclid 

Avenue:   (6)   105th  Street,  near  that  thoroughfare  and  Euclid  .\ve- 


492 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXVI 


nue;  (7)  St.  Clair,  East  106th  Street  and  St.  Clair.  The  eity  con- 
trols the  Central,  Broadway  and  West  Side  market  houses,  which 
under  the  prevailing  form  of  municipal  government  are  included  in 
the  division  of  parks  and  public  property  and  under  the  direct  man- 
agement of  a  superintendent.  The  other  markets  are  owned  "by  private 
corporations.  As  a  whole,  they  are  considered  a  great  public  benefit, 
as  the  stocks  offered  ai"e  complete,  fresh  and  usually  displayed  neatly 


AVest  Side  Municipai,  iM.\rkkt  House 


and  attractively,  aiul  as  the  keci)ers  of  llic  stalls  are  not  burdened 
with  the  e.\j)enses  of  delivery  and  distrilmtion,  their  prevailing  prices 
arc  usually  lower  than  those  current  at  the  neighborhood  groceries. 
In  some  of  tiic  markets,  sueli  articles  as  nu-ats,  delicacies  and  standard 
groceries  are  sold  in  the  main  structure,  while  vegetables  and  fruits 
are  largely  vended  from  more  temporary,  outdoor  stalls. 

As  alreadv  noted,  Clevchuid's  lii-st  market  was  located  on  Ontario 


1918]  MARKETS  493 

Street  .south  of  the  I'lililk'  Square,  and,  by  1887,  there  were  four  in- 
stitutions of  the  kind.  In  18:i!),  the  city  built  the  tirst  municipal 
market  on  Jlichigan  Street  (now  I'rospect  Avenue  S.  W.). 

Of  the  exi.stinjr  markets,  the  Central  is  the  oldest.  In  IS.'jG,  as  a 
proposed  measure  of  relief  to  the  eonsinner,  the  city  bongiit  land  at 
the  jum-tion  of  Ontario,  Kinsman,  Pittsburgh  and  liroadway  for 
$l,r)00,  and  .soon  completed  the  Central  Market  House.  The  muni- 
cipal authorities,  including  the  superintendent  of  markets,  boomed 
it,  but  on  account  of  the  opposition  of  the  grocers  and  the  hucksters, 
its  early  career  was  anythinfj  l)ut  a  pathway  of  roses.  The  Sheriff 
Street  Jlarket,  until  the  completion  of  the  West  Side  Ilou.se  in  1911 
the  largest  in  the  city,  was  built  and  is  still  operated  by  private 
parties. 

The  corner  of  Pearl  (West  Twenty-fifth)  Street  and  Lorain  Avenue 
was  set  aside  by  Josiah  Barber  and  Richard  Lord,  in  1840,  as  a  public 
square.  In  the  succeeding  twenty-five  years,  David  Pollock  and 
James  Webster  added  various  strips  of  land  to  the  original  donation, 
and,  in  1868,  despite  Mr.  Pollock's  opposition,  the  first  wooden  market 
house  was  built.  In  1901,  the  Market  House  Commission  appointed 
by  Mayor  Tom  L.  Johnson  purcha.sed  a  site  for  a  new  market  across 
Pearl  Street  from  the  old;  and  there  by  the  conclusion  of  the  fol- 
lowing decade  the  present  West  Side  ]Markct  House  was  opened.  It 
cost  abo\it  $900,000,  or  nearly  twice  the  original  estimate.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1916,  the  Euelid-Forty-sixth  Street  Market  was  opened,  and 
another,  the  Euclid-One  Hundred  and  Fifth  Street,  at  a  later  date. 
The  latter  is  e.sjjecially  neat  and  elegant. 


CHAPTER    XXVII 

BENCH   AND   BAR    OF    CLEVELAND 
By  n.  G.  Cutler 

Not  every  great  lawyer  or  judge  becomes  prominent  iu  public 
affairs.  Neither  is  it  necessary  that  a  leader  in  affairs  of  state  shall 
have  a  systematic  or  professional  education  in  the  law.  But  it  is 
true  that  the  mind  and  the  temperament  which  are  naturally  di-awn 
to  the  study  and  practice  of  the  law  are  almost  instinctively  attracted 
to  the  practical  and  constructive  work  of  governmental  affairs.  It  is 
rare  indeed  that  a  great  public  executive,  a  diplomat  or  a  statesman 
has  not  been  at  some  time  a  deep  student  of  the  law,  if  not  an  actual 
pi-actitioner.  Cleveland,  as  will  be  evident  with  the  progi-ess  of  this 
chapter,  furnishes  a  bright  and  impressive  personal  record  embracing 
all  these  fields  of  honor. 

Justices  of  the  Peace 

Before  any  courts  had  been  created  for  Cleveland  or  Cuyahoga 
County — in  fact,  before  the  latter  existed — such  matters  as  mar- 
riages, the  signing  of  the  pollbooks,  etc.,  had  to  be  attended  to  by 
someone,  and  for  those  purposes,  if  for  no  other,  justices  of  the  peace 
had  to 'be  commissioned.  xVs  the  now  settlers  arrived,  the  squires 
became  aliout  the  busiest  men  i)i  tlic  community.  But  let  another 
tell  the  story  in  his  own  words;  one  who  has  written  it  well. 

Tlie  Hon.  Frederick  T.  Wallace,  who  came  to  Cleveland  iu  1854, 
after  having  become  prominent  in  Massachusetts  as  a  public  man,  wrote 
much  on  legal  matters,  both  of  a  technical  and  personal  nature.  He 
contributed  an  interesting  chapter  to  Keiuiedy's  history  of  The 
Bench  and  Bur  of  Cleveland  (1889),  from  wliich  the  following  is 
extracted : 

Concerning  the  legal  labors  of  the  justices  who  flourished  in 
Cuyahoga  f'ounty  before  tlic  establishment  of  the  fii-st  court  of 
7-ecord  in  IfMO,  but  little  is  accuralely  known.  No  ncwsjiapcrs  existed 
to  chronicle  their  na.mcs  ami  Soh)moiiic  decisions;  Iheir  dockets,  if 
they  kept  any,  which  is  very  doubtful,  have  crumbled  into  dust,  and 
the  memory  of  living  man  goetii  not  back  to  that  remote  date. 

494 


1800-02 


BENCH  AM)  JJAli 


495 


James  Kingsbury 

To  James  Kiiifrslniry  may  proinM-ly  ho  assifjiunl  tho  honor  of  tlio 
tirst  .iusticeshii)  of  the  sectioii  of  Ohio  wliii-li  now  iiicliuh's  ClevchuHl. 
Whether  lie  was  duly  eoinmissioned  or  not,  it  is  imi)ossible  to  tell. 
In  1800  everything  rolatinjr  to  the  little  eolony  on  the  Cuyahoga 
was  in  a  ehaotie  state.  Out  of  this,  by  the  persistent  efforts  of  the 
sturdy  pioneers,  finally  came  order  and  then  law.  There  was  but 
little  need  of  legal  coercion  durinp:  the  Kingsbury  ei-a,  but  whatever 
law  was  administered  was  laid  down  by  him,  we  may  be  assured, 
with  a  strict  sense  of  justice,  lie  ajijicars  to  have  been,  in  many 
respects,  a  remarkable  man.     lie  had  come  from  Conncaiit  to  Cicvc- 


Tkesent  Coum'y  Colktuouse 


land  with  his  family  at  the  close  of  the  century,  June  11,  1797,  pre- 
ceding Major  Lorenzo  Carter,  and  at  once  took  rank  as  a  leader  in 
the  little  group  of  pioneers.  He  was  of  the  stuli'  that  pioneers  should 
be  made — hardy,  persevering  and  of  indomitable  courage.  At  Con- 
neaut  he  had  traveled  many  miles  on  foot  through  deep  snows  to  pro- 
cure food  for  his  starving  family* ;  in  Cleveland  he  encountered  hard- 
ships scarcely  less  discouraging.  But  he  outlived  them  all,  and  for 
many  years  was  one  of  the  most  active  factors  in  civilizing  the  section. 
In  1802,  a-s  Ohio  emerged  from  her  territorial  condition  into  the 
dignity  of  a  state,  and  took  upon  her  .sovereign  shoulders  the  mantle 
of  a  constitution,  the  good  people  of  Cleveland  a.ssend)lcd  at  James 
Kingsbury's  house,  which  appears  to  have  been  a  general  place  of 
meeting,  "and  on  Api'il  5th  organized  a  township  form  of  govern- 
ment.    Pioneer  Rodolphus  Edwards  was  chairman   of   the  meeting, 


*  See  pages  34,  35. 


496  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

and  Pioneer  Timothy  Doan,  clerk.  Both  of  these  men  were  after- 
ward ju.stices.  On  October  11,  1803,  an  election  was  held  in  Cleve- 
land Township,  which  was  still  a  part  of  Trumbull  County,  and 
Timothy  Doan,  justice  of  the  peace,  signed  the  poll-book  certifying 
to  the  fact  that  twenty-two  votes  had  been  east.  On  October  9,  1804, 
the  vote  had  increased  to  twenty-six.  What  the  duties  of  the  early 
justices  were,  beyond  signing  poll-books  and,  on  rare  occasions,  per- 
forming marriage  ceremonies,  it  is  impossible  now  to  state.  It  was 
nndoul)tedly  a  very  peaceable  community,  and  the  worthy  justices 
could  have  had  no  difficulty  in  keeping  accurate  records  of  their  fees. 

Lorenzo  Carter  Breaches  the  Peace 

The  first  violent  breach  of  the  peace  recorded  was  committed  by 
that  Miles  Standish  of  the  Reserve,  doughty  Major  Lorenzo  Carter 
himself.  He  struck  a  man,  who  might  have  lived  in  posterity  if  his 
name  had  been  preserved.  If  the  ca.se  came  before  a  justice,  there 
is  no  record  to  show  it.  Probably,  as  the  early  law  of  the  township 
was  familiarly  known  as  Carter's  Law,  the  injured  party  discreetly 
condoned  the  assault.  There  was  a  lawyer  in  the  township,  Samuel 
Huntington,  nephew  of  the  governor  of  Connecticut  and  himself 
governor  of  Ohio  in  later  years,  who  had  brought  the  bar  with  him 
in  the  latter  part  of  1801,  but  men  who  were  busy  conciliating  red 
savages  and  fighting  howling  wolves  could  have  had  but  little  time 
for  litigation. 


Samuel  Huntington 

p]lsewhere,  in  the  same  publication,  some  of  the  characters  already 
introduced  are  thus  treated,  and  others  of  note  are  added:  "The 
first  lawyer  who  established  himself  in  Cleveland,  while  yet  Ohio 
was  in  its  territorial  condition,  in  1801,  was  Samuel  Huntington. 
He  was  a  protege  and  adopted  heir  of  his  uncle  and  namesake,  Cov- 
eriior  Samuel  Huntington,  of  Connecticut.  He  was  an  educateil  and 
accoiiii)lished  gentleman,  about  thirty-five  years  of  age,  had  traveU'd 
in  Europe  and  held  corresi)ondence  in  the  French  language.  He 
had  a  wife  and  two  sons.  The  sani(>  year  lie  built  a  spacious  block- 
house on  the  high  blufl'  overlooking  the  river  valley  and  lake  in  tlie 
rear  of  the  pi'csent  American  House,  tlie  amjilc  grounds  of  which 
fi'oiiti'd  on  Supcridi-  Street,  it  was  consiih'red  a  liarnnial  establish- 
ment among  the  half  dozen  neigliboring  log  cabins  of  the  paper  city. 
He  had  visited,  the  jjrevious  year,  a  few  settlements  and  had  nuide 
the  acquaintance  of  Governor  St.  Clair  at  Chillirothe.  and  soon  after 
his  .settlement  in  Cleveland  the  governor-  appointed  him  lieutenant 
colonel  of  the  Ti'umbnil  County  militia  and  in  1802  one  of  the  justires 
of  the  Quoi'inii.   and    iniority   was  cniicedid    to   liiin   on    the   liciirh   of 


1802-24]  BENCH  AND  BAR  497 

Quarter  Sessions.  lie  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  convention  to 
form  a  state  constitution  in  1802.  lie  was  elected  a  senator  from 
the  then  County  of  Trumhull  and  on  the  meeting  of  the  Legislature 
at  Chillieothe  was  made  president  of  that  body.  He  was  appointed 
a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1803,  his  commission,  which  was 
signed  by  Governor  TitTfin,  being  the  first  issued  under  the  authority 
of  the  State  of  Ohio.  In  1807  Judge  Huntington  was  elected  gov- 
ernor, succeeding  the  first  governor,  TitYin,  who  became  a  senator 
of  the  United  States.  Thus  the  legal  and  judicial  history  of  onr 
city  and  county  had  an  honorable  and  auspicious  beginning  in  the 
person  of  Samuel  Huntington,  tlie  first  lawyer,  judge  and  governor 
of  the  state  from  among  the  pioneers  of  the  last  years  of  the  eight- 
eenth centurv  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie." 


When  Justice  Was  Young 

After  the  county  was  organized  civilly  and  politically,  in  1810, 
and  its  first  court  of  record,  known  as  the  court  of  common  pleas, 
was  established,  various  justices  of  the  peace  continued  to  sit  and 
adjudicate.  Rodolphus  Edwards,  a  friend  and  neighbor  of  Squire 
Kingsbury,  a  pioneer  surveyor  and  sturdy  citizen,  naturally  became 
a  justice.  He  was  not  educated  in  the  law,  but  was  ingenious,  and 
when  he  could  not  find  an  official  form  of  summons  originated  this 
one:  "In  the  name  of  God,  amen.  Take  notice  that  We,  Rodolphus 
Edwards,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  by  the  Grace  of  the  Almighty,  do 
hereby  summons  you  to  appear  before  Us,  under  dread  of  Dire  pen- 
alties and  Severe  tribulations."  Later  Harvey  Rice,  then  a  young 
man  of  twenty-six,  was  elected;  and  by  that  time  (1824)  the  office 
carried  real  duties  with  it,  especially  in  the  activities  of  drawing 
marriage  covenants  and  performing  the  necessary  ceremonies.  Jus- 
tice Job  Doan,  a  sturdj'  representative  of  that  family  which  is  so 
closely  linked  with  the  rise  of  the  county,  was  also  a  member  of  the 
legislature  for  one  term  and  died  at  the  first  visitation  of  the 
cholera  to  Cleveland  in  1834. 

Dr.  Samuel  Underbill 

Two  of  the  most  noted  justices  of  the  peace  of  the  early  period 
were  Dr.  Samuel  Underbill  and  George  IToadley,  tlie  latter  tlie  father 
of  the  governor.     They  are  thus  graphically  sketched: 

Dr.  Samuel  Underbill,  justice  and  publisher,  was  one  of  the  most 
original  characters  of  that  day.    He  was  a  man  of  considerable  educa- 


498  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

tioii  aud  delighted  to  be  considered  in  advance  of  his  age.  He  called 
himself  a  free-thinker  and  edited  a  small  semi-weekly  paper,  The  Liher- 
alist,  which  was  devoted  to  the  spread  of  atheistic  doctrines  and  ar- 
guments.* The  name  of  the  paper  he  afterwards  changed  to  The 
Bald  Eagle,  a  journal  noted  for  plunging  its  talons  promiscuously 
into  people,  without  regard  to  consequences,  and  it  proved  to  be  the 
Doctor's  last  journalistic  venture.  He  said  some  harsh  things  about 
City  Clerk  Curtis  and  that  official,  without  waiting  for  the  tedious 
process  of  the  law  to  right  his  wrongs,  seized  a  sledge-hammer  and, 
rushing  to  the  Doctor's  office,  proceeded  to  effectually  reduce  the 
primitive  hand-press  to  metallic  fragments.  The  Bald  Eagle  never 
recovered  from  the  shock. 

Dr.  Underhill  kept  well  abreast  of  the  new  ideas  of  his  time. 
"When  Mesmer's  experiments  were  made  known,  he  at  once  became 
an  enthusiastic  mesmerist  and  talked  very  learnedly  on  the  subject. 
He  was  also  deeply  interested  in  phrenology.  At  the  time  of  the 
Canadian  rebellion  the  doctor  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
rebels  and  would  gladly  have  plunged  this  countrj'  into  war  on  their 
behalf  at  a  moment's  notice. 

As  a  justice,  the  Doctor  has  handed  down  to  posterity  one  learned 
decision  which  offers  a  most  remarkable  precedent.  A  citizen  of 
Cleveland,  a  worthy  man  of  CVrman  birth  desiring  to  visit  the  father- 
land, placed  all  his  earthly  treasures,  including  his  wife,  in  the  care 
of  a  dear  and  trusted  friend,  and  hied  away  across  the  ocean  with  a 
light  heart.  TMien  he  returned  after  a  six  months'  sojourn  he  found, 
to  his  intense  astonishment  and  grief,  that  the  trusted  agent  had 
settled  down  on  the  property  left  in  his  care  and,  worst  of  all,  had 
also  assumed  a  proprietorship  in  the  unobjecting  wife.  Astonish- 
ment and  grief  gave  way  to  anger,  and  the  injured  husband  sought 
Justice  LTnderhill  and  began  proceedings  against  the  false  friend. 
Sherlock  J.  Andrews,  Esq.,  appeared  for  the  plaintiff,  and  the 
defense  was  represented  by  Attorneys  ]\Ioses  Kellcy  and  Hiram  V. 
Willson.  The  case  was  bri.skly  contested  and  then  submitted  to  the 
justice.  That  astute  official  carefully  summed  up  all  the  evidence  and 
finally  gave  a  verdict  for  the  defendant.  He  said  that  as  the  prin- 
cipal had  clothed  the  agent  with  absolute  authority  over  all  his  be- 
lonprings,  desiring  him  to  take  his  place  in  every  particular,  he  (the 
justice)  could  not  see  that  the  agent  had  exceeded  bis  authority  in  any 
respect.  He  therefore  discharged  the  defendant.  Not  long  before 
liis  death  Dr.  Underbill,  in  1850.  renounced  his  atheistic  belief.  In 
person,  the  Doctor  was  a  man  of  very  large  frame,  stout,  and  with 
strongly  marked  features.  For  many  years  he  was  one  of  the  noted 
characters  pointed  out  on  Cleveland  streets. 


(lEORGE   HOADT/EY.   THE   Et.DER 

On  April   1."),  1836,  a  tall  man  with  spare  features,  of  quiet,  yet 
dignified  appearance,  stood  u\)  liefoi-c  Hie  first  city  council  of  Cleve- 


•  See  page  192. 


1831-46]  BENCH  AND  BAR  499 

laud  ami  adiiiiiiistered  to  them  the  oath  of  ofifice.  This  was  George 
Hoadley.  justice  of  the  peace,  a  remarkable  man  in  all  respeets.  Had 
not  the  horizon  of  his  chosen  home  been  so  circumscribed ;  had  he 
sougrht  other  and  wider  tields,  he  could  have  won  the  respect  and 
love  of  a  nation  instead  of  a  strugfilinir  hamlet.  He  was  of  a  stu- 
dious habit,  a  profound  lover  of  books  and  gifted  with  a  singiUarly 
retentive  memory.  He  had  beeu  a  tutor  at  Yale  and  was  for  some 
time  in  his  early  years  a  writer  on  a  prominent  eastern  journal.  He 
served  as  a  justice  from  1831  to  1846,  and  during  the  fifteen  years  he 
tilled  the  position  he  passed  upon  over  twenty  thousand  cases,  very 
few  of  his  decisions  being  appealed  and  not  one  reversed.  When  not 
engaged  in  the  business  of  his  court  he  devoted  himself  assiduously 
to  his  books.  He  had,  for  the  times,  a  very  fair  library,  and  this 
was  a  constant  source  of  entertainment  for  him.  Lawyers  often 
came  long  distances  to  consult  with  him  and  to  ask  for  precedents. 
"Justice,"  they  would  say,  "did  you  ever  hear  or  read  of  a  case  sim- 
ilar to  this  one  of  mine?"  'Squire  Hoadley  would  quietly  listen  to  the 
details  and  then,  after  a  moment's  reflection,  would  point  to  his  row 
of  books  and  say:  "There,  in  that  third  row  of  books,  the  second 
volume  from  the  right,  you  will  find  all  the  precedent  you  require." 
There  was  one  form  of  business,  however,  that  'Squire  Hoadley  did 
not  want.  He  disliked  to  have  the  dignity  of  his  court  interrupted 
by  seekers  after  the  connubial  link.  Not  that  he  was  hard-hearted — 
no  man  possessed  a  more  kindl.y  disposition — but  he  looked  upon 
performing  the  marriage  ceremony  as  something  quite  removed  froiri 
the  legitimate  business  of  the  court,  and  he  was  very  willing  that 
the  fees  from  this  source  should  fall  to  his  brother  justices. 

In  1846  George  Hoadley  was  elected  mayor  of  Cleveland  and 
made  as  good  a  chief  municipal  officer  as  he  did  a  justice.  He  was 
an  ideal  office  holder,  prompt  in  business,  dignified,  courteous,  of 
sterling  integrity,  and  with  Ids  whole  soul  wrapped  up  in  his  duties. 
There  was  a  widespread  feeling  that  the  community  had  suffered  a 
serious  loss  when,  a  few  years  later,  he  removed  his  home  from  Cleve- 
land to  Cincinnati.  Almost  forty  years  after  the  inauguration  of 
Mayor  George  Hoadley  as  chief  municipal  officer  of  a  city  of  a  dozen 
thousand  inhabitants,  his  son,  another  George  Hoadley,  a  man  closely 
resembling  his  revered  father  in  many  respects,  was  inaugurated 
governor  of  the  great  Commonwealth  of  Ohio.  As  an  expansion 
of  the  latter  comment  on  Governor  George  Hoadley,  it  may  be  added 
that  Ohio's  former  chief  executive,  the  son  of  a  distinguished  father 
in  a  more  circumscribed  field  than  his,  earned  his  honors  as  a  lawyer 
and  a  public  man  in  the  City  of  Cincinnati.  When  the  family  moved 
to  that  citv  in  1847  he  had  just  been  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  died 
in  1902. 


JoHX  Barr  .\Nn  Other  Le.vding  E.\rly  Justices 

Among  other  rare    'squires  who  .served   Cleveland   township   for 
twenty -five    or    thirty    years    after    George    Hoadley 's    time    were: 


500  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

John  Barr,  elected  in  1841,  an  old  settler,  editor  and  valued  writer 
of  local  history,  as  well  as  ex-sheriff  and  clerk  of  the  courts,  who 
served  three  terms;  Edward  Hessenmueller,  who  was  a  justice  from 
1843  to  1861  and  afterward  sat  upon  the  police  court  bench;  James 
D.  Cleveland,  almost  too  young  to  be  a  'squire,  but  who  matured 
rapidly  and  was  also  elected  police  judge  in  later  years:  George  B. 
Tibbetts,  a  mild-mannered  Democrat  who  "held  over"  so  many 
times  (1849-61)  that  it  got  to  be  considered  as  a  matter  of  eoui-se 
that  only  death  could  pry  him  away  from  the  office;  John  R.  Fitz- 
gerald, an  Irish  newspaper  man  and  classical  scholar,  who  covered 
about  seven  years  during  the  civil  war  and  before ;  George  A.  Kolbe, 
who  served  the  township  in  1864-76 ;  Major  George  Arnold,  a  Union 
soldier,  who  received  a  bullet  wound  in  his  back  at  Shiloh  and  spent 
many  hours  afterward  in  explaining  how  it  happened,  and  John  P. 
Green,  a  Central  High  School  graduate,  a  good  lawyer,  the  only 
colored  man  elected  to  the  office  up  to  that  time  (1873)  and  after- 
ward a  member  of  the  Ohio  legislature.  In  1886,  a  bill  passed  the 
legislature  giving  the  justices  a  salary,  instead  of  authorizing  them 
to  depend  upon  fees  for  their  compensation.  The  law  still  applies, 
under  tlie  present  constitution  of  the  state. 

As  justices  of  the  peace  w-ere  the  first  judicial  representatives 
to  be  introduced  to  the  public  of  Cleveland  township,  although  they 
have  not  always  had  the  benefit  of  a  legal  education,  they  are  given 
the  place  of  honor  at  the  head  of  this  chapter.  History  is  I'eally 
only  an  orderly  chronological  narrative,  with  an  occasional  "moral" 
drawn  from  the  facts.  In  succeeding  pages  the  courts,  with  the 
judges  and  practitioners  identified  with  them,  are  taken  uj)  in  the 
order  of  their  establishment. 

The  Court  of  Common  PiiE.\s 

This  is  the  oldest  judicial  body  of  the  county;  in  fact,  Cuyahoga 
County  began  its  iiidcix'iideut  existence  in  May,  1810,  by  holding 
the  first  term  of  the  court  of  common  pleas.  Cleveland  had  then 
about  fifty  persons.  Under  the  terms  of  the  constitution  of  1802, 
and  by  appointment  of  the  state  legislature,  the  conimon  i)leas  court 
of  Cuyahoga  County  was  I'eprcsented  at  that  sitting  by  the  Hon.  Ben- 
jamin Ruggles,  presiding  juiige,  and  Nathan  Perry,  Sr.,  A.  Gilbert  and 
Timothy  Doan,  a.ssoeiate  judges.  At  that  time,  Huron  County  was 
attached  to  Cuyahoga  for  judicial  jiufposes.  This  tirst  court  was  held 
at  the  newly  erected  store  of  the  Murrays.  just  finislicd  Init  unoccu- 
pied, standing  where  llic  Alwater,  or  old  Forest  City  l?lock,  was  after- 


1810]  JJENCH  AM)  HAli  501 

ward  erected.  The  latter  was  torn  down  in  1855.  Tlie  locality  may 
be  more 'clearly  fixed  in  the  minds  of  a  late  generation  liy  describinj;- 
it  as  at  the  entrance  to  the  Detroit-Superior  viaduct. 


Fn;sT  Cot'RT,  a  Strong  I'ody 

Benjamin  Kusr^rles  is  a  name  familiar  to  tiiose  who  have  followed 
the  narrative  deserihing  the  founding  of  Cleveland,  and  Nathan 
Perry,  as  has  already  appeared,  liecanie  Cleveland's  great  pioneer  mer- 
chant and  land  owner,  and  lived  for  more  than  half  a  century  after 
"ascending  the  bench"  as  associate  .iudge  of  the  court  of  "common 
pleas.  Jlr.  Perry's  only  child  became  the  wife  of  United  States  Sen- 
ator Henry  B.  Payne.  John  Walworth,  the  clerk  of  the  new  court 
and  county  recorder,  had,  like  Nathan  Perry,  been  in  Cleveland  only 
about  four  years,  and  had  already  served  as  justice  of  the  peace 
and  postmaster  at  Paincsville,  inspector  of  the  port  of  Cuyahoga  and 
collector  of  the  District  of  Erie  (1805-06),  associate  judge  before 
Cuyahoga  County  was  organized,  and  postmaster  of  Cleveland.  He 
was  serving  in  the  capacity  last  named  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1812. 
John  Walworth  was  so  popular  that  he  had  only  to  ask  for  an  office 
to  receive  it,  and  his  popularity  was  at  its  height  during  the  War  of 
1812,  and  the  last  year  of  his  life,  when  his  courage,  vigilance  and 
energy  did  much  to  dispel  the  panic  among  the  villagers  at  the  news 
of  Hull's  uu-American  surrender  of  Detroit  to  the  British. 

Under  the  constitution,  the  court  of  common  pleas  had  common 
law  and  chancery  jurisdiction,  and  the  legislature  elected  all  the 
judges.  It  was  rec|uired  only  that  the  presiding  judge  should  be 
"learned  in  the  law,"  but  his  associates  were,  as  a  rule,  prominent 
citizens  of  broad  common  sense  in  whom  the  people  had  confidence. 
Such  conditions  were  fully  met  in  the  organization  of  the  first  court 
which  met  at  Cleveland  in  May,  1810. 

First  C.\sk.s  Before  the  Cocrt 

"The  business  of  the  June  term  embraced  the  consideration  of 
five  civil  suits  and  three  criminal  prosecutions.  Thomas  D.  Webb 
is  recorded  as  the  attorney  who  filed  the  first  pra'cii)e  for  a  summons, 
being  the  suit  of  Daniel  Humason  against  William  Austin;  action, 
trespass  on  the  case  for  eleven  hundred  white  fish  of  the  value  of  $70, 
which  came  into  the  hands  of  the  defendant  by  'finding,'  but  who 
refused  to  give  up  on  demand  and  converted  them  to  his  own  use. 
Alfred  Kelley   appeared   for   the   defendant,  denied   the   force   and 


502  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

injury,    etc.,    the    plaintiff    joined    issue    and    'put    himself    on    the 
county.'  " 

The  plaintiff  failed  to  appear  at  the  next  terai  of  court  and  had  to 
pay  the  costs  of  the  suit.  Mr.  Kelley  also  appeared  in  the  second 
case,  a  civil  suit  for  the  collection  of  money  on  a  note.  It  was  dis- 
continued and  finally  settled  out  of  court. 


Daniel  in  the  Lions'  Den 

The  history  of  criminal  jurisprudence  opened  at  the  November 
term,  1810,  by  the  presentation  through  the  grand  jurj'  of  the  first 
"true  bill"  of  indictments,  the  State  of  Ohio  vs.  Daniel  Miner.  '"Dan- 
iel," as  the  jurors  on  their  oath  declared,  "not  having  obtained  such 
license  or  permit  as  the  law  directs  to  keep  a  tavern,  or  to  .sell,  barter 
or  deliver,  for  money  or  other  article  of  value,  any  wine,  rum,  brandy, 
whiskey,  spirits  or  strong  drink  by  less  quantity  than  one  quart,  did, 
with  intent  to  defraud  the  revenue  of  the  county,  on  the  25th  of 
October  last,  sell,  barter  and  deliver  at  Cleveland  aforesaid,  wine,  rum, 
brandy,  whiskey  and  spirits  by  less  quantity  than  one  quart,  to-wit. 
one  gill  of  whiskey,  for  the  sum  of  six  cents  iu  money,  contrai-y  to  the 
statute,"  etc.  Being  arraigned,  he  plead  guilty  and  "put  himself 
upon  the  mercy  of  the  court."  The  court  was  surely  merciful,  as  it 
imposed  a  fine  of  twenty  cents;  perhaps  not  so  merciful,  either,  as 
twenty  cents  came  about  as  hard  from  a  poor  man  in  those  days  as 
five  dollars  do  in  these  times. 

And  Daniel  was  not  yet  out  of  the  lions"  den;  for  there  was 
another  prosecution  against  him,  in  which  he  was  charged  with  like 
intent  to  defraud  the  county  out  of  its  just  revenue.  Without  first 
obtaining  a  license,  he  did,  on  the  same  day  of  the  former  offense, 
ferry  diverse  men  and  horses  over  Rocky  River.  Again  he  craved  the 
mercy  of  the  court,  which,  however,  had  become  hard-hearted  and 
fined  him  five  dollars  and  costs  for  this  second  ofl'ense. 

Alfred  Kelley  First  Aith.^rs  .\s  Prosecutor 

Another  instance  of  the  negligence  of  merchants,  traders  and  other 
enterprising  men,  in  the  matter  of  observing  statutory  I'cquircmcnts, 
may  lie  found  in  the  first  judicial  nn'ord  of  the  county,  wherein 
Alfred  Kelley  appears  for  the  (irst  tiiiic  ;is  piMsccut ing  attorney  for 
the  county,  to  mainlain  an  indictment  against  Ambrose  TTccox,  rliarged 
with  selling  "onc-lialf  yai-d  of  cotton  cambi-ic,  six  yards  of  Indijiii 
cdttori    cldtli.   (iiic-lijiir    iKiunil    Ihson    sUin   tea,    witlniut    license,   con- 


1810-11]  BENCH  AND  BAR  503 

trai'v  to  tho  stalutr  law  ri'j,'ulatiii<j  tVrrios,  taverns,  stores,"  etc  'IMie 
profits  and  capital  i;ivoIvcd  in  this  transaction  were  more  than  wiiied 
out  hy  a  fine  of  one  dollar,  with  costs  aniountinf,'  to  $6.;50. 

First  Civil  Jury  Tiual 

The  first  jury  empaneled  for  the  trial  of  a  civil  suit  was  at  the  June 
term,  ISll.  The  case  was  entitled  Frederick  Falley  vs.  Philo  Taylor 
and  was  brougrht  to  collect  damages  caused  by  the  sale  of  eight  bar- 
rels of  spoiled  white  fish.  At  the  same  term,  Erastus  Miles  wa.s  pre- 
sented for  selling  liquor  to  Indians;  and  he  was  fined  five  dollars  and 
costs  for  it.  During  the  early  terms  of  the  common  pleas  court,  prose- 
cutions were  largely  for  keeping  tavern  and  selling  liquor  without 
licenses.  Many  such  offenses  were  committed  at  Huron  while  it  was 
attached  to  Cuyahoga  County  for  judicial  purposes.  It  may  be  added 
that  many  of  these  statutory  breaches,  whether  committed  in  Huron 
or  Cuyahoga  County,  were  rather  the  result  of  ignorance  of  the  law 
than  of  vicious  lawlessness;  for  the  statutes  were  then  manufactured 
at  Chillicothc,  far  away,  and  Cuyahoga  County  had  no  newspapers 
then  to  keep  its  citizens  advised  of  the  creation  of  new  laws  at  the 
state  capital. 

First  Session  of  Supreme  Court  in  Cleveland 

Under  the  early  judicial  system,  there  was  an  annual  session  of 
the  supreme  court  in  the  several  counties,  and  the  first  sitting  in 
Cuyahoga  was  in  August,  1810,  when  William  W.  Irwin  and  Ethan 
A.  Brown  produced  their  commis.sions  and  organized  the  court,  ap- 
pointing John  Walworth  their  clerk.  At  this  term,  Alfred  Kellcy  was 
admitted  to  practice  in  the  supreme  and  county  courts,  being  the 
first  attorney  in  the  county  to  take  the  oath  to  support  the  con.stitution. 

Samuel  Huntington  is  conceded  to  be  the  pioneer  of  Cleveland's 
lawyers,  but  he  lived  in  town  only  a  few  years  and  is  better  known 
as  a  judge,  a  governor  and  a  public  man,  his  notable  career  covering 
a  period  of  residence  outside  of  Cuyahoga  County. 

•  Alfred  ICelley,  the  First  Active  L.wvter 

Alfred  Kelley,  already  mentioned,  is  recorded  as  "Cleveland's  first 
actual  lawver."     He  was  a  Connecticut  man  and  came  to  Cleveland 


*  For   portrait.^   of    Alfrod    Kelley   and    other   early   lawyers   and   judges,   see 
preceding  cha[it<'r3  in  the  narrative  history. 


504         ■         CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

witli  Dr.  -Tared  P.  Ivirtland  and  Joslma  Stow,  with  others  who  accom- 
panied the  first  siirveying  party  of  1796.  ]Mr..Stow  was  the  com- 
missary of  the  expedition.  They  were  all  on  horseback.  Mr.  Kclley 
was  strong  and  active  mentally  and  physically,  and  his  local  leader- 
ship earned  him  a  seat  in  the  legislature,  which  he  held  almost  con- 
tinuously from  1814  to  1822.  His  pei-sonality  was  impressed  on  such 
important  legislation  as  that  connected  with  the  banking  and  canal 
laws.  In  1822,  he  was  appointed  canal  commissioner  of  the  state. 
Mr.  Kelley  moved  to  Columbus  permanently  in  1830  and  died  at  the 
state  capital  in  1859. 

In  the  early  records  of  the  common  pleas  court  appear  the  names 
of  not  a  few  prominent  pioneers.  In  1812,  for  instance,  thej'  show 
that  Amos  Spatford,  the  surveyor  and  legislator,  was  arrested  by 
Elisha  Alvord  for  $100  house  rent.  Levi  Johnson  appealed  from  a 
decision  of  'Squire  George  Wallace  and,  about  the  same  time,  Justice 
Wallace  and  Cjtus  Prentiss  were  tried  for  assaulting  Robert  Bennet. 

Court  Business  During  First  Four  Years 

The  records  of  four  years,  from  May,  1810,  to  May,  1814,  embrace 
109  civil  suits,  the  greater  number  being  petitions  for  partition  of 
lands,  and  generally  of  non-resident  heirs  mostly  living  in  Connecti- 
cut. During  the  troublous  times  incident  to  the  War  of  1812,  and 
especially  connected  with  Hull's  surrender  at  Detroit,  the  courts  were 
almost  deserted;  only  seven  cases  were  tried  at  the  November,  1812, 
term,  five  at  the  March  term  and  four  at  the  June  term,  1813.  There 
seem  to  have  been  no  criminal  prosecutions  during  this  w'ar  period. 
The  only  lawyers  who  appear  of  record  during  the  first  four  years 
of  the  common  pleas  court  were  Alfred  Kelley,  the  first  settled 
lawyer  and  prosecuting  attorney :  Thomas  D.  Webb,  Robert  B.  Park- 
man,  Samuel  W.  Phelps,  Peter  Hitchcock,  John  S.  Edwards  and  D. 
Rediek.  Mr.  Hitchcock  was  a  resident  of  Geauga  County,  who  had 
been  succeeded  by  ]Mr.  Kelley  as  prosecuting  attorney. 

Leonard  Case,  Sr. 

The  11(111.  George  Tod  was  president  of  the  court  at  the  October 
term  of  1815,  when  Calvin  Pease,  Elisha  Whittlesey  and  Leonard  Case 
for  the  first  time  appear  as  attorneys  of  record.  The  last  named  is  of 
most  interest  to  Clcvelandcrs,  both  because  he  was  an  able,  honest  and 
stalwart  man  himself  and  because  he  was  the  father  of  the  fine  son 
and  namesake  who  founded  the  ('as(>  School.     'IMic  father  of  the  first 


1810-13]  BENCH  AND  BAR  505 

Leouard  Case  brought  his  family  from  I'l'iiusylvaiiia  to  TruiiibuU 
County  ill  the  spring  of  1800.  Leonard  was  then  fourteen  years  old. 
Before  he  was  twenty-one  he  was  clerk  of  the  supreme  court  for 
Trumbull  County,  or  the  entire  AVcstern  Reserve,  and  a  fast  friend 
of  General  Simon  Perkins,  in  whose  employ  he  remained  for  many 
yeaiN,  even  after  he  had  comnienced  practice.  Upon  the  advice  of  John 
D.  Edwards,  then  county  recoi-der,  Mr.  Case  studied  law  and,  soon 
after  being  admitted  to  practice,  appeared  as  an  attorney  of  record  at 
Cleveland.  His  long  and  close  connection  with  the  Connecticut  Land 
Company  made  him  authority  on  all  real  estate  matters.  In  1816,  he 
was  appointed  cashier  of  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Lake  Erie,  then 
just  organized  at  Cleveland,  and  from  that  time  until  his  death,  in  De- 
cember, 1864,  was  a  local  power  in  the  development  of  city,  county 
and  state.  He  was  agent  of  the  Connecticut  Laud  Company  from  1827 
to  1855.  In  1821-24  he  was  president  of  the  village  and  started  Cleve- 
land on  the  road  to  earning  and  upholding  its  popular  name,  the 
Forest  City.  Mr.  Case  was  the  fii-st  auditor  of  the  county ;  was  a 
member  of  the  legislature  in  1824-27  and  a  champion  of  the  Ohio 
canals ;  accomplished  much  in  the  way  of  systematizing  land  taxes  and 
was  altogether  a  broad  and  admirable  character.  At  first,  the  Case 
family  lived  in  a  frame  house  at  the  corner  of  Bank  and  Superior 
streets,  the  family  residence  also  accommodating  the  Commercial 
Bank,  of  which  he  had  become  president.  The  site  of  his  home  was 
later  occupied  by  the  Mercantile  National  Bank,  and  there  was  born 
the  son,  Leonard  Case,  who  founded  the  school  which  is  honored 
by  the  family  name.  In  1826,  when  the  latter  was  six  years  old,  the 
family  moved  to  the  beautiful  homestead  on  the  east  side  of  tho 
Public  Square,  now  occupied  by  the  Federal  building.  The  foregoing 
is  a  digression  from  the  main  flow  of  the  story,  but  is  justified  by  the 
importance  of  the  subject,  Leonard  Case. 

Various  Presiding  Judges  op  the  Court 

In  1819,  J.  S.  Couch  was  the  presiding  judge  and  Reuben  Wood 
first  appeared  as  attorney  in  a  case.  There  was  never  a  more  dis- 
tinguished, forceful  or  beloved  gentleman  connected  with  the  bench 
and  bar  of  Cleveland  than  Governor  Wood,  and  his  personality  is 
introduced  more  distinctly  when  the  writer  deals  with  the  Cleveland 
lawyers  who  have  been  advanced  to  the  state  supreme  bench  and  the 
gubernatorial  chair  of  Ohio. 

Calvin  Pease  became  presiding  judge  in  1820.  followed,  in  1821, 
by  John  :McLean,  afterward  a  judge  of  the  United  States  supreme 


506  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

coui't.  Judge  Pease  again  occupied  the  bench  in  1822,  followed  by 
Judge  Burnet  in  1823  and  Peter  Hitchcock  in  1825.  In  1826,  William 
MeConncU,  John  W.  Allen,  Harvey  Rice  and  Sherlock  .J.  Andrews 
were  admitted  to  the  bar. 

Harvey  Rice 

At  least  two  of  the  foregoing  became  great  men  in  the  annals  of 
Ohio  history.  Harvey  Rice,  friend  and  relative  of  Governor  Wood,  a 
scholarly  member  of  the  profession,  a  finished  writer,  a  legislator  and 
father  of  the  common  school  law  of  the  state,  his  noble  statue  in  Wade 
Park  fittingly  expresses  the  sti-ength  and  paternal  nature  of  his  char- 
acter. 

Brilliant,  Eloquent  and  Versatile  Sherlock  J.  Andrews 

Sherlock  J.  Andrews,  who  was  in  active  practice  or  public  service 
from  the  time  of  his  admission  to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  twenty-five 
until  the  day  of  his  death  (February  11,  1880),  was,  without  dispute, 
the  most  eloquent,  polished  and  versatile  member  of  the  Cleveland 
profession.  Ilis  activities  embraced  more  than  half  a  century  and 
included  a  term  in  congress,  commencing  in  1840,  membership  in  two 
constitutional  conventions,  those  of  1849  and  1873,  and  the  judgeship 
of  the  superior  court  of  Cleveland  from  1848  to  1853.  One  of  his 
friends  and  professional  associates,  writing  in  1889,  says:  "  Altliough 
nearly  ten  years  have  elapsed  since  his  death,  it  seems  but  as  yester- 
day when,  with  dignity  and  grace,  he  stood  before  court  or  jury, 
delighting  all  around  him  by  the  logic  of  his  argument,  spiced  with 
the  aroma  of  his  hnmor,  or  made  pungent  with  a  few  grains  of  healthy 
sarcasm. ' ' 

Joii.N  W.  Allen 

John  W.  Allen,  admitted  to  the  bar  with  Judge  .Andrews  and 
Harvey  Rice,  did  by  no  means  mea.sure  up  to  their  stature  in  years 
to  come,  although  he  was  a  leading  railroad  promoter  wlien  Cleveland 
sadly  needed  the  iron  ways,  went  to  congress  and  subsequently  served 
both  as  postmaster  and  mayor  of  the  city.     He  dietl  in  1887. 

]\Iay()u  John  \V.  \Vii,i,ev 

Joliii  W.  Willey,  Clcvelaiurs  liist  mayor,  was  an  al)le  attorney 
for  many  years  and  early  a  judge  of  the  circuit  court.  He  first  appears 
on  the  ciiiiiiiiDii  pleas  records  in  1827. 


1826-34]  BENCH  AND  BAR  507 

I'P  to  1835,  tlie  Cuyahogra  bar  was  not  burdened  with  an  excess 
of  lawyers,  but  there  were  i)r()bal)ly  enough  to  care  for  the  business 
on  the  doeliets.  In  that  year,  the  term  of  the  supreme  court  opened 
with  Joshua  ("oUet  and  Reuben  Wood  on  the  bench.  Harvey  Rice 
was  appointed  clerk,  acting  also  in  that  capacity  for  the  court  of 
CDiiiinoii  |)leas. 

Henry  B.  Payne 

Of  those  who  had  entered  practice  in  Cleveland  shortly  before, 
none  made  a  higher  record  in  public  service  than  Henry  B.  Payne. 
He  became  a  Cleveland  lawyer  in  1834  and  soon  thereafter  formed 
a  partnership  with  his  early  friend,  Hiram  V.  "Willson,  formerly  of 
Painesvillo.  The  latter  afterward  wa.s  appointed  judge  of  the  United 
States  district  court  for  the  Northern  District  of  Ohio.  The  pro- 
fessional [Kirtnership  between  Messrs.  Payne  and  Willson  continued 
for  twelve  years.  Jlr.  Payne  was  one  of  the  most  active  and  promi- 
nent citizens  of  Cleveland,  while  his  health  allowed  him  to  work.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  city  council,  on  the  first  board  of  water  com- 
missioners, was  a  sinking  fund  commissioner  and  city  clerk,  a  state 
senator  in  1851,  a  congi-essman  for  the  term  commencing  1874,  served 
on  the  Hayes-Tilden  Commission  and,  in  1884,  was  chosen  United 
States  senator.    He  died  in  Septemlier,  1896. 

Samuel  Cowles 

Samuel  Cowles,  a  partner  of  Alfred  Kelley,  who  practiced  in  Con- 
necticut some  fifteen  years  before  he  came  to  Cleveland  (1820),  died 
the  year  of  his  appointment  as  .judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas, 
in  1837.  His  mansion  on  Euclid  Avenue,  which  he  erected  in  1833, 
was  one  of  the  notcworthv  early  laiulmarks  of  that  thoroughfare. 


Samuel  Starkweather  and  Horace  Foote 

The  constitution  of  1851  made  a  radical  change  in  the  common 
pleas  judicial  system.  The  state  was  divided  into  nine  districts,  each 
of  which,  except  Hamilton  County  (which  was  made  one  district),  was 
to  be  subdivided  into  three  parts  and  presided  over  by  a  judge 
elected  by  the  people.  Cuyahoga  County  was  made  the  third  sub- 
division of  the  fourth  district.  Samuel  Starkweather,  who  had  prac- 
tised at  the  local  bar  since  1828,  was  elected  the  first  judge  under  the 
constitution  of  1851,  his  term  ])oing  for  five  years.  Subsequently,  he 
was  mayor  of  Cleveland. 


508  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

Horace  Foote,  who  occupied  the  bench  for  twenty  yeajre,  was 
elected  under  the  act  of  March  11.  1853.  He  was  severe,  tenacious  and 
honest,  and,  although  not  a  man  to  whom  the  bar  became  affectionately 
attached,  no  lawyer  failed  to  respect  him. 


During  the  Civil  War  Period 

Thomas  Bolton,  long-  in  partnership  with  Moses  Kelley,  served  on 
the  common  plea.s  bench  for  some  years  before  the  civil  war  until 
about  a  year  afterward,  altogether  a  decade.  At  an  early  period,  he 
was  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  county.  Jesse  P.  Bishop,  a  partner 
with  Franklin  T.  Backus,  was  also  an  incumbent  of  the  bench  during 
a  portion  of  the  period. 

James  M.  Coifinberry,  who  came  from  Hancock  County,  served  the 
five  years'  term,  1861-65.  Early  in  his  practice  he  had  served  as 
prosecuting  attorney  for  Lucas  County,  and  previous  to  his  election 
to  the  common  pleas  bench  of  Cuyahoga  County  had  practiced  for  a 
decade  in  Hancock  County.  It  is  said  that  none  of  his  decisions  was 
ever  reversed  by  a  higher  court.  Judge  Cotfinberry  obtained  consider- 
able distinction  during  his  last  year  upon  the  bench  by  his  charge  to 
the  jury,  December,  1865,  in  the  trial  of  Doctor  Hughes  for  the  murder 
of  Tamzen  Parsons  of  Bedford. 

Relief  From  Over-Crowded  Docket 

During  the  civil  war  there  were  but  two  judges  of  the  Cuyahoga 
County  court  of  common  pleas,  who  were  able  to  meet  the  demands 
upon  them,  as  the  energies  of  the  people  were  then  absorbed  almost 
wholly  by  military  matters  of  vital  concern.  After  the  war,  when 
the  commercial  and  other  enterprises  of  tlie  country  began  to  recuper- 
ate, the  business  of  the  courts  so  increased  that  the  existing  judicial 
force  was  entirely  inadequate. 

Samuel  B.  Prentiss 

Samuel  B.  Prentiss,  who  sat  on  the  bench  from  1867  to  1882,  for 
three  consecutive  terms,  was  one  of  the  most  al)le  and  industrious 
judges  of  the  court,  and  did  all  in  his  power  to  relieve  this  dire 
pressure  upon  its  working  cajiacities.  lie  was  the  worthy  son  of 
that  great  Vermont  judge,  Sanuiel  Prentiss,  who  long  sci-ved  as 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  his  state,  as  United  States 
senator  and  finally,  until  his  dealli  in  1S57,  as  United  States  district 


1861-7-4J  BENCH  AND  BAR  509 

J[udge.  Judge  Samuel  B.  Prentiss  was  educated  in  the  schools  of 
the  Green  Moiuitaiu  State  and  under  his  father's  thorough  training, 
iuid  when  he  opened  a  law  ofiSce  in  Cleveland  in  1840  his  abilities 
were  apparent  even  in  a  group  of  strong  and  aggressive  lawyers. 
For  twenty-seven  years,  he  was  an  active  and  progressive  practitioner 
in  the  city  before  ascending  the  bench  in  1867,  but  upon  his  retire- 
ment from  the  common  pleas  court  in  1882,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
five  years,  he  withdrew  from  professional  activities  also. 


Robert  F.  Paine 

In  1S69,  the  legislature  passed  an  act  providing  for  one  addi- 
tional .iudge,  which  place  was  filled  by  Robert  F.  Paine  until  the 
expiration  of  his  term  in  February,  1874.  Mr.  Paine  had  previously 
served  as  clerk  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  and  as  United  States 
district  attorney  for  the  Northern  District  of  Ohio.  He  was  a 
humane,  genial  and  able  gentleman  and  judge,  but  throughout  his 
judicial  career  proved  that  strict  justice  was  his  governor. 

President  Garfield's  Significant  Compliment 

In  Judge  Paine 's  chai-ge  to  the  jury,  in  the  case  of  the  State  vs. 
Gallantine,  for  the  murder  of  Doctor  Jones,  in  which  the  defendant 
set  up  the  plea  of  insanity.  Judge  Paine  sharply  drew  the  lines 
of  culpability  to  be  tested  by  the  evidence,  and  among  the  many 
complimentary  notes  received  by  him  was  the  following  from  James 
A.  -Garfield  (dated  February  6,  1871)  ;  it  is  significant  in  view  of  the 
fate  which  was  to  overtake  the  president:  "The  whole  eountry 
owes  you  a  debt  of  gratitude  for  brushing  away  the  wicked  absurdity 
which  has  lately  been  palmed  off  on  the  country  as  law  on  the  sub- 
ject of  insanity.  If  the  thing  had  gone  much  further,  all  that  a 
man  would  need  to  secure  immunity  from  murder  would  be  to  tear 
his  hair  and  rave  a  little,  and  then  kill  his  man.", 

Superior  Court  Established 

Before  the  conclusion  of  Judge  Paine 's  term  in  1874,  it  became 
evident  that  even  three  judges  could  not  overtake  the  business  piling 
up  on  the  dockets  of  the  court  of  common  pleas.  The  plan  adopted 
was  to  revive  the  old  superior  court  of  Cleveland,  established  in 
1847,  and  presided  over  during  the  five  years  of  its  existence,  by 
its  first  and  only  judge,  Sherlock  J.  Andrews.     The  new  body  was 


510  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

to  try  the  civil  cases  covering  the  city  ouly.  So  on  the  tilth  of  May, 
1873,  the  legislature  passed  an  act  establishing  the  superior  court 
of  Cleveland,  "to  consist  of  three  judges,  who  would  hold  their 
offices  for  five  years  and  should  have  jurisdiction  of  civil  cases  only 
in  the  City  of  Cleveland,  concurrent  with  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  of  Cuyahoga  County,  and  should  not  have  jurisdiction  in  any 
criminal  or  bastardy  cases,  nor  in  applications  for  divorce  and  ali- 
mon.y,  nor  of  applications  for  the  benefit  of  the  insolvent  laws,  nor 
of  appeals  of  error  from  justices  of  the  peace,  Police  or  Probate 
court,  nor  to  appropriate  land  or  assessment  of  damages  in  behalf 
of  municipal  or  other  corporations."  The  act  of  1869,  increasing 
the  number  of  common  pleas  judges  to  three,  was  repealed,  thus 
leaving  only  two  members  of  that  court.  The  term  of  the  three 
judges  of  the  new  superior  court  was  to  commence  in  July,  1873, 
and  the  "people's  candidates,"  Seneca  0.  Griswold.  James  M.  Jones 
and  Gershom  ISl.  Barber  went  into  office. 


Court  Abolished  as  Insufficient 

But  the  superior  court  of  Clevelajid  did  not  ease  the  county 
dockets,  especially  a.s  the  panic  of  1873  and  the  hard  times  which 
followed  brought  an  appalling  addition  to  civil  procedures.  Then 
in  ^Maroh,  1875,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature  abolishing  the 
superior  court,  the  measure  to  take  effect  on  the  first  of  July  fol- 
lowing. Its  business  was  to  be  transferred  to  the  court  of  common 
])leas,  the  memliership  of  which  body  was  to  be  increased  by  four 
judges  to  be  selected  at  the  succeeding  October  election.  At  that 
election,  two  of  the  judges  of  the  recently  abolished  superior  court 
were  chosen  for  the  new  court  of  common  pleas,  James  M.  Jones 
and  G.  M.  Barber;  the  third  member,  Seneca  0.  Griswold  returned 
to  practice  and,  until  his  health  failed,  was  recognized  as  one  of  the 
ablest  members  of  the  Cuyahoga  County  bar. 

Seneca  0.  Griswold 

Judge  Griswold.  who  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  superior 
court  in  1873,  was  a  leader  of  the  bar  and  a  public  man  of  promi- 
nence. He  came  to  Ohio  from  Connecticut  when  eighteen  years  old 
and  after  graduating  from  Oberlin  College  returned  to  his  native 
town  of  Suffield ;  after  teaching  there  for  a  time,  he  located  perma- 
nently in  Cleveland  to  study  and  practise  law.  He  was  admitted 
t(j  tlic  l)ar  in  1847;  was  sent  to  the  legislature  in  1861   and,  while 


1873-92]  BENCH  AND  BAR  511 

a  member  of  that  body,  assisted  in  organiziufj  the  railroad  sinking 
fund  commission  and  Cleveland's  paid  fire  department.  During  tlie 
year  of  his  election  as  a  superior  court  judge  both  Democrats  and 
Republicans  united  upon  him  as  a  member  of  tlie  eonstitutidnal 
convention.  Judge  Griswold  was  instrumental  in  establishing  the 
Cleveland  Law  Library  Association,  of  which  he  was  piTsident  for 
many  years.  His  last  position  of  public  trust  was  as  a  mcudicr  of  the 
city  council.  He  retired  from  practice  in  1888,  after  having  been 
honorably  identified  with  the  profession  for  more  than  forty  years. 
The  personnel  of  the  successive  judges  who  have  occupied  the 
common  pleas  bench  has  been  of  a  compai'atively  high  order,  as  is 
evident  from  those  already  introduced  through  this  narrative:  and 
this  superior  standard  has  been  maintained.  For  a  period  of  twenty 
years  following  the  election  of  Darius  Cadwell,  who  succeeded  Samuel 
B.  Prentiss  in  1873,  there  were  successively  upon  this  bench  G.  ^l. 
Barber,  J.  M.  Jones,  E.  T.  Hamilton  and  J.  H.  ilc^Math,  all  in  1875 ; 
S.  B.  Prentiss,  Darius  Cadwell  and  E.  T.  Hamilton,  all  re-elected 
during  ] 876-80;  Henry  JIcKinney,  6.  M.  Barber,  S.  E.  Williamson 
and  James  M.  Jones,  1880-83 ;  John  "W.  Heisley  and  E.  J.  Blandin, 
1883;  E.  T.  Hamilton,  Henry  McKinney,  Carlos  IM.  Stone,  Alfred  W. 
Lamson,  George  B.  Solders,  Wm.  B.  Sanders,  E.  T.  Hamilton  (re- 
elected), Carlos  ]\L  Stone  (re-elected),  Alfred  W.  Lamson  (re-elected), 
W.  E.  Sherwood,  John  C.  Hutehins,  from  1883  to  1802. 

WiLLi.xM  E.  Sherwood 

Judge  Sherwood,  whose  term  commenced  in  1889,  was  born  in 
Cuyahoga  County.  In  1874,  two  years  after  being  graduated  from  the 
Columbia  Law  School  in  New  York  City,  he  located  in  Cleveland.  At 
various  times  before  ascending  the  bench  he  had  served  as  a  member 
of  the  city  council,  clerk  of  the  board  of  improvements  and  first 
assistant  city  solicitor,  and  there  were  few  members  of  the  profes- 
sion whose  knowledge  of  municipal  law  was  more  thorough  than 
his.  This  alone,  had  be  no  other  good  qualities,  would  have  given 
him  prestige  on  the  common  pleas  bench. 

For  the  succeeding  twenty  years,  or  until  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution  of  1912,  the  following  were  perhaps  the  best  known, 
having  served  for  more  than  one  term :  Alfred  W.  Lamson,  Carlos 
M.  Stone,  Thomas  K.  Dissette,  William  B.  Neff,  Joseph  T.  Loguc. 
Thomas  M.  Kennedy.  Theodore  L.  Strimple,  George  L.  Phillips,  Simp- 
son S.  Ford  and  Willis  Vickery. 


512  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

Now  Twelve  Common  Pleas  Judges 

According  to  the  amendment  to  the  state  constitution  adopted 
in  September,  1912,  "the  judicial  power  of  the  state  is  vested  in  a 
supreme  court,  courts  of  appeals,  courts  of  common  pleas,  courts  of 
probate  and  such  other  courts  inferior  to  the  courts  of  appeals  as 
may  from  time  to  time  be  established  by  law."  Four  sessions  are 
held  annually  in  Cleveland,  in  January,  April,  July  and  September. 
The  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  are  still  elected  for  six- 
year  terms  and  are  paid  salaries.  An  increase  in  their  number 
depends  upon  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  of  the 
legislature,  and  their  removal  is  subject  to  the  same  action. 

From  time  to  time,  forced  by  the  growing  business  of  the  court, 
the  number  of  common  pleas  judges  has  been  increased  until  it 
is  now  a  dozen.  Those  serving  upon  the  bench  in  the  fall  of  1918, 
with  the  dates  when  their  terms  expire,  are  as  follows:  Charles  J. 
Estep,  Martin  A.  Foran  and  Homer  C  Powell,  Decem!)er  31,  1922; 
Thomas  M.  Kennedy,  Manuel  Levine,  W.  B.  Neff  and  Willis  Vickery, 
December  31,  1920;  Robert  M.  Morgan,  February  8,  1919;  F.  B. 
Gott,  A.  J.  Pearson,  George  L.  Phillips  and  Frank  E.  Stevens,  Decem- 
ber 31,  1918. 

Judge  Estep  was  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  police  court,  first 
assistant  director  of  law  and  first  assistant  city  solicitor  before  he 
was  first  elected  to  the  common  pleas  bench  in  1906,  serving  xmtil 
June,  1909.  He  was  re-elected  in  1910  and  1916.  Judge  Estep  was 
a  county  commissioner  at  the  time  of  the  letting  of  plans  for  the 
new  court  house. 

Judge  Vickery  taught  school  and  studied  law  under  private  tutors 
in  his  native  Ohio  before  he  went  east  and  finished  his  legal  studies 
in  tlie  law  department  of  the  Boston  liuiversity.  Ho  was  admitted 
to  the  Oliio  bar  in  1885,  but  did  not  locate  at  Cleveland  for  practice 
until  1896.  He  was  elected  one  of  the  judges  of  the  common  pleas 
court  in  January,  1009,  and  is  still  oji  the  bench.  Judge  Vickery  is 
also  head  of  the  Cleveland  Law  School,  wliich  was  consolidated  with 
the  Baldwin  University  Law  School,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
founders.  Outside  of  his  i)rofession,  he  has  a  nation-wide  reputa- 
tion as  an  authority  on  Shakespeare,  his  library  devoted  to  the  English 
dramati.st  now  numbering  more  than  3,500  volumes.  It  has  been 
forty-five  years  in  collecting,  as  his  studies  in  Ihis  Held  commenced 
in  his  early  youth. 

Judge  Martin  A.  Foran  was  elected  to  llie  lioiich  of  the  court  of 
common  plea.s  in   1910.     His  jircvious  record  of  public  service  com- 


1892-1918]  BENCH  AND  BAR  513 

prised  his  membership  iu  tlie  constitutional  eouveutiou  of  Ohio  in  1873, 
prosecuting  attorney  of  Cleveland,  1875-77,  and  member  of  congi-ess 
representing  the  Twenty-first  district,  then  the  city  of  Cleveland, 
1883-88.  He  has  either  practised  law,  engaged  in  public  affairs  or 
sat  upon  the  bench  in  Cleveland  since.  He  was  admitted  to  practice 
in  the  state  courts  iu  187-1  and  to  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States  in  1885. 

Judge  Walter  D.  jMeals,  of  the  court  of  appeals  for  the  Eighth 
Ohio  District,  received  his  non-professional  education  in  his  native 
Pennsylvania.  In  1892,  he  was  graduated  from  the  law  school  of  the 
University  of  Michigan  and  soon  afterward  commenced  practice  in 
Cleveland.  Before  ascending  the  bench,  he  held  the  office  of  county 
solicitor.    Judge  Meals 's  term  expires  in  1920. 

The  Probate  Court  and  Judge  Tilden 

Under  the  constitution  of  1802,  the  common  pleas  court  had 
"jurisdiction  of  all  probate  and  testamentai-y  matters,"  but  the  con- 
stitution of  1851  created  a  separate  body  to  adjudicate  such  affairs. 
Under  its  provisions,  the  probate  court  was  to  consist  of  one  judge 
elected  for  three  years.  The  constitutional  amendment  of  1905  ex- 
tended his  tei-m  to  four  years. 

P'lavcl  W.  Bingham  was  the  first  probate  judge.  He  was  elected 
in  1852  and  served  his  term.  Daniel  R.  Tilden  succeeded  him  in  1855, 
and  held  the  office  by  an  unbroken  succession  of  triennial  elections 
for  thirty-three  years,  when  at  the  age  of  eighty-two  he  retired.  His 
forceful,  yet  balanced  and  benevolent  character,  made  him  a  valued, 
dependable  and  beloved  jurist  and  an  active  and  useful  citizen.  Judge 
Tilden  was  a  pronounced  abolitionist,  but  even  in  the  days  when 
intensely  bitter  quarrels  over  politics  were  the  rule,  he  retained  his 
hold  upon  the  general  esteem  and  affections  of  the  public  as  long  as 
he  lived.  The  widows  and  orphans  of  a  generation  looked  with  con- 
fidence to  Judge  Tilden  for  s^Tiipathy  and  security  in  the  hours  of 
their  bereavement  and  were  never  disappointed.  Before  coming  to 
Cleveland,  he  had  studied  law  with  Judge  Rufus  P.  Spalding  at 
"Warren,  Trumbull  County,  and,  at  his  admission  to  the  bar,  moved 
with  his  preceptor  to  Ravenna.  He  was  elected  to  congress  in  1844 
and  served  two  terms  in  that  body,  but  his  most  enduring  monument 
for  posterity  slowly  and  surely  arose  during  his  long  and  unobtrusive 
service  at  probate  judge  of  Cuyahoga  County.  ^ 

Henry  Clay  White 

Judge  Tilden 's  successor,  Henry  C.  White,  served  on  the  probate 
bench   eontinuovisly  from   1887  until  his   death  in   January,   1905. 


514  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

Judge  White 's  record  was  also  long  and  houorable.  Outside  the  legal 
and  judicial  field  his  studies  and  activities  had  extended  into  a  literary 
specialty,  and  be  became  widely  known  as  an  authority  on  polar  ex- 
plorations. The  collection  of  "Ai-cticaua"  which  he  bequeathed  to 
the  "Western  Reserve  Historical  Society  is  unusually  rare  and  com- 
plete. 

At  the  death  of  Judge  Wliite  in  February,  1905,  Governor  Herrick 
appointed  Alexander  Hadden  to  the  probate  bench.  His  record  has 
been  so  good  that,  by  successive  reelcctions,  he  is  still  upon  the  bench, 
the  term  which  he  is  serving  not  expiring  until  Februar.y,  1921. 
Judge  Hadden  commenced  practice  in  Cleveland  in  1875,  and  previous 
to  his  service  on  the  probate  bench  had  held  the  office  of  prosecuting 
attorney  for  a  number  of  years.  He  has  also  been  on  the  law  faculty 
of  the  "Western  Reserve  University  as  a  lecturer  on  criminal  law,  in 
which  specialty  he  is  high  authority. 

The  Circuit  Court 

By  legislative  act  the  fourteenth  of  April,  1884,  the  state  district 
courts  were  abolished  and  the  circuit  court  was  substituted.  In  Octo- 
ber of  that  year  the  first  judges  were  elected,  and  on  the  ninth  of 
February,  1885,  the  first  sitting  began.  Under  the  first  districting, 
the  sixth  judicial  circuit  of  Ohio  comprised  Cu.yahoga,  Huron,  Lorain, 
Medina,  Summit,  Sandusky,  Lucas  and  Ottawa  counties,  and  the 
judges  represented  in  the  first  sitting  of  1885  were  as  follows :  Charles 
C.  Baldwin,  of  Cleveland;  "William  H.  Upson,  Aki-on,  and  George  R. 
Haynes,  Toledo.  In  March,  1887,  the  sixth  circuit  was  subdivided,  and 
Cuyahoga,  Summit,  Lorain  and  Medina  counties  were  fonued  into 
the  eighth.  There  are  three  judges  in  each  district,  elected  for  six 
years,  and  while  the  constitution  gives  them  "like  original  jurisdic- 
tion with  the  supreme  court  and  such  appellate  jurisdiction  as 
may  be  provided  by  law,"  tlie  time  of  the  circuit  court  is  occupied 
almost  entirely  in  hearing  appeals. 

"When  the  redistricting  of  the  state  occurred  in  1887  Hugh  J. 
Caldwell,  of  Cleveland,  was  elected  to  succeed  Judge  Ilayncs  of 
Toledo.  So  that  Judges  Baldwin  and  Caldwell  are  of  especial  in- 
terest to  Clevelanders. 

Charles  C.  Bai.dvpin 

Judge  Charles  Candee  Baldwin  was  one  of  the  most  substantial 
lawyers,    broad-minded    judges,    deepest    historic    and    pre-historic 


1884-1918] 


BENCH  AND  BAR 


515 


scholars  and  useful  citizens  that  ever  honored  the  city  of  Clevelahd. 
That  he  was  a  man  of  wonderful  system,  as  well  as  of  untiring  energy, 
is  evident  when  the  reader  of  his  record  considers  what  he  accomplished 
in  the  sixty  years  of  iiis  life.    He  was  a  reiirispiitative  of  one  of  those 


Charles  C.  Baldwin 


fine  old  English  Connecticut  families  who  sent  so  much  good  blood 
to  Cleveland.  AVhen  Charles  C.  Baldwin  was  five  months  old  his 
parents  moved  to  Elyria,  Ohio,  and  there  the  fatlier  continued  to 
labor  as  a  respected  merchant  from  1835  until  his  death  in  1847. 
The  family  then  returned  to  Connecticut  where  the  son  completed 


516  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

bis  education,  being  graduated  from  tbe  Harvard  Law  Sebool  iu  1857. 
As  a  student  be  showed  the  qualities  which  marked  him  iu  his  subse- 
quent career;  high  intellectual  attainments,  balanced  by  moral  sta- 
bility, not  unmixed  with  a  quiet  humor  which  made  him,  to  his  inti- 
mates, a  delightful  companion. 

In  March,  1857,  soon  after  being  graduated  by  Harvard  Law 
School,  the  youug  man  of  twentj'-two  entered  the  law  office  of  S.  B. 
and  F.  J.  Prentiss,  Cleveland.  The  training  he  there  received,  both  be- 
fore his  admission  to  the  bar  and  afterward  as  a  member  of  the  firm, 
was  invaluable.  The  firm  of  Prentiss  (S.  B.)  &  Baldwin,  which  con- 
tinued from  1861  to  1867,  was  dissolved  by  the  election  of  the  senior 
member  to  the  common  pleas  bench.  Judge  Baldwin  afterward 
formed  partnerships  with  F.  J.  Prentiss  and  Charles  W.  Prentiss, 
he  having  married  the  daughter  of  the  latter  in  1862.  All  three  were 
sons  of  the  famous  judge  and  LTuited  States  senator,  Samuel  Pren- 
tiss, of  Vermont. 

Mr.  Baldwin  never  was  a  candidate  for  any  political  or  public 
office  until  he  was  elected  circuit  .judge  in  1884.  The  nominating 
convention  was  held  in  Elyria,  his  old  boyhood  home.  During  his 
practice  he  had  become  identified  with  such  large  'corporations  as 
the  Cleveland  Board  of  Underwriters,  of  which  he  served  as  presi- 
dent from  1875  to  1878.  At  different  times,  he  was  chosen  director 
of  four  banks  and  was  twice  offered  the  presidency  of  a  leading 
hank  in  Cleveland.  Such  connections,  brought  about  by  his  unusual 
business  and  financial  abilities,  served  him  well  when  he  ascended 
the  bench,  and  there  was  probably  never  a  circuit  .judge  who  was 
more  thoroughly  prepared,  by  previous  training  and  experience,  to 
liandle  intelligently  the  practical  problems  of  the  day. 

Judge  Baldwin  had  nuide  a  name  for  himself  as  a  scholar  and 
a  writer  long  before  his  deatli  in  1895  concluded  his  tenn  as  a  circuit 
judge.  As  early  as  1866,  while  vice-president  of  the  Cleveland  Library 
Association,  he  plainied  the  founding  of  the  Western  Reserve  His- 
torical Society,  which  was  formally  organized  in  1SG7.  For  many 
years  he  was  its  secretary,  acting  in  close  harmony  witli  its  presi- 
dent. Colonel  Charles  "Whittlesey,  a  warm  friend  and  a  brother-spirit. 
At  the  colonel's  death  in  1886,  Judge  Baldwin  was  elected  president 
of  the  society,  which  he  was  holding  at  the  time  of  his  death,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1895.  The  deceased  was  a  member  of  manj'  learned  societies, 
historical,  genealogical  and  archaeological.  He  was  also  Doctor  of 
Laws  (Wcsleyan  University,  1802)  and  luid  been  otherwise  honored 
by  various  degrees;  but  his  broad  reputation  and  his  real  memorial 
rest  on  his  fine  recoi'd  as  a  judge,  his  work  as  the  founder  of  the 


1884-lfll8]  BENCH  AND  BAR  517 

"Western  Reserve  Historical  Soeiety,  his  eoutributions  to  liislorieal 
and  scientitie  literature,  and  his  splendid  character  as  a  man. 

Judge  Hugh  J.  Caldwell  was  a  Truinbull  County  man,  but  he 
was  graduated  by  tlie  Cleveland  Law  College,  and  soon  after  his  ad- 
mission to  the  bar  in  1871  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
Kansas.  He  moved  to  Cleveland  in  1875.  At  different  times  he  was 
in  partnership  with  William  ^Mitchell  and  \V.  E.  Sherwood  and  as- 
sumed his  duties  as  judge  of  the  eighth  circuit  in  February,  1888. 
He  occupied  the  bench  until  1893. 

Since  Judge  Caldwell's  term,  the  following  members  of  the  Cleve- 
land profession  have  occupied  the  Circuit  l)ench :  John  C.  Hale, 
Ij.  H.  AVinch  and  Frederick  A.  Henry. 

John  C.  H.\le 

Judge  John  C.  Hale  came  to  Cleveland  in  1S57,  soon  after  being 
graduated  from  Dartmouth  College,  New  Hampshire,  taught  school, 
studied  law  in  Judge  Prentiss'  office  and,  after  being  admitted  to 
practice  in  1861.  located  in  Elyria.  There  he  became  prominent  in 
his  profession  and  as  a  public  man.  In  1872,  he  served  as  a  member 
of  the  constitutional  convention  and,  ni  February,  1877,  commenced 
his  first  term  as  a  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  from  Lorain 
County.  After  serving  a  year  and  a  half  of  his  second  term,  he 
resigned  from  the  bench  in  1883  and  formed  a  partnership  with 
W.  W.  Boynton.  another  prominent  member  of  the  bar  from  Lorain 
County  who  had  already  served  several  years  on  the  state  supreme 
bench.  This  connection  continued  for  many  years.  In  1893,  Judge 
Hale's  solid  abilities  were  recognized  by  his  elevation  to  the  bench 
of  the  circuit  court,  in  which  capacity  he  served  for  two  terms,  or 
until  1905. 

Judge  Frederick  A.  Henry  had  been  in  practice  at  the  Cleveland 
bar  since  1891  when  he  succeeded  Judge  Hale  in  1905.  He  resigned 
from  the  bench  in  1912. 

The  Municipal,  or  Police  Court 

Under  the  first  city  charter,  which  went  into  effect  in  1836,  the 
mayor  enforced  the  ordinances  against  miscreants  and  the  few  crimi- 
nal cases  were  generally  tried  by  the  justices  of  the  peace,  l^ut  Cleve- 
land waxed  in  wickedness,  as  in  other  ways,  and  when  the  municipal 
government  was  reorganized  in  1853  the  police  court  was  one  of  its 
most  important  creations.     In  April  of  that  year,  John  Barr,  Whig, 


518  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XX"\T:I 

was  elected  its  judge,  Bushiiell  White,  on  the  same  ticket,  prose- 
cuting attorney,  and  0.  J.  Hodge  and  Michael  Gallagher,  both  Demo- 
crats, police  clerk  and  city  marshal,  respectively.  The  officials  named, 
considered  as  a  body,  composed  the  tirst  police  court  of  Cleveland.  On 
the  seventeenth  of  the  month,  Judge  Barr  took  his  seat  behind  a  little 
low  desk  in  the  Gaylord  block  on  Supei'ior  Street  and  rapped  his 
court  to  order.  At  his  right,  with  another  small  desji  before  him,  sat 
Clerk  Hodge,  while  a  modest  s(|uare  table  in  front  of  the  judge  held 
the  books  and  papers  of  Prosecutor  White.  City  jMarshal  Gallagher 
hovered  near;  he  was  supposed  to  be  on  his  feet,  alert,  as  the  active 
representative  of  law  and  order.  In  a  stern  voice,  the  judge  announced 
the  formation  of  the  municipal  court,  and  tlic  election  and  presence 
of  all  its  officers. 

Considerable  business  came  before  the  court.  Five  men  were 
charged  witli  "getting  up  a  false  alarm  of  fire"  and  four  of  them 
were  fined,  and  half  a  dozen  more  were  adjudged  guilty  of  fighting, 
drunkenness  and  disorderly  conduct  and  also  punished  by  the  im- 
position of  fines.  At  other  sessions,  a  variety  of  perplexing  matters 
were  brought  before  Judge  Barr  such  as  "selling  unwholesome 
meat,"  "abusing  his  wife,"  "soliciting  guests  drunk,"  "forestalling 
market,"  "fast  driving."  "kicking  little  girl,"  "abusing  watchmen" 
and  "breach  of  the  i)eace  by  disturbing  a  ball  at  Kelley's  Hall." 
Within  a  few  months  after  the  police  court  had  been  organized  in 
the  Gaylord  block,  a  new  station  house  had  been  liuilt  on  Johnson 
Street  near  Water,  and  a  second  story  added  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  court;  and  there  its  business  was  conducted  for  eleven  years, 
or  until  the  completion  of  the  central  station.  With  the  gi'owth 
of  business  an  additional  judge  was  elected. 

Before  Judge  Barr  had  completed  his  first  tci'm  lie  became  a  can- 
didate for  county  clerk  aiul,  in  the  fall  of  18.54,  was  elected  to  that 
position.  Bushnell  White,  the  pi'osccuting  attorney,  was  elected  by 
the  city  council  to  succeed  him.  In  18,55,  the  Citizens,  or  Know 
Nothing  ticket  elected  as  members  of  the  police  court,  Seth  A. 
Abbey,  judge;  Albert  Slade,  prosecuting  attorney,  and  David  L. 
Woods,  city  marshal,  .ludge  Abbey  served  a  second  term  ten  years 
later  and  a  third  in  1873-75. 

^Ir.  Woods  proved  the  most  efficient  as  well  as  the  most  un- 
popular marshal  Cleveland  ever  had — iiot  "enjoyed;"  for  he  arrested 
every  oflfender,  rich  or  poor,  high  oi-  low  in  the  social  or  political 
.scale.  There  was  an  ordinance  forbidding  the  village  fire  "nuichinc" 
to  use  the  sidewalks  in  its  deva.stating  rush  for  conflagrations.  AVliilc 
Woods  was  in  office,  this  necessary  law  wa.s  rankly,  violated  to  the 
great   grief  of  the   sidewalks   and    the   righteous   indignation    of  Ihc 


1853-1909]  BENCH  AND  BAR  519 

city  luiii-shal,  who  haled  halt  the  lire  coiupuuy  into  court  and  had 
them  fined.  As  most  of  the  best  young  men  in  town  belonged  to 
the  volunt«er  fire  brigade,  the  honest  oiScial  strucli  at  the  pride  of 
Clevehmd  right  and  left  and  everywlierc.  lie  was  honest  but  not 
diplomatic. 

Colonel  0.  J.  lIoodE 

Colonel  0.  J.  Hodge,  the  first  clerk  of  the  police  court,  lived  to  a 
venerable  age  and  was  highly  respected.  As  late  as  April,  1909, 
he  was  writing  to  a  friend:  "I  am  now  nearly  eighty-one  years 
of  life  and  feel  it  is  time  to  take  a  rest.  Here  I  am  president  of 
the  Early  Settlers'  Association,  as  I  have  been  for  the  past  six  yeai's, 
president  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution  for  the  third  time, 
and  the  past  week  was  made  president  of  the  Cleveland  Humane 
Society.  Truly  I  am  still  in  the  harness — not  rusting  out!"  To 
this  modest  statement  may  be  added  that  Colonel  Hodge  served  in 
the  Mexican  war,  going  from  Buffalo,  New  York.  During  the  later 
years  of  his  life,  he  was  identified  with  the  building  and  loan  business 
as  president  of  one  of  the  large  Cleveland  companies. 

In  the  new  station  on  Johnson  Street  the  police  court  was  made 
quite  comfortable.  On  the  ground  floor,  in  front,  was  a  general 
reception  room  used  to  ''book"  offenders,  while  in  the  rear  was 
the  lock-up.  There  were  two  large  rooms  on  the  second  floor,  the 
front  one  occupied  by  the  clerk  of  the  court  and  the  back  room  given 
.over  to  the  judge.  The  latter,  and  the  city  marshal  also,  had  private 
quarters  elsewhci'C.  When  Cleveland  and  Ohio  City  were  consolidated, 
in  1854,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  police  court  was  extended  over  four 
more  wards.  The  new  police  station  on  Champlain  Street,  completed 
in  1864,  was  required  by  the  general  expansion  of  territory,  increase 
of  population  and  the  normal  accompaniment  of  lawlessness.  The 
next  station  erected  was  on  Detroit  Street,  West  Side.  Others  fol- 
lowed and  Anally  a  second  police  judge  was  elected. 

Among  the  early  judges  not  yet  mentioned  were  Isaac  C.  Vail,  A. 
G.  Lawrence,  E.  He.s.senmueller,  J.  D.  Cleveland  and  J.  W.  Towner. 
Later  came  P.  F.  Young,  George  B.  Solders  (afterward  judge  of 
the  common  pleas  court),  John  C.  Hutchins  and  Frank  H.  Kelly. 

Cleveland's  municipal  court  now  comprises  a  chief  jastice  (William 
H.  ]\IcGannon)  and  nine  judges. 

Bankruptcy  Courts  and  Registers 

During  periods  of  financial  stress  or  panic  the  bankruptcy  courts 
have  been  active  and  important  adjuncts  to  the  federal  system ;  at 


520  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

othei*  times  they  have  been  quiescent  and  have  almost  died  of  inani- 
tion. Undei"  the  bankruptcy  measure  of  1867,  Myron  R.  Keith  served 
as  register  for  the  Northern  District  of  Ohio  until  the  repeal 
of  the  act  in  1878,  and  during  that  period  settled  the  estates  of  about 
one  thousand  banki-upts.  Many  interesting  and  not  a  few  romantic 
cases  came  before  him,  and,  at  times,  he  had  to  play  the  part  of 
a  detective,  in  order  to  uncover  concealed  assets  or  other  evidences 
of  fraud.  In  the  prosecution  of  one  of  these  eases  he  was  obliged 
to  take  a  long  night  ride  through  the  woods  in  midwinter,  lying  on 
the  straw  in  a  rough  sled  with  ^Morrison  R.  Waite,  one  of  the  attor- 
neys in  the  case  who  afterward  liecame  chief  justice  of  the  United 
States  supreme  court.  Mr.  Keitli  liimself  had  studied  law  in  Cleve- 
land, and  practiced  in  partnership  with  Ilai'vey  Rice,  and  alone, 
for  twenty  years  before  being  appointed  register.  He  was  therefore 
well  qualified  for  the  office.  But  when  the  act  was  repealed  and  he 
resigned,  both  the  United  States  district  judge  and  the  chief  justice 
of  the  United  States  supreme  coTirt  declined  to  receive  his  resigna- 
tion, on  the  ground  that  neither  was  legally  authorized  to  do  so. 
As  each  of  these  high  officials  was  humorously  stubborn,  Mr.  Keith 
may  be  said  to  have  had  a  life-tenure  of  the  office. 

Under  the  national  bankruptcy  act  now  in  force,  Harold  Reming- 
ton was  appointed  by  the  federal  district  judge  in  1898.  He  resigned 
in  1909  and  Judge  Robert  W.  Taylor  appointed  A.  P.  Ingersoll. 
In  1916,  Mr.  Ingersoll  was  succeeded  by  the  present  incumbent,  Carl 
D.  Friebolin,  a  lawyer  who  had  already  sei'ved  in  both  houses  of  the 
Ohio  legislature. 


The  Insol\tency  .\nd  Juvenile  Court 

Through  the  efforts  of  the  late  Judge  Thomas  E.  Callaghan,  the 
useful,  reformatorv'  and  beneficent  work  of  two  judicial  bodies  were 
\inited  under  one  head,  with  the  title  given  above,  in  1902.  The  main 
steps  leading  to  it  have  thus  been  described : 

The  Juvenile  Court  is  the  latest  development  in  our  judicial 
system,  and  the  Cleveland  Court  was  the  second  to  be  establislied 
in  the  United  States.  It  owes  its  existence,  like  so  many  of  our  tine 
civic  enterprises,  to  the  forosiglit  and  interest  of  Glen  K.  SliurtlcfT, 
for  many  years  the  general  secretary  of  tho  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association.  In  1901  lie  studied  the  conditions  of  the  cliildi'en  in  the 
jails  of  the  county  and  began  a  movement  througli  the  Social  Service 
Club  and  the  Bar  Association  for  tlic  cstablislimciit  of  a  separate 
court  for  children.  When  in  the  fall  of  1901  Thomas  E.  Callaghan 
was  elected  judge  of  the  Court  of  Insolvency  he  became  interested  in 


1867-1918]  BENCH  AND  BAR  521 

the  juvenile  luovcinent.  Witli  the  added  interest  ol!  tlie  Chamber  of 
Commerce  a  bill  was  drawn  by  Col.  J.  F.  Ilerrick,  then  represent- 
ing the  cit}'  in  the  Senate,  introduced  the  measure  and  guided  it 
througli  the  Legislature.  Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  tlie  judge 
of  the  Insolvency  Court  acnuired  jurisdiction  over  juvenile  offenders. 
The  tirst  court  was  held  on  the  Friday  following  the  day  on  which 
tile  law  went  into  effect.  "With  tlie  cooperation  of  numerous  civic 
organizations  and  the  enthusiasm  of  Judge  Callaghan,  the  court  im- 
mediately more  than  justified  its  establishment.  Finding  employment 
for  the  boys,  the  appointing  of  special  guardians,  the  opening  of  a 
boarding  home  in  1903,  the  establishment  of  the  boys'  farm  at  Hud- 
son (1903),  the  opening  of  a  special  detention  home  in  1906,  have 
all  been  steps  toward  the  perfection  of  the  woi-k  of  this  useful  court. 
A  comprehensive  law  was  passed  Aiu-il  24,  1908,  incorporating  a  num- 
ber of  provisions  from  the  Colorado  law.  Judge  Callaghan,  whose 
wise  and  enthusiastic  interest  did  so  much  to  properly  cs1al)lish  the 
court,  died  November  29,  1904.  Judge  Thomas  H.  BushncU  was 
appointed  by  the  governor  as  his  successor,  and  he  served  until  No- 
vember. 190n,  when  George  S.  Addams,  the  present  incumbent,  was 
elected. 

As  slightly  and  outwardly  indicative  of  the  importance  of  this 
court,  it  may  be  added  that  as  a  body,  headed  by  Judge  Addams,  it 
comprises  eight  clerks,  one  court  constable,  and  one  chief  probation 
officer,  with  twenty-two  assistants. 

Clevelandeks  as  Judges  op  the  Higher  Courts 

Such  higher  courts  as  the  United  States  and  the  Ohio  supreme 
courts  and  the  Federal  judiciary  have  included  a  number  of  Cleve- 
land citizens  who  compare  favorably  with  the  judges  drawn  from 
anv  other  cities  in  the  countrj'. 


Chief  Justice  and  Governor  Wood 

As  judges  of  the  supreme  bench  were  Samuel  Huntington,  1  SOS- 
OS ;  Reuben  Wood,  1833-45;  Rufus  P.  Ranney,  1851-56,  62-65,  and 
Franklin  J.  Dickman,  1886-95.  Samuel  Huntington  has  already 
figured  in  these  pages. 

Judge  and  Governor  Reuben  Wood  was  a  native  of  Rutland 
County,  Vermont,  bom  in  1792,  and  when  he  came  to  Cleveland, 
in  1818,  Alfred  Kelley  and  Leonard  Case  were  the  only  lawyers  in 
the  village.  He  was  energetic,  able  and  ingenious  and  from  the 
first  took  rank  as  a  successful  jury  lawyer.  He  was  very  direct  both 
in  his  speech  and  address,  but  was  honest  and  popular.  After 
studying  law  in  Connecticut  and  marrying,  he  came  direct  to  Cleve- 


522  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

land.  In  1825,  he  was  first  elected  to  the  state  senate  and  served 
altogether  three  terms.  He  was  elected  presiding  judge  of  the 
Third  Judicial  District  in  1830  and  three  years  afterwards  was 
elevated  to  the  state  supreme  bench,  where  he  served  until  his 
resignation  in  1845,  the  last  three  yeai-s  as  chief  justice.  Chosen 
governor  in  1850,  by  11,000  majority,  ou  the  Democratic  ticket,  the 
new  constitution  legislated  him  out  of  office,  but  he  was  reelected 
by  more  than  twice  his  former  majority.  President  Pierce  ap- 
pointed him  consul  to  Valparaiso  in  1853,  and  on  his  return  from 
that  mission  he  retired  to  his  beautiful  estate  in  Eockport  township, 
where  he  died  on  the  second  of  October,  1864. 

RUFFTS  p.  RaNNET 

RufiLS  p.  Rauney  was  among  the  lawyers  of  distinction  who 
practiced  before  the  higher  judicial  bodies,  in  the  eai'lier  period  of 
the  Cleveland  bar.  He  had  gained  a  liigh  reputation  and  held  judi- 
cial office  before  locating  in  Cleveland.  Judge  Ranney  was  a  resi- 
dent of  Warren  when  he  sat  in  the  constitutional  convention  of 
1850  and  was  the  last  judge  elected  by  the  legislature  under  the 
constitution  of  1802.  In  the  following  October,  after  the  adoption  of 
the  constitution  of  1851,  in  the  formation  of  which  he  was  so  promi- 
nent, he  was  elected  to  the  state  supreme  court  by  the  people.  He 
resigned  from  the  bench  in  1856  to  enter  a  larger  professional  field 
in  Cleveland.  In  1862,  while  nssociatecl  with  Backus  &  Noble,  he 
declined  the  candidacy  for  the  supreme  bench  but  was  nevertheless 
jilaced  on  the  Democratic  ticket  and  elected.  He  resigned  in  1865. 
In  1856,  he  was  candidate  for  governor  against  William  Dennisou,  but 
was  defeated,  although  making  a  remarkably  brilliant  canvass.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Case  School  of  A]iplied  Science,  and, 
during  the  bust  years  of  his  life,  held  not  only  a  firm  place  in  the  ad- 
miration and  affection  of  his  profession,  but  was  esteemed  one  of 
Cleveland's  leading  citizens. 

Franklin  J.  Dickman 

Justice  Dickman  was  a  Virginian,  educaled  and  admitted  io  the 
bar  in  Rhode  Island.  In  1858  he  moved  to  Cleveland.  He  M'as 
elected  to  the  Ohio  legi.slafure  liy  the  ITnion  party  in  1861,  and  was 
associated  with  Judge  R.  P.  Spalding  in  practice  from  1863  to  1875. 
Judge  Dickman  served  as  United  States  district  attorney  in  1867-69, 
and  as  a  member  of  the  Ohio  supreme  court  commission  in  1883-85,    In 


1853-1918]  BENCH  AND  BAR  523 

1886,  Governor  Foraker  appointed  liiiu  a  jiulge  of  the  state  supreme 
court  ami  in  tlie  followiug  year  he  was  elected  to  that  bench  to 
fill  out  the  unexpired  term  of  Judge  W.  W.  Johnson.  In  1889,  the 
llepublieans  re-nominated  hiiu  by  aeclamation  and  elected  him  to  the 
six  yeai's'  term  whieh  he  completed. 

John  H.  Clarke 

Judge  Clarke,  who  is  now  sitting  on  the  bench  of  the  United 
States  supreme  court,  is  in  his  sixty-second  year.  Prom  1897  to 
1914,  he  wa.s  a  leader  of  the  Cleveland  and  Ohio  bar,  his  earlier  years 
as  a  practitioner,  after  his  admission  to  the  bar  in  1878,  having  been 
pa.s.sed  in  his  luitive  town  of  Li.sbon  and  in  Youngstown,  Oliio.  In 
1903,  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  United  States  senate  against  Mark 
Hanna.  Judge  Clai-ke  served  as  United  States  district  judge  for  the 
Northern  District  of  Ohio  in  1914-16,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
called  to  the  United  States  supreme  court. 

United  States  Court  for  the  Northern  Ohio  District 

For  nearly  half  a  century,  or  from  the  adoption  of  the  first  state 
constitution  in  1802  until  1855,  the  circuit  and  district  courts  of 
the  United  States  for  the  state  of  Ohio  held  their  sessions  at  Colum- 
bus. It  was  primarily  the  great  expansion  of  the  lake  commerce  and 
the  growth  of  the  admiralty  business,  with  necessary  long  and  fre 
quent  journeys  to  the  state  capital,  which  made  this  arrangement 
unbearable  both  to  lawyers  and  litigants.  In  1855,  Ohio  was  ofS- 
eially  divided  by  congressional  enactment  into  two  districts ;  the 
line  of  division  following  county  bounds  as  nearly  as  possible  through 
the  center  of  the  state.  Cleveland  was  designated  as  the  judicial 
seat  of  the  United  States  District  Court  for  the  Northern  District 
of  Ohio,  and  in  March,  1855,  President  Pierce  appointed  Hiram  V. 
Willson,  of  Cleveland  to  preside  over  it. 

HiR.VM  V.  "Willson- 

Judge  "Willson  sat  upon  the  Federal  bench  for  more  than  a  decade 
and  during  that  period  ably  served  the  public  in  his  judicial  capa- 
city, and  also  figured,  as  a  strong  and  earnest  citizen,  in  all  the  gi'eat 
questions  which  agitated  the  country.  The  court's  docket  immediately 
began  to  fill  with  a  multitude  of  admiralty  cases,  while  the  counter- 
feiters who  flourished  along  the  canal  furnished  much  business  for  the 


524  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

grand  jury.  Cases  arising  out  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law  caused  wide- 
spread excitement  and,  in  18.59,  the  historic  "  Oberlin-Wellington 
case"  *  was  tried  before  Judge  Willson.  Judges  Tilden  and  Spalding 
were  on  opposite  sides  of  the  case.  During  the  stirring  times  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  one  of  the  most  powerful  of  the  Union  leaders  and, 
with  Jndges  Tilden  and  Spalding,  could  always  be  depended  upon  to 
support  his  patriotic  principles  to  the  limit.  Judge  Willson  died  in 
1866. 

Bushnell  White,  who  had  been  police  prosecutor,  was  appointed 
by  Judge  Willson  one  of  the  first  two  United  States  commissioners, 
and  Jabez  W.  Fitch,  another  resident  of  Cleveland,  was  the  first 
United  States  marshal. 

After  Judge  Willson  came  Judges  Charles  Sherman,  Martin 
W^elker,  William  R.  Day,  A.  J.  Ricks,  Francis  J.  Wing,  Robert  W. 
Taylor  and  D.  C.  W^esthaver. 

Of  that  gi'oup,  only  Francis  J.  Wing  was  a  graduate  from  the 
Cleveland  bar.  He  is  a  Harvard  graduate,  sei'ved  on  the  common  pleas 
bench  in  1899-1901  and  as  judge  of  the  LTnited  States  Court  for  the 
Noi-thern  District  of  Ohio  from  the  latter  year  until  his  resignation 
in  1905. 

D.  C.  Westenhaver  was  appointed  to  the  district  judgeship  on  the 
fourteenth  of  March,  1917. 


President  Garfield  and  His  Sons 

The  Forest  City  has  been  the  residence  of  a  number  of  lawyers 
whose  public  services  have  so  far  overshadowed,  or  rather  illumined, 
their  professional  attainments  that  they  could  hardly  be  enrolled  in 
this  chapter  without  applying  to  them  some  such  explanatory  phrase 
as  the  above.  The  lamented  President  Garfield  had  a  legal  education, 
and  althougli  he  never  practised  in  Cleveland,  and  his  recognized  home 
was  mostly  in  Portage  County,  he  was  such  a  familiar  figure  in  the 
Forest  City  that  he  was  always  claimed  as  one  of  its  sons.  His  per- 
sonal and  political  support  was  always  so  strong  in  the  city  that  he 
was  often  referred  to  as  "Cleveland's  President,"  and  it  seemed 
eminently  appropriate  that  his  magnificent  memorial  sliould  be 
located  at  Lake  View  cemetery.  Mentor,  his  old  home,  is  now  a  suburb 
of  Cleveland,  llii-am,  where  he  was  president  of  the  college,  is  con- 
nected with  the  city  by  trolley.  In  Cleveland  the  citizens  gave  to 
his  widow  a  brick  mansion  on  Prospect  Street.    Here  were  his  political 


'  See  page  236. 


1866-1918]  BENCH  AND  BAR  525 

headquarters  during  the  presidential  cainpaiyu  and  here  in  a  stately 
mausoleum  he  lies  buried.  But  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  class  Presi- 
dent Garfield  as  a  lawyer,  although  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1859.  But  not  long  after  he  resigned  the  presidency  of  Hiram  College 
to  take  his  seat  in  the  Ohio  state  senate,  and  thereafter  the  people 
returned  liiiu  to  the  public  service  so  continuously  that  he  never  had 
an  opportunity  to  enter  the  practice  of  the  legal  profession. 

President  Garfield's  two  sons,  however,  Hai'ry  A.  and  James  R. 
Garfield,  actively  practised  law  for  a  number  of  j-ears  in  Cleveland. 
James  R.  Garfield  lias  served  in  the  Ohio  senate,  as  secretary  of  the 
interior  under  President  Roosevelt,  and  previous  to  that  time  as  a 
member  of  the  United  States  civil  service  commission  and  United 
States  department  of  labor.  He  lives  at  the  old  ilcutor  home,  although 
his  professional  and  business  interests  are  in  Cleveland. 

Harry  A.  Garfield,  wiio  practised  law  in  Cleveland  for  about  fifteen 
years,  was  long  identified  with  Princeton  and  Williams  colleges,  and 
has  been  president  of  the  latter  for  some  years.  As  war  fuel  admin- 
istrator under  President  Wilson  he  is  showing  great  ability  as  an 
executive. 

John  Hay,  Diplomat,  Statesman  and  Scholak 

Besides  James  R.  Garfield,  Cleveland  lias  furnished  another  cabi- 
net member  to  the  country;  a  character  whose  public  and  literary 
fame  has  obscured  the  realization  that  he  ever  delved  in  legal  lore  or 
mastered  the  prmciples  of  law. 

John  Hay,  the  polished  and  learned  diplomat,  the  able  statesman, 
the  original  author  and  the  warm  friend  and  biographer  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  was  a  resident  of  Cleveland  from  1875  to  1885.  He  was 
famous  even  among  the  Indiana  coterie  of  noted  men.  Soon  after  be- 
ing graduated  from  Brown  University,  he  commenced  the  study  of  law 
at  Springfield,  Illinois,  where  he  became  the  friend  and  associate  of 
Lincoln.  He  ardently  supported  him  during  his  first  campaign  for 
the  presidency  and,  in  1861,  after  being  admitted  to  the  Illinois 
supreme  court,  became  assistant  secretary  of  state  in  the  national 
administration.  Mr.  Hay  was  also  identified  with  the  Union  military 
service  and  attained  the  rank  of  brevet  colonel.  For  a  number  of 
years  after  Lincoln's  death,  he  was  prominently  identified  with  the 
diplomatic  embassies  at  Paris,  Vienna  and  Madrid  and,  for  some  time 
before  coming  to  Cleveland,  was  associated  with  Horace  Greeley  on 
the  New  York  Tribune.  During  that  period,  however,  he  was  first 
assistant  secretary  of  state  under  -Mr.  Evarts  and  editor-in-chief  of 


526  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

the  Xew  York  Tribune  wliile  Whitelaw  Keid  was  absent  in  Europe. 
He  also  took  a  leading  part,  both  as  a  writer  and  speaker,  in  the  presi- 
dential canvasses  of  that  period.  Later,  as  ambassador  to  Great 
Britain,  under  McKinley  and  as  secretary  of  state  to  succeed  William 
R.  Day  he  became  an  international  figure.  His  name  is  most  closely 
linked  with  the  Hay-Pauncefote  treaty,  the  "open  door"  policy  in 
China,  and  the  leader  of  the  Occident  against  dismemberment  of  the 
Chinese  Empire  on  account  of  the  outrages  perpetrated  during  the 
Boxer  rebellion.  As  a  literary  man,  he  has  earned  a  substantial  and  a 
varied  reputation,  his  Castilian  Days,  Pike  County  Ballads,  Jim 
Bludso,  Little  Breeches  and  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  (in  collabora- 
tion with  John  G.  Nicolay)  marking  him  as  an  author  of  humor,  in 
graphic  character  etching,  and  of  solid  attainments — the  latter  qual- 
ities being  taken  for  granted.  He  has  also  been  accredited  with  the 
authorship  of  a  novel  called  the  Bread  Winners.  While  attending 
a  reunion  of  his  class  at  Yale,  Mr.  Hay  was  killed  by  an  accidental 
fall,  on  the  twentj'-third  of  June,  1901. 

*  Newton  Diehl  Baker 

President  W^ilson's  secretary  of  war,  Newton  D.  Baker,  who  has 
been  one  of  his  cabinet  leaders  and  a  prominent  international  figure 
since  the  LTnited  States  entered  the  world's  war,  is  a  West  Virginian 
in  his  forty-ninth  year.  He  commenced  practising  law  at  Martins- 
burg  in  1897,  moved  to  Cleveland  in  a  few  years  and  served  as  its 
city  solicitor  from  1902  to  1912.  Secretary  Baker  was  recognized  as 
a  deep  student  and  thinker  and  a  successful  lawyer  of  high  ideals  and 
yet  .sound  business  talents,  and  his  record  in  the  Wilson  cabinet  since 
he  entered  it  in  ilarch,  1916,  has  been  an  open  book.  He  has  been 
criticized,  as  have  all  progressive  men  in  high  public  life,  but  his  work 
as  secretary  of  war.  past  and  future,  will  be  the  final  reply  to  bis 
critics. 


Called  to  the  United  St.\tes  Senate 

Three  of  the  four  citizens  of  Cleveland  who  have  been  called  to 
the  United  States  senate  have  been  lawyers.  In  1805,  Stanley  Gris- 
wold  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  Territory  of  INIichigan  under 
Governor  Hull,  as  well  as  collector  of  the  Port  of  Detroit.  He  came 
from  Connecticut.     Several  years  afterward  he  resigned  and  located 


'  See  portrait  on  pa^c  441. 


1900-18]  BENCH  AND  BAR  527 

near  what  was  then  Doan's  Corners,  Cleveland  township,  now  well 
within  the  city.  When  Edward  'I'liVm  resigned  his  seat  as  United 
States  senator  in  1800,  Jlr.  Griswold  was  appointed  to  serve  his  unex- 
pired term,  a  portion  of  one  session. 

The  Hon.  Henry  B.  Payne,  who  served  in  the  United  States  senate 
from  1884  to  1891,  has  already  been  mentioned  in  this  chapter. 

From  1883  to  1893,  Cleveland  was  the  Twenty-lirst  Ci)nj!;rfssional 
District,  and  the  portion  of  Cuyahoga  County  ouisidc  its  limits  was 
assigned  to  the  Twentieth  District.  The  city  was  represented  dnring 
that  period  by  Jilartin  A.  Foran  and  Theodore  E.  Burton. 

The  Hon.  Theodore  E.  Burton,  long  one  of  the  leading  public  men 
of  Ohio,  but  since  January,  1917,  president  of  the  Merchants'  National 
Bank  of  New  York,  was  a  lawyer  and  a  resident  of  Cleveland  for  more 
than  forty  years.  That  period  includes,  of  course,  his  service  as  a 
member  of  congress  from  the  Twenty-firet  Ohio  District,  in  1889-91 
and  1895-1909,  and  his  term  as  United  States  senator,  in  1909-15.  He 
was  a  Republican  of  national  leadership,  and  the  Ohio  delegation  sup- 
ported him  for  the  presidency  in  1916.  Mr.  Burton's  writings  have 
naturally  dealt  with  public  and  political  problems  and  include  the 
following:  Finaiicial  Crises  and  Periods  of  Industrial  and  Com- 
mercial Depression,  Life  of  John  Sherman  and  Corporations  and  the 
State. 

Judge  and  Governor  Huntington 

The  Cleveland  bar  has  furnished  three  governors;  only  two,  if 
Samuel  Huntington  is  barred  from  the  group.  Judge  and  Governor 
Huntington  held  many  offices  and  lived  in  several  localities,  his  most 
permanent  home  being  on  his  farm  at  Painesville.  He  came  to  Cleve- 
land in  1800,  having  located  his  family  at  Yonngstown.  In  1803,  Amos 
Spafford  built  him  a  residence  of  hewn  timber  on  his  lot  on  Superior 
Street.  It  overlooked  the  river  valley,  and  during  the  few  years  he 
lived  in  it  was  the  most  pretentions  ''mansion"  in  town.  But  it 
was  too  near  the  "frog  pond"  and,  in  1806,  he  purchased  the  mill  at 
Newburg  and  lived  in  that  locality  about  another  year.  He  also  had 
acquired  a  fine  estate  at  Painesville;  so  that  it  was  sometimes  diffi- 
cult to  determine  exactly  where  Mr.  Huntington's  "voting  place" 
was.  He  represented  Trumbull  County  in  the  first  constitutional 
convention  and  the  first  state  legislature ;  in  1803,  he  was  appointed  the 
first  member  of  the  first  state  supreme  court,  and  resigned  from  the 
bench  in  1808  to  become  governor  and  served  in  that  office  one  term, 
1809-10.     He  then  retired  to  his  Painesville  estate,  where  he  died  in 


528  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

1817.  So  that  the  claim  to  classing  him  as  a  Cleveland  lawyer  rests 
upon  the  years  of  his  residence  at  Doan's  Corners  and  Newburg, 
1803-07. 

With  Reuben  Wood,  the  third  lawyer  to  settle  in  Cleveland,  the 
reader  has  become  acquainted.    He  was  governor  under  two  constitu 
tions  in  the  early  '50.s,  and  was  a  resident  of  Cleveland  for  more  than 
thirty  years. 

Myron  T.  Herrick 

Myron  T.  Herrick  has  been  both  governor  and  diplomat.  He  comes 
of  an  old  Jlassachusetts  family  transplanted  to  Lorain  County,  Ohio, 
where  he  was  born.  Educated  in  Ohio,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1878,  and,  after  practising  for  eight  years,  retired  to  become  con- 
nected with  the  Society  for  Savings,  of  which  he  was  elected  president 
in  1894.  He  has  been  at  the  head  of  its  affairs  continuously  since, 
except  that  during  his  tenn  as  governor  of  Ohio  he  occupied  the  spe- 
cially created  position  of  chairman  of  the  board.  Since  1888,  he  has 
been  a  member  of  all  the  national  Republican  conventions  except  those 
of  1900  and  1912,  when  he  was  in  Europe.  In  1900,  he  was  a  presi- 
dential elector-at-large,  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Republican  national  committee  from  Ohio.  He  refused  the 
secretarj'ship  of  the  treasury  in  President  McKiuley  's  cabinet,  and  the 
ambassadorship  to  Italy,  tendered  by  both  Presidents  McKinley  and 
Roosevelt.  In  November,  1903,  he  was  elected  governor  of  Ohio,  and 
in  Februarj^  1912,  President  Taft  appointed  liim  ambassador  to 
France.  On  his  departure  from  Paris  in  December,  1914,  several 
months  after  the  outbreak  of  the  world's  war,  he  was  decorated  b,y 
the  French  government  with  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 
None  wlio  know  Oliio  need  be  told  that  Governor  Herrick  has  been 
one  of  the  most  stalwart  of  the  home  leaders  in  the  su])port  of  the 
World's  war,  liis  S])eecli  at  Cleveland,  upon  the  occasion  of  tlie  observ- 
ance of  I^astile  Day,  being  as  eloquent  and  impressive  as  anytliing  of 
the  kind  which  has  marked  his  public  career. 

Governors  Loosely  Identified  with  Cleveland 

David  Tod,  the  second  war  governor,  was  a  lawyer  and  lived  in 
Cleveland  in  1864-6.5.  In  1863,  he  purchased  the  llillinrd  mansion, 
eoiMier  of  I'.ond  and  St.  Claii'  streets,  and  lived  tlierein  for  more  than  a 
year.  Altlioiiuli  a  nuMnber  of  the  ])r()fession,  Governoi-  Tod  ]iractised 
little,  and  none  at  Cleveland,  as  his  time  dni'ing  the  iicriixl  of  his 


1864-1918]  BENCH  AND  BAR  529 

family's  residence  there  was  absorbed  in  his  pressing  gubernatorial 
duties  connected  with  tlie  civil  war,  and  his  official  residence  was  at 
Columbus.  The  Cleveland  residence  was  purchased  by  Ctesar  Gras- 
selli,  the  chemical  manufacturer  and  haulier,  and  iuis  long  been  known 
as  the  Grasselli  mansion,  although  more  recently  occupied  by  the  Asso- 
ciated Charities.  Even  in  times  of  peace,  Governor  Tod  was  not  a 
general  practitioner,  but  devoted  most  of  his  time  to  his  large  busi- 
ness interests,  including  the  Briar  Hill  coal  mines  at  Youngstown. 
He  died  in  that  city  on  tlie  tliirtoentli  of  November,  1868. 

Governor  George  Hoadley  was  the  son  of  tluit  fine  old  'squire  and 
mayor  of  the  same  name  and  passed  liis  youth  and  early  manhood 
in  Cleveland.  Tn  1849,  the  family  moved  to  Cincinnati,  soon  after  the 
senior  George  Hoadley  had  concluded  his  term  as  mayor.  In  that  city 
the  future  governor  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law. 

Lawyer  Congressmen  from  Cleveland 

It  was  not  until  1837  that  the  people  saw  fit  to  call  upon  the  Cleve- 
land bar  for  a  congressional  representative ;  and  he  was  worthy  of  the 
selection.  John  W.  Allen  had  been  a  resident  of  the  city  for  twelve 
years,  having  come  from  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  in  1825.  Having 
studied  law  w-ith  Judge  Samuel  Cowles  and  been  admitted  to  the  bar, 
his  energy,  refinement  and  honorable  character  soon  won  him  a  firm 
place  in  the  confidence  of  the  home  community,  which  his  two  terms 
in  congress  strengthened  and  extended.  Before  going  to  Washington, 
he  had  served  as  president  of  the  village  board  of  trustees  and  as  a 
member  of  the  Ohio  senate  and,  in  1841,  sooji  after  his  return,  was 
elected  maj'or  of  the  city.  He  served  one  term.  Mr.  Allen  was  one  of 
the  first  bank  commissioners  of  Ohio  and  active  in  building  the  first 
railroad,  and  in  the  early  '70s  served  two  terms  as  Cleveland's  post- 
master. He  died  in  October,  1887,  more  than  fifty  years  after  the 
commencement  of  his  first  congressional  term.  In  1837,  Cuyahoga 
County  was  in  the  Fifteenth  Congressional  District. 

The  learned,  polished  and  eloquent  Sherlock  J.  Andrews  was  the 
congressman  from  Cuyahoga  County  in  1841-42. 

Edward  "Wade,  a  prominent  member  of  the  local  bar  and  member 
of  the  firm  of  Willson,  AYade  &  Wade,  served  from  1853-60,  Cleve- 
land then  being  in  the  Twentieth  District.  The  year  after  Mr.  Wade 
entered  congress.  Hiram  Y.  Willson,  senior  member  of  the  firm,  was 
appointed  United  States  .iudge  for  the  Northern  District  of  Ohio. 

Albert  G.  Riddle,  who  ranked  with  such  as  Rufus  P.  Spalding, 
Franklin  T.  Backus  and  D.  R.  Tilden  among  the  strong  Cleveland 

Vol.  1—34 


530  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

lawyers,  succeeded  Mr.  Wade  as  congressman  from  the  Twentieth 
District.    He  served  in  1861-62. 

During  tlie  following  decade,  Cleveland  was  in  the  Eighteenth 
District,  and  in  1863-68  was  represented  by  Rufus  P.  Spalding.  The 
city  was  then  returned  to  the  Twentieth  District,  in  which  it  remained 
during  1873-83.  During  that  period,  Cleveland's  representatives  in 
congress,  who  were  members  of  the  bar,  were  Richard  C.  Parsons  and 
Henry  B.  Payne. 

Rufus  P.  Spalding 

Rufus  P.  Spalding  was  one  of  the  masterly  men  and  lawyers  who 
at  an  early  day,  and  especially  during  the  civil  war  period,  made 
Cleveland  noted  as  a  progressive  and  patriotic  city  throughout  the 
United  States.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  College  and  enjoyed  thirty 
years  of  distinction  at  the  bar  of  Connecticut  before  he  came  to  Cleve- 
land, his  professional  honors  culminating  in  the  East  by  his  elevation 
to  membership  in  the  supreme  court  of  that  state.  Judge  Spalding 
was,  as  a  matter  of  course,  a  leader  in  all  professional  and  public 
matters  from  the  time  he  settled  in  Cleveland,  in  1852,  as  a  partner 
with  Richard  C.  Parsons.  In  1862,  at  the  age  of  sixty-two.  Judge 
Spalding  was  elected  to  congi-ess,  where  he  served  for  six  years  in  the 
troubled  periods  of  the  rebellion  and  reconstruction,  with  ability  and 
patriotic  ardor.  In  his  Cleveland  home  city  he  was  an  unfaltering  and 
eloquent  supporter  of  Free-soil  principles  and  Unionism.  He  was  a 
terse  and  graceful  writer,  as  well  as  a  polished  and  powerful  orator 
and  an  earnest  and  energetic  citizen  of  two  states  far  separated  by 
distance  but  quite  similar  in  the  characteristics  of  their  people. 

RiCHAED  C.  Parsons 

Richard  C.  Parsons,  who  was  in  congress  bi  1873-7;'),  who  had 
been  practicing  at  the  Cuyahoga  bar  for  more  than  twenty  years,  had 
served  in  various  municipal  positions  and  two  terms  in  the  legisla- 
ture as  a  pioneer  Republican.  He  had  also  been  consul  to  Rio  de 
Janeiro  in  the  first  Lincoln  administration,  collector  of  internal  rev- 
enue and  marshal  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States.  "While 
in  congress,  he  was  directly  instrumental  in  securing  the  life-saving 
service  at  Cleveland  and  its  liglithouse,  and  in  inaugurating  the  im- 
provement of  the  Cleveland  breakwater.  Soon  afterwards  lie  ven- 
tured, with  indifferent  success  into  the  newspaper  field,  as  editor  and 
principal  owner  of  the  Cleveland  Herald.     For  a  number  of  later 


1852-1918]  BENCH  AND  BAR  531 

years  he  creditably  lieKl  tlie  position  of  bank  cxainincr  and  eontinned 
his  practice.  ' 

The  masterful  abilities  of  the  Hon.  Henry  B.  Payne,  congressman 
in  1875-76,  have  been  noted. 

The  portion  of  Cuyahoga  Countj'  outside  of  Cleveland  which  was 
in  the  Twentietli  District  was  represented  in  congress  by  Vincent  A. 
Taylor  in  1891-92.  Among  the  Cleveland  lawyers  who  represented 
the  city  west  of  the  river  in  the  Twentieth  District  after  1893  were 
Clifton  B.  Beach  and  Paul  Howland. 

The  county  is  now  divided  into  the  Twentieth.  Twenty-first  and 
Twenty-second  congressional  districts,  which  are  all  represented  by 
lawyers — William  Gordon,  Robert  Crosser  and  Henrj'  J.  Emerson. 
Mr.  Gordon  was  formerly  in  practice  at  Oak  Harbor,  served  as  prose- 
cuting attorney  of  Ottawa  County  and,  as  a  leading  Democrat,  has 
been  a  delegate  to  one  national  convention  and  been  for  years  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  central  committee.  Robert  Crosser,  Democrat,  is  a 
Scotchman,  who  has  practiced  in  Cleveland  for  abcmt  seventeen  years, 
and  while  a  member  of  the  state  house  of  representatives  became 
the  author  of  the  Municipal  Referendum  Bill,  passed  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  1911.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  fourth  constitutional  con- 
vention of  Ohio,  held  in  1912.  Congressman  Emerson,  Republican, 
who  is  serving  his  second  term,  has  practised  in  Cleveland  since  his 
admission  to  the  bar  in  1893.  He  served  one  term  in  the  citv  council. 
Of  the  ten  delegates  from  Cuyahoga  County  to  the  state  constitutional 
convention  of  1912,  besides  Congressman  Crosser,  two  were  Cleveland 
lawyers — John  D.  Facklcr  and  Aaron  Hahn.  Both  of  the  Democratic 
congressmen,  Gordon  and  Crosser,  were  defeated  for  renomination  in 
1918. 

The  Clevel.\nd  Bar  Associ.\tion 

In  even  some  of  the  larger  cities  the  organization  composed  of  the 
members  of  the  local  bar  stands  for  little  more  than  a  loose  as.soeia- 
tion,  the  meetings  of  which  arc  held  only  to  pass  resolutions  of  eulogy 
or  condolence ;  but  the  Cleveland  Bar  Association  has  always  been  an 
active  body,  upholding  the  high  standard  of  its  membership,  which 
now  numbers  about  seven  hundred  practising  lawyers.  It  was  formed 
on  the  twenty-second  of  March,  1873,  at  the  law  library  room  of  the  old 
court-house,  and  John  W.  Heisley,  then  a  leading  lawyer  of  nearly 
twenty  yeare  standing,  and  a  former  city  attorney,  was  chosen  chair- 
man. Mr.  Heisley  served  as  common  pleas  .judge  in  the  '80s,  and  was  a 
popular  official  as  well  as  a  good  Democrat.  Among  the  well  known 
lawyers  who  then   and  there  signed   the  call   which   resulted   in   the 


532  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

formation  of  the  Cleveland  Bar  Association  were  S.  J.  Andrews,  G.  E. 
Herrick,  James  Mason,  H.  C.  White,  John  J.  Carrou,  R.  P.  Spalding, 
S.  0.  Griswold,  John  C.  Grannis,  John  W.  Heisley,  P.  H.  Kaiser,  E. 
J.  Estep,  J.  M.  Henderson,  Virgil  P.  Kline,  Lyman  R.  Critchfield, 
Henry  C.  Ranney,  James  M.  Jones,  Stevenson  Burke,  Homer  B.  De 
"VVolf,  Samuel  E.  Williamson  and  Lewis  W.  Foi'd.  Its  first  officers 
were :  President,  Sherlock  J.  Andrews ;  vice-presidents,  James  Mason, 
John  '\V.  Heisley  and  John  C.  Grannis ;  recording  secretary,  Virgil  P 
Kline ;  corresponding  secretary,  L\^nan  R.  Critchfield ;  treasurer,  G. 
M.  Barber. 

The  present  officers  of  the  Cleveland  Bar  Association  are :  P.  L. 
A.  LieghleJ^  president :  Ralph  W.  Edwards,  treasurer,  and  E.  A. 
Binyon,  secretary. 

Law  Library  Association 

The  Law  Libx'ary  Association  was  completely  organized  in  Janu- 
ary, 1870,  more  than  three  years  befoi'e  the  Bar  Association  was 
formed.  The  movement  started  a  year  before,  the  necessity  of  gather- 
ing a  professional  librar.y  open  to  all  members  of  the  local  profession 
having  long  been  recognized.  S.  0.  Griswold  was  elected  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Law  Library  Association  and  W.  J.  Boardman  vice-pres- 
ident, the  first  contributions  of  books  being  made  by  President  Gris- 
wold R.  P.  Spalding,  Loren  Prentiss,  W.  S.  C.  Otis,  John  C.  Grannis, 
Benjamin  R.  Beavis,  E.  J.  Estep.  Samuel  Williamson,  S.  E.  William- 
.son  and  I.  Buckingham.  In  1872,  through  Judge  Griswold 's  efforts, 
the  legislature  passed  a  bill  by  which  .$500  was  annually  drawn  from 
the  police  court  fund  for  the  benefit  of  the  library.  This  measure 
was  a  great  aid  to  the  enterprise  in  its  early  years,  as  was  the  pro- 
vision in  Die  constitution  liy  which  those  who  contributed  .$500  either 
in  books  or  money  should  lie  entitled  to  life  mcmliership.  In  the  '70s, 
both  Judges  Griswold  and  J.  P.  Bisliop  took  advantage  of  the  pro- 
vision. At  a  later  period,  G.  ^1.  Barlier,  who  was  seci'ctary  and  treas- 
urer for  many  years,  proved  a  skilful  and  induslrious  buyer  of  books 
for  the  library  in  eastern  markets,  and,  in  1885,  his  invalualile  services 
also  ])rought  liiin  a  life  membership  in  the  as.sociation.  In  1888,  the 
library  of  tjie  late  Franklin  T.  Backus  was  presented  to  the  asso- 
ciation by  his  widow  and,  in  the  following  year,  the  collection  of  tlie 
late  Judge  H.  V.  Willson  was  added  by  purchase.  Other  accessions 
wei'c  made  from  tiiiic  to  time,  until  the  lilirary  now  numbers  38,000 
volumes. 


1870-1918]  BENCH  AND  BAR  533 

TuE  Crowell  Law  School 

The  legal  profession  of  Cleveland  is  proud  of  its  schools,  which 
have  been  established  for  the  education  of  the  fraternity.  Attempts 
were  made  in  1843  and  1851  to  establish  law  schools  in  Cleveland, 
and,  in  1857,  the  Union  Law  College,  which  had  been  organized  at 
Poland,  Ohio,  was  moved  to  this  city  under  the  leadership  of  Judge 
Chester  Hayden.  J.  J.  Elwell  and  W.  P.  Edgerton  assisted  him  as 
instructors.  At  the  opening  of  the  civil  war,  the  latter  went  into  the 
army  and  left  Judge  Hayden  to  carry  on  the  college  alone.  This  he 
did  successfully  for  several  years,  but  his  age  prevented  him  from 
sustaining  the  continuous  and  increasing  burden  of  responsibilities, 
and,  in  the  early  '60s,  he  disposed  of  the  enterprise  to  General  John 
Crowell.  The  latter  earned  his  title  by  a  faitiiful  service  and  steady 
advancement  in  the  Ohio  militia,  rising  to  the  i-ank  of  major-general. 
He  liad  practiced  law  and  been  identified  with  the  Western  Reserve 
Chronicle  at  Warner,  Trumbull  County,  had  served  in  the  state 
senate  and  later  in  congress.  He  was  a  strong  Whig  and  his  Demo- 
cratic opponent  in  the  campaign  of  1850,  which  carried  him  into  the 
congress,  was  R.  P.  Ranney.  After  his  retirement  from  congress,  he 
resumed  his  law  practice  and  continued  it  until  he  became  the  head 
of  the  Ohio  State  and  Union  College  at  Cleveland.  It  became  best 
known,  however,  as  the  Crowell  Law  School  and  reached  a  high  stand- 
ard. When  failing  health  and  old  age  compelled  General  Crowell  to 
relinquish  his  work  in  1876,  the  scliool  was  closed.  Its  sessions  were 
held  ill  the  Rouse  block. 

The  Cleveland  Law  College 

The  Cleveland  Law  College  was  incorporated  on  the  fifth  of  Janu- 
ary, 1882,  and  its  first  board  of  trustees  consisted  of  Rnfus  P. 
Ranney,  president;  Amos  Denison,  secretary  and  treasurer;  E.  T. 
Hamilton,  S.  E.  Williamson,  C.  B.  Pennewell,  George  T.  Chapman, 
J.  D.  Cleveland,  ^'irgil  P.  Kline  and  Jarvis  ^I.  Adams.  The  college 
did  not  actually  open — that  is,  the  preliminaiy  course  of  lectures — 
until  the  winter  of  1885-86,  Avith  Judge  E.  J.  Blandin  as  dean. 
R.  P.  Ranney  delivered  the  course  on  constitutional  law;  S.  0.  Gris- 
wold,  on  pleadings,  common  law  and  equity;  W.  W.  BojTiton,  on 
domestic  relations ;  G.  M.  Barber,  on  corporations,  and  General  M.  D. 
Leggett,  on  patent  law.  A  mock  court  was  held  weekly,  students 
having  access  to  the  law  library.  The  Cleveland  Law  College  thrived 
for  a  number  of  j-ears. 


534  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

The  Franklin  T.  Backus  Law  School 

In  1892,  a  law  department  of  the  Western  Reserve  University  was 
organized.  In  the  following  year,  on  the  promise  of  Mrs.  Backus,  the 
widow  of  the  old  and  honored  member  of  thfe  Cleveland  bar  and  lead- 
ing citizen,  to  endow  the  school  with  $50,000,  the  name  was  changed 
to  the  Franklin  T.  Backus  Law  School  of  Western  Reserve  University. 
After  some  years  in  temporary  quarters  in  the  Ford  House,  at  the 
corner  of  Euclid  Avenue  and  Adelbert  Road,  and  in  Adelbert  Hall, 
the  school  was  moved,  in  1896,  to  the  present  building  on  Adelbert 
Road. 

The  Franklin  T.  Backus  Law  School  is  honored  by  its  name.  Doe- 
tor  Backus  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  and  one  of  the  most  cultured  of 
the  pioneer  members  of  the  bar.  What  is  more,  he  was  earnest, 
straightforward  and  forceful.  When  he  came  to  Cleveland  from  the 
East,  in  1836,  he  had  not  been  graduated  in  law,  but  from  the  classics 
of  Yale.  For  a  number  of  j'ears  he  conducted  a  preparatory  school 
for  boys  which  earned  a  high  reputation,  as  its  principal  had  both 
the  facult\'  of  imparting  instruction  and  of  instilling  a  sense  of  the 
importance  of  chai'acter  in  the  earning  of  success.  When  he  entered 
the  practice  of  law,  he  had  already  acquired  a  substantial  standing  in 
the  community,  and  in  the  pursuance  of  his  long  legal  career  he 
never  lowered  his  standard  as  a  fine  gentleman,  a  thorough  scholar,  a 
learned  law.yer  and  a  Christian.  In  1854,  he  was  placed  on  the  Cleve- 
land commission  which  was  appointed  to  arrange  the  consolidation 
with  Ohio  City,  and  within  the  few  years  M'hicli  preceded  the  civil 
war  arra^'ed  himself  with  the  Free  sellers  and  the  founders  of  the 
Republican  party.  In  1859,  he  was  one  of  the  group  of  leading  Cleve- 
land lawyers  who  defended  the  Obcrlin  rescue  party  in  the  famous 
slave  case,  and  was  always  foremost  in  all  the  movements  which  sus- 
tained the  patriotic  name  of  the  city.  No  lawyer  has  ever  practised 
at  the  Cleveland  bar  whose  abilities  were  more  solid,  whose  mind  was 
broader  or  more  judicial,  and  whose  character  was  purer,  than  Frank- 
lin T.  Backus. 

The  Clevtiland  Law  School 

The  Cleveland  Law  School,  of  which  Judge  Willis  Vickery,  of  the 
common  pleas  court,  has  been  dean  since  its  inception,  is  the  out- 
growth of  two  institutions.  In  the  summer  of  1897,  was  established 
the  Baldwin  University  Law  Scliool,  at  Berca,  Ohio,  Judge  Vickei-y 
being  identified  with  its  founding  also.  About  the  same  time,  the 
Cleveland  Law  School  was  incorporated,  F.  J.  Wing,  wlio  was  elc- 


1836-191S]  BENCH  AND  BAR    .  535 

vated  to  the  Federal  beuch  a  few  years  afterward,  beiug  among  its 
founders.  In  the  summer  of  1899,  the  two  institutions  were  consoli- 
dated under  the  name  of  the  Cleveland  Law  School  of  Baldwin  Uni- 
versity, with  M'illis  Vic'kery  as  dean. 

Some  of  the  Early  Practitioners 

Stevenson  Burke  had  been  a  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas 
in  an  adjoining  county  for  several  jcar.s  before  coming  to  Cleveland. 
In  1869,  he  located  in  the  city  and  formed  a  partnership  with  F.  T. 
Backus  and  E.  J.  Estep.  "Sir.  Backus  died  in  1870,  and  Judge  Burke 
subsequently  formed  other  partnersliip  connections.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  successful  corporation  lawyers  who  ever  practised  at  the 
Cleveland  bar. 

General  Mortimer  D.  Leggett  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Cleve- 
land bar  who  had  earned  a  national  fame  before  he  became  one  of 
its  honored  citizens.  He  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession 
in  New  York  and  in  the  late  '40s  located  at  Akron,  Ohio,  and  organized 
there  the  first  system  of  free  graded  schools  west  of  the  Allegheny 
Mountains,  under  what  became  known  throughout  the  West  as  the 
Akron  school  law.  For  a  number  of  years,  he  also  practised  in 
"Warren,  Trumbull  Count}'.  During  the  civil  war,  he  advanced 
through  all  the  officers'  grades  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and 
was  afterward  appointed  by  President  Grant  commissioner  of  patents, 
as  he  had  for  years  been  gradually  getting  into  patent  law.  At  the 
conclusion  of  his  four  years'  service  in  Washington,  he  located  in 
Cleveland,  where  he  was  acknowledged  as  one  of  the  foremost  patent 
lawyers  in  America. 

Colonel  John  F.  Herrick,  for  seventeen  years  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  the  Cleveland  bar  and  an  honored  Union  soldier  and  public 
character,  was  identified  with  some  phase  of  Ohio  history  throughout 
his  life.  A  native  of  Lorain  County,  he  passed  six  years  in  the 
inspiring  atmosphere  of  Oberlin  College,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
in  1862.  He  at  once  added  to  the  fame  for  sturdy  patriotism  which 
that  institution  had  ali-cady  earned,  by  the  part  which  he  took.  As  a 
captain  of  infantrj'  he  was  captured  by  the  Confederates  at  Harpers 
Ferry;  paroled,  he  came  to  Cleveland,  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  practice  in  1863 ;  was  notified  that,  by  oxcliange  of  prisoners,  his 
parole  had  been  canceled,  and  he  was  again  free  and  finished  the  war 
as  a  major  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  cavalry.  Afterwards  he  entered 
into  practice  with  his  brother,  G.  E.  Herrick,  and  formed  other  con- 
nections with  leaders  of  the  bar,  earning  a  high  reputation  as  a  trial 


536  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.XX^ai 

and  corporation  lawyer.  In  the  fall  of  1901,  lie  was  elected  state 
senator  by  a  large  majority,  and  among  other  important  bills  which 
he  fathered  and  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  placed  on  the  statute 
books  was  that  establishing  the  juvenile  court  of  Cleveland.  What 
volume  of  good  that  institution  has  brought  to  the  lives  of  parents 
and  children  alike  can  never  be  adequately  measured.  Naturally,  the 
colonel  was  deeply  interested  in  all  matters  of  a  military  and  patriotic 
nature.  He  was  commander  of  the  Brough  Post,  No.  359,  G.  A.  R., 
for  many  years  prior  to  his  death  and  always  active  in  the  Loyal 
Legion.  He  also  wrote  much  on  Ohio  military  matters.  His  lamented 
death  occurred  on  the  fifth  of  July,  1909. 

John  G.  "White  has  practised  continuously  in  Cleveland  since  May, 
1868.  He  is  a  native  of  the  city,  born  in  1845,  was  educated  at  the 
Cleveland  high  school  and  the  Western  Reserve  University ;  studied 
law  with  his  father,  Bushnell  White,  and  was  admitted  to  practice 
in  1868.  Mr.  White  is  therefore  a  real  Cleveland  product.  He  has 
been  prominent  as  a  corporation  lawyer  and  is  one  of  the  best  in- 
formed men  in  the  profession.  Mr.  White  is  also  widely  Imown  for 
his  interest  in  and  his  knowledge  of  Oriental  literature,  of  which  he  has 
presented  several  thousand  volumes  to  the  Cleveland  Public  Library. 

John  M.  Henderson's  practice  dates  from  1864,  and  he  has  passed 
his  entire  professional  life  in  Cleveland.  He  has  been  associated  with 
several  leaders  of  the  bar  and  is  now  senior  member  of  Henderson, 
Quail,  Siddall  &  Morgan.  Mr.  Henderson  is  prominent  in  business 
and  financial  institutions,  as  well  as  in  his  own  profession,  and  is  also 
serving  as  president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Case  School  of 
Applied  Science.  A  more  extended  personal  sketch  of  this  veteran 
of  the  bar,  who  materially  contributed  to  the  correctness  and  com- 
pleteness of  this  chapter,  will  be  found  in  another  volume  of  this 
history. 

The  late  Virgil  P.  Kline,  whose  death  occurred  in  January,  1917, 
was  also  of  the  veteran  class  of  practitioners.  He  was  an  Ohio  man, 
born  in  Wayne  County  in  1844,  and  in  his  young  manhood  a  stanch 
Douglas  Democrat.  Mr.  Kline  prepared  for  college  at  the  Eclectic 
Institute,  in  Hiram,  and  was  graduated  from  Williams  College.  During 
several  subsequent  years  he  served  as  superintendent  of  schools  nt 
Cuyahoga  Falls  and  was  admitted  to  the  Ohio  bar  in  1869.  After  his 
admi-ssion,  he  was  in  active  and  successful  practice  in  Cleveland  for 
nearly  half  a  century.  He  never  abandoned  his  Democratic  principles, 
and  was  several  times  mentioned  by  his  party  in  connection  with  the 
governorship. 

Peter  H.  Kaiser  is  one  of  the  veterans  of  the  Cleveland  bar.    Tie 


1868-1918]  BENCH  AND  BAR  537 

is  now  in  his  seventy-ninth  year  and  coiuiuenca'd  practice  in  Cleve- 
land in  1869,  then  in  his  twenty-ninth  year.  Mr.  Kaiser  is  of  a 
prominent  Swiss  family  of  Menuouites,  and  liis  parents  were  mem- 
bers of  the  liistorie  ^loraviau  Church  at  Cnadenhutten,  Pennsylvania, 
and  in  that  neighborhood  he  taught  school  before  he  had  reached  his 
majority.  He  then  moved  to  Oberlin  and,  in  Angust,  1867,  was  grad- 
uated from  tlie  college  there,  he  having  paid  his  living  and  educational 
expenses  by  teaching.  Mr.  Kaiser  had  entered  Oberlin  College  in  the 
spring  of  1S60,  bnt  like  all  its  best  young  men,  joined  the  Union  amiy 
and  did  his  part  in  upholding  the  Union.  As  stated,  in  1868,  about  a 
year  after  his  graduation  from  college  (having  during  an  intervening 
period  served  as  Elyria"s  superintendent  of  schools)  he  located  in 
Cleveland.  He  then  .studied  law,  was  graduated  from  the  Cleveland 
Law  College  and,  in  1869,  was  admitted  to  the  Ohio  bar.  Since  that 
year  he  has  practiced  continuonslJ^  The  only  public  positions  he  has 
held  in  Cleveland  were  those  of  assistant  prosecuting  attorney  in  1881- 
82  and  county  solicitor  in  189-4-1902.  He  has  served  as  trustee  of  Ober- 
lin College  and  lectured  before  the  law  department  of  the  Western 
Reserv-e  University.  Mr.  Kaiser  has  been  honored  with  several  degrees 
by  his  alma  matei",  Oberlin  College,  and  the  State  and  Union  College 
of  Law,  at  Cleveland.  In  1901,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the 
supreme  court  at  "Washington,  upon  motion  of  James  R.  Garfield, 
son  of  the  former  president.  This  occasion  called  him  to  the  national 
capital  for  the  first  time  since  1864,  when  he  was  a  private  Union 
soldier  assisting  in  the  defense  of  Washington  against  the  attack  of 
Early's  Confederate  army.  Mr.  Kaiser  believes  that  the  Cleveland 
bar  was  at  its  zenith  when  he  came  to  the  city  in  1868,  and  that  at 
no  time  since  Judge  Samuel  B.  Prentiss  and  Horace  Foote  constituted 
the  active  judges  of  the  common  pleas  bench  has  its  average  been 
as  high. 

David  K.  Cartter,  who  came  to  Cleveland  from  the  interior  of  the 
state  a  few  years  before  the  civil  war,  was  a  rather  successful  jury 
lawyer  for  some  time.  Early  in  Lincoln's  first  administration  he 
was  appointed  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
and  was  still  on  that  bench  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1887. 

A  number  of  women  lawyers  have  successfully  practised  at  the 
Cleveland  bar,  the  professional  pioneer  of  her  sex  being  Miss  -\Iary 
P.  Spargo.  Siie  is  a  native  of  Cleveland,  born  in  1856;  a  desultory 
course  of  reading  in  which  Blackstone  figured  awakened  in  her  a 
desire  seriously  to  adopt  the  law  as  a  profession.  In  1882,  she  entered 
the  office  of  Morrow  &  [Morrow,  Cleveland  lawyers,  at  their  sugges- 
tion, to  carrv-  out  that  ambition.    Even  forty  years  ago,  the  prejudice 


538  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVII 

against  receiving  women  into  the  ranks  of  the  profession  was  strong. 
In  the  earlier  period  of  her  practice  the  principal  drawback  to  her 
practical  advancement  was  the  impossibility  of  obtaining  a  commis- 
sion as  notary  public,  the  statute  allowing  the  appointment  of  women 
to  that  office  having  been  declared  unconstitutional.  In  1885,  she  was 
admitted  to  practice  by  the  supreme  court  of  Ohio  and  opened  an 
office  in  Cleveland.  In  the  following  year  she  married  W.  D.  Eraser, 
of  Cleveland.  In  speaking  of  her  experiences,  Mrs.  Eraser  once  said 
to  a  friend:  "I  have  spoken  of  difficulties,  and  there  have  been 
such,  but  I  believe  they  have  been  only  those  that  are  incident  to 
pioneer  work  in  any  direction,  and  could  not  have  been  avoided. 
Certainly  they  have  not  been  the  result  of  any  lack  of  cordiality  and 
courtesy  on  the  part  of  the  Cuyahoga  County  bar.  For  the  interest, 
encouragement  and  confidence  in  which  my  fellow  workers  have  never 
failed  toward  me,  I  am  heartily  grateful.  I  count  myself  fortunate, 
also,  in  having  the  confidence  of  my  women  clients,  both  personally 
and  professionally.  It  is  a  good  thing  to  have  the  confidence  of  good 
women." 


CHAPTER  XXVIII 

PHYSICIANS    AM)    THt:iK    INSTITUTIONS 

By  11.  G,  Cutler 

The  physicians  and  surgeous  of  Cleveland  have  fixed  a  high 
standard  for  their  fraternity  everywhere.  It  is  often  difficult  to 
determine  which  is  cause  and  which  is  effect ;  the  two  are  often  so 
blended  that  there  really  is  no  sharp  division.  The  local  fraternity 
has  always  been  noted  for  a  hearty  co-operation  through  various  socie- 
ties, educational  institutions  and  charities,  whicli  has  had  a  charac- 
teristic tendency  to  make  them  progressive  and  broad.  Their  liber- 
ality, their  professional  and  often  literarj'  education,  their  scientific 
attainments,  often  gained  from  contact  with  the  greatest  American 
and  European  masters,  first  led  to  the  establishment  of  such  agencies, 
and,  once  founded,  manj'  of  them  have  so  expanded  in  usefulness  and 
educational  power  as  to  become,  in  turn,  real  character-builders  for 
all  who  have  participated  in  their  development.  To  illu.strate  these 
points,  it  is  but  necessary  to  review  briefly  the  public  work  of  some 
of  the  leaders  of  the  profession  in  Cleveland,  a  large  and  vital  part 
of  which  has  been  the  founding  of  the  societies,  the  schools  and  col- 
leges, the  hospitals  and  other  institutions  which  have  given  the  city  a 
high  standing  among  American  municipalities. 

First  Phtsici.\n  in  Cleveland 

First  of  his  profes.sion  upon  tlie  local  scene  was  Dr.  Theodore 
Shepard,  who  accompanied  1he  Cleaveland  surveying  parties  of  1796 
and  1797,  attended  to  the  ailments  of  its  meml)ers  and  the  few  vil- 
lagers, during  the  few  months  that  he  was  in  town,  and  then  re- 
turned to  the  East.  The  fine  distinction  has  been  made  that  Dr. 
Shepard  was  the  first  physician  in  Cleveland,  although  not  the  first 
physician  of  Cleveland. 

First  Physician  of  Clev'eland 

That  distinction  rests  with  Dr.  David  Long,  who  received  his 
medical  education  in  New  York  City,  located  in  the  village  in  1810, 

539 


540  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS    [Chap.  XXVIII 

opened  an  office  in  a  little  frame  building  on  the  site  of  the  future 
American  House,  and  in  the  following  year — such  had  been  the  good 
impression  he  had  created — married  the  daughter  of  Postmaster  and 
Collector  of  Revenue  John  Walworth,  one  of  the  most  popular  men 
in  Cleveland.  Dr.  Long,  perhaps,  took  his  cue  from  his  father-in- 
law,  for  wJiile  he  continued  to  be  the  leading  physician  of  the  place 
for  years  after  other  members  of  his  profession  arrived,  he  became 
broadly  prominent  in  public  affairs.  Before  1820,  he  had  been  elected 
a  member  of  the  first  village  board  of  trustees,  had  assisted  in  found- 
ing the  Commercial  Bank  of  Lake  Erie  and  the  Cleveland  Pier  Com- 
pany, and,  although  a  Presbyterian,  had  joined  in  the  organization 
of  Trinity  Episcopal  parish — all  pioneer  institutions.  Afterward,  he 
served  as  county  commissioner  and  president  of  the  village  corpora- 
tion, was  a  strong  promoter  of  the  Ohio  Canal,  became  president  of 
the  Anti-Slavery  Society  in  1837,  and  at  his  death,  on  the  first  of  Sep- 
tember, 1851,  no  citizen  of  Cleveland  had  become  more  honored  than 
Dr.  Long.  In  all  matters  connected  with  his  professional  work,  such 
as  the  fierce  campaigns  against  cholera  and  the  general  sanitation  of 
the  young  town,  it  was  assumed,  as  a  matter  of  course,  that  Dr.  Long 
would  lead. 

Pleasing  Tales 

Many  "pleasing"  anecdotes  are  told  regarding  the  doctor's  early 
experiences  in  Cleveland,  and  some  of  the  old  settlers  always  insisted 
that  his  professional  identification  with  the  Indian  murderer  O'Mic 
was  in  that  class  of  stories.  The  details  of  the  murder  and  execu- 
tion have  been  given  *  and  would,  in  any  event,  be  passed  over  to 
reach  the  point  in  the  narrative  where  Dr.  Long  comes  into  the  tale. 
The  Indian  criminal  was  only  twent.y-one,  but  very  fat  and  heavy, 
and  the  rope  which  was  to  hang  him  broke  in  the  midst  of  a  storm 
which  swept  the  public  square.  The  crowd  dispersed  and  at  night  Dr. 
Long,  Dr.  Allen  and  some  other  doctors  wlio  had  been  drawn  thither, 
picked  their  way  among  the  stumps  and  hushes,  having  obtained  per- 
mis.sion  of  the  sheriff,  fully  to  investigate  the  bod.y  and  be  sure  that 
no  life  remained  in  it.  Convinced  of  the  Indian's  death,  the  next 
problem  was  how  to  remove  the  body.  As  Dr.  Allen  was  the  strong 
ma7i  of  the  party,  he  allowed  the  corpse  to  be  placed  on  his  back,  and 
the  procession  started  for  the  banks  of  the  lake  where  tlie  body  was 
to  be  deposited.  But  Dr.  Allen  was  hardly  thus  saddled  when  he 
fell  over  a  stump,  willi  flic  bulky  liody  on  f()]i  of  him.     The  doctors 


See  page  94. 


1812]  PHYSICIANS,  ETC.  541 

dared  not  laugh  outright,  as,  although  the  shoritf  knew  of  their  mis- 
sion, the  villagers  did  not,  and  such  an  infoiiual  proceeding  was  in- 
tended to  be  kept  secret.  It  was,  but  only  after  inueh  painful  self- 
repression.  But  Dr.  Allen  was  relieved  and  the  Indian's  corpse  was 
left  on  the  banks  of  the  lake  well  out  of  town.  There  the  soft  parts 
were  allowed  to  decompose  and  the  bones  were  collected  and  articu- 
lated by  Dr.  Long.    That  was  in  1812. 

Does  this  pleasing  narrative  end  here?  Hardly.  In  the  folhiw- 
iilg  year  a  number  of  the  sick  and  wounded  troops  of  Hull's  unfor- 
tunate command  were  sent  to  the  stockade  on  the  lakeshore  at  Cleve- 
land, called  Fort  Huntington.  Capt.  Stanton  Sholes,  who  was  in 
command,  was  stricken  with  fever  and  ague  and  called  at  Dr.  Long's 
house  for  treatment.  While  waiting  for  him  he  had  an  attack  of  the 
"shakes"  and  Mrs.  Long  requested  him  to  go  upstairs  and  lie  down. 
The  captain  stumbled  up,  slipped  off  his  coat  and  boots  and  fell  on 
the  bed.  Captain  Sholes  himself  wrote  the  sequel:  "When  1  awoke 
and  came  to  myself,  I  smelt  something  very  sickening.  Turning  my 
face  to  the  wall,  mj^  face  partly  on  the  bed,  I  was  struck  almost 
senseless  by  an  object  on  the  tloor  between  me  and  the  wall,  my 
face  partly  over  it.  It  was  a  human  skeleton,  every  bone  in  its  place, 
the  flesh  mostly  gone.  I  gazed  at  the  bones  till  I  verily  thought  I 
was  dead,  and  that  they  had  buried  me  bj'  the  side  of  .someone  who 
had  gone  before  me.  I  felt  very  sick  which  aroused  me  from  my 
lethargj^  and  I  found  that  I  was  alive  and  had  been  sleeping  along- 
side a  dead  man.  As  soon  as  I  recalled  where  I  was,  I  reached  the 
lower  floor  in  quiek.step,  giving  Mrs.  Long  a  fright  to  see  me  come 
down  in  such  haste.  She  very  politely  apologized  for  her  forgetful- 
ness.  The  season  before  there  had  been  an  Indian  hung  for  the 
murder  of  a  white  man,  and  I  had  the  luck  to  sleep  side  by  side 
with  his  frame,  not  fully  cleaned." 

Other  Pioneer  Piitsiciaxs  of  Cleveland 

Dr.  Donald  Mcintosh,  the  second  physician  to  locate  at  Cleveland, 
is  said  to  have  been  skillful,  but  is  known  to  have  been  too  convivial 
to  uphold  a  substantial  reputation  either  in  his  profession  or  the 
community.  He  was  also  proprietor  of  the  Navy  House.  From  all 
accounts  he  was  popular  and,  in  1828,  was  elected  president  of  the 
District  ^fcdical  Society,  comprising  the  professional  membership 
of  Cuyahoga  and  Medina  counties.  Six  j-ears  afterwards,  he  was 
fatally  injured  in  a  moonlight  horserace  on  Buffalo  Road,  now 
Euclid  Avenue. 


542  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVIII 

In  1820,  Dr.  Elijah  Burtou  settled  in  the  adjoining  town  of 
Euclid,  and  he  and  his  son  and  his  grandson  made  the  family  name 
honored  in  the  community  for  at  least  three  score  years  and  ten. 

Most  of  the  early  physicians,  like  Dr.  Israel  Town  and  Dr.  L.  F. 
AV.  Andrews,  were  also  proprietors  of  drug  stores,  and  at  times 
announced  through  the  local  press  that  they  would  donate  their 
professional  services  if  prospective  patients  would  buy  the  neces- 
sary drugs  at  their  places  of  business. 

Nineteenth  Medical  District  Society 

The  history  of  this  pioneer  organization  of  the  physicians  and 
surgeons  of  Cuyahoga,  ]\Iediiia  and  other  counties  may  be  traced  for 
about  twenty  years.  On  the  fourteenth  of  Januaiy,  1811,  the  legisla- 
ture divided  Ohio  into  five  medical  districts,  each  district  being  eutitled 
to  three  censors.  In  1812,  the  state  was  divided  into  seven  medical  dis- 
tricts, with  Cuyahoga  in  the  sixth,  and  in  the  following  year  the  two 
measures  were  combined  in  one  act.  From  1813  to  1824,  the  number 
of  districts  and  of  censors  was  changed  from  time  to  time.  In  the 
latter  year,  the  state  was  divided  into  twenty  medical  districts,  each 
district  society  to  elect  from  three  to  five  censors  who  were  to  act 
as  examiners,  or  licensers,  to  pass  upon  the  applications  of  those 
who  desired  to  practice  in  their  territory.  The  counties  of  Cuyahoga 
and  Medina  were  made  to  constitute  the  Nineteenth  Medical  District. 
I'p  to  that  year  Drs.  David  Long,  N.  H.  Manter,  George  W.  Card, 
Be] a  B.  Clark,  John  M.  Henderson  and  Donald  Mcintosh  appear 
to  have  been  the  leaders  in  the  affairs  of  the  medical  societies.  In. 
May,  1824,  the  society  of  the  Nineteenth  Medical  Di.strict  was  or- 
ganized by  the  election  of  the  following  officers:  David  Long,  presi- 
dent; Bela  B.  Clark,  -vnce-president ;  William  Baldwin,  secretary; 
John  M.  Henderson,  treasurer;  George  W.  Card,  John  Harris  and 
William  Baldwin,  censors.  Prom  1824  until  1832,  Doctors  Long, 
Clark.  ;McIntosli,  Elijah  De  Witt  and  Joshua  Mills  served  as  presi- 
dents of  the  society,  but  after  the  latter  year,  or  about  the  time 
that  Asiatic  cholera  swept  through  the  Cleveland  district,  tlie  or- 
ganization  sinks   from   historic   observation. 

First  Prominent  IIoMEorATiiic  Physician 

Tlie  physicians  on  tlic  local  board  of  health  organized  to  fight 
the  epidemic  comprised  Drs.  E.  W.  Cowles,  Joshua  Mills,  Oran  St. 
John  and  S.  J.  Weldon.  Doctor  Long,  then  a  member  of  the  village 
board,  was  a  leader  in  the  movement.     When,  in  1832,  the  steamboat 


1832-44]  PHYSICIANS,  ETC.  543 

"Ilciiry  Clay"'  arrived  at  Cleveland,  ou  lu-r  way  to  Buffalo,  loaded 
witli  c'holera-strickc^n,  it  is  said  that  Doctor  Cowles  not  only  attended 
its  victims  in  port  but  accompanied  them  to  their  destination.  In  a 
few  days  he  returned  to  C'icveland,  greatly  to  tlie  relief  of  his 
friends,  who  had  looked  upon  his  departure  as  his  death  warrant. 
Although  Doctor  Cowles  practised  for  a  few  years  in  Detroit,  he 
was  a  practising  physician  and  surgeon  in  Cleveland  for  more  than 
twenty  years,  and  was  higiily  respected.  He  was  among  the  first 
of  his  profession  to  embrace  homeopathy. 

Dr.  Joshua  ilills  had  been  a  resident  physician  about  a  year 
when  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  this  first  board  of  health  to  combat 
the  plague  and  unsanitary  conditions  at  Cleveland.  He  was  after- 
ward president  of  the  city  council  and  twice  mayor,  and  died  in 
1843. 

Dr.  Erastus  Cushiug,  a  Massacliusetts  physician,  arrived  in  1835, 
and  for  fiftj'  years  was  a  healer  and  a  household  comforter  to  hun- 
dreds of  Clevelanders ;  and  several  generations  have  since  continued 
his  fine  family  name  and  professional  reputation. 

Org.vnization  of  Cleveland  Medical  College 

In  1844,  the  medical  department  of  Willoughby  (Ohio)  Uni- 
versity was  moved  to  Cleveland.  Drs.' Jared  P.  Kirtland,  John  Dela- 
mater  and  J.  Lang  Cassels,  who  had  been  members  of  its  faculty 
resigned  their  chairs,  came  to  the  Forest  City  and  organized  the 
Cleveland  Medical  College.  Two  or  three  years  afterward  the  build- 
ing was  completed  on  the  corner  of  St.  Clair  and  Erie  streets,  known 
as  the  Farmers'  block.  About  the  time  the  Cleveland  Medical 
College  was  opened  here  Professor  Ackley,  in  a  surgical  case,  admin- 
istered ether  to  a  patient,  which  was  the  first  time  it  was  used  in 
Northern  Ohio  as  an  anaesthesia.  Although  the  patient  shouted  and 
struggled  as  his  leg  was  being  amputated  he  stated,  after  the  opera- 
tion, that  he  had  not  suffered. 

The  original  faculty  of  the  Cleveland  ^Medical  College  comprised 
the  following,  embracing  most  of  the  physicians  of  that  period  who 
were  noteworthy  leaders  in  the  profession:  Drs.  John  Delamater, 
professor  of  midwifery  and  diseases  of  women  and  children;  Jared 
P.  Kirtland,  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  .medicine; 
Horace  .\.  Ackley,  profes.sor  of  surgery;  John  Lang  Cassels,  profes- 
sor of  materia  mediea ;  Noah  Worcester,  professor  of  physical  diagnosis 
and  diseases  of  the  skin;  Samuel  St.  John,  professor  of  chemistry; 
Jacob  J.  Delamater,  lecturer  on  physiologj'. 


544  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVIII 

College  op  Physicl^ns  and  Surgeons 

The  old  Cleveland  Medical  College  rau  along'  as  a  united  insti- 
tution until  1863,  when  Dr.  Gustave  C.  E.  Weber,  who,  several  years 
before  had  succeeded  Doctor  Ackley  as  professor  of  surgery',  resigned 
his  chair  and  organized  the  Charity  Hospital  IMcdieal  College.  lu 
1869,  this  became  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
"Wooster. 

In  1881,  when  the  Western  Reserve  University  was  organized  at 
Cleveland,  an  effort  was  made  to  unite  this  medical  department  with 
the  former  Cleveland  Medical  College  which  had  been  consolidated 
with  the  Western  Reserve  University.  The  effort  was  unsuccessful 
and  in  1896  the  school  severed  its  connection  with  the  University  of 
Wooster  and  became  the  medical  department  of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
Univei-sity,  under  the  title  of  the  Cleveland  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.     The  building  now  occupied  was  completed  in  1900. 

Academy  op  Medicine 

In  the  meantime  the  members  of  the  profession  in  Cuyahoga 
County  had  again  organized.  In  April,  1859,  they  had  formed  the 
Cuj'ahoga  County  Medical  Society,  which  appears  to  have  been 
dissipated  by  the  wholesale  exodus  of  its  members  during  the  civil 
war  times.  Then  in  1867  the  Cleveland  Academy  of  iMediciue  was 
organized,  which  was  absoi-bed  by  the  Cleveland  Medical  Associa- 
tion, and  which,  in  turn,  was  consolidated  in  1874  with  a  second 
Cuyahoga  County  IMedical  Society.  A  list  of  its  presidents  for  the 
period  of  its  independent  existence  will  include  many  of  the  leading 
physicians  of  1874-1902.  It  follows:  Dre.  John  Bennett,  T.  Clarke 
:\Iiller,  Frank  Wells,  C.  F.  Dutlou,  P.  II.  Sawyer,  W.  J.  Scott,  C.  C. 
Arms,  W.  0.  Jenks,  E.  D.  Burton,  11.  K.  Cushing,  T.  N.  Himes,  H. 
II.  Powell,  J.  D.  Jones,  Dudley  P.  Alh-n,  Wm.  T.  Corlett,  A.  R.  Baker, 
II.  J.  Ilerrick,  II.  E.  Ilanderson,  0.  B.  Campbell,  W.  A.  Knowlton,  P. 
E.  Bunts,  C.  J.  Aldrich,  C.  A.  Hamann  and  J.  P.  Sawyer.  In  May, 
1902,  the  Cuyalioga  County  Medical  Society  was  merged  with  another 
Cleveland  Medical  Society  to  form  the  present  Academj^  of  Medicine 
of  Cleveland. 

'i'liio  ilEDicAL  Library 

The  Society  of  the  Medical  Sciences  of  Cleveland,  organized  in 
1887,  was  established  largely  to  found  a  medical  libraiy.  Dr.  H. 
K.  Cushing  was  its  president  during  most  of  its  life.    In  1804,  it  turned 


1S5U-U)0S]  PHYSICIANS,  ETC.  545 

over  $2,000  which  remained  in  its  treasury  to  the  recently  formed 
Cleveland  iledieal  Library  Assoeiation,  and  that  fund  laid  tlie 
foundation  of  the  library  to  whieii  various  societies  have  since  con- 
tributed. For  more  than  twelve  years  the  medical  library  has  been 
in   its  own   building. 


Cleveland  School,  of  Pharmacy 

The  Cleveland  School  of  Pharmacy  was  the  outgrowth  of  a 
movement  inaugurated  in  1882  by  the  Cleveland  Pharnuieeutical 
Societ}-.  To  arrange  a  course  of  lectures  for  the  benefit  of  drug 
clerks  and  apprentices,  a  committee  of  three  of  its  members  was 
appointed  consisting  of  E.  A.  Schellentragor,  Edward  Classen  and 
Hugo  Linden.  The  lectures  proved  so  popular  that  a  regular  facultj' 
and  school  were  soon  organized.  The  school  was  incorporated  in 
1886,  but  did  not  commence  to  confer  the  regular  degi-ee  of  Ph.  C. 
upon  it  graduates  until  1896,  when  it  was  completely  reorganized 
with  Mr.  Schelleiitrager  as  president.  In  1904,  it  was  again  reorgan- 
ized, when  E.  A.  Schellcntrager,  its  founder,  resigned,  and  was 
succeeded  by  L.  C.  Hopp.  The  School  of  Pharmacy  became  affiliated 
with  the  Western  Reserve  University  in  1908,  and  has  since  been 
known  as  its  pharmaceutical  department. 

The  Pioneer  Homeopaths 

The  homeopaths  obtained  an  early  foothold  in  Cleveland  and 
numbered  some  able  and  popular  representatives  of  the  profession. 
The  brave  services  of  Dr.  Edwin  I\I.  Cowles  during  the  cholera  epi- 
demic of  1832  have  be«n  noted.  Dr.  R.  E.  W.  Adams,  Dr.  Daniel  0. 
Hoyt  and  Dr.  John  Wheeler  were  also  pioneer  practitioners  of  that 
school. 


The  Homeopathic  Institutions 

By  the  year  1850,  they  had  become  so  strong  that  they  organized 
the  Western  College  of  Homeopathy  at  Cleveland,  with  the  following 
faculty:  Drs.  Edwin  C.  Wetherell,  professor  of  anatomy;  Lansing 
Briggs,  professor  of  surgery;  Charles  D.  Williams,  professor  of  insti- 
tutes of  homeopathic  medicine;  Alfred  H.  Burritt,  professor  of 
gjniecologA'  and  obstetrics;  Lewis  Dodge,  professor  of  materia  modica; 
Hamilton  H.  Smith,  professor  of  chemistry;  John  Brainard,  pro- 
fessor of  physical  science. 


546  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVIII 

Lectures  were  first  held  in  a  building  on  the  southeast  corner 
of  Ontario  and  Prospect  streets,  and  it  was  there,  in  1852,  that  the 
college  rooms  were  raided  by  an  ignorant  mob  who  had  been  led 
to  believe  that  a  dissected  subject  had  met  with  foul  play  in  the 
tlesh.  The  institution  purchased  a  large  building  on  Ohio  Street 
known  as  the  Belvidere  and,  after  remodeling  it,  occupied  it  for 
sixteen  years..  In  1857,  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Western  Homeo- 
pathic College;  in  1868,  the  College  purchased  the  Humiston  Insti- 
tute and  added  a  hospital  to  its  facilities,  reorganizing  as  the  Homeo- 
pathic Hospital  College. 

In  1890,  the  Cleveland  Medical  College  split  from  the  parent  body, 
which  occupied  its  large  new  home  on  Huron  Road  in  1892.  In 
1897,  the  breach  was  healed,  as  it  had  been  many  years  before  between 
the  mother  bodj^  and  the  Homeopathic  College  for  Women. 

The  homeopaths  also  organized  the  Cuyahoga  County  Homeo- 
pathic Society  as  early  as  1848  and  among  its  presidents  appear  such 
well  known  names  as  Drs.  S.  R.  Beckwith,  T.  P.  Wilson,  George  H. 
Blair,  H.  F.  Biggar,  H.  B.  Van  Norman,  G.  J.  Jones,  J.  H.  Stevens, 
David  H.  Beckwith,  F.  H.  Barr,  and  A.  L.  Waltz. 

Cleveland  Hospitals 

The  hospitals  of  Cleveland,  which  now  number  about  twenty, 
are  maintained  by  the  city,  the  state,  and  the  general  government, 
by  private  corporations  and  by  various  religious  denominations. 
They  are  both  benevolences  and  professional  educators,  affording  vital 
relief  to  the  suffering  and  means  of  clinical  investigations  to  the 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  the  community. 

The  first  hospital  on  the  site  of  Cleveland  was  erected  by  Capt. 
Stanton  Sholes  in  1812,  when  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  sick 
and  incapacitated  American  soldiers  who  were  sent  to  tliis  point  from 
Detroit.  It  was  dignified  by  the  title  of  "military  hospital,"  as  was 
the  shack  on  Clinton  Street,  erected  by  the  yo\ing  municipality  of 
Cleveland  in  1837,  called  the  "city  hospital."  The  latter  was  grad- 
ually transformed  into  a  city  infirmary  for  both  the  insane  and  in- 
firm poor,  furnishing  also  clinical  instruction  to  the  physicians  of 
the  day. 

As  early  as  1837,  a  site  of  nine  acres,  at  Erie  and  I^akc  streets,  was 
purchased  by  the  United  States  government  for  a  marine  hospital. 
Con.struction  was  not  begun  until  1847,  and  tin-  liospital  was  not 
opened  until  1852.  In  1875,  tlie  hospital  was  leased  to  the  City 
Hospital  Association  for  twenty  years,  although  certain  wards  were 


1852-!)6J 


PHYSICIANS,  ETC. 


547 


reserved  for  the  use  of  the  goveniineiit.  With  the  expiration  of  the 
contract  in  1896,  the  ailministration  of  tlie  atlairs  of  the  Marine  Hos- 
pital was  resumed  under  the  direction  of  the  government  surgeons. 

In  18;V2,  the  le<rishiture  autliori/.cd  tlie  erection  of  an  asylum  for 
the  insane  in  Newburg  and  the  l)uihling  was  conipk^tcd  in  18.")').  it 
was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1872,  but  rebuilt  at  once  in  a  more  substantial 
manner,  and  it  has  since  been  enlarged  and  inii)roved  into  the  modern 
institution  known  as  the  Cleveland  State  IIosi)ital.  its  site  has  long 
since  been  absorbed  by  the  municipal  area,  a  portion  of  its  grounds 
being  sold  to  the  city  in  18!H).  to  add  to  (iarliciil  Park  which  lies 
immediately  to  the  southeast. 


St.  Alexis  Hospital 


Charity  Hospital  (St.  Vincent's),  on  Twenty-second  Street,  corner 
of  Central'  Avenue,  was  commenced  in  186:5  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
bishop  of  Cleveland,  but  not  completed  until  1866.  It  is  a  general 
hospital  open  to  all. 

It  was  during  the  civil  war,  also,  that  the  Home  for  the  Friend- 
less opened  a  little  hospital  in  a  private  dwelling  on  Lake  Avenue 
nearly  opposite  the  present  Lakeside  Hospital.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  the  organization  which  operated  the  hospital  was  maintained 
for  other  charitable  work  and  incorporated  as  the  Cleveland  City 
Hospital.  From  that  corporation  sprung  the  AVillson  Street  Hospital 
Association  which  was  supported  by  jjrominent  physicians  of  both 
the  regular  and  homeopathic  schools  of  medicine.     But  the  homeo- 


548 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRO.XS    [Chap.  XXVIII 


paths  soon  withdrew  and  established  their  own  hospital,  buying,  as 
has  been  stated,  the  Humiston  Institute  for  that  purpose. 

The  organization  then  resumed  its  original  name,  the  Cleveland 
City  Hospital.  It  leased  rhe  old  Marine  Hospital  in  1875,  but  in 
1889,  when  the  municipal  authorities  decided  to  erect  a  real  city 
hospital,  the  corporation  wliich  was  sailing  under  that  name  aban- 
doned its  old  title  and  assumed  that  of  the  Lakeside  Hospital.  It 
opened  its  new  building  east  of  the  old  ilarine  Hospital,  between 
Twelfth   and    Fourteenth   streets,    in   January,    1898. 

St.  Alexis  Hospital,  at  Broadway  and  Fifty-second  Street,  was 
organized   in    1884   by   the    Roman    Catholics,   under   the    immediate 


County  Infikm.vky  .\t  Warrensville 


superintendence  of  the  Sistere  of  St.  Francis.  The  large  liuilding 
now  occui)icd  was  coiiipletcd  in  1897. 

St.  John's  Hospital  on  Detroit  Avenue  was  organized  in  1892, 
especially  for  the  lienelit  of  the  West  Side,  and  was  an  offshoot  of 
St.  Ale.xis. 

The  City  Hospital  was  first  erected  on  the  grounds  of  the  iuliriiiary 
in  1889.    It  is  now  located  on  Scranton  Road. 

St.  Chiir  Hospital  was  establislied  in  1891  at  4422  St.  Clair  Street, 
to  meet  the  needs  of  Xoi'liieast  Cleveland. 

The  (Jeriiian  Hospilal  on  Franklin  Avenue  has  been  in  ojiei-atinn 
since  189:5,  and  the  Lutheran  Hospital,  on  the  same  thoroughfare,  since 
1896. 


1873-1910]  PHYSICIANS,  ETC.  549 

The  Maternity  Hospital,  on  Cedar  Aveiiuo,  was  organized  by 
Bishop  Gilmour  in  ]87;{,  and  was  the  first  lying-in  liospital  established 
for  the  poor  of  the  Forest  City. 

In  1910,  the  larger  and  more  modern  iiistitntion  of  the  same 
nature,  St.  Ann's  Asyhiiii  ami  Matrrtiily  Hospital,  was  opened 
on  Woodland  Avenue. 

St.  Luke's  Hospital,  wliieii  is  uudrr  the  iiuinafz:i'inent  oi'  tlic  .Meth- 
odist Church,  was  established  in  lltOS.  It  is  loeated  at  Carnegie 
Avenue  near  Ea.st  Si.xty-si.xth  Street. 

There  are  also  the  Dot^-ntion  and  the  Tuhereuhisis  hospitals  at 
Warrensville ;  the  Emergency  Hospital  on  East  Fifty-fifth  Street; 
the  Eddy  Road,  Glenville,  Huron  Road  and  Lakewood  hospitals. 
The  eity  j)esthouse  was  moved  from  the  prrounds  of  the  City  Hos- 
pital, on  the  lake  front,  in  1903,  to  the  eity  farm  in  Warrensville. 
The  old  building:  "downtown"  was  then  converted  into  a  tubercu- 
losis hospital,  which  in  190()  was  likewise  moved  to  Warrensville. 

From  time  to  time,  within  the  past  twenty  years,  training  schools 
for  nurses  have  been  (n-ganized  in  eonneetion  with  the  hospitals,  and 
their  members  and  graduates  have  contributed  to  the  comfort  and 
restoration  to  health  of  thousands  of  patients  both  in  the  institutions 
which  they  attend  and  the  private  families  to  which  they  are  sent. 
Cleveland  has  seven  of  these  training  schools,  the  first  one  being  estab- 
lished by  the  City  Hospital  in  1897. 

A  Few  Represent.\tive  Physicians 

Besides  the  representative  physicians  and  surgeons  of  Cleveland, 
dead  and  living,  who  have  already  been  mentioned,  there  are  others 
who  have  attained  prominence;  some  have  earned  national  repu- 
tations both  as  practitionei-s  and  investigators.  The  sketches  which 
follow  by  no  means  e.xhaust  the  list,  and  are  therefore  presented 
simply  as  representative  of  the  fraternity. 

Dr.  George  W.  Crile,  professor  of  clinical  surgery  of  the  Western 
Reserve  University  from  1900  to  1911,  stands  high  as  a  practitioner, 
an  investigator  and  an  author.  His  literary  education  was  obtained 
at  the  Ohio  Northern  University  and  after  being  graduated  in  medi- 
cine from  the  Wooster  University,  Cleveland,  he  was  identified  with 
that  institution,  from  1889  to  1900,  in  connection  with  the  chairs  of 
histology-,  physiology-  and  surgery.  During  that  period  he  also  pur- 
sued .special  courses  in  Vienna,  Loiulon  and  Paris.  His  investiga- 
tions and  publications  have  earned  him  a  number  of  exceptional 
honors  and  prizes,  and  he  is  a  fellow  of  the  leading  .societies  of  the 


550  CLEYELAXD  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVIII 

United  States  and  England.  Dr.  Crile's  surgicar  works  are  standard 
with  the  profession  and  scientists  generally  and  comprise  Surgical 
Shock,  Origin  and  Nature  of  Emotions,  Man  a)i  Adaptive  Mechanism, 
and  A  Meclmnistic  View  of  War  and  Peace.  The  last  named  was  writ- 
ten about  a  year  before  the  United  States  entered  the  conflict.  Else- 
where, in  connection  with  Cleveland 's  war  work,  is  given  a  full  account 
of  Dr.  Crile's  trip  overseas,  as  leader  of  the  Lakeside  Hospital  Unit, 
the  first  American  organization  of  anj'  kind  to  represent  this  country 
as  an  active  ally. 

Dr.  William  T.  Corlett,  who  has  been  professor  of  dermatology  at 
the  "Western  Reserve  University  since  1885,  is  a  national  authority  in 
his  specialty.  After  a  three-years'  course  at  Oberlin  College,  he  com- 
pleted his  medical  studies  at  Wooster  University  in  1877.  He  then 
passed  four  years  in  the  hospitals  and  universities  of  Europe  and, 
after  two  years'  service  with  Wooster  University  as  professor  of 
diseases  of  the  skin  and  genito-urinaiy  diseases,  assumed  the  chair 
of  dermatologj^  and  syphilography  at  the  Western  Reserve  Univer- 
sity. Doctor  Corlett 's  professional  standing  is  indicated  by  the 
facts  that  he  has  served  as  president  of  the  American  Derinatological 
Association  and  has  been  a  delegate  to  two  international  medical 
congresses,  those  held  at  Rome  and  London,  in  1894  and  1913,  and  to 
the  international  congress  of  dermatology^  at  London,  1896.  Pro- 
fessor Corlett  has  written  and  ]iiiblished  numerous  text  books  on  his 
specialties. 

Dr.  Samuel  W.  Kelley  ranks  among  the  foremost  authorities 
of  the  country  on  diseases  of  children.  He  was  graduated  as  M.  D. 
from  the  Western  Reserve  University  in  1884,  and  after  studying  his 
specialty  in  the  London  hosj)itals  returned  to  take  charge  of  the 
polyelinii'  for  cliildi-eii  of  ihe  Cleveland  institution.  Doctor  Kelley 
afterward  became  professor  of  children's  diseases  in  the  Cleveland 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  wliich  jiosition  he  served 
during  1893-1910.  He  lias  also  been  prominently  identified  with  the 
leading  city  hospitals  as  a  pediatrist  and  orthojiedist.  During  the 
Spanisli-.\merican  war  ho  attained  considerable  i)rominence  as  a 
surgeon.  lie  was  editor  of  the  Clevela-nd  Medical  Gazette  in  1885- 
1901  and  has  held  important  official  positions  with  state  and  national 
soi'ieties  devoted  to  ])ediatrics.  In  1907-08  he  was  ]iresident  of  the 
AiTici-ii'iin  Teacliers  of  Diseases  of  ChiKlrcn.  Doctor  Kelley's  most 
noteworthy  ])nl)lication,  wliich  has  run  through  s(>veral  editions,  is 
Surgical  Diseases  of  Children,  first  issued  in  1909. 

Dr.  Henry  E.  Ilandcrson,  one  of  the  veterans  of  the  profession, 
and,  since  190f),  pi-ni'cssoi-  ciiicritns  at  tlie  Cleveland  College  of  Phy- 


189;Mr>lS]  PTTYSICIANS,  ETC.  551 

sicians  and  Surgeons,  saw  active  and  leading  service  in  the  Confed- 
erate army,  serving  thronghout  the  war  eitiier  as  captain  or  assistant 
adjutant  general  in  the  army  of  Northern  Virginia.  After  the  war, 
he  was  graduated  as  an  IM.  D.  from  the  Columbia  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  Fi-om  1893  to  1!)06,  Doctor  Ilandcrson  held  the  chair 
of  hygiene  and  sanitary  science  in  the  Cleveland  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  In  1895,  he  served  as  president  of  the  Cleveland 
Academy  of  Medicine  and  wa.s  president  of  the  Cleveland  Medical 
Library  Association  during  1895-1904.  Doctor  Ilandcrson  has  made 
numerous  contributions  to  medical  literature,  some  of  a  technical  and 
others  of  an  hist(n'ical  nature.  In  the  preparation  of  this  paper,  his 
Medical  Cleveland  has  been  found  reliable  and  valuable.  The  most 
pretentious  work  with  which  his  name  is  connected  is  as  editor  of 
Bass's  Outlines  of  the  Uistonj  of  Medicine. 

The  late  Dr.  II.  F.  Higgar  was  amcmg  the  leading  homeopaths  of 
Cleveland.  Born  in  Canada  in  1839,  he  was  graduated  from  the 
Cleveland  University  of  IMcdicine  and  Surgery  in  1866  and  at  once 
entered  practice.  For  man.y  years  he  served,  at  various  times,  as  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  clinical  surgery  at  the  Homeopathic  Hospital 
College,  as  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  Surgical  Institute,  or  as  dean  of  the 
Training  Si'liool  for  Nurses,  of  which  he  was  the  founder.  He  was 
elected  honorary  president  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy 
and  a  delegate  to  the  International  Homeopathic  Congress  which 
met  at  London  in  1911.  He  died  in  1913.  Doctor  Biggar  wrote 
much  and  well  on  professional,  as  well  as  on  general  subjects,  his 
publications  in  book  form  ranging  from  T^velve  Months  of  Surgery 
to  Loiferings  in  Europe. 

Among  the  leading  homeopathic  physicians  of  Cleveland  mention 
is  also  due  Dr.  James  C.  Wood  and  Dr.  A.  B.  Schneider.  Dr.  Wood 
is  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Michigan  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  and  has  practised  in  Cleveland  since  1894.  His  specialties 
are  g^-necology  and  obstetrics,  with  diseases  of  children,  and  he  has 
held  chairs  coveritig  them  in  his  alma  mater  and  (gynecology)  the 
Cleveland-Pulte  Medical  College. 

Dr.  Schneider  was  graduated  from  the  Cleveland  Medical  College 
in  1894,  since  which  he  has  practiced  in  the  Forest  City  with  the 
exception  of  the  periods  abroad  when  he  has  been  engaged  in  post- 
graduate work.  His  educational  duties  in  connection  with  his  pro- 
fession have  been  performed  as  domon.strator  and  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  the  Cleveland  Homeopathic  Medical  College  (1894-1904) 
and  as  professor  of  clinical  medicine,  in  that  institution,  from  1904 


552  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXVIII 

to  1915.    Dr.  Schneider  is  now  acting  president  of  the  college  board 
of  trustees. 

Of  the  older  allopathic  practitioners  of  high  standing  is  also  Dr. 
John  B.  McGee,  a  Bostonian  by  birth,  but  a  graduate  of  the  Western 
Reserve  University  in  the  medical  department,  class  of  1878.  He 
was  formerlj'  professor  of  therapeutics  and  secretary  of  the  Cleve- 
land College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  associate  .professor  of 
therapeutics  in  the  Western  Reserve  University. 


CHAPTER  XXIX 

POLITICAL,   PHILOSOPHICAL,   SOCIAL   AND   RELIGIOUS 

By  H.  G.  Cutler 

Tlu-  abow  classification  is  certainly  broad  in  its  scope.  Some  of 
the  scholars  who  have  ventured  into  these  fields  have  entered  them  in 
various  combinations. 

Dr.  Mattoon  M.  Curtis,  who  has  held  the  chair  of  philosophy  at 
the  "Western  Reserve  University  since  1891,  was  educated  for  the  Pres- 
byterian ministry.  lie  was  graduated  from  Hamilton  College  and 
t^niou  Theological  Seminary  and  held  pastorates  at  Hastings-on-the- 
Hudson,  New  York,  and  in  Cleveland  (Beckwitli  Memorial  Church), 
from  1883  to  1888.  During  the  two  years  following  he  pursued  ad- 
vanced philosophical  studies  at  the  University  of  Leipzig,  which  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  in  1891.  Since  that  year  he  has 
been  identified  with  the  Western  Reserve  University  faculty  and  its 
managing  board,  and  with  the  ])roceedings  of  many  learned  societies 
and  allied  literature.  Particularly,  he  is  the  author  of  Locl;e's  Ethics, 
Philosophical  and  Physical  Science,  aiul  Philosophy  in  America.  Dr. 
Curtis  has  also  served  as  vice  president  of  the  Cleveland  School  of 
Art  and  was  superintendent  of  the  thirteenth  federal  census  for  Cuj-a- 
hoga  County. 

Frederick  C.  Howe,  one  of  the  most  scholarly  of  Cleveland  law- 
yers, received  his  preliminary  higher  education  at  Johns  Hopkins 
University  and  abroad,  and  his  legal  education  at  the  University  of 
Jliehigan  and  the  New  York  Law  School.  Admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1894,  he  practiced  in  Cleveland  until  1909.  during  which  time  he  also 
served  in  the  city  council  and  the  state  senate,  was  sent  to  Great 
Britain  as  special  United  States  commi.ssioner  to  investigate  municipal 
ownership  therein,  and  also  occupied  the  chair  of  law  at  the  Cleve- 
land College  and  lectured  on  legal  matters  for  the  LTniversity  of  Wis- 
consin. His  writings,  which  are  a  natural  outgrowth  of  his  practical 
investigations,  include  Taxation  in  the  United  States,  1791-189'>;  The 
City,  the  Hope  of  Democracy.-  The  British  City;  The  Confessions  of 
a  Monopolist;  Privilege  and  Democracy  in  America;  Wisconsin,  an 
Experiment  in  Democracy ;  European  Cities  at  Worl\  and  Socialized 

553 


554  CLEVELAXD  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIX 

Germany.  He  has  been  honored  with  several  learned  degrees,  the  last 
being  Ph.  D.  from  Johns  Hopkins  in  1892.  Dr.  Howe  has  been  com- 
missioner of  emigi'ation  for  New  York  and  director  of  the  People's 
Institute  since  becoming  a  permanent  resident  of  tlie  metropolis  in 
1911. 

Judge  Martin  A.  Foran,  of  the  Cleveland  common  pleas  bench, 
has  also  written  considerably  on  political  and  social  questions.  Per- 
haps his  best  known  paper  was  the  Other  Side,  an  answer  to  The 
Labor  Prohlem,  an  exposition  of  the  question  often  attributed  to 
John  Hav. 


Social  Work  and  Writings 

Elizabeth  Hyer  Nei¥  (I\Irs.  William  Byron  Neft")  is  known  as  an 
authoress  of  talent,  with  .such  books  to  her  credit  as  Altars  to  Mam- 
mon and  Miss  Wealthy,  Deputy  Sheriff,  and  a  social  settlement 
worker  of  much  earnestness  and  efficiency,  especially  as  president  of 
tlie  Board  of  Central  Friendly  Inn.  She  has  also  been  president  of 
the  Women's  Centennial  Commission  and  president  of  the  Woman's 
Civic  Club  of  Cleveland  Heights,  as  well  as  founder  of  the  Conserva- 
tion of  the  Home  department  of  the  D.  A.  R.  Mrs.  Neif  holds  an  hon- 
orary degree  of  M.  A.  from  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University. 

Louise  Brigham  (Mi"s.  Henrj'  A.  Chisholm)  has  been  long  interested 
in  child  welfare  work,  and  her  Bool,-  on  Furniture  is  an  ingenious 
and  instructive  etifort  to  teach  the  children  of  the  poor  how  to  make 
chairs,  tables  and  other  furniture  out  of  dry  goods  boxes  and  other 
homely  material  which  often  goes  to  waste. 

Several  representatives  of  the  church  in  Clovchiiul  have  made 
worthy  contributions  to  religious  literature.  The  Rt.  Rev.  William  A. 
Leonard,  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  Ohio  since 
1889,  is  widely  known  as  an  author.  He  was  educated  in  the  east  and 
spent  the  earlier  years  of  his  ministry  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  MHiile  thus  engaged  in  the  former  he  served,  for  a 
number  of  years,  as  chaplain  of  the  Twenty-third  Regiment  of  the 
National  Guard  of  New  York.  Bishop  Leonard's  literary  works  in- 
clude: Via  Sacra,  or  Footprints  of  Christ;  Ilistory  of  the  Christian 
Church;  A  Faithful  Life;  the  Bedell  lectures  on  Witness  of  American 
Church  to  Christianity  and  numerous  essays  and  published  sermons. 

TheRt.  Rev.  Mgr.  G.  F.  Houek  has  published  History  of  the  Cleve- 
land Diocese,  and  a  work  of  more  scholarly  nature,  Memoirs  and  Labors 
of  Amadcns  Rappe,  First  Bishop  of  Cleveland. 

Tlie  Rev.  George  T.  Dowling,  a  Cleveland  niinislor  of  the  Bajitist 


1845]  PODTTICAL.  PHILOSOPHICAL,  ETC.  555 

Chmvh  who   is  no   loiij^cr  a   irsiilnit   of  tlie  city,   was  tlio  autlior  of 
several  writings  on  social  topics  which  are  wortiiy  of  mention. 

AC.VDEMY    OF    X.VTURAL    SCIENCE   AND    ITS    FOUNDERS 

From  the  unsystematized  organization  of  the  Ark,  and  the  sub- 
stantial Arkites  wlio  looked  upon  science  as  something  greater  than  a 
pleasant  pastime,  came  the  Cleveland  Academy  of  Natural  Science. 
It  was  organized  in  1845  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Jared  P.  Kirtland, 
the  learned  physician,  geologist,  horticulturist,  Ix)tanist  and  zoolo- 
gist of  Clevelaiul  Medical  College,  who,  for  more  than  thirty  years 
was  to  make  himself  honored  and  beloved  as  a  scholar,  an  author,  a 
worker  and  a  man.  The  details  of  his  remarkable  scientific  career 
and  his  nnnided  life  have  been  already  introduced,  in  part.  To  list 
all  the  titles  of  Dr.  Kirtland 's  writings  on  scientific  subjects  would 
produce  a  booklet ;  which  is  the  sole  excuse  for  not  going  further  into 
the  matter. 

Tlie  fii-st  meeting  of  the  Cleveland  Academy  of  Natural  Science 
was  held  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  November,  1845.  Dr.  Kirtland  wa-s 
elected  president;  Sherlock  J.  Andrews,  first  vice-president;  Charles 
W.  Heard,  second  vice-president;  William  D.  Beattie,  third  vice-presi- 
dent. The  curators  were  William  Case,  Hamilton  L.  Smith,  Samuel 
St.  John,  Henry  C.  Kingsley,  Rufus  K.  Winslow,  Jared  P.  Kirtland, 
J.  L.  Cassels,  and  Charles  Whittlesey.  The  academy  first  met  in  the 
building  of  the  Cleveland  Medical  College,  where  the  museum  was 
installed  and  the  winter  lectures  delivered  by  the  meml)ers.  In  1869, 
the  academy  was  reorganized  as  the  Kirtland  Society  of  Natural  Sci- 
ence, which,  in  1870,  became  identified  witli  the  Cleveland  Library 
Association.  After  Dr.  Kirtland 's  death  on  the  tenth  of  Deceml>er, 
1877,  all  the  geological,  zoological  and  botanical  collections  were  given 
to  the  Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  which  was  then  taking  form, 
but  which  was  not  to  be  incorporated  until  the  death  of  Leonard 
Ca.se,  Jr.,  in  1880. 

Dr.  John  S.  Newberry 

Of  the  founders  of  the  Cleveland  Academy  of  Natural  Science, 
besides  Dr.  Kirtland,  Judge  Andrews  and  Colonel  Whittlesey,  Dr. 
John  S.  Newberry  attained  perhaps  the  widest  distinction  as  a 
scientist  and  an  author.  He  was  born  in  Cuyahoga  Falls,  and  when 
the  academy  was  organized  was  a  senior  student  at  the  Western  Re- 
serve Collcj^e.    In  1848.  he  was  graduated  from  the  Cleveland  Medical 


556  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIX 

College,  and  after  practising  medicine  in  the  Forest  City  until  1855 
accepted  the  appointment  of  assistant  surgeon  and  geologist  of  the 
expedition  sent  by  the  war  department  to  explore  tlie  wild  regions 
between  the  Columbia  River  and  the  Paeitie  Ocean.  After  his  return, 
Dr.  Newberry  became  geologist  of  Ohio  and  of  tlie  United  States  Geo- 
graphical Survey  and  professor  of  geolog>'  in  the  Columbia  Univer- 
sity School  of  Mines.  His  studies  and  his  writings  covered  every 
phase  of  geological  researcli,  but  lie  will  be  longest  remembered 
for  his  work  in  paleontology. 


Dr.  Theodore  D.  Garlick 

Dr.  Theodore  D.  Garlick  was  the  universal  genius  of  this  pioneer 
group  of  Cleveland  scientists.  He  came  to  the  village  as  a  Vermont 
youth,  was  a  stonecutter  for  a  time  and  studied  and  practiced  medi- 
cine both  at  Youngstown  and  Cleveland.  He  was  a  pioneer  in  the 
artificial  propagation  of  fish,  which,  althougli  repeatedly  rebuffed,  he 
persistently  urged  upon  the  government.  Dr.  Garlick 's  book  upon 
artificial  fish  propagation,  issued  in  1854,  remained  the  standard 
work  for  many  yeai's.  He  was  also  a  widely  known  botanist,  and 
possessed  great  skill  as  a  modeler  of  clay.  In  the  museum  of  the 
Western  Reserve  Historical  Society  are  a  numl)er  of  specimens  of  his 
handicraft  as  an  anatomist  and  an  artist,  among  the  latter  being  a 
.bust  of  his  great  and  ardent  friend.  Dr.  Kii'tland. 


Dr.  EiJ.'iii.v  Sterling 

Dr.  Elisha  Sterling,  an  Ai'kite  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
academy,  was  the  naturalist  of  tlic  1855  government  expedition  to 
the  Pacific  Coast,  his  appointment  being  obtained  through  the  friend- 
ship of  Dr.  Newberry.  lie  was  then  thirty  years  old,  a  grailuate  of 
Cleveland  Medical  College,  a  student  at  the  great  Paris  museums 
and  scliools  and  a  traveling  naturalist,  l)(itli  at  lionu'  and  aln'oad.  He 
was  an  adept  taxidermist,  an  ex{)ert  on  fisli  cuHurc,  a  contributoi-  to 
scientific  journals,  an  eminent  surgeon  and  a  fine  man.  He  died  in 
Clevehuid  all  too  soon,  in  1890,  then  only  in  his  sixty-sixfh  year. 

Pioxeer  lx  Lakk  Sri'EiiiOK  Mixi;i!ai.  Ixiooiox.s 

Ih-.  .Juhn  L.  Cassels  was  jn'iifessor  of  chemistry  on  the  faculty  of 
Cleveland  Medical  College,  and  a  friend  and  as.sociate  of  Dr.  Kirt- 
land.      He  was  one  of  tlir   loundci-s  of  the  acadeniv  aiul  soon   after- 


1869-1902]      POLITICAL,  PHILOSOPHICAL,  ETC.  557 

wards  investigated  the  niineral  regions  adjacent  to  Lake  Superior. 
He  was  one  of  the  tirst  white  men  to  exph)re  that  part  of  the  coun- 
try and  his  prophecies  as  to  its  undeveloped  wealth  were  received 
with  incredulity  by  many;  others  who  lielievcd,  and  acted  accord- 
ingly, reaped  most  substantial  rewards. 

Professors  JIorley  .\nd  Michelson 

Of  a  later  generation  was  the  distinguished  chemist.  Professor 
William  E.  ^lorley,  who  hold  that  chair  on  the  Western  Reserve  Col- 
lege and  University  faculty  from  1869  to  1906.  He  afterward  en- 
gaged in  research  work  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  and  became  world- 
famous  for  his  investigations  and  publications  on  the  atomic  weight 
of  oxygen. 

Associated  with  Professor  Morley  for  some  years  was  Professor 
Albert  A.  ]Michelson,  who,  from  1883  to  1889,  held  the  chair  of  physics 
at  the  Case  School  of  Applied  Science.  When  he  came  to  Cleveland 
he  was  thirty-one  years  of  age,  with  a  record  of  ten  years  passed  as 
student,  midshipman  and  instructor  in  the  naval  service,  and  as  a 
master  of  various  j)Ost-gra(luate  courses  in  leading  German  and 
French  universities.  From  1886  to  1911,  he  received  half  a  dozen 
learned  degrees  from  various  American  and  German  institutions  of 
learning,  the  last  being  Ph.  D.  from  Gffttingon.  Since  1892,  Dr. 
Michelson  has  served  as  professor  and  head  of  the  department  of 
physics.  University  of  Chicago,  and  his  researches  in  that  capacity 
have  brought  him  fame  and  formal  honors  from  every  part  of  the 
world.  His  contributions  to  scientific  literature  have  been  numer- 
ous and  always  original  and  weighty. 

Dr.  Cady  St.vley 

Cady  Staley,  one  of  tlie  great  civil  and  sanitary  engineers  of  the 
country,  with  a  broad  reputation  for  both  practical  work  and  edu- 
cational ability,  Ea.st  and  West,  served  as  president  of  the  Case 
School  of  Applied  Science  from  1886  to  1902.  A  native  of  the  Em- 
pire state,  he  was  graduated  as  C.  E.  from  Union  College  in  1866  and 
was  one  of  the  engineers  in  the  constrnetion  of  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad.  lie  was  professor  of  engineering  in  Union  College  in  1868- 
86,  and  during  the  last  decade  of  that  period  was  dean  of  the  faculty. 
Since  resigning  the  presidency  of  the  Case  School,  Dr.  Staley  (Union 
College,  Ph.  D..  and  Ohio  We.sleyan,  LL.  D.)  has  been  a  traveling 
member  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  has  done 


558  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIX 

much  in  the  way  of  observation  and  investigation  to  increase  a  repu- 
tation which  was  already  national.  As  president,  he  was  noted  for 
his  energy,  impartiality  and  breadth  of  views  upon  all  questions  of 
administration  and  education. 


Profs.   Charles  S.   Howe  axd  John  N.  Stockweel 

Dr.  Staley  was  succeeded  by  Prof.  Charles  S.  Howe,  a  New 
Hampshire  man  first  educated  in  ilassaehusetts  and  at  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  and  obtaining  his  experience  as  a  teacher  at  Albu- 
querque, New  Mexico,  and  Buchtel  College,  Ohio.  In  the  latter  in.sti- 
tution  he  held  the  chair  of  mathematics  and  astronomy  in  1883-89,  and 
the  same  professorship  in  the  Case  School  of  Applied  Science  from 
the  latter  year  until  he  succeeded  Dr.  Staley  as  acting  president  in 
1902  and  as  president  in  the  following  year.  The  learned  degrees 
conferred  upon  him  are  Ph.  D.,  from  the  University  of  AVooster ; 
Sc.  D.,  from  Armour  Institute  of  Technology,  Chicago,  and  LL.  D., 
from  Mount  Lhjion  College  and  Oberlin  College,  Ohio.  He  is  a 
member  of  many  leading  astronomical  societies  and  a  fellow  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and  the  Ro.yal 
Astronomical  Society.  Dr.  Howe  has  written  much  as  an  astrono- 
mer, but  since  becoming  president  of  the  Case  School  of  Applied 
Science  has  been  compelled  to  relinquish  much  of  his  active  scientific 
work. 

Prof.  John  N.  Stockwell  is  widely  known  for  his  original  investi- 
gations in  astronom.y.  Although  he  received  little  more  than  a  com- 
mon school  education  his  work  along  these  lines  has  been  so  note- 
w'orthy  that  the  Western  Reserve  l^niversity  has  honored  him  with 
the  degrees  of  A.  M.  and  Ph.  I).  He  has  largely  contributed  to  the 
literature  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  as  well  as  to  American  and 
foreign  scientific  journals,  and  is  the  author,  among  other  works,  of 
Eclipse  Cycles  and  Theory  of  the  Mutual  Perturbations  of  Planets 
Moving  at  the  Same  Mean  Distance  from  the  Sun.  Dr.  Stockwell  is 
a  permanent  resident  of  Cleveland. 

AVoRCESTEK  R.  Warner  and  Ajiisrose  Swasev 

At  least  three  old-time  citizens  of  Cleveland  have  so  applied  their 
scientific  learning  to  practical  purposes  that  their  handiwork  and 
their  names  have  spread  all  over  the  world.  IIow  the  astronomy  of 
modern  times  has  been  advanced  by  the  Warner  &  Swasey  telescopes, 
•and   how  the   wonderful   efficiency   of   American  gunnery  has  been 


1918]  I'OLITR'AL,  I'lIlLOSOl'lllCAL,  ETC.  55!) 

promoted  by  tlieir  rangre  ami  i)o.sitioii  finder,  are  fully  known  to 
scientists  and  the  experts  of  the  United  States  Government.  Jiotli 
Ambrose  Swasey  and  Worcester  R.  Warner  are  practical  machinists 
and  educated  scientists.  Tiiey  are  of  nearly  the  sanu-  aj^e  (both  born 
in  1846)  and  established  the  industry  which  has  brought  them  fame 
and  fortune  wlu-n  they  were  in  the  middle  '30s,  energetic,  far-seeing, 
determined  young  men.  Their  individual  careers,  as  well  as  the 
steps  by  which  they  have  advanced  to  the  front  as  among  the  leading 
manufacturers  of  scientific  instruments  in  the  world,  are  fully  de- 
scribed elsewhere.  If  they  had  done  no  more  timn  to  produce  the 
gigantic  and  delicate  Lick,  the  Naval  and  the  Yerkes  telescopes,  they 
would  have  become  famous.  Besides  they  have  originated  and  manu- 
factured an  exceptionally  accurate  dividing  engine;  the  Swasey  range 
and  position  finder,  adopted  by  the  United  States  government;  ma- 
chine tools  and  optical  instruments,  combining  strength  and  preci- 
sion; field  telescopes,  now  used  by  the  thousands  in  the  armies  of 
Europe,  and  scores  of  other  special  appliances  requiring  superior 
workmanship  and  scientific  adjustment.  Both  Dr.  Warner  and  Dr. 
Swasey  (for  they  have  been  honored  with  the  degrees  of  Doctor  of 
Mechanical  Science  and  Doctor  of  Engineering)  are  members  of 
numerous  learned  societies  in  America  and  Europe,  but  have  written 
little  for  the  scientific  or  engineering  press.  Dr.  Swasey 's  Fefi.neMents 
of  Mechanical  Science  is,  however,  to  be  mentioned  in  this  con- 
nection. 

Charles  F.  Brush 

None  of  the  scientists  who  have  been  identified  with  Cleveland's  his- 
tory have  gained  a  more  cosmopolitan  fame,  or  have  applied  their 
attainments  to  more  practical  and  developmental  uses  than  Charles 
Francis  Brush,  the  great  electrician.  He  was  born  in  Euclid  town- 
ship in  March,  1849,  has  a  dozen  scientific  and  collegiate  degrees,  and 
is  the  universally  accredited  father  and  perfecter  of  the  electric  arc 
lighting  system.  He  was  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  Case  School 
of  Applied  Science,  and  has  also  been  identified  with  the  growth  of 
the  Western  Reserve  University,  the  University  School,  the  Cleve- 
land School  of  Art  and  other  educational  institutions.  In  1909-10, 
he  sen-ed  as  president  of  the  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Dr. 
Brush  (LL.  D.,  both  from  Western  Reserve  University  and  Kenyon 
College)  was  made  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  France,  in 
1881 ;  received  the  Rumford  Medal  of  honor  from  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  in  1899;  and  was  awarded  the  Edi.son 


560  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXIX 

Medal  iu  1913.  He  is  a  member  of  numerous  American  and  European 
seientifie  societies.  When  he  was  presented  to  the  president  of  the 
French  Republic,  that  official  said:  "I  liuow  not  which  to  admire  the 
more,  the  phj-sique  of  the  man  or  the  genius  of  the  inventor."  Dr. 
Brush  has  continuously  resided  in  Cleveland  for  nearly  half  a  cen- 
tury, commencing  his  remarkable  career  as  a  chemical  expert.  That 
was  iu  1870,  when  he  had  just  reached  his  majority.  Cleveland, 
therefore,  considers  Dr.  Brush  in  an  especiallj'  intimate  sense  one 
of  her  gi'eat  sons  who  has  plentifully  demonstrated  the  practical 
value  of  applied  science. 


CHAPTER  XXX 

ART  AND  ARTISTS  IN  CLEVELAND 

By  H.  G.  Cutler 

One  of  the  favorite  questions  of  debate  brought  before  the  old-time 
literary  societies  was  "What  is  tlie  difference  between  an  art  and 
a  profession?"  In  the  earlier  periods  of  American  society  the  ques- 
tion was  more  easily  answered  than  it  is  today;  but,  by  general 
consent  without  any  too  much  reason,  editorship  and  authorship, 
legal  and  medical  matters,  have  been  relegated  to  the  professions, 
while  painting,  etching,  sculpture,  music  and  the  drama,  have  been 
retained  as  among  the  legitimate  arts.  Viewing  the  subjects  from 
these  standpoints,  Cleveland  claims  her  full  quota  of  geniuses  who 
have  lingered  with  her,  briefly  or  at  length  as  their  lives  were  made 
pleasant,  full  or  unprofitable. 

Music  and  Musicians 

The  large  German  element  in  early  Cleveland  caused  music  and 
musicians  to  make  the  first  strong  stand  in  the  cause  of  art  and 
artists.  That  was  in  the  early  '50s,  in  the  days  when  Jenny  Lind, 
Ole  Bull,  Adelina  Patti  and  other  celebrities  were  making  the  rounds 
of  the  brisk  young  western  cities,  naturally  including  Cleveland. 
In  1851,  the  Mendelssohn  Singing  Society  was  formed,  and  a  "gesang- 
verein"  was  organized  even  before  that  year.  Oratorios  were  given 
and  singing  festivals  organized  which  made  Cleveland  famous  for 
years.  The  great  "saengerfest"  was  that  of  1874,  it  being  the  nine- 
teenth of  the  North  American  Society  and  a  national  affair.  The 
last  singing  festival  held  by  the  local  society  was  in  1893,  and 
Gov.  "William  McKinley  attended  the  opening  concert. 

Cleveland  Vocal  Society  and  School  op  Music 

The  Cleveland  Vocal  Society  was  founded  in  1873,  and  during 
the  thirty  years  of  its  existence  under  Alfred  Arthur  accomplished 
much  in  elevating  musical  taste  and  keeping  it  to  a  high  standard. 

561 

Vol.  1—36 


562  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXX 

Professor  Arthur  founded  the  Cleveland  School  of  Music  in  1874, 
and  many  well  known  musicians  received  their  training  there. 

The  Cleveland  Conservatory  of  Music  was  organized  by  William 
Heydler  in  1871,  and  various  members  of  the  family  have  been 
leading  local  musicians  for  several  generations. 

The  Fortnightly  Musical  Club  was  formed  in  1894,  through  the 
initiative  of  Mrs.  J.  H.  Webster.  Its  first  president  was  Mrs.  Edward 
W.  Morley,  and  the  club  has  flourished  from  the  first. 


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The  Saengeepest  Hall* 

Other  schools  of  music  and  societies  have  been  established,  as  in  all 
large  cultured  cities,  until  now  tliere  are  some  twenty-five. 

Bringing  Music  to  the  Masses 

The  city  has  also  been  foremost  in  the  popularization  of  music 
bj-  which  its  refining  influences  are  brought  to  the  masses.  Such 
bands  as  Heckler's,  Leland's  and  Kirk's  have  been  blessings  to  the 
people  of  Cleveland,  and  there  also  gradually  developed  from  this 
democratic  movement  the  Cleveland  Symphony  orchestra  of  the 
modern  period.  In  Edgewater  Park  is  a  monument  to  the  memory 
of  Conrad  Mizer,  the  Cleveland  enthusiast  who,  in  1896,  started  the 
movement  of  giving  band  concerts  on  Sunday  afternoons  at  the  dif- 
ferent parks.     They  were  at  first  paid  for  by  private  subscriptions. 


•  See  page  285. 


1876-1900]  ART  AND  ARTISTS  563 

engineered  by  Mr.  Jlizcr,  but,  later,  under  ilayor  Johnson's  regime, 
the  city  supported  them.  No  one  movenuMit  has  created  more  i)leasure 
of  a  high  grade  to  Clevelanders,  and  tlie  inoimiuent  to  Conrad  Mizer 
was  justly  conceived  and  placed. 

Composers  of  ilusic 

Cleveland  has  produced  a  number  of  comijoscrs  within  late  years 
who  have  attained  good  standing.  Wilson  G.  Smith  was  among  the 
most  versatile,  putting  forth  not  only  compositions  which  were  won- 
derful reproductions  of  the  Gernuui  masters,  Imt  piano  and  vocal 
music  which  was  fresh,  unique  and  purely  American.  As  the  musical 
critic  of  the  Clevchnd  Press,  he  has  become  famous  for  his  wonderful 
and  inimitable  vocabulary.  James  H.  Rogers  is  the  author  of  about 
150  compositions,  including  songs,  piano  selections,  anthems  and  can- 
tatas. Johann  IT.  Beck,  a  native  of  Cleveland  who  has  been  director 
of  the  Cleveland  Symphony  Orchestra  since  1900,  wa.s  highly  educated 
in  music  abroad,  and  has  produced,  since  1886,  much  noteworthy 
orchestral  music.  His  productions  have  been  rendered  by  such  or- 
ganizations as  the  Boston  Symphony  and  the  Thomas  orchestras. 

The  Old  Bohemians  of  Cleveland 

Artists  struggling  with  the  brush  and  the  sculptor's  knife  had 
resided  in  Cleveland  sometime  before  1876,  but  that  year  marks  the 
time  when  a  brave  thirteen  assembled  and  formed  a  club,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  in  after  years  were  known  as  the  Old  Bohemians. 
Then  they  were  young  men — George  Grossman,  F.  C.  Gottwald,  John 
Semon,  Adam  Lehr,  Louis  Loeb,  Herman  Herkomer,  John  Herkomer, 
0.  V.  Schubert,  Daniel  WchrsQhmidt,  Emil  Wehrschmidt,  Otto 
Bacher,  Arthur  Schneider  and  ilax  Bohm.  Within  the  succeeding 
few  years  the  original  Bohemians  and  other  artists  who  .joined  them 
at  the  invitation  of  the  city  fathers,  gradually  occupied  the  top  floor 
of  the  new  mxniicipal  building,  the  large  east  room  being  reserved 
for  club  meetings.  In  1884,  the  club  founded  the  Cleveland  Art 
School,  which  was  also  opened  in  the  top  floor  of  the  city  hall. 

Cleveland  School  of  Art 

In  October,  1882,  :\rrs.  S.  H.  Kimball  founded  the  Cleveland 
School  of  Art,  and  it  soon  so  expanded  that  it  had  to  move  from  a 
private  residence  to  the  art  center  in  the  city  hall.     From  1888  to 


The  Cleveland  Museum  op  Akt  in  Wade  1'auk 


The  Cleveland  School  of  Art 


1882-1918]  ART  AND  ARTISTS  565 

1891,  it  was  a  department  of  tlie  Western  Reserve  University.  In  the 
following  year,  after  it  liad  again  beeome  independent,  it  moved 
from  the  city  hall  to  the  old  Kelley  residence  on  Willson  Avenue. 
But  tlie  enterprise  soon  outgrew  sueh  accommodations  and,  through 
the  liberality  of  Stevenson  Burke  and  wife  and  .1.  II.  Wade,  tiie  money 
and  site  were  provided  for  the  large  building  at  Juniper  Road  and 
Magnolia  Avenue,  which  was  completed  in  1906.  In  1908,  through 
the  donations  of  Thomas  II.  Wiiite,  the  school  was  enlarged  by  adding 
a  studio  for  the  development  of  sculpture.  In  the  meantime,  the 
original  art  school  had  disappeared  from  local  history,  the  last  of 
the  Bohemians  liaving  departed  from  the  city  hall  in  1898. 

The  present  Cleveland  School  of  Art  has  a  well  organized  faculty 
of  twenty  teachers,  with  Henry  Turner  Bailey,  of  Boston,  as  dean 
and  Jliss  Georgie  L.  Norton  as  director.  Mrs.  Stevenson  Burke  is 
president  of  the  board  of  trustees.  Art,  design  and  craftsmanship  con- 
stitute the  main  divisions  of  its  course. 

The  Art  Museum 

The  last,  and  in  some  respects  the  most  important  development 
of  local  art,  was  the  founding  of  the  Kelley  art  galleries,  and  the 
building  of  the  great  museum  in  Wade  Park,  a  few  years  ago.  This 
has  been  fully  described  in  the  section  devoted  to  the  parks.  Several 
art  loan  exhibitions  had  been  held,  such  wealthy  and  cultured  citi- 
zens as  Prof.  Charles  Olney,  Charles  F.  Brush  and  W.  J.  White 
having  contributed  of  their  private  treasures  to  make  them  successes, 
and  finally  the  large  bequests  from  H.  B.  Ilurlbut,  Thomas  Kelley 
and  John  Huntington  made  possible  the  erection  of  a  beautiful  mu- 
seum building  in  Wade  Park. 

Early  Cleveland  Painters 

Not  a  few  of  the  original  Bohemians  joined  the  teaching  force 
of  the  Cleveland  Scliool  of  Art.  F.  C.  Gottwald  and  Henry  G.  Keller 
became  especially  well  known,  both  as  teachers  and  as  painters  of 
Italian  scenes  in  water  and  oil.  James  H.  Donahey,  the  famous  car- 
toonist of  the  Plain  Dealer,  is  also  a  prominent  member  of  the 
faculty.  ^lax  Bohm  is  among  the  early  Cleveland  painters  who  re- 
turned to  England.  He  is  noted  as  a  strong  marine  painter  and  dec- 
orative artist,  and  some  of  his  bold  and  rich  handiwork  is  seen  on 
the  walls  of  the  county  court-house.  A.  M.  Willard,  long  a  resident 
veteran  of  the  brush,  had  become  famous,  the  world  over,  as  the 


566  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS     [Chap.  XXX 

painter  of  that  inspiration  to  patriotism,  "The  Spirit  of  76."  Even 
after  passing  his  four-score  yeare,  he  was  still  busy  with  his  brush 
and  the  fire  in  his  eye  was  little  dimmed.     He  died  in  1818. 


Sculptors  Matzen  and  Niehaus 

Herman  N.  Matzen,  the  Cleveland  sculptor,  has  made  himself 
famous  in  the  twentj'-five  years  of  his  artistic  activities  and  creations, 
lie  is  a  native  of  Denmark  and  has  all  the  strength,  yet  grace  and 
balance  of  the  great  northern  artists.  To  illustrate  Mr.  ilatzen's 
leadership  as  a  sculptor  it  is  only  necessary  to  mention  the  following, 
as  among  his  works,  to  carry  conviction  to  the  minds  of  all  well  in- 
formed men  and  women:  "War  and  Peace,"  Indianapolis  Soldiers' 
and  Sailors'  Monument;  Schiller  Monument,  Detroit;  Burke  mauso- 
leum; and  "Moses"  and  "Gregory,"  Cleveland  court-house;  and 
•"Law  and  Justice,"  Akron  court-house. 

Carl  Niehaus,  or,  as  he  now  writes  Charles  Henry  Niehaus,  had 
a  studio  on  the  top  floor  of  the  city  hall  in  the  late  '80s,  but  he  soon 
joined  the  New  York  Bohemians.  His  fame  as  a  sculptor  is  now  inter- 
national. 

Clara  Morris  as  a  Cleveland  Girl 

All  the  great  aetoi-s  and  actresses  have  at  one  time  or  another  ap- 
■  peared  before  Cleveland  audiences,  but  the  only  artist  in  that  class 
whom  the  city  can  claim  as  a  resident  was  Clara  Morris.  She  was 
bom  at  Toronto,  OntarH,  in  1849,  but  when  an  infant  was  brought  to 
Cleveland  where  she  was  educated.  She  was  a  very  precocious  child 
and  when  twelve  years  old  became  a  member  of  tlie  ballet  in  the  old 
Academy  of  Music.  She  rapidly  advanced  to  be  the  leading  lady  and, 
iti  1869,  was  called  to  Wood's  Theater,  Cincinnati,  in  that  capacity. 
In  1870,  she  became  a  member  of  Daly's  Fifth  Avenue  Company,  New 
York,  and  while  thus  connected  developed  into  the  leading  emo- 
tional actress  of  America.  She  also  wrote  numerous  books,  some 
of  which  showed  marked  litei'ary  ability.  Her  start  in  Cleveland  and 
the  dramatic  world  is  thus  described:  "It  is  generally  supposed 
that  Clara  Morris,  long  retired  and  generally  accepted  as  the  best 
emotional  actress  this  country  has  produced,  made  her  first  appear- 
ance on  the  Academy  of  Music  stage.  That,  however,  is  erroneous. 
Her  real  name  was  Clara  Morrison  and,  in  1861,  I.  H.  Carter  brought 
a  company  to  play  at  the  Tlieater  Coniique.  Carter  boarded  with  a 
^frs.  Miller,  where  Clara  Morris'  mother  also  lived.     Clara  was  stage 


1861]  ART  AND  ARTISTS  567 

struck  and  was  anxious  to  see  real  actors  back  of  a  real  stage.  This 
heightened  lier  ambition  and  slie  was  given  a  few  minor  parts  to 
play.  Shortly  thereafter  John  Ellsler  opened  the  Academy  of  Music 
and  gave  Clara  Morris  an  opportunity  to  shine  in  very  small  parts 
in  a  good  company." 


CHAPTER  XXXI 

AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  INSTITUTIONS 

By  H.  G,  Cutler 

The  temptation  to  write,  to  record  one's  thoughts  or  classified 
facts  on  paper  and  in  print,  is  sometimes  normal  and  at  other  times 
acquired,  inspired  by  contact  with  others  who  have  entered  the  field 
from  one  cause  or  another.  In  the  old  days  those  who  became  authors 
were  generally  led  to  the  work  because  they  honestly  liked  it,  or 
thought  that  they  could  do  more  good  by  following  that  calling  than 
any  other.  With  the  multiplication  of  newspapers,  magazines  and 
other  ephemeral  agencies  of  publication,  with  stories  current  of  easy 
fortunes  made  by  the  pen  and  pencil,  authorship  has  become  either 
more  commercial  or  something  to  be  adopted  as  a  matter  of  fashion. 
In  not  a  few  quarters,  it  is  becoming  "stylish"  to  write  for  the  press 
or  to  be  known  as  the  author  of  books,  and  snug  fortunes  in  money 
have  made  not  a  few  names  in  literature. 

First  Literary  Societies  and  Lyceums 

The  first  local  evidence  of  a  strong  literary  or  intellectual  bent 
on  the  part  of  Cleveland's  people  was  the  formation  of  the  New- 
burg  Literary  Society  in  1827.  It  received  its  charter  from  the  Ohio 
legislature  on  the  fourteenth  of  December  of  that  year  and  its  trustees 
were  Lewis  Peet,  TheodoreJMiles  and  Allen  Gaylord.  There  had  been 
other  inconsequential  debating  societies,  but  the  Newburg  Literary 
Society  had  considerable  stability  and  was  the  first  of  its  kind  to  be 
dignified  as  an  incorporated  society. 

The  second  thought  worthy  of  that  honor,  the  Cleveland  Lyceum, 
was  incorporated  in  February,  1833,  by  Sherlock  J.  Andrews,  John 
W.  Allen,  Orvillc  B.  Skinner,  James  S.  Clark,  Irad  Kelley,  John 
Barr,  Leonard  Case,  Edward  Baldwin,  Richard  Hussey,  James  L. 
Conger  and  Thomas  M.  Kelley — all  leading  citizens.  Several  years 
afterward  the  Cleveland  Lyceum  had  over  one  hundred  mcmliere, 
with  John  Barr  as  its  president  and  Charles  Whittlesey  a.s  eorrc- 

568 


1842]  AUTHORS,  ETC.  569 

spondiug  secretary.     It  established  a  Icfturo  course,  held  debates  and 
for  some  time  maintained  a  reading  room. 


Dickens  Hits  Cleveland  Jingoism 

This  lyceum  was  in  existence  when  Charles  Dickens  visited  Cleve- 
land in  May,  1842,  and  left  the  following  imprcs.sion  of  the  little 
town  in  his  American  Notes:  "After  calling  at  one  or  two  flat  places 
with  low  dams  stretching  out  into  the  lake  whereon  mere  stumpy  light 
houses  like  windmills  without  sails,  the  whole  looking  like  a  Dutcii 
vignette,  we  came  at  midnight  to  Cleveland,  where  we  lay  all  night 
and  until  9  o'clock  next  morning.  I  entertained  quite  a  curiosity  in 
reference  to  this  place  from  having  seen,  at  Sandusky,  a  specimen 
of  its  literature  in  the  shape  of  a  newspaper  which  was  very  strong 
indeed  upon  the  subject  of  Lord  Ashburton's  recent  arrival  at  Wash- 
ington to  adjust  the  points  in  dispute  between  the  United  States 
Government  and  Great  Britain ;  informing  its  readers  that  as  Amer- 
ica had  'whipped'  England  in  her  infancy  and  'whipped'  her  again 
in  her  youth,  so  it  was  clearly  necessary  that  she  must  'whip'  her 
once  again  in  her  maturity ;  and  pledging  its  credit  to  all  true  Amer- 
icans that  if  Mr.  Webster  did  his  duty  in  the  approaching  negotiations, 
and  sent  the  English  lord  home  again  in  double-quick  time,  they 
should,  within  two  years,  'sing  "Yankee  Doodle"  in  Hyde  Park  and 
"Hail  Columbia"  in  the  scarlet  courts  of  Westminster.'  I  found 
a  pretty  town  and  had  the  satisfaction  of  beholding  the  outside  of  the 
office  of  the  journal  from  which  I  quoted.  I  did  not  enjoy  the  delight 
of  seeing  the  wit  who  indicted  the  paragi-aph  in  question,  but  I 
have  no  doubt  he  is  a  prodigious  man  in  his  way  and  held  in  high 
repute  by  a  select  circle."  The  allusion  to  the  arrival  of  Lord  Ash- 
burton  and  the  jingo  sentiment  expressed  by  the  Cleveland  paper  have 
an  interesting  local  flavor  coming  from  the  future  great  novelist;  and 
the  Webster-Ashburton  treaty  of  the  following  August  blocked  the 
suggestion  of  the  Cleveland  editor  (perhaps  J.  W.  Gray)  that  Web.ster 
send  the  English  lord  home  again  in  "double-quick  time." 

After  the  Cleveland  Lyceum  came  the  Forest  City  Lyceum  of 
the  '50s,  which  numbered  among  its  members  many  young  men  who 
afterward  became  prominent  in  business,  financial  and  professional 
life.  Through  these  lyceums,  at  one  time  and  another,  some  of  the 
most  famous  men  of  the  country  lectured  in  Cleveland — Emerson,  Bay- 
ard Taylor,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  John  G.  Saxe, 


570 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXI 


]ilark  Twain,  John  G.  Dana,  James  Whiteomb  Riley,  John  B.  Gough, 
Robert  G.  Ingersoll  and  others. 

The  Young  Men's  Literary  Association,  which  was  organized  in 
1836,  for  the  express  purpose  of  founding  a  circulating  library,  and 
reorganized  ten  years  later  to  join  the  Cleveland  Librai'y  Association 
in  furtherance  of  that  object,  also  wielded  a  strong  litei'ary  and  edu- 
cational influence  on  the  community.  Its  first  ofReers  were :  Charles 
Whittlesey,  president;  George  C.  Davis,  secretaiy;  S.  W.  Crittenden, 
li'easurer;  W.  G.  Oatman,  corresponding  secretary. 

The  Ark  and  the  Arkites 

But  the  organization  which  in  early  times  was  considered  most 
select,  the  verj^  name  of  which  has  come  down  to  the  literati  and 


(a)  tJppor  row:  Dr.  Elisha  Sterling,  Capt.  B.  A.  Stanarcl,  James  .T.  Tracy,  Dr.  A. 
Maynaid,  Rushnell  White,  Leonard  Case,  E.  A.  Scovil,  George  A.  Stanley,  Rufus  K.  Win- 
slow  and  John  Coon. 

(b)  Lower  row  (all  seated)  :  William  Cise,  D.  W.  Cross,  Stoughton  Bliss  and  Henry 
G.  Abbey. 

scientists  of  today  through  a  bright  and  mellow  light,  was  unincor- 
porated, and  so  informal  that,  so  far  as  known,  it  flourished  for  years 
without  officers  or  government  of  any  kind.  There  are  few  of  mature 
years  in  Cleveland,  especially  if  they  at  all  are  informed  as  to  the 
earlier  literary  movements  of  their  city,  who  have  not  heard  of  the 
Ark  and  its  choice  .spirits,  the  Arkites.  Its  real  founder  was  William 
Case,  brother  of  the  Leonard  Case  who  founded  the  Sdiool  of  Ap- 


1858]  ,  AUTHORS,  ETC.  571 

plied  Science,  but  of  such  unstable  licaltli  tiiat  he  adopted  an  outdoor 
life  to  build  it  up  to  normal.  From  a  hunter  throughout  Ohio,  Wichi- 
gan  and  the  Northwest  he  expanded  into  an  enthusiastic  and  learned 
naturalist,  a  delight  and  a  valued  assistant  even  to  the  great  Audu- 
bon. Long  after  the  Ark  had  been  abandoned,  William  Case  com- 
menced the  erection  of  a  building  which  should  accommodate  the 
Young  IMen's  Library  Association  and  the  Kirtland  Society  of  Nat- 
ural History,  but  he  died  of  consumption,  in  1862,  before  it  was  com- 
pleted. 

The  following  is  as  complete  a  consecutive  account  of  the  building 
and  gradual  dispersal  of  the  Arkites  as  has  been  published:  "In 
connection  with  the  early  literary  life  of  the  city  may  be  remembered 
the  Ark,  the  most  noted  club  in  our  scientific  and  literary  annals.  It 
was  not  an  organization,  but  just  a  group  of  kindred  spirits  brought 
together  by  the  Case  brothers,  "William  and  Leonard,  in  the  little 
one-story  ofifice  that  stood  wliere  the  imposing  Government  building 
now  looks  upon  the  square.  When  Leonard  Case,  Sr.,  abandoned  this 
modest  office  in  the  '30s  his  son  William,  of  scientific  bent,  built  a 
small  addition  to  it,  where  he  stored  his  collection  of  birds  and  mam- 
mals. And  there,  graduallj'  and  naturally,  the  bright  young  men 
of  the  town  of  similar  scientific  bent,  met  in  the  evening  for  dis- 
cussion, or  reading,  or  other  diversion;  and  so  eventually  the  Ark 
became  populated  with  a  group  of  the  finest  congenial  spirits,  the 
Arkites.  They  were  William  Case,  Leonard  Case,  Dr.  Elisha  Ster- 
ling, Stoughton  Bliss,  Col.  E.  A.  Scoville,  George  A.  Stanley,  Bushnell 
White,  Capt.  B.  A.  Stannard,  Dr.  A.  :\raynard,  D.  W.  Cross,  Henry  G. 
Abbey,  R.  K.  Winslow,  J.  J.  Tracy  and  John  Coon.  These  were  the 
original  Arkites  whose  portraits  are  shown  in  the  painting  of  the 
group  ordered  by  William  Case  in  1858  and  which  now  hangs  in 
the  Historical  Society. 

"The  building  of  the  po.stoffice  compelled  the  Ark  to  journey 
across  the  street  ea.stward.  The  building  of  Case  Hall  necessitated  an- 
other movement  ea.stward,  and  finally  the  building  of  the  City  Hall  (old 
City  Hall — Editor)  caused  the  demolition  of  the  little  Ark.  Its  wood 
was  made  into  chairs,  tables  and  other  fixtures  for  the  new  rooms  pro- 
vided in  Case  Library  building.  William  Case  deeded  the  free  use 
of  these  rooms  to  the  following  gentlemen :  Charles  L.  Rhodes, 
Seneca  0.  Griswold,  David  W.  Cross,  Herman  JL  Chapin,  Edward  A. 
Scoville,  William  Sholl,  James  J.  Tracy,  Stoughton  Bliss,  Levi  P.  Scho- 
field,  Rodney  Gale,  Jabez  W.  Fitch,  Henry  G.  Abbey,  Bushnell  White, 
Benjamin  A.  Stannard  and  John  Coon. 

"The  restless  city  demanded  yet  another  sacrifice  of  the  Arkites. 
When  the  new  postoffice  was  proposed  Case  Library  building  was 


572  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXI 

needed  as  part  of  the  site.  Only  three  members  of  the  Ark  were  left — 
James  J.  Tracy,  John  Coon  and  Levi  Sehofield,  and  to  these  the  court 
awarded  'damages.'  James  Tracy  and  John  Coon  have  since  passed 
away  and  General  Sehofield  remains  the  only  survivor  of  the  famous 
group." 

The  Western  Reserve  Histokical  Society 

For  more  than  half  a  century  tlie  Western  Reserve  Historical 
Society  has  been  the  rallying  point  around  which  the  historical  and, 
to  a  large  extent,  the  literary  and  scientific  men  and  women  of 
Cleveland  have  gathered.  There  is  certainly  no  one  body  which  is 
so  representative  of  its  intellectual  activities  as  this.  It  was  the 
direct  outgrowth  of  the  Cleveland  Libi'ary  Association  and  was  or- 
ganized in  April,  1867,  as  a  branch  of  the  association  named.  The 
prime  movers  in  the  enterprise  were  Judge  C.  C.  Baldwin,  Col.  Charles 
Wliittlcsey,  Joseph  Perkins,  John  Barr,  Henry  A.  Smith  and  A.  T. 
Goodman,  all  prominently  identified  with  the  Library  Association. 
The  special  acts  of  its  creation  and  growth,  mainly  propelled  through 
the  earnestness  and  abilities  of  Judge  Baldwin  and  Colonel  Whittlesey, 
are  given  in  detail  in  another  paper.  The  foregoing  paragraph  is 
written  simply  to  record  the  existence  of  the  leading  society  now  in 
existence  typical  of  the  higher  intellectual  activities  of  the  scholarlj' 
men  and  women  of  Cleveland. 

The  Libraries 

The  Public  Library,  of  which  the  whole  city  is  proud,  appeals  not 
so  much  to  special  investigators  as  to  the  people  en  masse,  thereby 
realizing  the  primary  purposes  for  which  it  was  founded. 

When  to  the  Public  Library,  and  the  library  and  museum  con- 
nected with  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society,  are  added  the 
collections  housed  under  the  corporate  titles  of  the  Western  Reserve 
University,  the  Case  School  of  Ajjplied  Science,  St.  Ignatius  College, 
the  Case  Library,  and  others  with  those  specially  founded  for  the 
lawyers  and  doctors,  the  historians,  the  educators,  the  political  econo- 
mists and  sociologists,  the  scientists,  and  the  legal  and  the  medical 
fraternities  need  not  go  afield  thoroughly  to  pursue  what  special  in- 
vestigations they  may  desire  to  make.  In  the  light  of  such  privileges, 
it  is  not  too  much  to  expect  tlic  evolution  of  noteworthy  individual 
talent,  even  genius,  from  the  ranks  of  the  men  and  women  of  Cleve- 
land who  have  striven  to  express  and  to  live  their  higher  thoughts 
and  ideals.  Happily  it  is  not  too  much  to  expect;  and  even  the  follow- 
ing imperfect  record  .shows  that  such  expectation  has  been  realized. 


1860-87]  AUTHORS,  ETC.  573 

Contributors  to  Genehai.  Litkhattjre 

On  the  carlioi-  getu'ratioii  of  (Mevelaiulers  who  hecamo  famous  out- 
side of  newspapei"  work,  with  which  they  were  also  ideiitiliod,  none 
would  precede  Charles  F.  Brown  ("Artemus  Ward")  and  Benjamin 
F.  Taylor — the  former  dying  in  the  late  '60s  and  tlie  latter  in  the 
late  '80s.  Their  connection  with  the  press  of  Cleveland  has  already 
been  described.  Aside  from  his  humorous  writings,  Artemus  Ward 
was  most  widely  known  as  a  lecturer,  and  of  his  lectures  those  whicb 
dealt  with  the  ''Mormons,"  and  the  "Shakers"  were  the  most  noto- 
rious. As  a  side-splitting  lecturer  of  dry  humor  and  individual  man- 
nerisms he  lias  had  but  two  equals  on  the  platform,  and  they  were,  of 
course.  Josh  Billings  and  Jlark  Twain. 


Benjamin  F.  Tavi-ok 

Benjamin  F.  Taylor,  or  B.  F.  Taylor,  as  he  preferred  to  be  called, 
was  one  of  the  most  versatile  writers  who  ever  went  forth  from  Cleve- 
land ;  and  he  returned  to  die  in  the  city  he  loved.  In  the  civil  war 
he  was  a  newspaper  correspondent  at  the  front  and,  as  a  result,  left 
such  graphic  and  enduring  pictures  as  Mission  Ridge  and  Lookout 
Mountain  and  Pictures  of  Life  in  Camp  and  Field.  There  never  were 
more  exquisite  sketches  of  nature  penned  than  Summer  Savory,  Jan- 
uary and  June  and  November  Days.  For  a  character  etching  read 
Theophilus  Trent;  and  Taylor's  Poetical  Works  mark  him  as  among 
the  most  graceful  of  American  versifiers.    He  died  in  1887. 

Constance  Fenimore  Woolson 

Several  Cleveland  women  have  reached  a  high  plane  in  the  field 
of  general  literature  within  the  memory  of  the  present  generation. 
Constance  Fenimore  Woolson 's  novels  and  poems  were  read  and 
praised  on  two  continents,  and  as  careful  a  literary  critic  as  Edmund 
C.  Stedman  has  placed  on  record  his  judgment  of  her,  as  follows: 
"No  woman  of  rarer  personal  qualities,  or  with  more  decided  gifts 
as  a  novelist,  figured  in  our  own  generation  of  American  writers." 
Mrs.  Woolson,  who  was  a  granddaughter  of  James  Fenimore  Cooper, 
was  bom  in  New  York  but  educated  in  Cleveland  and  at  the  famous 
French  School  in  New  York  City.  After  residing  continuously  in  the 
Forest  City  from  1873  to  1879— from  her  twenty-fifth  to  her  thirty- 
first  year — she  commenced  those  travels  to  Florida,  to  Washington, 
to  England,  to  Italy  and  other  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Europe, 
which  enabled  her  to  write  novels  and   descriptive  works  of  such 


574 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXI 


realistic  force.  Her  Anne,  Old  Stone  House,  Castle  Nowhere,  Lake 
County  Sketches,  Dorothy  and  Other  Italian  Stories,  East  Angels, 
Jumper  Lights,  and  The  Transplanted  Boy,  with  Tivo  Women:  A 
Poem,  may  be  instanced  as  illustrations  of  the  range  and  variety  of 
her  works. 

Sarah  K.  Bolton 

Sarah  Knowles  Bolton,  one  of  the  most  prolific  and  able  writers 
among  the  distinguished  women  of  Cleveland,  was  born  in  Connecti- 


'    "* 


Sakah  K.  Bolton 


cut  and  educated  in  the  widely  known  school  conducted  by  Catharine 
Beecher  at  Hartford.  Siie  published  a  mimlicr  of  poems  in  her  very 
young  womanhood,  but  became  more  widely  known  al'tci-  licr  mar- 
riage to  Charles  E.  Bolton,  not  long  after  the  civil  war.  Mr.  Bolton 
had  been  prominent  in  the  relief  work  of  the  Christian  and  Sanitary 
Commission,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  peace  located  in  Cleveland,  en- 


lDOO-18]  AUTIIOKS,  ETC.  575 

tered  business  and  afterward  beeanio  widely  known  in  eonneetion 
with  the  edueational  bureau  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 
He  traveled  widely  and  illustrated  his  descriptive  lectures  most 
superbly,  his  means  and  taste  onablinf;:  liini  to  aeeomiilish  this  work. 
Mrs.  Bolton  thus  gathered  much  valua))le  material  for  lior  later  works, 
although  she  first  came  into  notice  as  a  writer  by  licr  contributions 
to  Ilarpir's  Basar,  the  Independent,  the  Congrecjationalist  and  other 
Eastern  publications  while  she  was  a  resident  of  Cleveland.  Such 
juvenile  works  as  How  Success  is  Won,  Lives  of  Poor  Boys  Who  Be- 
came Famous  and  Girls  Who  Became  Famous  had  a  wide  circulation 
and  were  classed  as  among  the  most  wholesome  literature  of  the  day. 

The  reputation  of  the  late  Sarah  Chauiicey  Woolsey  (Susan 
Coolidge),  who  died  in  1905,  rests  upon  her  notable  contributions  to 
juvenile  literature.  She  was  the  author  of  What  Katy  Did,  Eye 
Bright,  Cross  Patch,  A  Round  Dozen,  Just  Sixteen  and  other  books 
for  the  young. 

Lydia  Hoyt  Farmer  w-as  the  author  of  a  number  of  works  wiiich 
stand  well  as  works  of  graceful  instruction  which  appealed  l)otli  to 
the  young  and  mature  readers.  She  died  in  1903.  Among  her  pub- 
lications were  Boys'  Book  of  Famous  Rulers,  Girls'  Book  of  Famous 
Queens,  A  Story  Book  of  Science,  What  America  Owes  to  Women, 
and  a  Short  History  of  the  French  Revolution. 

Ezra  F.  Kendall,  who  resided  on  his  farm  outside  of  Cleveland, 
and  is  deceased,  was  long  known  as  a  lecturer  and  writer  of  pro- 
nounced humor.  He  also  wrote  several  plays.  His  Good  Gravy,  Spots 
of  M'lt  and  Humor  and  Tell  It  to  Me  will  be  remembered  by  many. 

Edmund  Vance  Cooke 

Edmund  Vance  Cooke  is  a  well  known  Clevelander  of  early  middle 
age  who  has  given  himself  almost  exclusively  to  literary  matters,  in- 
cluding the  writing  of  poems  and  stories  and  lecturing,  with  lecture 
entertainments.  His  Patch  of  Pansies,  Impertinent  Poems  and  Little 
Tot,  stories  are  widely  read.  Mr.  Cooke  has  served  as  president  of  the 
International  Lyceum  Association  and  of  the  Cleveland  Single  Tax 
Club ;  is  a  charter  member  of  the  American  Press  Humori.sts  and  has 
been  chairman  of  the  Progressive  Constitutional  Leagiie  of  Cuyahoga 
County.  It  is  evident  that  he  is  a  thinker  and  reformer,  as  w-ell  as  a 
poet.  He  is  widely  known  to  the  Cleveland  reading  public,  both  to 
those  who  are  newspaper  readers  and  those  who  seek  more  permanent 
literary  collections.  Mr.  Cooke's  most  widely  admired  single  poem, 
a  peculiarly  healthful  inspirational  for  these  times,  is 


576  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXI 

"How  Dm  You  Dm?" 

Did  yoii  tackle  tliat  trouble  that  came  your  way 

With  a  resolute  heart  and  cheerful? 
Or  hide  your  face  from  the  light  of  day 

With  a  craven  soul  and  fearful? 
Oh,  a  trouble's  a  ton,  or  a  trouble's  an  ounce, 

Or  a  trouble  is  what  you  make  it. 
And  it  isn't  the  fact  that  you're  hurt  that  counts, 

But  onl}'  how  did  you  take  it? 

You  are  beaten  to  earth?    Well,  well,  what's  that? 

Come  up  with  a  smiling  face ! 
It's  nothing  against  yoii  to  fall  down  flat. 

But  to  lie  there — that's  disgrace. 
The  harder  you're  thrown,  why  the  higher  you  bounce, 

Be  proud  of  your  blackened  eye ! 
It  isn't  the  fact  that  you're  licked  that  counts; 

It's  how  did  you  fight  and  why? 

And  though  you  be  done  to  the  death,  what  then? 

If  you  battled  the  best  you  could, 
If  you  played  your  ]iart  in  the  world  of  men. 

Why,  the  Critic  will  call  it  good. 
Death  comes  with  a  crawl,  or  comes  with  a  pounce. 

And  whether  he's  .slow  or  spry. 
It  isn't  the  fact  that  you're  dead  that  counts, 

But  only  how  did  you  die? 

Mrs.  Jane  Elliott  Snow  has  done  considerable  literary  work  of  a 
high  order  and  is  widely  known  as  one  of  the  most  active  and  bril- 
liant women  of  Cleveland,  who  has  wonderfully  retained  her  elasticity 
of  spirits  and  mentality  while  gracefully  descending  the  western  slopes. 
Her  Women  of  Tennyson  and  Life  of  William  McKinley  are  among 
her  representative  books. 

Cleveland  Lawyers  as  Authors 

Several  Cleveland  lawyers  have  branched  out  into  general  litci'a- 
ture  to  such  purposes  that  to  the  public  at  large  they  are  better  known 
as  authors  than  in  the  profession  for  which  they  were  seriously  trained. 
Ezra  S.  Brudno  is  a  native  of  Lithuania,  so  foully  overrun  by  Ger- 
many, and  his  Jewish  stories,  many  of  which  are  founded  on  the  ex- 
periences of  his  childhood  and  boyhood,  are  strongly  and  tenderly 
written.  Mr.  Brudno  is  highly  educated,  being  a  graduate  of  the 
Western  Reserve  University  and  Yale's  law  school.  He  has  practised 
his  profession  in   Cleveland  since  1001,   and   has  served   also  as  as- 


1900-18]  AUTHORS,  ETC.  577 

sistant  district  attoruoy,  but  it  is  as  the  autlior  of  The  Fugitive,  Lit- 
tle Comcript,  One  of  Us,  Scribes  and  Pharisees  that  he  is  known 
outside  of  his  home  city  and  state. 

Hubert  B.  Fuller  has  practised  law  in  Cleveland  since  11)03.  lie 
is  a  Yale  College  graduate,  from  which  ho  ha,s  received  two  degrees, 
and  Columbian  (now  George  Washington)  University  has  conferred 
two  more  upon  him  (LL.  B.  and  LL.  JM.).  For  a  number  of  years 
he  was  also  secretary  to  United  States  Senator  Theodore  Burton.  Doe- 
tor  Fuller  is  the  author  of  several  works  on  history  and  law :  Th'. 
Purchase  of  Florida,  The  Speakers  of  the  House,  and  llie  Law  of 
Accident  and  Employers'  Liability  Insurance. 

Charles  W.  Chesnutt  is  a  practising  law.yer  of  Cleveland,  who  in 
his  early  manhood  was  an  educator  in  North  Carolina  and  a  news- 
paper man  in  New  York  City.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of 
works  such  as  The  Conjure  Woman,  The  Wife  of  His  Youth,  Life  of 
Frederick  Douglass,  The  House  Behind  the  Cedars,  The  Marrow  of 
Tradition,  and  The  Colonel's  Dream. 

A  man  well  past  middle  age  before  he  commenced  his  literary 
career,  Albert  Gallatin  Riddle,  the  able  lawyer  and  legislator,  who 
died  in  1902,  at  the  age  of  eighty-six,  has  left  a  series  of  strong  de- 
scriptive and  historical  works,  including  Bart  Ridgely,  The  Portrait, 
House  of  Boss,  Anselm's  Cave,  Life  and  Character  of  Garfield,  Life  of 
Benjamin  F.  Wade,  and  Recollections  of  War  Times.  There  are  few 
writers  who  have  more  graphically  dealt  with  scenes,  incidents  and 
characters  connected  with  Cuyahoga  County  and  the  Western  Reserve 
than  Mr.  Riddle. 

Educational  and  Historical 

Many  of  Cleveland's  most  prominent  men  and  women  have  left 
their  impress  upon  the  educational  and  historical  fields  of  literature. 
It  is  impossible  for  the  practical  workers  and  builders  in  an  expand- 
ing community  to  do  otherwise  than  to  promote,  through  the  printed 
column  and  page,  the  vital  causes  which  are  nearest  their  hearts  and 
to  which  their  minds  go  forth  with  such  fervor. 

Colonel  Whittlesey  and  Judge  Baldwin 

Colonel  Charles  W^hittlcsey's  list  of  historical  writings,  dealing 
largely  with  Western  Reserve  subjects,  make  a  tract  by  itself.  His 
Early  History  of  Cleveland  is  still  standard.  He  also  made  numer- 
ous scientific  contributions  to  the  publications  of  the  Smithsonian  In- 


578  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXI 

stitution,  and  whatever  he  wrote,  or  performed,  had  for  its  ultimate 
object  the  enlightenment  and  education  of  the  people  with  whom  his 
lot  was  east  for  so  many  years.  The  early  literary  societies,  the  early 
press,  the  early  scientific  organizations,  the  early  explorations  in 
geologj'  and  archaeology'  were  all  identified  with  his  name  and  pen. 
He  was  a  mining  engineer  of  great  distinction,  a  member  of  the  first 
geological  sur^-ey  of  Ohio,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cleveland 
Academj'  of  Natural  Sciences  and  the  Western  Reserve  Historical 
Soeiet}',  so  that  his  doings  far  outstripped  his  writings,  voluminous 
as  they  were. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  Judge  Charles  C.  Baldwin,  whose  fame  as 
a  member  of  the  bench  and  bar  was  so  pronounced  that  it  is  detailed 
in  the  record  devoted  to  the  legal  profession,  and  yet  his  historical 
and  scientific  writings  are  so  numerous  and  valuable  as  to  be  in  a  class 
by  themselves. 

Elroy  McKendree  Avery,  the  author  of  this  volume,  has  written 
largely  on  the  subjects  of  physical  science  and  American  history. 
His  wife,  Catherine  H.  T.  Avery,  was  a  member  of  the  Woman's  Press 
Club  of  Cleveland  and,  for  a  dozen  years  prior  to  her  death,  was  editor 
of  The  American  Monthly  Magazine,  the  official  organ  of  the  National 
Society,  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution.  Biographical  sketches 
of  both  of  them  will  appear  in  a  later  volume  of  Cleveland  and  Its 
Envirmxs. 


Identified  with  the  Western  Reserve  University 

A  number  of  those  who  have  become  prominent  in  educational  and 
historical  literature  have  been  identified,  more  or  less  closely,  with 
the  Western  Reserve  University.  Dr.  Oliver  F.  Emerson,  who  has  been 
professor  of  English  since  1896,  is  a  native  of  Iowa  still  on  the  sunny 
side  of  sixty,  and  received  his  first  degree,  A.  M.,  from  Iowa  College, 
in  1882.  He  was  superintendent  of  schools  of  two  large  cities  in  the 
Hawkeye  State  and  principal  of  Iowa  College  Academy  before  he 
commenced  his  service  of  eight  years  with  Cornell  University  as  a 
teacher  of  English  and  rhetoric.  Iowa  College  has  conferred  A.  M. 
and  Lift.  D.  upon  him  and  Cornell,  Ph.  D.  Doctor  Emerson  is  the 
author-  of  several  histories  of  the  English  language  and  the  Middlf 
Eiicjlish  Header,  and  has  edited  such  genei'al  literary  works  as  John- 
son's Ra^sclas,  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Edward  Gibbon, 
and  Poems  of  Chaucer. 


iy00-18J  AUTllUUS,  ETC.  579 

Edvvavcl  G.  Boiinie,  who  died  in  1908,  was  a  Yale  graduate  and 
connected  with  the  faculty  of  Adclhert  College  in  ISSH-Df).  He  iiuule 
a  fine  recunl  Koth  as  an  antlioi-  and  an  educator  and  after  leaving 
(Jlevehuul  was  prdniiuently  idciititied  with  Yale  University. 

Prof.  Henry  M.  IJourne,  U'ading  educator  and  historical  writer, 
and  since  1892  at  the  head  of  the  historical  department  in  the  Western 
Reserve  Univei'sity,  was  born  in  New  York  and  is  a  Yale  graduate 
and  fellow.  Before  coming  to  Cleveland  he  vvas  associate  editoi'  of 
the  Congregatiotialist,  Boston,  and  taught  history  and  psj-ehology  in 
Connecticut.  Besides  holding  the  chair  of  history  in  the  Western 
Reserve  University,  Professor  Bourne  was  its  registrar  in  189;M!)01. 
He  is  the  author  of  Teaching  of  History  and  Civics,  Mediceval  and 
Modern  Tlistory  and  B evolutionary  Period  in  Europe,  has  edited 
Lecky's  French  Uevolution  and  is  a  constant  contributor  to  standard 
reviews. 

Dr.  Albert  Bushnell  Hart  is  well  known  to  the  faculty  of  the 
Western  Reserve  and  to  Cleveland  students  and  wi'iters  of  history, 
and  one  of  his  LL.  D.'s  came  from  the  home  institution.  The  son  of  a 
Cleveland  physician,  for  twent\-Hve  years  past  he  has  been  identified 
with  the  faculty  of  Harvard  and  his  numerous  works  on  American 
history,  which  have  earned  him  a  high  reputation,  have  been  issued 
by  eastern  houses.  He  was  the  editor-in-chief  of  the  American  Xation, 
a  cooperative  histoiy  in  twenty-seven  volumes,  issued  in  1903-08. 
Doctor  Hart  has  also  served  as  president  of  the  American  Historical 
Association. 

Dr.  James  Ford  Rhodes,  much  of  whose  reputation  as  a  historical 
scholar,  writer  and  lecturer  has  been  made  in  the  East  of  the  United 
States  and  in  Europe,  is  a  resident  of  Boston.  He  was  born  in  Cleve- 
land seventy  years  ago  and  was  educated  in  Xew  York,  Chicago  and 
abroad.  He  has  received  learned  degrees  from  the  We.stern  Uni- 
versity, Harvard,  Yale,  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  New  York 
University,  Princeton,  O.xford  and  others,  and  has  membership  in 
numerous  learned  societies.  Like  Doctor  Hart,  he  has  also  been  hon- 
ored with  the  presidency  of  th(;  American  Ilistoi'ieal  .Association. 
His  largest  publication  is  the  History  of  the  United  States  from  the 
Compromise  of  1850,  in  eight  volumes. 

Burke  A.  Hinsdale,  a  leader  in  educational  work,  was  a  personal 
friend  of  James  A.  Garfield  and  edited  his  works,  which  were  pub- 
lished in  two  volumes.  He  was  also  the  author  of  President  Garfield 
and  Eduratian,  The  Old  Northwest,  TIow  to  Study  and  Teach  Tlis- 
tory and  The  American  Government.     His  death  occurred  in  1900. 


580   .  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXI 

Harvey  Rice 

Harvey  Rice,  whose  gi-eat,  personality  has  Wen  repeatedly  pro- 
jected on  these  pages,  was  one  of  the  first  of  Cleveland's  prominent 
citizens  to  place  on  record  some  of  the  historical  matters  connected 
with  the  "Western  Reserve  which  had  come  into  his  life.  What  the 
writers  of  Cleveland  history  would  have  done  without  his  Founder 
of  City  of  Cleveland,  Pioneers  of  Western  Reserve,  Incidents  of  Pio- 
neer Life  and  Sketches  of  Western  Life,  it  is  impossible  to  say,  for, 
like  the  poor, ' '  we  have  them  always  with  us. ' ' 

Samuel  P.  Orth 

Samuel  P.  Orth  was  active  in  Cleveland  for  several  years,  as  a 
lawyer,  lecturer,  educator  and  historian.  lie  was  born  in  Micliigaii, 
graduated  from  Oberlin  College  and  subsequently  from  the  University 
of  Michigan,  his  course  in  the  latter  being  law  and  political  science. 
He  held  the  chair  of  political  science  and  public  law  at  Buchtel  Col- 
lege, Akron,  Ohio,  and  afterward  took  a  post-graduate  course  and 
became  a  fellow  in  these  branches  at  Columbia  University,  from  which 
he  ol)tained  the  Ph.  D.  degree.  Doctor  Orth  practistxl  law  in  Cleve- 
land from  1903  to  1912,  during  wliich  he  was  also  president  of  the 
board'  of  education,  assistant  United  States  attorney,  and  lecturer 
on  the  branches  in  which  he  had  been  educated  for  the  Western  Re- 
serve Univei-sity,  the  Case  School  of  Applied  Science  and  Oberlin 
College.  During  that  period  he  also  became  the  author  of  several 
historical  works,  the  most  valuable  of  which  was  .1  Bistory  of  Cleve- 
land, to  which  the  writer  of  this  chai)ter,  with  pleasure,  acknowledges 
his  indebtedness.  In  1912,  Doctor  Orth  left  Cleveland  to  a.ssume  the 
chair  of  political  science  at  Cornell  University,  which  he  still  holds. 
Since  his  departure  from  the  Forest  City  he  has  published  a  work  of 
considerable  scope.  Socialism  and  Democracy  in  Europe,  1913. 

James  H.  Kennedy 

James  II.  Kennedy,  who  was  educated  in  Clcvclaiiil  :iii(l  was  for 
years  on  the  Leader,  also  contributed  much  valuable  local  history  to 
permanent  literature.  His  History  of  Cleveland.  Bench  and  Bar  of 
Cleveland  and  many  contributions  1o  1lie  Magazine  of  Western  His- 
tory, with  works  of  a  more  general  luiture,  such  as  Early  History  of 
Mormonism,  gave  him  a  good  standing  while  he  resided  in  Cleveland. 
From  1889  to  1902,  he  was  editor  of  the  Magazine  of  Western  History, 


li)00-18J  AUTHORS,  ETC.  581 

and  for  ten  years  after  lie  moved  to  Xew  Yoi-k  acted  as  correspondent 
of  the  I'laiii  Dealer,  ^h:  Kennedy  was  a  member  of  the  Cleveland 
Public  Library  Board  and  has  served  in  the  same  capacity  in  the  na- 
tion's metropolis.  He  lias  also  edited  the  Aiucrican  Nation  series  of 
three  volumes,  and  in  the  larger  city  continued  his  Cleveland  career 
of  reliable  abilitv. 


Leading  Educators  as  Writers 

Andrew  J.  RickolT,  Cleveland's  p:reat  suporiiiteiident  of  schools, 
was  too  absoi'bed  in  the  practical  work  of  molding  an  cducalioiial 
system,  and  giving  it  elastic  life,  to  do  much  in  the  way  of  authorship. 
But  his  Appleton's  Scries  of  Readers,  which  he  prepared  with  "Wil- 
liam T.  Harris,  afterwards  United  States  commissioner  of  education, 
are  still  recalled  as  among  the  most  satisfactory  school  text  books  ever 
placed  on  the  market. 

Harriet  L.  Keelcr,  one  of  the  veteran  educators  of  Cleveland,  and 
a  writer  of  considerable  note,  obtained  .her  A.  B.  from  Oberlin  Col- 
lege in  1870,  in  the  days  when  such  distinction  was  rare.  Miss  Keele'r 
was  superintendent  of  primary  instruction  in  the  Cleveland  public 
schools  in  1871-79,  teacher  in  the  Central  High  School  from  1879  to 
1909  and  superintendent  of  schools  from  January  to  September,  1912. 
Her  writing  of  books  has  been  along  lines  of  English  coinjiositioii 
and  botany,  especially  of  the  latter.  Wild  Flowers  of  Early  Spring, 
Our  Native  Trees,  Our  Northern  Shrubs  and  Our  Garden  Flowers 
were  valuable  contributions  to  that  class  of  literature. 

"W.  J.  Akers,  an  old  settler,  an  early  member  of  the  board  of  edu- 
cation, and  otherwise  "a  part  of  which  he  wrote,"  has  made  a  valu- 
able contribution  to  local  history  in  his  Tlistory  of  the  Cleveland 
Public  Schools;  Clara  A.  Urann,  as  a  writer  for  the  local  press,  is 
also  to  be  listed  with  credit,  and  ^Irs.  Gertrude  Van  R.  Wickham's 
Early  History  of  Cleveland  has  been  drawn  upon  to  some  extent. 


CHAPTER  XXXII 

NEWSPAPERS  AND  THEIR  BUILDERS 

Bxj  H.  G.  Cutler 

Cleveland,  like  other  great  cities  of  the  Eastern  West — the  Mid- 
dle West  no  longer  applies — has  been  honored  with  ably  conducted 
newspapers,  and  brilliant  and  influential  newspaper  men  and  women, 
furnishing  powerful  agencies  and  agents  in  the  development  and  con- 
stant inspiration  of  the  home  community.  Public  men  have  used  the 
local  press  as  the  medium  of  their  thoughts  and  aspirations,  and 
passed  to  other  fields  of  accomplishment.  Men  and  women  who  have 
subsequently  became  famous  authors  have  first  tried  their  literary 
wings  in  the  columns  of  the  home  newspapers.  Others,  whose  ambi- 
tions were  even  confined  to  the  daily  and  hourly  fascinations  and 
neiTfe- wearing  rush  of  metropolitan  journalism,  have  gone  forth  to 
even  broader  fields  than  are  covered  b_y  Cleveland;  while  still  others 
have  striven  through  long  years  of  honorable  and  able  efforts  to  ad- 
vance the  best  interests  of  their  home  city  and  the  nation  at  large. 

The  call  upon  man  or  woman  to  produce  a  successful  editor  is 
serious  and  imperative.  It  means  prompt  thouglit  and  action  and  per- 
sistent work  and  alertness.  Yet  tliose  who  have  never  been  straining 
in  the  traces  imagine  that  "anyone  can  run  a  newspaper."  Raise  a 
little  money,  buy  .some  type,  hire  a  printer  if  you  are  not  one  your- 
self, light  a  pipe  or  cigar,  put  on  your  thinking  cap,  dash  off  a  lot  of 
copy,  set  the  world  on  fire,  and  make  a  good  living  and  a  name  for 
yourself  and  posterity !  Before  the  men  and  women  of  training  and 
stern  stuff  arrive,  every  community  has  therefore  its  experimenters  in 
tlie  making  of  newspapers. 

First  Newsp.\i>kr  Not  .\  Success 

Cleveland's  first  newsiuiper,  the  Gazette  and  Commercial  Reg- 
ister* appeared  on  Friday,  the  thirty-first  (if  July,  1818,  and  sus- 
pended, after  many  trials  and  tribulatioMs.  on  the  twenty-first  of 
.March,  1820.    It  wa.s  edited  \>y  one  Andrew  Logan,  who  is  said  to  have 


*  See  page  117. 

582 


1818-37]  NEWSPAPERS,  ETC.  583 

been  a  descendant  of  the  noted  IMin^o  ehiff  and  who,  to  try  his  Cleve- 
land experiment,  brought  a  rickety  hand  press  and  some  worn-out 
type  from  Pennsylvania.    C.  V.  J.  Hickox  was  associated  with  Logan. 

Cleveland  Herald  and  Eben  D.  Howe 

But  the  forceful  men  had  already  entered  the  local  newspaper 
field  and  planted  an  institution  which  was  to  be  the  foundation  of  a 
substantial  and  progi-essive  press.     On  the  nineteenth  of   October, 

1819,  appeared  the  first  luiiuber  of  the  Cleveland  Herald  *  which  ex- 
isted as  a  vigorous  independent  newspaper  for  some  si.xty  years.  L. 
Willes,  who  had  lately  established  the  Erie  Gazette,  was  induced  by 
his  old  friend,  Ehen  D.  Howe,  to  come  to  Cleveland,  and  he  brought 
with  him  his  press  and  type.  The  two  thus  founded  the  Cleveland  Her- 
ald, weekly,  which  was  first  issued  from  a  little  one-storj'  cabin  directly 
opposite  the  Commercial  Coffee  House  on  Superior  Street.  In  October, 

1820,  it  was  moved  to  a  location  opposite  Mowry's  Tavern  and  a  few 
rods  from  the  courthouse. 

Mr.  Howe,  in  his  autobiography,  gives  a  few  details  of  his  uj)- 
hill,  cross-country  fight,  to  work  up  the  Herald  circulation.  The 
circumstantial  evidence  goes  to  show  that  Mr.  Willes  kept  things  in 
order  at  home,  while  Mr.  Howe  hustled  hard  on  the  outside. 

Evidently  the  strain  upon  Mr.  Howe  was  too  severe,  for  in  1821 
he  sold  his  interests  in  the  Herald  and  moved  to  Painesville,  where 
he  edited  the  Telegraph.  Meanwhile  the  Gazette  and  Commercial  Heg- 
ister  had  surrendered  to  circumstances  and  Mr.  Willes'  paper  liad  the 
local  field  to  itself.  Ill  health  compelled  him  to  sell  the  plant  and 
good  will  of  the  Herald  to  Jewett  Paine,  in  1826 ;  Mr.  Paine,  who  died 
in  1828,  was  succeeded  by  John  R.  St.  John  and  he,  in  turn,  by  Ben- 
jamin Andrews.  The  last  named  was  a  prominent  local  politician 
and  was  for  a  time  postmaster  of  Cleveland. 

JosLMi  A.  Harris 

In  August,  1834,  L.  L.  Rice  began  the  publication  of  the  Clcvk- 
land  Whig,  a  weekly  that  became  a  semi-weekly  in  March  of  the  fol- 
lowing year.  In  May,  1836,  Mr.  Rice  also  founded  the  Daily  Gazette, 
which  on  the  first  of  January,  1837,  he  sold  to  Whittlesey  (Charles) 
&  Bliss  (Stoughton).  In  the  spring  following  Whittlesey  &  Harris 
(Josiah  A.)  purchased  both  the  Gazette  and  the  Herald  and  combined 


*  See  page  122. 


584  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIEONS    [Chap.  XXXII 

them  under  the  name  of  the  Herald  and  Gazette.  Colonel  Whittlesey 
sold  his  interest  in  1838  and  Mr.  Harris  became  sole  editor  and  pro- 
prietor. Under  his  management,  in  1845,  the  office  was  moved  to  the 
Merchants'  Exchange  and  a  steam  power  press  was  installed,  as  an 
unquestioned  and  novel  evidence  of  progress  and  solid  prosperit.y. 
The  name  became  plain  the  Herald  in  1843  and,  early  in  1850,  A.  W. 
Fairbanks  of  the  Toledo  Blade  joined  ilr.  Harris  in  its  publication, 
as  well  as  in  a  printing  and  bookbinding  business.  The  establishment 
moved  into  a  building  of  its  own  in  January,  1851.  This  Herald 
Building,  at  60  Bank  Sti-eet,  was  the  first  stone-front  business  block 
to  be  erected  in  Cleveland,  the  raw  material  for  its  construction  being 
taken  from  the  sandstone  quarries  nine  miles  up  the  canal.  The  post- 
office  was  located  on  the  first  floor  of  the  new  building. 


A.  W.  Fairbanks 

In  1857,  Josiah  A.  Harris,  after  a  continuous  and  honorable  serv- 
ice of  twenty  years,  retired  from  the  Herald,  and  for  the  succeeding 
two  decades  his  old  and  faithful  associate,  A.  W.  Fairbanks,  was 
captain  of  the  enterprise.  Therefore,  it  cannot  be  stretching  the 
truth  to  assert  that  Messrs.  Harris  and  Fairbanks  made  the  Herald, 
for  years  the  leading  newspaper  of  Cleveland.  In  1872,  ^Ir.  Fair- 
banks became  sole  proprietor  of  the  concern  by  purchasing  the  Bene- 
dict interests.  Five  years  later,  or  in  the  autumn  of  1877,  Richard 
C.  Parsons,  who  had  served  a  term  in  congress,  and  William  P.  Fogg, 
a  business  man,  purchased  the  paper  of  Mr.  Fairbanks  and  organized 
The  Herald  Publishing  Company.  Mr.  Pai'sons  assumed  the  editor- 
ship and  Mr.  Fogg  the  business  management.  But  it  soon  became 
evident  to  the  reading  public  that  the  Herald  was  lacking  in  gen- 
eral vitality  and  that  something  which  makes  a  readable  and  influen- 
tial newspaper. 

Division  of  the  Herald 

The  final  result  was  that  in  1SS5  its  mechanical  i)lant  was  juir- 
chased  by  the  Plain  Dealer,  which  had  been  buffeting  along  for  over 
fifty  years,  and  its  subscription  list  and  good  will  went  to  the  Leader, 
which  had  been  developing  for  about  two-score  years.  Much  of  that 
period,  however,  it  had  labored  in  the  rough  seas  of  journalism  sadly 
deficient  in  financial  power.  So  Ihat,  despite  the  brilliant  editorial 
administration  of  J.  W.  Cray,  from  1841  to  1861,  the  Phin  Dealer 
was  somewhat  nnrcrtain   mi  its  feet  unlil   1S85,  when  L.   V).   lloMrn 


1831-45]  XKWSi'Al'EKS,  ETC.  585 

secured  control,  the  llcrahl  plant  was  added  to  its  equipment,  J.  11. 
A.  Bone  became  ideutitied  with  its  editorial  stall"  and  other  events 
combined  to  stabilize  the  enterprise. 

Founding  op  tiik  Plain  Dealer 

But  to  return  to  the  birth  of  the  Plain  Dealer.  On  the  sixtli  of 
January,  1831,  was  issued  the  first  number  of  the  Cleveland  Adver- 
tiser, edited  and  published  by  Henry  BoUes  and  Madison  Kelley. 
Within  the  succeeding  four  years  it  passed  through  a  number  of  hands, 
and  in  January,  1835,  its  office  was  over  the  postoffice.  The  Advertiser 
was  originally  a  whig  organ  and  John  W.  Allen  was  one  of  its  editors, 
but  evidently  the  patronage  from  the  party  was  not  encouraging,  for, 
in  1834,  two  young  democratic  printers  from  Chagrin  Falls  became  its 
proprietors.  Soon  afterward  they  moved  their  plant  to  "over  the 
postoffice."  They  stugglcd  with  it  through  the  panic  of  1837  and 
the  hard  times  which  followed,  but  in  December,  1841,  sold  the  Ad- 
vertiser to  Admiral  N.  and  J.  W.  Gray.  From  that  time  commences 
the  history  of  the  newspaper  under  the  strikingl.y  appropriate  name 
the  Plain  Dealer. 

The  new  owners  took  formal  possession  on  the  first  of  January, 
1842,  and  on  the  seventh  of  January  tlie  first  issue  of  the  re-cliristened 
Plain  Dealer  made  its  entry  into  newsj)aperdom.  The  Gray  brothers 
were  Vermonters;  J.  W.,  a  young  lawyer  then  soliciting  practice,  and 
neither  of  them  editors  nor  practical  newspaper  men,  but  hard  work- 
ers, clever  and  canny.  In  1845,  A.  N.  Gray  witlidi-ew  from  the  part- 
nership, leaving  J.  W.  Gray  in  undisputed  possession;  "and  from 
that  year,  through  the  seventeen  years  the  paper  was  under  his  con- 
trol, the  Plain  Dealer  was  J.  W.  Gray  and  J.  W.  Gray  was  the  Plain 
Dealer."  Continuing  the  story,  its  diamond  jubilee  edition  of  1916, 
says:  "In  one  of  the  early  issues  of  the  paper  the  editor  sets  out 
to  explain  why  he  gave  the  Plain  Dealer  the  unusual  name  it  bears. 
In  his  whimsical  fashion  he  calls  it  a  simple  title,  straightforward, 
readily  understood  and  'warranted  not  to  frighten  the  ladies.'  \o 
doubt  the  choice  of  the  name  was  largely  due  to  the  editor's  familiar- 
ity with  English  literature,  its  plays  and  colloquialisms. 

"It  was  during  the  administration  of  J.  W.  Gray  that  the  Plain 
Dealer  became  an  evening  daily,  a  daring  and  even  reckless  change. 
But  it  weathered  the  threatening  winds  and  waves,  and  .iust  a  little 
later  felt  so  sure  of  its  course  that  it  contracted  for  a  share  in  the  use  of 
the  first  steam  printing-press  brought  to  the  city.    It  was  brought  by 


586  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXII 

Closes  C.  Younglove,  a  job  printer  with  progressive  ideas  and  the  neces- 
sary capital. 

"The  decade,  1851-60,  proved  an  awakening  period  for  the  Cleve- 
land dailies.  The  electric  telegraph,  introduced  to  the  city  in  1849, 
became  a  necessaiy  factor.  The  steam  railways,  dating  from  the 
opening  of  the  Cleveland,  Columbus  &  Cincinnati  line  in  1851,  mate- 
rially increased  business  and  opened  new  fields  of  \isefulness. 

"During  this  ten-year  period  Editor  Gray's  staff  at  various  times 
included  a  number  of  writers  who  were  destined  to  achieve  unusual 
fame.  Among  them  were  J.  B.  Bonghton.  afterwards  and  for  many 
years  a  distinguished  editorial  writer  on  one  of  the  New  York  dailies ; 
David  R.  Locke,  who  became  editor  of  the  Toledo  Blade,  and  author 
of  the  'Na.sby  Letters;'  William  E.  McLaren,  afterwards  a  bishop 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  chnreli ;  James  D.  Cleveland,  a  leading 
lawj'er;  A.  M.  Griswold,  journalist,  humorist  and  lecturer;  George 
Hoyt,  journalist  and  artist;  Charles  Farrar  Browne,  who  gained 
world  wide  fame  as  Artemns  Ward.  It  was  while  Browne  was  on 
the  Plain  Dealer  staff — which  he  joined  in  the  autumn  of  1857 — 
that  he  adopted  his  nom  de  plume  and  be^an  the  publication  of  his 
inimitable  letters. 

"The  riain  Dealer  columns  were  further  enriched  during  this 
period  by  letters  from  abroad  written  by  two  leading  Clevelanders, 
J.  H.  Sargent  and  George  M.  Marshall,  both  trained  writers  and  in- 
telligent observers. 

"J.  W.  Gray,  founder,  promoter  and  editor  of  the  Plain  Dealer, 
died  on  May  26,  1862. 

"  'His  life,'  to  quote  from  the  tribute  of  one  of  his  associates,  'af- 
fords another  example  to  the  rising  young  men  of  the  day,  of  the 
l)ower  of  will  to  triumph  over  all  obstacles,  when  to  an  indefatigable 
industry  is  added  those  exemplary  virtues,  strict  integrity  and  tem- 
]>crance. ' 

"The  paper  suffered  from  the  loss  of  tlie  guiding  haml,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  its  progress  was  not  satisfactory. 

"In  1865  it  passed  into  the  control  of  William  W.  Armstrong,  a 
journalist  and  politician,  whose  newspaper  career  had  commenced 
wifli  the  editorship  of  the  Tiffin  Advertiser. 

"Twenty  years  later  Liberty  E.  Ilolden  liecame  the  Plain  Dealer 'fs 
owner  and  editor,  and  a  little  later  bought  the  moribund  Herald 
and  merged  the  two.  The  Plain  Dealer  had  been  an  evening  paper 
since  its  inception.  Mr.  lloblcii  retained  th(>  evening  odilioii  and 
founded  the  morning  and  Sundav  issue. 


1885-1918]  XKWSl'Al'Eli.S,  ETC.  587 

"The  first  morniiisi  Plain  Dealer  appeared  March  16,  1885,  and 
carried  this  declaration  of  principles  at  its  masthead: 

"  'We  shall  endeavor  to  discuss  all  pulilic  measures  fairly  and 
honestly,  granting  to  others,  as  we  ask  for  ourselves,  confidence  in 
the  sincerity  of  our  convictions.  We  shall  at  all  times  be  watchful  of 
the  rights  of  man,  holding  that  man  is  superior  to  party,  and  that 
all  governnu^nt  should  he  for  the  g(K)d  of  the  governed.  To  these 
ends  we  solicit  the  patronage  of  our  fellow  citizens.' 

"When  Mr.  Holden  bought  the  Plain  Dealer  he  removed  the  plant 
from  its  Seneca  Street  location  to  the  corner  of  Bank  and  Frankfort 
streets.  Here  it  renuiined  until  18i)6,  when  it  was  removed  to  the 
corner  of  Superior  Avenue  and  Bond  Street,  now  East  Sixth  Street, 
the  [irescnt  site.  On  the  second  of  Feburary,  1908,  the  building  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  but  not  an  issue  was  missed.  In  November,  1911, 
the  Plain  Dealer  celebrated  the  70th  year  of  its  existence  and  its  occu- 
pancy of  its  model  new  home,  though  the  newspaper  had  been  issued 
from  the  building  a  year  earlier. 

"The  change  in  ownership  proved  a  desirable  stiumlus,  and  the 
Plain  Dealer  went  its  way  with  fresh  vigor.  In  the  meantime  Mr. 
Holden  had  extended  his  activities  into  many  other  fields,  and,  in 
1898,  leased  the  Plain  Dealer  for  a  period  of  nine  years  to  Elbert 
H.  Baker  and  Charles  E.  Kennedy.  Mr.  Baker  was  already  at  that 
time  a  man  of  ripe  experience  in  newspaper  work.  Mr.  Kennedy  also 
was  trained  to  the  business. 

"At  the  expiration  of  the  contract,  in  1907,  ]Mr.  Kennedy  withdrew, 
and  Mr.  Holden  made  a  like  contract  with  Mr.  Baker  as  lessee  and 
general  manager.    Mr.  Holden  died  August  26,  1913. 

"The  Plain  Dealer  became  the  property  of  the  Holden  Estate,  and 
Mr.  Baker  was  made  president  and  general  manager  of  The  Plain 
Dealer  Publishing  Co." 

As  stated  at  the  head  of  its  editorial  page:  "The  Plain  Dealer  and 
Daily  Leader.  The  PMn  Dealer  was  established  as  the  Evening 
Plain  Dealer  in  1841.  Morning  and  Sunday  editions  founded  in  1885 
by  L.  E.  Holden.  Published  every  day  in  the  year  by  the  Plain 
Dealer  Publishing  Company." 

Elbert  II.  Baker,  president  and  general  manager,  had  twenty 
years'  experience  and  advancement  in  connection  with  the  Herald 
and  the  Leader  before  he  became  identified  with  the  Plain  Dealer  as 
described.  In  1912-14  he  served  as  president  of  the  American 
Newspaper  Publishers  Association. 


588  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXII 

Quaint,  Lovable  "Aetemus  Ward" 

To  the  foregoing  brief  reference  of  Artemus  Ward  a  few  words 
may  be  added,  in  view  of  the  world-wide  fame  as  a  humorous  writer 
and  lecturer,  which  he  earned  after  he  had  graduated  from  the 
Plain  Dealer.  His  newspaper  column,  through  which  the  Maine 
Yankee  first  came  into  public  notice,  was  headed  "Artemus  Ward's 
Sayings."  After  Mr.  Brown  had  passed  three  years  with  the  paper, 
more  or  less  industriously,  he  bids  farewell  to  Cleveland  in  its  issue 
of  the  tenth  of  November,  1860 :  ' '  The  undersigned  closes  his  connec- 
tion with  the  Plain  Dealer  with  this  evening's  issue.  During  the  three 
years  that  he  has  contributed  to  these  columns  he  has  endeavored  to 
impart  a  cheerful  spirit  to  them.  He  believes  it  is  far  better  to  stay  in 
sunshine  while  he  may,  inasmuch  as  the  shadow  must  of  its  own  accord 
come  only  too  soon.  He  cannot  here  in  fit  terms  express  his  deep 
gratitude  to  the  many,  including  every  member  of  the  press  of  Cleve- 
land, who  have  so  often  manifested  the  most  kindly  feeling  toward 
himself.  But  he  can  very  sincerely  say  that  their  courtesy 
and  kindness  will  never  be  forgotten. 

"The  undersigned  may  be  permitted  to  flatter  himself  that  he  has 
some  friends  among  the  readers  of  newspapers.    May  we  meet  again. 

"Charles  F.  Brown." 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  card  in  the  Plain  Dealer  is  signed 
Brown,  although  most  of  Artemus  Ward's  biographies  spell  the  family 
name  Browne.  His  most  famous  lecture  on  "The  Mormons"  he  de- 
livered all  over  the  English-speaking  world.  While  on  one  of  his 
lecture  tours,  at  Southampton,  England,  a  little  over  seven  years  after 
bidding  his  Cleveland  friends  farewell,  the  lovable  humorist  died  of 
consumption. 

Benjamin  F.  Taylor 

Benjamin  F.  Taylor,  the  i)oe1  and  Inimorist,  who  was  a  rare  com- 
bination of  both  temperaments,  contributed  to  the  Plain  Dealer  and 
other  Cleveland  i)a])ers.  Like  Ai'tcinus  Ward  he  also  traveled  and 
lectured.   He  died  in  Cleveland  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  February,  1887. 

Of  late  years  the  paper  has  numbered  many  talented  men  and 
women  among  its  editors,  feature  writers  and  conlributors.  Its  man- 
aging editor,  Eric  C.  no|)\\()(iii.  is  a  leading  journalist.  William  (i. 
Rose,  widely  known  as  an  expert  business  counselor,  was  for  a  mnnl)er 
of  years  dramatic  critic  of  tlie  Plain  Dealer,  and  William  R.  Rose  is 
well  known  in  its  daih'  cijlnniiis  :is  the  author  ol'  ".Ml   in  the   Hiix's 


1852-1918]  NEWSl'Al'KIJS,   KTC.  589 

\Vork."  Among  the  I'lain  Dealer  woineu  whom  recent  years  have 
brought  to  tlie  front  may  be  mentioned  Jessie  C.  Glasier  and  Mary  D. 
Donahey,  pithy  and  instruL'tive  writers  on  domestic  and  social  topics. 
Of  the  cartoonists  permanently  connected  with  the  I'lain  Dealer  none 
has  become  more  widely  admired  and  his  productions  absorbed  and 
laughed  over  than  John  II.  Donahey,  "Uncle  Biff." 

The  West  Side  Produces  Newsp.m'krs 

It  early  became  evident  to  those  who  had  tlic  progress  of  the 
West  Side  at  heart  that  tlu-y  nnist  have  a  live  newspaper  at  their 
command.  Bo  on  the  twenty-si.\th  of  May,  1836,  T.  H.  Smead  and  fjy- 
man  W.  Hall  commenced  the  i)ublication  of  the  Ohio  (Jity  Argus. 
Although  Mr.  Smead  was  a  fine  printer,  he  was  not  an  expert  editor 
and,  although  he  continued  to  issue  the  paper  alone  for  a  numlier  of 
years  after  Mr.  Hall's  withdi-awal,  was  obliged  to  suspend  its  publica- 
tion. 

Young   Edwin  CIowles  Introduced 

Then  R.  B.  Dennis,  in  1844,  founded  the  Ohio  American  on  the 
West  Side.  It  is  said  that  Edwin  Cowles  was  one  of  his  "devils." 
At  all  events  when  the  youthful  printer  was  but  eighteen  (in  1845) 
he  took  over  the  Ohio  Americwn  as  publisher  and  associated  himself 
with  L.  L.  Rice^  editor.  In  the  following  year,  M.  W.  Miller  assumed 
its  publication  and  so  continued  until  1848.  In  the  meantime,  it  had 
been  absorbed  by  the  True  Democrat,  a  newspaper  which  had  been 
transplanted  from  Lorain  County,  and  the  Ohio  Americwn  had  relin- 
quished its  name  to  its  captor.  Several  changes  in  proprietorshiji 
occurred  before  1851,  when  its  owners,  Vaughn  &  Thomas,  imported 
a  strong  Boston  editor,  George  Bradburn,  and  made  the  True  Demo- 
crat popular  throughout  the  Western  Reserve. 

Joseph  Medill  and  Edwin  Cowles  Associated 

In  1852,  Joseph  Mcdill  came  to  Cleveland  and  established  the 
Daily  Forest  City.  It  absorbed  the  True  Democrat  and  Edwin  Cowles 
joined  Mr.  Medill  as  partner  and  business  manager.  Messrs.  Medill 
and  Vaughn  were  the  editors. 

Becomes  the  Leader  Under  Cowlks 

In  ^March,  1854,  the  newspaper  became  the  Leader,  on  the  in- 
sistence of  Mr.  Cowles,  who  in  the  ffillowing  year  imrchascd  the  inter- 


590  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXII 

est  of  Messrs.  Medill  and  Vaughn,  and  proceeded  to  substantiate  its 
new  name.  His  former  partners,  with  Alfred  Cowles,  a  brother  of 
Edwin,  then  went  to  Chicago  to  make  the  Tribune  a  great  news- 
paper. 

Edwin  Cowt^es,  Premier  Cleveland  Journalist 

There  have  been  many  able  and  brilliant  newspaper  men  in  Cleve- 
land, but  never  one  so  masterly  in  every  detail  of  the  profession,  from 


Edwin  Cowles 

mechanical  to  editorial,  from  practical  earning  capacity  to  the  con- 
ception and  execution  of  broad  national  canij)aigns  through  the  col- 
umns of  his  journal,  as  Edwin  Cowles.  From  the  time  he  assumed 
control  of  the  Leader  in  1855,  for  a  period  of  thirty-five  years,  or 
until  his  death  on  the  fourth  of  March,  1890,  he  was  among  the  two 
or  three  great  western  editors  and  publishers  who  towered  in  the  field 
of  journalism  and  made  his  paper  a  power  for  honorable  progress. 
Ohio  had  cause  to  be  j)roufl  of  hci-  son.  Cleveland  especially  claimed 
him,  {US  he  learned  Ihe   pi'inlrr's  tiMdc  wliilr  a  boy   in   the  ol'lice  of 


1855-1918]  NEWSPAPERS,  ETC.  591 

the  old  Ohio  American,  sprouted  as  an  editor  and  publisher  in  the 
Forest  City,  and,  while  the  driving  power  and  the  very  soul  of  the 
Leader,  assisted  iu  the  organization  of  the  Republican  party,  was  post- 
master of  Cleveland  during  and  after  tiie  civil  war,  was  twice  a  del- 
egate to  Republican  national  conventions  (1876  and  1884),  in  1877 
was  an  honorary  coniinissioiicr  to  the  Paris  Exposition,  and  in  every 
way,  at  home  and  abroad,  evinced  a  balanced  activity,  a  brave  and 
broad  mentality,  granite  determination,  ami  a  hif^li-mindcil  as  well  as 
a  practical  conception  of  tlie  great  prol)lcnis  which  lie  was  calleil  ujion 
to  consider  and  solve.  Such  a  luastcr-biiihlcr  natui'ally  drew  to  liim- 
self,  as  associates  and  friends,  brilliant  ami  faithful  workers  who  con- 
tributed of  their  energies  and  talents  in  the  upbuilding  of  the 
Lcaeler. 

For  some  years  F.  Pinkerton  was  Mr.  Cowles '  partner  and  business 
manager,  and  the  Leader  was  owned  and  conducted  by  Cowles, 
Pinkerton  &  Company.  In  1856,  that  firm  was  succeeded  by  E.  Cowles 
&  Company  and,  in  1861,  an  evening  edition  was  added  to  the  morning 
paper.  It  was  called  tlie  Evening  Leader.  The  Cleveland  Leader 
Company,  the  stock  of  which  was  largely  owned  and  entirely  con- 
trolled by  Mr.  Cowles,  was  organized  in  July,  1865,  and  in  April, 
1867,  the  name  of  the  operating  corporation  was  changed  to  The 
Leader  Printing  Company. 

Evening  News  Founded 

The  afternoon  edition  of  the  Leader  became  the  Evening  News 
in  1868,  and  in  1885,  when  the  subscription  list  and  business  of  the 
Herald  were  purchased  by  Mr.  Cowles  and  added  to  its  own,  the 
style  was  changed  to  the  News  and  Herald.  The  Sunday  edition 
of  the  Herald  was  established  in  1877. 

It  is  claimed  for  the  Leader  that  it  was  the  tirst  newspaper  in 
Ohio  that  was  printed  on  a  rotary  press,  which  delivered  the  sheets 
pasted,  with  leaves  cut.  all  in  one  operation ;  and  that  it  installed 
the  first  electrotype  plates  iu  Ohio. 

John  C.  Covert 

For  a  time  after  Mr.  Cowles'  death  in  1890,  the  Leader  was 
edited  by  John  C.  Covert.  He  was  a  forceful  writer  and  (luitc  a 
remarkable  linguist,  as  well  as  a  practical  printer  and  e.xperiencd 
editor.  lie  served  in  the 'Ohio  legislature  for  two  terms  and  in  1897 
was  appointed  United  States  consul  to  Lyons,  France.     Since  then 


592  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXII 

he  has  corresponded  for  various  newspapers  and  lectured  consid- 
erably, with  that  city  as  his  headquarters.  He  has  been  decorated 
by  the  French  minister  of  public  instruction  and  is  an  officer  of 
the  French  Academy. 

James  B.  Morrow  followed  Mr.  Covert  as  editor.  James  H.  Ken- 
nedy was  also  on  the  editorial  staff. 

In  1909,  the  Leader  was  leased  to  Charles  E.  Kennedy,  Nat  C. 
Wright  and  H.  S.  Thalheimer.  Mr.  Wright  was  editoi"-in-cliief  from 
1905  to  1913  and  had  previously  served  as  managing  editor.  From 
1907  to  the  latter  year  he  was  president  of  the  Cleveland  Printing 
Company,  which  controlled  the  two  newspapers.  Mr.  Wright  has 
also  been  publisher  of  the  Toledo  Blade  since  1908. 

The  Present  Clevel.\nd  News 

The  present  Cleveland  News,  of  which  the  Leader  is  the  Sunday 
edition,  is  the  result  of  a  complex  amalgamation  effected  in  1907.  In 
that  consolidation  were  represented  the  Cleveland  Daily  World,  the 
Evening  Star,  the  Sunday  Sun  and  Voice,  the  Evening  Sun  and  the 
Morning  Times,  all  founded  in  1889.  The  Star  and  the  Sun  and  Yoi-ce 
were  absorbed  by  the  \yorld,  which  ran  along  for  eighteen  years  un- 
der various  proprietors  and  editors,  including  one  receiver,  until 
1907.  In  that  year,  Charles  A.  Otis,  the  banker,  purchased  the 
World,  together  with  the  afternoon  edition  of  the  Plain  Dealer,  and 
the  Netcs  and  Herald  of  the  Leader.  These  were  all  amalgamated 
under  the  financial  direction  of  Mr.  Otis  and  came  forth  as  the  Cleve- 
land Netvs.  Since  then  the  Leader  as  a  whole  has  been  absoi'bed  by 
the  Cleveland  Company,  Inc.,  which  now  issues  both  that  publication 
on  Sunday  and  the  New.s  as  an  afternoon  daily. 

The  present  officers  of  the  Cleveland  Company  are  D.  R.  Ilainia. 
president;  William  P.  Leech,  vice  ])resident ;  George  F.  Jloran,  as- 
sistant general  manager,  and  T.  A.  Robertson,  managing  editor.  Mr. 
Robertson  obtained  his  education  in  l\ncliigan  and  his  newspaper 
training  previous  to  beconiing  editor  of  the  Leader  and  News,  on  the 
St.  Louis  Republican  and  the  Houston  Post. 

Cleveland  Press  and  'i-iii:  SciniM's-MrRAi;  LEAorE 

The  Cleveland  Press,  established  as  the  Penny  Press  and  firr.t 
i.ssued  on  the  second  of  November,  1878,  is  the  most  important  of  the 
chain  of  newspapers,  the  telegi-aphic  news' of  wliieh  is  supplied  by 
the  Seripps-'McRae  League  of  Newspapei's.     James   E.   Scripps  and 


1878-1918]  NEWSPAPERS,  ETC.  593 

Johu  S.  Sweeuey,  of  the  Detroit  News,  were  the  promoters  of  the  little 
trenchant  condensed  four-page  folio  issued  from  Frankfort  Street, 
which,  in  turn,  excited  ridicule,  mirth,  interest  and  respect.  Its 
early  popular  name  was  the  Frankfort  Street  IldndbiU.  It  ha.s  de- 
veloped from  a  handbill  to  a  metropolitan  afternoon  daily  (except 
Sunday). 

Mr.  Scripps,  founder  of  the  Cleveland  Press,  in  1878,  was  also 
the  originator  of  the  a.ssoeiation,  or  league,  of  newspapers,  \\>hich 
combined  to  furnish  tcl('}?rai)hic  news  and  general  co-operative  vitality 
to  those  composing  it.s  meiiil)crsliip.  He  had  established  the  Detroit 
Evening  Neirs  in  1873,  and  subsequent  to  the  founding  of  the  Cleve- 
land Press  added  the  St.  Louis  Chronicle  and  the  Cincinnati  Post 
to  his  proprietoi"ship.  He  was  of  English  birth  and  had  received 
years  of  training  on  the  Detroit  Tribune  before  he  ventured  into 
what  proved  a  remarkably  successful  newspaper  enterprise.  He  died 
in  1906,  having  been  one  of  Detroit's  leading  citizens  for  many  years. 

R.  F.  Paine,  a  native  of  Cleveland,  was  then  editor  of  the  Press 
for  about  twenty  years  (1883-1902)  and  during  1897-1905  was  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Scripps-McRae  Press  Association.  H.  N.  Rickey 
was  the  active  editor  during  the  latter  period  and  then  succeeded 
Mr.  Paine  as  general  manager  of  the  entire  chain.  Mr.  Rickey  was 
succeeded  in  the  editor.ship  of  the  Press  by  Earl  E.  Martin,  who  re- 
mained in  that  position  from  1905  to  1914.  Victor  Morgan,  who  had 
been  identified  with  the  "league"  for  about  eight  years,  then  became 
editor  of  the  paper  and  Mr.  Martin  assumed  the  position  of  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  Scripps-McRae  League  of  Newspapers,  now  comprising 
the  following:  Clevelamd  Press,  Cincinnati  Post,  Toledo  Netvs-Bee, 
Columhus  Citizen,  Akron  Press,  Kentucky  Post,  Des  Moines  Neivs 
and  Oklahoma  Netvs.  The  headquartere  are  in  the  Union  National 
Bank,  Cleveland. 

The  present  officers  of  the  Scripps  Publishing  Company  are  \V.  H. 
Dodge,  president;  C.  F.  Mosher,  secretary  and  treasurer,  and  James 
G.  Scripps,  chairman  of  the  board. 

Among  those  who  were  early  connected  with  the  Cleveland  Press 
and  subsequently  became  prominent  may  be  instanced  Charles  Nelan, 
the  cartoonist ;  John  Vandereook,  deceased,  who  was  general  manager 
of  the  United  Press  Association,  and  Samuel  E.  Kiser,  who  ran  the 
gauntlet  in  Cleveland  as  telegraphic  operator,  reporter  and  sub-editor, 
contributing  sketches  both  to  the  Press  and  the  Leader  before  he  ob- 
tained a  wider  reputation.  Mr.  Kiser  now  resides  in  Evanston, 
Illinois. 

Vol  I— s« 


594  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXII 

Cleveland  Newspaper  Field,  as  a  "Whole 

The  foregoing  are  but  sketches  of  the  prominent  dailies  and 
weeklies  of  Cleveland.  But  there  are  more  than  a  hundred  of  lesser 
caliber,  but  many  none-the-less  indispensable  in  their  special  fields. 
Catholics  and  Protestants  and  Jews  are  all  represented  by  flourishing 
publications,  ably  and  earnestly  conducted.  The  publishing  house  of 
the  Evangelical  Association,  which  issiies  a  number  of  periodicals, 
was  moved  to  Cleveland  as  early  as  1854,  and  the  different  denomina- 
tions have  their  organs  of  dissemination.  The  Catholic  Universe,  one 
of  the  most  influential  magazines  of  that  church  in  the  West,  was 
founded  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  R.  Gilmonr  in  1874. 

The  Italians,  the  Slavs  and  the  Hungarians  have  their  organs  in 
the  Cleveland  press.  Cleveland  Women  has  represented  the  sex  in 
the  Forest  City  since  1917.  Art,  music,  automobiles,  machinists, 
railroad  men,  the  medical  fraternity,  iron  merchants  and  manufac- 
turers, the  marine  interests,  the  socialists,  those  addicted  to  outdoor 
and  indoor  sports,  the  bankers,  and  every  other  class,  or  movement,  or 
practical  activity,  or  speculative  reform,  or  patriotic  impulse  or  re- 
ligious sentiment,  not  peculiar  to  Cleveland,  but  common  to  every 
characteristic  American  city,  finds  expression  in  the  press  of  Cleve- 
land. 


CHAPTER  XXXIII 

RKLKilOrs.   DENOMINATIONAL,  ETC. 

By  II.  a.  Cutler 

Chui-fhes  aiul  otlier  religious  institutions  have  taken  such  deep 
root  in  Cleveland,  and  spread  into  every  section  of  its  territory 
with  such  vigor,  that  the  eity  has  often  been  caUed  tlie  Brooklyn 
of  the  West.  There  has  always  been  this  diffei'ence,  iiowev(»r,  between 
the  eastern  and  the  western  eity  of  cliurclies.  From  times  beyond 
the  memory  of  living  men  aJid  women  Brooklyn  was  rather  an  exclu- 
sive suburb  of  Greater  New  York,  set  aside  as  a  beautiful  region  of 
residences  and  houses  of  worship,  away  from  the  bustle  of  liusiiiess 
and  the  hum  of  industry.  Cleveland,  especially  in  the  earlier  jieriod 
of  its  life,  brought  religion  to  the  very  doors  of  its  stores  and  woi'k- 
shops. 

Distinctive  Religious  Bodies 

There  have  always  been  z(  alous  and  adventuresome  missionaries  of 
Christ  who  have  preached  and  labored  wherever  two  or  three  could 
be  gathered  to  listen  to  the  Word.  So  without  detailing  the  move- 
ments of  these  brave  Christian  pioneers — Baptist,  Episcopal,  Presby- 
terian, Congregational,  Catholic,  Jlcthodist  and  others — wlio  ven- 
tured among  the  struggling  settlers  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  dur- 
ing the  first  twenty  years  of  the  community's  history,  the  writer  will 
commence  the  local  religious  record  with  tlie  beginnings  of  distinctive 
religious  organizations. 

Trinity  Episcop.vl  Church  of  Cleveland 

Trinity  Episcopal  church  was  the  first  religious  body  boi'n  in  Cleve- 
land and  one  of  the  first  of  that  denomination  to  a|)pcar  west  of  the 
Allegheny  mountains.  The  parish  was  foundetl*  on  the  ninth  of  No- 
vember, 1816,  at  the  house  of  Phineas  Shepherd,  a  resident  of  Brook- 
lyn village.  In  the  following  spring,  the  Rev.  Roger  Searle.  of  Con- 
necticut, visited  the  infant  pari.sh  and  reported  eleven  communicants. 


•  See  page  105. 

rif).> 


596  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  LCliap.  XXXIII 

III  September,  1819,  Bishop  Philander  Chase  visited  it,  but  ]\Ir.  Searle 
considered  Trinity  his  special  child  and  kept  it  under  his  watchful  care 
for  a  number  of  years,  until  it  could  walk  alone.  In  1820,  the  parish 
headquai'ters  were  moved  to  Brooklyn  but,  in  1825,  re-established  in 
Cleveland  village,  the  societj'  erected  therein  a  home  of  its  own.  More 
than  a  score  of  Episcopal  parishes  have  branched  out  from  old 
Trinity ;  the  Rt.  Rev.  William  A.  Leonard,  D.  D.,  has  been  bishop  of 
the  diocese  in  which  they  are  included  since  1889. 

Being  the  veteran  of  Cleveland  churches  and  the  actual  mother 
of  more  than  a  score  of  Ejiiscopal  parishes,  a  large  space  in  this 
chapter  is  cheerfully  accorded  to  historic  Trinit.v,  even  at  the  risk  of 
being  charged  with  a  little  repetition.*  Trinity  parish  was  not  only 
the  first  parish  of  the  cliurch  in  Cleveland,  but  the  first  religious 
organization.  It  was  founded  on  the  ninth  of  November,  1816,  in  the 
house  of  Phineas  Shepherd,  a  resident  of  Brooklyn  village.  In  1828, 
Trinity  church  was  incorporated,  this  lieing  eight  years  before  Cleve- 
land was  made  a  city.  At  this  time  the  church  was  almost  unknown 
west  of  the  Allegheny  mountains.  There  was  no  diocesan  organization, 
nor  even  missionary  societies,  coiniected  with  the  church  within  the 
state  of  Ohio.  In  the  spring  following  the  organization  of  the  parish. 
the  Rev.  Roger  Searle,  from  Connecticut,  visited  the  infant  Trinity 
j)arish,  and  reported  thirteen  families  and  eleven  communicants.  For 
nine  years  thereafter,  Mr.  Searle  made  the  parish  the  ol)ject  of  his 
watchful  care,  visiting  it  almost  every  year,  and  to  his  pioneer  work 
its  permanent  foundation  must  be  largely  attributed. 

In  September,  1819,  Bishop  Philandei-  Chase  made  the  first  epis- 
copal visitation  to  Trinity  parish,  confirming  ten  persons  and  cele- 
brating the  Holy  Communion.  Trinity  parish  had  thus  far  been  lo- 
cated in  the  village  of  Cleveland,  but  on  Easter  JMonday,  1820,  it  was 
resolved  to  remove  it  to  Brooklyn,  giving  an  occasional  service  to 
Cleveland  and  Euclid.  Mr.  Searle,  reporting  this  fact  to  the  conven- 
tion of  that  .year,  describes  Trinity's  numbers  as  small,  luit  its  mem- 
bers as  earnest  workers.  In  the  same  year  is  found  the  name  of  the 
first  delegate  to  the  diocesan  convention,  Carlos  I.  Ilickox.  A  little 
later,  Trinity  was  combined  with  St.  Paul's  parish,  Jlcdina,  and  St. 
John's,  Liverpool,  forming  a  cure  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  Searle,  an 
aiTangcnii'iit  which  Bishop  Chase  cordially  ai)i)rove(l  of  in  his  conven- 
tion address. 

Up  to  this  time,  the  services  had  been  held  in  the  old  log  court- 
hou.se,  in  the  academy,  and  in  the  Ma.sons"  hall  liut,  in  182;'),  the  parish 
had  increased  sufficiently  to  warrant  the  ]iro.iect  of  erecting  a  church 


•  See  Chapter  VIII. 


1825-46J  KELUilOU.S,  ETC.  5117 

building  for  its  worship,  aiul  it  was  finally  di'tiTiuincd,  after  some 
rivalry  between  tiio  two  villages,  to  place  the  new  ediliee  in  Cleve- 
land, instead  of  in  Brookl\ii,  ami  to  move  tlie  parish  hack  to  its 
former  loeation.  The  money  was  raised  l)y  tiie  liev.  Silas  C.  Kreeman, 
who  now  sueeeeded  ^Ir.  Searle  in  his  woi'k,  and  who  obtained  liberal 
douatioiis  from  Bostou  and  western  New  York.  Tlie  new  cliini  li  was 
duly  built  on  the  eorner  of  St.  Clair  and  Seneca  streets*  and  was  tlie 
first  house  of  worship  in  Cleveland.  This  building  was  consecrated  by 
Bishop  Chase  in  August,  1829. 

Trinity  at  this  time  seems  to  have  been  joined  under  Mr.  Free- 
man's care  with  Grace  church,  Chagrin  Falls,  and  St.  James'  clnircii, 
Painesville.  This  work  re(|uircii  him  to  travel  228  miles  every  month, 
by  slow  and  laborious  means  of  transit.  At  the  end  of  the  year  he 
resigned  and  removed  to  Virginia.  The  parish  was  tiu'n  placed  for  a 
time  uiuler  the  charge  of  the  Rev.  William  N.  Lyster,  a  deacon,  who 
opened  a  SundaA-  school  with  about  thirty  pupils.  In  1830,  the  Rev. 
James  -McElroy  became  "minister  in  charge"  of  Trinity,  devoting 
three-fourths  of  his  time  to  the  parish,  and  receiving  a  salary  of 
$450.00.  In  183.3,  the  Rev.  Seth  Davis,  a  deacon,  took  charge  of  the 
parish,  and  during  his  ministry  the  church  was  enlarged  to  accom- 
modate the  growing  congregation.  Mr.  Davis  was  ordained  to  the 
priesthood  in  Trinity  church  in  September  of  1833.  The  Rt.  Rev. 
Charles  P.  Mcllvaine,  D.  D.,  was  now  the  bishop  of  the  diocese, 
and  he  says  in  his  convention  address  at  this  time  that  "few  places 
in  the  diocese  can  vie  with  Cleveland  in  its  claim  for  energetic  efforts 
in  the  promotion  of  the  Gospel." 

Mr.  Davis  was  succeeded  in  1835  by  the  Rev.  Ebenezer  Boyden  of 
Virginia.  In  September,  1836,  the  diocesan  convention  assembled  in 
Trinity  church.  In  August,  1839,  the  Rev.  Richard  Bury  succeeded 
to  the  rectorship.  Under  his  ministrations  the  number  of  members  in- 
creased to  such  a  degree  that  the  establishment  of  a  second  parish 
was  warranted,  and  in  1845  Mr.  Bury  organized  Grace  church  in  the 
parlor  of  his  rectory.  .Mr.  Bury  resigned  in  1846.  He  was  much  be- 
loved by  his  people,  and  greatly  revered  for  his  sincere  and  un- 
affected piety.  There  was  also  another  offshoot  from  Trinity  about 
this  time.  In  1846,  a  number  of  the  congregation  separated  and  or- 
ganized St.  Paul's  parish. 

The  Rev.  Lloyd  Wiiulsor  took  uj)  the  work  in  the  fall  of  1846,  and 
remained  seven  years.  Before  the  close  of  his  service  it  was  deter- 
mined to  sell  the  old  property  and  build  a  larger  church.  The  lot 
upon  which  the  old  church  stood  Wius  sold,  but  before  the  building 


'  See  picture  on  page  106. 


598  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIII 

could  be  disposed  of,  it  took  fire,  and  was  entirely  eousumed.  Tlie 
subscription  for  the  new  church  was  started  with  a  gift  of  $1,000  from 
"T.  A.  W."  Mr.  Windsor  laid  the  cornerstone  of  the  building,  on 
Superior  Street,  near  Bond  (now  East  Sixth),  which  was  completed 
in  the  beginning  of  the  ministry  of  the  following  rector,  the  Rev. 
James  A.  Bollcs,  D.  D.,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Windsor  in  January,  1854. 
This  second  church  building  was  consecrated  on  the  seventeenth  of 
May,  1855.  Dr.  Bolles  remained  five  and  a  half  years,  and  probably 
no  other  rectorship  in  the  long  history  of  Trinity  parish  has  left 
a  deeper  and  more  lasting  impression  than  his.  The  Church  Home, 
founded  in  1856,  is  one  monument  to  his  zeal  and  devotion.  A  free 
chapel  was  also  consecrated. 

Dr.  Bolles  was  followed  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  A.  Starkey,  the  late 
bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Newark,  with  the  Rev.  William  C.  Cooley  as 
assistant  minister.  In  1865.  the  In-ick  chapel  was  erected  south  of  the 
church  by  the  generosity  of  Mr.  and  ilrs.  Samuel  L.  blather.  This 
achievement  encouraged  a  number  of  the  parishioners  to  undertake 
the  erection  of  a  rectory,  and  the  lot  west  of  the  church  was  pur- 
chased for  that  purpose. 

ilr.  Starkej'^s  pa.storatc  extended  until  Easter,  1869.  The  Rev. 
Charles  A.  Breck  took  charge  of  the  parish  in  October  of  that  year,  and 
was  the  first  incumbent  to  occupy  the  new  rectory.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1872  by  the  Eev.  William  E.  McLaren,  who  also  remained 
but  three  years,  his  work  in  Trinity  being  brought  to  a  close  by  his 
election  to  the  episcopate  of  Chicago.  During  his  pastorate  the  Chil- 
dren's Home  was  started,  and  the  chapel  of  the  Ascension  was  built  on 
the  Detroit  road. 

The  Rev.  John  Wesley  lirown  assumed  the  rectorship  of  Trinity 
in  1876.  In  1878,  occurred  the  fifticlh  anniversary  of  the  incorpora- 
tion of  the  parish.  In  this  administration,  besides  the  Chapel  of  the 
Ascension,  St.  James'  and  St.  Peter's  were  made  definite  missions  of 
Trinity.  Trinity,  indeed,  is  the  mother,  or  gran(hnother.  of  all  Epis- 
copal churches  in  Clevclaml.  St,  I'aurs,  I-^ast  Cleveland,  l)eing  licr 
eldest  daughter. 

The  Rev.  Yelverton  Peyton  ^lorgan  took  the  i)iai'(>  of  Dr.  Urnwii  in 
1882.  During  his  rectorshij)  the  following  events  occurred  :  The  Rev. 
Dr.  Bolles  was  elected  to  the  office  of  rector  emeritus;  a  site  for  a  new 
cliui-ch  was  bought  on  Euclid  Avenue  and  Perry  Street  (now  East 
Twenty-second)  ;  and  Trinity  Cinirch  Home  was  removed  to  more 
commodious  (puirters.  Early  in  1S!)0,  Trinity  church  was  ottered  to 
and  accej)ted  by  llic  new  bislu)])  nf  the  diocese,  the  Rt.  Rev.  William 
Andrew  Lconai'd.  1),  I).,  I'm  his  cathedral,  and  llic  rc'tDr  was  in- 
stituted as  (lean,  willi   Dr.  I'.olli's  as  senior  canon. 


1893-19181 


RELIGIOUS,  ETC. 


599 


The  Rev.  Charles  D.  Williams  ln'ciuno  iloaii  and  rci-tor  in  hS!):!.  lie 
resigned  at  tlie  end  nt'  .Ianuar\-,  11106,  to  accept  election  tci  the  epis- 
copate in  the  dioce.se  of  ^Michigan.  Durint?  his  term  of  office  the 
Cathedral  house  was  huilt.  Services  and  parish  work  were  main- 
tained at  both  Trinity  clinn-li,  dnwiitown.  and  at  the  Cathedral  house, 
until  -June  29,  190'J,  when  the  last  service  in  Old  Trinity  was  held. 

The  Rev.  Frank  Dn.Moulin  aci'ei)tcil  a  call  extended  in  Octohcr, 
1906,  and  was  inducted  into  office  as  dean  on  tiie  first  of  March,  1907. 
Tlie  remainint;  indchtedness  on  the  new  cathedral  was  removed,  and  the 
interior  of  the  building  sufficiently  completed  to  permit  its  conseera- 


Old  Trinity  C.\tiiedr.\l 

tion,  on  Tuesday,  the  twenty-fourth  of  September,  1907.  In  the  fall  of 
191:5,  Dean  Dn.Moulin  wa.s  eh'cted  coadjutor  bishop  of  the  diocese  of 
Ohio,  and  wa.s  consecrated  to  this  office  on  the  eighth  of  Januarj^ 
1914,  in  the  cathedral.  From  this  time  until  September  of  the  same 
j'ear,  the  parochial  work  of  the  cathedral  was  carried  on  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Rev.  Walter  H.  .Mc*  owatt,  acting  as  minister  in 
charge.  The  Rev.  H.  P.  Almon  Abbott  entered  ujion  his  ministry  as 
dean  of  the  cathedral  in  Sei)tcmber,  1914. 


The  Presbyterians 

The  Presbyterians  and  Congregationalists  established  themselves  at 
a  very  early  day  within  the  present  limits  of  Cleveland.    Sume  of  the 


600  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIIl 

societies  organized  as  Presbjteriau  became  Congregational,  and  vice 
versa.  In  the  latter  class  was  the  society  organized  at  the  villa<^e  of 
Euclid  (afterward  East  Cleveland)  by  the  Connecticut  Congrega- 
tional ilissionary  Society  in  1807.  The  first  Presbyterian,  known  as 
the  Old  Stone  church,*  was  the  outgrowth  of  a  Union  Sunday  school 
established  in  1820  with  Elisha- Taylor  as  superintendent.  It  was  in- 
corporated in  1827.  After  occupying  rented  quarters  for  more  than  a 
dozen  years,  the  society  erected  its  house  of  worship  on  the  square. 
It  was  opened  in  1833  and  in  the  following  year  came  its  first  resident 
pastor,  the  Rev.  Samuel  C.  Aiken. 


The  Rev.  S.  C.  Aiken 

The  Second  Presbyterian  cluii-cli  was  an  offshoot  of  the  Old  Stone 
society  and  was  founded  in  1S44.  'I'lic  only  i'rcsbyterian  church  of 
substance  which  did  not  spring  from  the  Old  Stone  organization  was 
the  Miles  Park  church,  which  was  founded  in  1832  in  what  was  then 
the  village  of  Newburg. 

Dr.  Hiram  C.  Haydn  was  for  many  years  foremost  in  Presbyterian 
activities  in  Cleveland  and  nortliern  Ohio.  He  assumed  the  pastorate 
of  the  Old  Stone  church  in  1872,  became  secretar.y  of  a  Congrega- 
tional missionary  society  in  1880,  and  returned  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
church  in  1884,  which  he  continued  to  srrvc  for  more  than  a  score  of 
years.  Dr.  Haydn's  death  occurred  in  July,  1913.  It  was  mainly 
through  his  work  and  influence  that  the  Presbyterian  Union  was 
formed  for  the  extension  of  denominational  activities  in  Cleveland. 


'  Seo  picturo  on  page  128. 


1819-1918J  KELIUIOUS,  ETC.  tiOl 

Tin:  C()A\'iiiii:(iATioNAi.  Ciikrciies 

The  Arcliwooil  cluirch  was  orjrariized  in  tin;  lirooklyii  district  by 
the  Presbyterians  iu  1819.  This  afterward  joined  the  ("oiigrega- 
tionalists.  But  what  is  known  as  tiie  First  Congregational  ( Inii-ch  was 
an  otl'shoot  of  the  First  Presbyterian,  or  Old  Stone  cinireh,  whieh  oc- 
curred in  1834,  to  accommodate  the  jieoplc  of  the  West  Side.  Jn  No- 
vember, 1917,  the  vigorous  First  clnirch,  ovei-  four  score  years  of  age, 
laid  the  cornei-stone  of  a  magnificent  liome  soon  now  to  be  occupied.  The 
Euclid  Avenue  Congregational  church*  sprung  from  a  Sunday 
school  held  in  a  schoolhouse  on  Euclid  road;  and  Plymouth  church, 
of  1850,  had  its  oi-igin  in  a  revival  held  by  Rev.  Edwin  IF.  Nevin  in  the 
Old  Stone. church.  The  Irving  Street  Society  was  organized  in  1852, 
also  as  a  Presbyterian  body. 

Of  the  existing  Congregational  churches  the  first  to  step  forth  as 
a  member  of  that  denomination  was  the  Jones  Avenue,  or  Welsh 
church  of  Newburg.  The  nucleus  of  the  organization,  which  was 
effected  in  1858,  was  the  Cleveland  rolling  mills. 

About  1854,  a  Sunday  school  was  started  as  a  mission  to  the  little 
brick  schoolhouse  on  the  site  of  the  present  Tremont  ))ublie  school. 
Two  years  later,  it  blossomed  forth  as  the  University  Heights  Union 
Sabbath  school.  Gradually  the  adult  element  strengthened  and  the 
Pilgrim  Congregational  church  was  the  evolution.  In  1892,  undei'  the 
leadership  of  Dr.  Charles  A.  Mills,  a  beautiful  and  nuissive  edifice  was 
completed  at  a  cost  of  $150,000.  In  that  year  was  also  organized  the 
Cleveland  Congregational  City  Missionary  Society,  which  under  the 
long  and  energetic  presidency  of  H.  Clark  Ford,  the  lawyer  and 
banker,  accomplished  much  in  Congregational  extension  work. 

Largely  through  the  labors  of  the  Slavic  missionary,  the  Rev.  H. 
A.  Shauffler,  in  1882-94,  the  Congregational ists  have  also  accomplished 
much  educational  and  relief  work  among  the  Bohemians  and  allied 
people  of  Cleveland.  Bethlehem  church  was  founded  in  the  Bohemian 
colony  on  Broadway,  a  missionary  school  was  established  among  the 
young  women,  and  a  department  organized  at  Oberlin  college,  of 
which  Mr.  Ford  is  a  trustee,  for  the  training  of  ministers  designed  to 
serve  as  missionaries  among  the  Slavic  people  in  America. 

Methodist  Obqaniz.\tions 

There  are  tales  of  Methodist  circuit  riders  having  appeared  in 
Brooklyn,  Newburg  and  other  localities  now  in  Cleveland  city  prior 


•  See  page  126. 


602  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIII 

to  1818,  in  which  year  the  chureli  at  Brooklyu  was  organized,  as  ex- 
plained more  fully  on  pages  602  and  603.  In  that  year  was  established 
the  first  official  organization  of  the  ilethodist  church  in  old  Cleve- 
land and  in  the  summer  of  1827,  about  the  time  its  log  meeting  house 
was  completed,  the  society  organized  a  Sunday  school,  with  Ebenezer 
Fish  as  its  first  superintendent.  But  these,  as  well  as  other  interest- 
ing and  well  authenticated  facts,  in  connection  with  the  pioneer  Meth- 
odism of  Cleveland,  may  be  read  by  a  perusal  of  John  E.  Heene's 
' '  Summary. ' ' 

The  Miles  Park  church,  Newburg,  originated  in  a  Methodist  class 
of  nine  members  formed  in  1832,  and  in  the  following  year  the  Frank- 
lin Avenue  church  was  modestly  bom  at  a  residence  on  Pearl  Street. 

Epworth  Memorial  church  represents  a  long  series  of  transforma- 
tions. Originally  P]rie  Street  church,  it  split  off  from  the  First  in 
1850.  When  its  house  of  worship  was  transferred  to  the  corner  of 
Prospect  and  Huntington,  in  1875,  the  organization  became  Christ 
M.  E.  church,  and  in  1883,  after  its  consolidation  with  Cottage  mis- 
sion, it  was  rechristened  Central  church.  Finally,  in  May,  1889,  to 
commemorate  the  founding  of  the  Epworth  League  within  the  walls  of 
its  building,  it  a.ssumed  its  present  title ;  but  the  plain  structure  of 
the  Central  church  gave  place  to  an  impressive  and  beautiful  modern 
edifice  at  the  corner  of  Prospect  Avenue  and  East  Fifty-fifth  Street. 

On  the  fifteenth  of  September,  1918,  the  Methodists  of  Cleve- 
land to  the  number  of  seven  thousand  celebrated  the  centenary  of 
the  founding  of  their  church  in  the  Forest  Cit.y.  The  parade  formed 
at  the  First  M.  E.  church,  Euclid  Avenue  and  East  Tliirtieth  Street, 
marched  down  the  former  tlun-oughfare  to  the  Public  Square  and 
assembled  for  the  formal  exercises  at  llie  Opera  House  and  the  Hipi)0- 
dronic.  Fifty-tliree  Methodist  churclics  were  represented  in  the  pro- 
cession, wliicli  iiiaiTlied  in  a  i"iiii  storm,  its  iiicmhers  gathering  at  their 
rendezvous  with  uiialiatcd  ardor,  ixcprescntatives  of  the  Brooklyn 
.Moiiioi-ial  cliui'cl),  at  the  corner  of  West  Tw<'nty-fifth  Street  and  Arch- 
WDiid  Avenue,  S.  \V.,  I'liuiidcd  a  ceiitiiry  pi-cvious,  held  the  place  of 
lionoi-  in  the  line,  ami  the  First  Methodist  cliurch.  oi'gauizcd  in  1827. 
was  second.  Most  of  the  marchers,  wlio  included  many  Sunday  school 
i-hildrcn.  cai'ricd  American  flags.  'i'li('i-(>  were  six  bands  and  a  ninii- 
hcr  of  jilacai-ds  bearing  facts  of  local  Methodist  history.  Hishop 
Wilson  S.  Lewis,  residential  bishoji  of  Foochow,  Cliina.  and  former 
Judge  Warren  \V.  Hole,  president  of  the  Methodist  I'nion  of  Cleve- 
land, were  the  pi'incipal  speakers  at  both  the  Hippodrome  and  0|)era 
House.  'I'he  IJev.  Dr.  Frank  W.  Luce,  suix'rintendent  of  the  Clev,- 
land  district,  Noi'theast  Ohio  Conference,  jiresided  at  the  IJippci- 
dromi'  meeting  and  .Inlin   !•'.   I'^islier.  head  of  the  Children's  Aid  So- 


1818-l!n.si  l^KLKIlors,   1-:T('.  603 

fiety,  was  the  Opera  House  chairman.  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
Josephiis  Daniels  was  to  have  been  the  cliief  speaker,  but  his  im- 
perative official  duties  bound  him  to  Washington.  Hundreds  of 
American  fla?:s  were  in  eviilence  at  both  meetings,  and  the  over- 
whelming spirit  of  the  entire  centennial  celebration  was  a  rousing 
pledge  by  Cleveland  Methodists  to  uphold  the  Holy  War. 

A  Summary   of  Methodism 

Tiu'  following,  written  by  John  E.  Heene,  historian  of  the  Brook- 
lyn Memorial  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  sui)erintcndent  of  its 
Sunday  school,  is  an  authoritative  summai-y  of  local  Methodism,  or, 
as  Mr.  Heene  states,  comprises  "notes  which  are  accepted  as  authen- 
tic by  Cleveland  Methodism": 

In  1811,  James  Fish,  Moses  Fish,  and  Ebene/.er  Fish  and  families 
came  to  Brookl.\'n  from  Groton,  Connecticut. 

In  1814-1"),  the  Hrainards  came  to  Brooklyn  from  lladdam,  Con- 
necticut. The.v  wei'c  Dennis,  Stei)hen,  Warren,  William,  Asa,  Enos 
and  Seth  Brainard. 

The  Fish  and  Brainartl  families  were  Methodists  and  held  reli- 
gious services  in  their  homes  previous  to  the  organization  of  a  church 
society. 

In  'Miiy.  1818,  a  Methodist  circuit  rider  organiz<'d  the  first  official 
Methodist  Ejiiscojial  Church  societ.v  consisting  of  the  following  eight 
persons:  Seth  Brainard  and  wife;  Closes  Fish  and  wife;  William 
Brainard  and  wife,  and  Ebcnezer  Fish  and  wife-.  This  society  in- 
creased in  luimbers  year  by  year  and,  in  Januar.v,  1827,  had  a  mem- 
bership of  fifty-s(>ven.  They  built  and  finished  the  first  log  church 
in  June,  1827.  This  log  church  was  located  on  the  northeast  corner 
of  what  is  now  West  Twent.v-fifth  Street  and  Denison  Avenue.  A 
Sunda.v  school  was  also  organized  in  June,  1827,  with  twent.v-one 
members,  with  P]benezer  Fi.sh  as  the  first  superintendent.  This  log 
church  was  built  by  Joseph  Storer  and  Geoi-ge  Storer,  who  were 
carpenters  and  came  to  Brooklyn  and  joined  the  church  in  Jainiarv, 
1827. 

In  1849.  the  second  churcli  building  was  ci-ccted  by  O/.ias  Fish,  a 
frame  building  35  by  50  feet.  The  location  was  the  same  as  that  of 
the  log  church. 

The  corner  stone  for  the  third  chnrch  l)uilding,  the  old  two-stoi\v 
brick  structure,  was  laid  in  September,  1881,  Rev.  Sanniel  I\lower, 
preacher  in  charge.  Dedicated  in  the  fall  of  1882.  Rev.  W.  II. 
Painter,  pastoi-,  and  Rev.  F.  M.  Searles,  presiding  elder.  Dr.  George 
B.  Fariisworth,  Sunda\-  school  superintendent.  Bishop  Simpson 
dedicated  the  clnirch.  Grouiul  for  the  fourth  home  of  the  Brooklyn 
Memorial  ^Methodist  Episcopal  Church  was  broken  on  the  fifth  of 
September.  1911,  and  the  corner  stone  was  laid  on  Sunday,  the  twent.v- 
sixth  of  November,  of  that  .rear.  Rev.  W.  Arthur  Smith  was  the 
pastor:  John  E.  Heene,  Sunda.v  school  superintendent. 


604  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Baptist  Activities 

The  Rev.  Joseph  Badger,  a  Baptist  missionary,  preached  the  first 
sermon  on  Cleveland  soil,  in  1800,  but  as  far  as  denominational  work 
was  coucerued  he  was  many  j^ears  ahead  of  the  times,  for  it  was  not 
until  1833  that  half  a  dozen  Baptist  families  got  together  and  organ- 
ized a  society.  Througli  what,  at  the  time,  was  considered  the  astound- 
ing liberality  of  Brewster  Pelton,  John  Seaman  and  William  T.  Smith, 
a  church  building*  was  erected  at  the  comer  of  Seneca  and  Champlain 
streets  and  fully  occupied  in  1835.  A  Sunday  school  mission  wa.s 
begun  on  Erie  Street  in  1846.  In  1871,  the  pre.sent  edifice  on  Euclid 
Avenue  and  Ea.st  Eighteenth  Street  was  built  and  the  society  adopted 
the  name  by  which  it  has  since  been  known^  the  Euclid  Avenue  Bap- 
tist churcli.  In  1883,  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  church  was  John  D. 
Rockefeller;  he  and  various  members  of  the  family  have  been  useful 
and  prominent  in  both  its  immediate  and  missionary  work.  Since 
its  establishment,  it  has  been  the  acknowledged  center  of  the  strong- 
est of  Baptist  influences. 

The  score  or  more  of  Baptist  churches  also  do  mucli  active  exten- 
sion work  among  the  foreign  industrial  classes,  such  as  the  Poles, 
Hungarians  and  Bohemians. 

Disciples  of  Christ,  or  Christi.\ns 

The  Disciples  of  Christ,  or  Primitive  Christians,  as  they  are  often 
called,  are  strong  in  Cleveland  and  established  themselves  early,  but 
not  without  determined  struggles.  Nevvburg  was  the  center  of  their 
work  in  the  pioneer  period,  and  William  Hayden  is  said  to  have  gained 
the  first  convert  to  the  faith  in  1832.  But  the  pillar  of  the  local  church 
from  that  year  until  his  death  in  1874  was  John  Hopkinson.  After 
many  efforts  and  discouragements  the  Miles  Avenue  Church  of  Christ 
was  organized  under  Brother  Jonas  Ilartzcll.  in  1842,  witli  twenty- 
one  charter  iiieml)ers.  John  Ilopkinson  and  Tlieodore  Stafford  were 
elected  elders  and  David  L.  Wightman  and  John  Healy,  deacons.  In 
1851,  the  little  frame  church,  wliich  was  })uilt  into  the  later  struc- 
ture, was  comi)]('ted  under  tlie  direction  of  Thomas  (iarlield,  John 
Hopkinson  and  V.  L.  Morgan  jind.  in  185!),  the  society  was  under  the 
ministry  of  James  A.  Garfield. 

The  Franklin  Circle  Church  of  Chi-ist  was  organized  in  1842,  and 
its  first  house  of  worship  was  built  four  years  later  at  Franklin  Ave- 
nue and  the  Circle.    From  this  trunk  clun'ch  subsequently  branched 


•See  picture  on  page  l.'j.'i. 


1835-95]  J{ELl(jlOU8,  ETC.  605 

out  the  Euclid  Avenue,  West  Madison  Avenue,  .Tenninprs  Avenue 
ohurelies  and  otlier  Cliristian  organizations.  Tiie  Euclid  Avenue 
Church  of  Christ  wa.s  establishctl  in  1843  and  soon  afterwards  a  num- 
ber of  its  members  withdrew  to  orpranize  a  society  at  Doan's  Cor- 
ners. The  Eucliil  Avenue  society  held  its  earlier  meetings  in  private 
fesidenees  and  the  old  stone  sehoolhouse,  and  in  1849  a  little  frame 
chapel  was  completed  on  the  north  side  of  I'^uclid  between  Doan 
(East  One  Hundred  and  Fifth)  ami  Republic  streets.  Sixty  years 
afterwards  the  handsome  church  edifice  now  oecupied  was  built  on 
the  corner  of  Euclid  Avenue  and  East  One  Hundredth  Street.  The 
Disciple  churches  of  Cleveland  are  formed  into  a  union  for  church 
extension,  one  prominent  feature  of  its  work  being  the  development 
of  its  Bible  classes  organized  for  the  special  traininpr  of  Sunday 
school  teachers. 

United  Presbyterians 

The  first  United  Presbyterian  church  was  organized  in  1843,  and 
the  society,  composed  largely  of  Scotch  people,  erected  a  small  build- 
ing for  worship  on  Erie  Street  near  Bolivar.  The  money  for  it  was 
raised  through  snuiU  cash  sub.scriptions ;  othei-s  gave  their  labor,  or 
lumber,  stone  and  other  building  materials.  In  these  days,  it  was  said 
by  one  of  the  pioneers,  "Not  a  man  in  East  Cleveland  had  a  bank  ac- 
count."   There  are  now  five  churches  of  this  denomination  in  the  citv. 


Lutheran  Chihiches 

The  first  independent  Lutheran  church  was  organized  by  the  Ger- 
mans of  Cleveland  in  1835,  aiul  was  known  as  the  congregation  "'Zum 
Schifflein  Christi,"  The  Ship  of  Christ.  Its  meeting  house  was  orig- 
inally on  the  corner  of  Hamilton  and  Erie,  being  completed  in  1842. 
In  1875,  a  large  church  was  built  on  Superior  Street.  In  1875,  the 
Case  Avenue  Independent  Lutheran  church  was  organized  and  in 
1879,  the  Independent  Protestant  Evangelical  church. 

Nearly  all  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  churches  in  Cleveland  are 
outgrowths  of  Zion  church,  founded  in  1843,  and  still  growing.  The 
Rev.  David  Schuh  was  its  first  pastor.  This  society  was  formed  by 
families  who  seceded  from  "Schifflein  Christi."  The  first  organiza- 
tion on  the  West  Side,  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Trinity,  was  founded 
in  1853,  with  the  Rev.  J.  C.  W.  IJiidci-uian  as  its  pastor.  In  1873, 
St.  Paul's  Evangelical  Lutheran  I'hurcli  was  founded;  in  1880,  the 
English  Evangelical  Lutheran  Emmanuel  church ;  St.  Peter's,  in 
1883;  St.  Matthew's,  in  1884;  Chri.st  church,  1889,  and  St.  Luke's,  in 
1895. 


606  CLEVELA^'D  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXIII 

Evangelical  Organizations 

The  pioneer  Evangelical  Protestant  churches  were  the  First,  or- 
ganized under  the  name  of  the  "United  German  Evangelical  Prot- 
estant Church  of  the  West  Side,"  and  founded  in  1853;  St.  Paul's 
church,  1858,  and  Ziou,  1867. 

Tlie  mother  church  of  the  German  p]vangelical  Reformed  societies 
was  called  the  Brethren  Congregation,  a  number  of  families  com- 
mencing to  meet  for  prayer  in  a  small  chapel  on  Tracy  Street  in  1848. 
This  congregation  was  incorporated  in  1858,  Dr.  H.  J.  Ruetenik  was 
engaged  as  pastor  and  a  new  church  was  soon  afterward  erected  on 
the  "corner  of  Penn  and  Carroll  streets. 

The  oldest  church  of  the  Evangelical  Association  in  Clevehuul  is 
the  Salem  church  on  Linden  (East  Thirty-third)  Street,  founded  as 
a  mission  in  1841.  The  Superior  Street  church  was  organized  in  1854 
and  the  Jennings  Avenue,  in  1863.  Cleveland  was  chosen  as  the 
denominational  headquarters  in  1876  and  a  large  publishing  house 
organized  for  the  dissemination  of  church  literature.  Both  in  min- 
isterial and  literary  works  Bishop  William  Horn,  a  Clevelander,  was, 
for  many  years,  both  tireless  and  widely  influential. 

German  Baptists  and  Methodists 

The  pioneer  of  the  German  Baptist  churches  was  the  First,  or- 
ganized in  1866,  when  a  house  of  worship  was  built  on  the  corner  of 
Front  Street  and  Scovill  Avenue.  Other  bodies  have  been  since  cre- 
ated, and  since  1877  Cleveland  has  been  the  recognized  head(iuarters 
of  the  denomination.  Since  that  year  its  oificial  house  of  publica- 
tion has  been  located  in  the  Forest  City. 

The  German  Methodists  have  also  organized  a  number  of  societies 
since  1846. 

The  Unitaiuans  and  Christian  Scientists 

Of  hiter  oi'igin  than  liie  Protestant  organizations  already  spccilied 
are  the  establishment  of  the  Unitai-ian  ami  tiie  Clii-istian  Science 
churches,  which  have  drawn  their  membership  from  some  of  tiie  most 
intelligent  and  cultured  circles  in  Cleveland.  The  tirst  rnitarian 
organization,  the  Churdi  nf  the  Unity,  worshiix'd  in  various  lialls  for 
twenty  years  before  a  home  edifice  was  erected.  During  that  ])eriod, 
the  Rev.  F.  L.  Hosmer,  who  was  jiastor  from  1878  to  18!)2,  became  a 
notable  figure  in  Unitarianism.  Even  many  years  previous  in  the 
assembling  of  the  small  band  of  I'liitarians  in  Case  hall  during  the 
"60s,  there  had  been  preaching  by  the  ministers  of  the  denoniinatiou. 
It  is  recorded  that  as  early  a.s  1836,  the  Rev.  George  W.  Hosmer,  then 
of  HufTalo,  visited  and  piTni'lird  In  several  of  the  New  England  I'^inn- 


1826-1918]  KELIUIOUS,  ETC.  607 

lies  then  settled  in  Cleveland  who  were  adherents  to  Unitarian  ism. 
Tlie  l\ev.  F.  L.  lIosMier  I'omnienced  his  ministry  in  1878.  In  IS.SO,  tiie 
Church  of  the  Unity  dedicated  its  tirst  house  of  worship  on  Prospect 
Street  near  Eric.  For  several  years  it  had,  as  ministers,  two 
women,  the  Kev.  Mi.ss  Marion  ^Murdock  and  the  Rev.  Miss  Florence 
Buck.  In  1904,  was  completed  tlie  handsome  church  Iniildiufz:  on 
Euclid  Avenue  and  East  Eighty-third  Street. 

The  Christian  .Scientists,  who  have  six  distinct  organizations,  es- 
tahlished  themselves  in  Cleveland  by  the  organization  of  the  First 
Church  of  Christ,  Scientist.  They  are  progressive,  both  in  numbers, 
good  works,  high  character,  and  influence. 

C-VTUOLicis-M  IN  Cleveland 

The  earliest  records  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  iiortiiei-n  Ohio  were 
made  by  the  -lesuit  fatiiers  among  the  Ilurons  and  otlirr  Indian  tribes, 
Sandusky  being  long  the  center  of  their  work.  Then  the  whites  eom- 
inenced  to  occupy  the  land  and  missionaries  were  sent  to  them  I'l'om 
the  diocese  of  Quebec.  The  Rev.  Edmund  Burke,  who  left  his  charge 
in  1796  and  afterward  was  sent  to  Halifax,  was  the  last  priest  to  be 
sent  from  that  diocese  and  the  tirst  Englisli  speaking  Catholic  father 
in  northern  Ohio.  From  Ids  (h'parture  until  1817,  that  part  of  the 
state  was  without  Catholic  ministrations.  Father  Edward  Fenwick, 
the  Dominican,  eonuneneed  to  make  visits  to  northeastern  Ohio  in 
the  year  named,  and  in  1820,  at  Dungannon,  was  built  the  first  Cath- 
olic church  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 

The  first  secular  priest  to  do  missionary  work  in  northern  Ohio 
was  the  Rev.  Ignatius  MuHoil  who,  in  1824-34,  was  stationed  at  the 
cathedral  in  Cincinnati. 

The  Diocese  op  Cleveland 

In  1826,  many  Catholic  Irish  were  induced  to  come  to  Cleveland  to 
labor  in  the  construction  work  of  tiic  Ohio  canal,  and  the  Rt.  Rev.  Kd- 
ward  Fenwick,  bi.shop  of  Cincinnati,  was  informed  that  they  were 
without  the  ministrations  of  a  priest.  Tiiaf  fact  became  the  germ  of  the 
diocese  of  Cleveland,  as  narrated  by  William  A.  ]\lcKearney,  of  the 
Catholic  Universe.  As  Mr.  McKeamey  writes:  "He  (Bishop  Fen- 
wick) therefore  directed  the  Dominican  Fathers,  stationed  in  Perry 
countj',  to  send  a  priest  to  Cleveland,  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  visit 
them  at  .stated  intervals  and  attend  to  their  spiritual  wants.  The  Rev. 
Thomas  Jrartin.  a  member  of  the  Dominican  order,  was  sent,  his  first 
visit  being  made  during  the  autumn  of  1826.  Later  on  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  Very  Rev.  Stephen  Badin  (the  first  priest  ordained  in 
the  T'nited  States). 


608  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

"The  first  resident  pastor  sent  to  Cleveland  was  Rev.  John  Dillon, 
who  a.ssumed  his  duties  in  the  early  part  of  1835.  He,  as  his  prede- 
cessors, said  Mass  in  private  houses,  a.s  there  was  no  other  place  to  be 
had  then.  Shortly  after  his  arrival,  however,  he  succeeded  in  securing 
a  large  room,  known  as  Shakespeare  hall.  Father  Dillon  died  October 
16.  1836,  at  the  age  of  29  years.  His  death  was  a  severe  blow  to  his 
little  flock. 

"P^or  eleven  months  the  Catholics  of  Cleveland  were  without  a 
resident  pastor.  Rev.  H.  D.  Juncker  came  occasionally  from  Canton. 
In  September,  1837.  Rev.  Patrick  O'Dwyer,  a  recent  arrival  from 
Quebec,  was  sent  as  Father  Dillon's  successor.  Father  O'Dwyer  at 
once  set  to  work  to  iucrea.se  the  building  fund  secured  by  the  lamented 
Father  Dillon,  and  to  begin  the  much  needed  and  long  looked  for 
church.  In  a  few  months  a  building  was  erected  at  the  corner  of 
Columbus  and  Girard  streets.  This  building  remained  uncompleted 
for  lack  of  means.  Meanwhile,  Father  O'Dwyer  left  Cleveland.  The 
church  stood  unfinished  for  months,  until  Bishop  Purcell,  coming  to 
Cleveland  during  September,  1839,  remained  three  weeks  and  had  it 
so  far  pushed  to  completion  that  ]\Iass  was  said  in  it  for  the  finst  time 
in  October,  1839.* 

'"The  church  was  dedicated  to  'Our  Lady  of  the  Lake,'  but  by 
popular  usage  the  name  was  soon  changed  to  St.  Mary's  on  the  'Flats,' 
that  part  of  the  city  being  so  called.  In  October,  1840,  Rev.  Peter  Mc- 
Laughlin was  appointed  to  succeed  Father  Dillon.  With  a  shai-p  eye 
for  the  future  growth  of  Catholicity  in  Cleveland,  and  with  a  view  to 
locating  a  church  in  the  upper  and  better  portion  of  the  city,  Father 
JIcLaughlin  purchased  four  lots,  fronting  on  Superior  and  Erie  streets, 
the  site  of  the  present  cathedral. 

First  Bishop  op  Clevel.vnp 

''With  the  (-onstant  and  rapid  growth  of  ('atholicity  in  his  large 
diocese,  comprising  the  entire  state  of  Ohio,  Bishop  Purcell  found  the 
territory  too  large  and  the  burden  of  his  episcopal  duties  too  great 
for  his  pereonal  attention.  Bishop  Purcell  therefore  petitioned  the 
Holy  See  for  a  division  of  his  jurisdiction.  Cleveland  was  considered 
as  the  most  fit  city  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  for  an  episcopal 
see,  and  hence  was  so  designated.  Father  Anuidcus  Rappe,  the  zealous 
ini-ssionary  of  the  Maumce,  was  chosen  as  the  firet  bishop  of  this  new 
diocese.  Altliough  the  Papal  Bulls  to  this  effect  were  issued  April  23, 
1847,  they  did  not  reach  Cincinnati  until  the  following  August.  The 
territory  assigned  to  the  new  diocese  was  'all  that  part  of  the  state  of 
Ohio  lying  north  of  forty  degrees  and  fm-ty  niinulcs.'    l^'atliei-  Ha|>pe 

*  Sec  picture  on  \'HHO  1H7. 


1847-51]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  609 

was  oonsccratecl  at  CiiiL-iniiati,  October  10,  1847,  by  Bishop  Purcell, 
assisted  by  Bishop  Whelaii  of  Kiehmond,  Va. 

' '  The  Right  Reverend  Bishop  took  possession  of  the  diocese  of  Cleve- 
land as  its  first  bishop  a  few  days  after  his  consecration.  The  Catholic 
population  of  the  diocese  was  then  estimated  at  about  10,000.  l^'or 
some  mouths  the  bishop  resided  in  a  rented  house  near  the  Hay- 
market.  In  1S4S  lie  bought  several  lots  on  Bond  Street,  corner  of  St. 
Clair,  on  which  were  located  a  large  brick  building  and  several  frame 
bouses.     The  brick  building  was  fitted  up  as  his  residence. 

"In  September,  1848,  Bishop  Rappe  opened  a  snuill  seminary  in  a 
one-story  frame  building  back  of  his  residence.  Father  DeGoesbriand 
was  its  first  superior.  Among  the  young  men  first  to  apply  for  admis- 
sion as  seminarists  were  ilcssrs.  James  Monahan,  August  Berger,  Peter 
Kreusch,  Thomas  J.  Walsh,  I\Iichael  0 'Sullivan,  E.  W.  J.  Lindesmith, 
Francis  McGann,  Nicholas  Roupp,  William  O'Connor,  and  Felix  M. 
Bolf.  In  1849  Rev.  Alexis  Caron  succeeded  Father  DeGoesbriand  as  su- 
perior of  this  humble  seminary. 

"Shortly  after  the  establishment  of  the  diocese  the  Catholic  popu- 
lation of  Cleveland  rapidly  increased.  The  bishop  therefore  found  it 
neeessarj-  to  build  a  second  church  for  the  accommodation  of  his  grow- 
ing flock.  He  determined  tc  make  the  new  church  his  cathedral,  to 
locate  it  at  the  corner  of  Erie  and  Superior  streets,  and  after  its  com- 
pletion to  assign  St.  I\Iary's  on  the  Flats  to  the  Germans.  Sunday, 
October  29,  1848,  the  cornerstone  of  the  present  cathedral  was  laid.  It 
was  consecrated  and  opened  for  divine  service  November  7,  1852. 

"Between  1848  and  1857  twenty-six  churches  were  built  within  the 
limit  of  the  diocese  of  Cleveland.  While  directing  and  encouraging 
the  organization  of  missions  and  congregations,  Bishop  Rappe  also  pro- 
vided for  the  care  of  orphans  and  the  education  of  the  young,  all  under 
charge  of  devoted  Sisters. 

Homes  And  Convents 

"To  this  end  he  authorized  the  founding  of  a  convent  of  Sanquinist 
Sisters  at  Glandorf,  in  1848.  During  the  bishop's  absence  in  Europe 
in  1850,  .Judge  Cowlcs'  home  on  Euclid  Avenue  was  bought  for  the 
Ursuline  Sisters.  For  over  forty  years  it  was  the  mother  house  of 
the  Ursulines.  The  Sisters  took  possession  of  their  new  home  on  their 
arrival  in  Cleveland,  and  almost  immediately  opened  a  select  school 
and  academy. 

"In  1851  the  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Marj-  established  St. 
Mary's  Orphan  Asylum  for  girls.  The  first  building  used  for  the  pur- 
pose was  located  on  St.  Clair  Avenue,  near  Bond  Street. 

"In  the  same  year  Bishop  Rappe  opened  St.  Vincent's  Orphan 


610  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Asj-lum  for  boys  on  ]\Ionroe  Street  and  placed  it  in  charge  of  the  Sis- 
ters of  Charity  of  St.  Augustine,  a  community  he  had  established,  with 
the  assistance  of  ^Mother  M.  Ursula,  of  sainted  memory.  He  also  es- 
tablished an  Ursuline  community  and  academy  at  Toledo  in  1854.  Thus 
the  most  pressing  needs  of  the  diocese  were  supplied. 

"In  September,  1850,  the  bishop  purchased  a  property  on  Lake 
Street  known  as  'Spring  Cottage.'  The  building  was  fitted  up  as  a 
seminary,  which  was  opened  in  November  of  the  same  j'ear,  with  Father 
Caron  in  charge.  During  the  summer  of  1853  the  north  wing  of  the 
present  building  was  erected,  and  in  1859,  owing  to  the  rapidly  in- 
creasing number  of  seminarists,  the  central  portion  of  the  seminary 
was  built. 

"In  1862  St.  Joseph's  Asylum  for  orphan  gii-ls  was  opened  on 
Woodland  Avenue  to  relieve  the  crowded  condition  of  St.  JIary's 
Asylum  on  Harmon  Street. 

"Bishop  Rappe  introduced  into  the  diocese  in  1864  the  Sisters  of 
the  Humility  of  ilary,  and  l\v  special  agreement  with  Bishop  0  'Con- 
nor of  Pittsburgh,  located  them  on  a  large  tract  of  land  near  New 
Bedford  (Villa  Maria),  Pa.,  where  they  founded  a  convent  and  an 
orphan  asylum. 

"St.  Francis'  Orphan  Asylum  and  Home  for  the  Aged  was  estab- 
lished at  Tiffin  in  1867,  under  the  direction  of  Rev.  Joseph  Bihn. 

"The  bishop  established  St.  Louis'  College  at  Louisville,  Stark 
county,  in  1866,  to  replace  St.  Mary's  College  and  preparatory  semi- 
nary in  Cleveland.  The  following  year  its  management  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Basilian  Fathers  of  Sandwich,  Canada,  but  the  college 
was  elo.sed  in  1873  for  want  of  support. 

"Bishop  Rappe  invited  the  Sisters  of  the  Good  Shejihcrd,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, to  establish  a  house  of  their  order  in  Cleveland.  The  invita- 
tion was  accepted  in  1869.  Their  convent  was  a  frame  building  on  Lake 
Street.  Their  .silent,  saving  work  in  behalf  of  fallen,  erring  woman  has 
resulted  in  untold  good. 

"The  paternal  heart  of  good  Bishop  Rappe  next  prompted  him  to 
provide  for  a  class  of  unfortunates — the  aged  poor.  To  give  them 
shelter  and  needed  care  he  had  the  Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor  establish 
a  Home  for  them  on  Perry  Street,  in  1870. 

Bishop  Gilmotir's  Administration 

"The  Rt.  Rev.  Richard  GiJmour,  second  bishop  of  the  dioeese  of 
Cleveland,  was  consecrated  at  Cincinnati  on  April  14,  1872.  "Within 
two  weeks  aft-er  his  consecration  he  took  possession  of  his  episcopal 
see.     His  first  pastoral  letter,  published  P^'ebruary  26,  1873,  caused 


1872-S7J  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  611 

luuoli  furore  amonrr  noii-C'atluilics  and  he  was  attacked  by  pulpit  aud 
press.     He  auswered  these  attacks  through  the  papers. 

"Bishop  Gilmour  was  a  stanch  supporter  of  the  Catholic  pre.ss 
aTid  as  a  result  of  his  efforts  the  Catholic  Universe  was  established,  its 
first  number  appearing  July  4,  1874,  with  Rev.  Tliomas  1*.  Thorpe 
as  its  editor. 

'"Between  1877  and  1887  the  following  institutions  were  establislied 
in  the  diocese :  1877,  Cojivent  of  tlie  Poor  Clares,  Cleveland,  and  the 
Ursuline  Academy,  at  Villa  Angela;  1884,  St.  Alexis'  Hospital,  Pro- 
tectory for  Girls,  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame,  Cleveland; 
Louisville,  St.  Louis'  Orphan  Asylum  for  boys;  1885,  Toledo,  Little 
Sisters  of  the  Poor.  The  Jesuit  Fathers,  to  whom  had  been  entrusted, 
in  1880,  the  pastoi'ate  of  St.  Mary's  church,  Cleveland,  opened  St. 
Ignatius'  College  in  a  frame  building  opposite  their  church,  at  the 
corner  of  Carroll  and  Jersey  streets,  September,  1886.  At  this  time, 
also,  the  Ursulincs  opened  an  institution  at  Nottingham  for  the  edu- 
cation of  boys  under  twelve  jears  of  age.  It  is  known  as  St.  Joseph's 
Seminary. 

"Between  1877  and  1891  thirty-five  churches  were  built  and  as 
many  new  congregations  establislied,  which  fact  showed  that  generosity 
and  activity  were  as  strong  as  ever  in  the  diocese,  in  spite  of  the  finan- 
cial panic  which  for  over  five  years  during  this  period  had  depressed  the 
country  at  large. 

"Bishop  Gilmour  began  in  1887  to  systematize  the  routine  and 
business  affairs  of  his  diocese  by  estal)lisliiiig  a  chancery  office.  In  1878 
the  collecting  of  historical  data  of  every  congregation  and  institution  in 
the  diocese  was  begun. 

"At  the  Diocesan  Synod,  held  in  1882,  the  following  statute  was 
published :  '  Cities,  where  there  is  more  than  one  church,  shall,  after 
the  present  cemeteries  are  filled,  have  but  one  common  cemetery.'  A 
few  years  later  it  was  found  necessary  by  some  of  the  Toledo  parishes 
to  secure  additional  land  for  burial  purpcses,  as  their  parish  ceme- 
teries had  been  nearly  filled  and  the  supply  of  burial  lots  was  ex- 
hausted. Bishop  Gilmour  felt  that  now  the  time  had  come  to  put 
into  effect  in  Toledo  the  above  quoted  statute.  In  this  he  was  sec- 
onded by  all  of  the  local  pastors.  Accordingly,  in  1887,  he  bought 
several  adjoining  parcels  of  land  fronting  on  Dorr  Street,  quite  near 
the  city  limits  and  easy  of  access.  During  at  least  three  years  he 
made  frequent  trips  to  Toledo,  whenever  his  duties  permitted,  to 
superintend  the  laying  out  and  beautifying  of  the  new  cemetery.  To- 
day, thanks  to  Bishop  Gilmour 's  untiring  efforts,  the  Catholics  of 
Toledo  have  in  Calvary  cemetery  a  convenient  and  attractive  burial 
ground. 


612  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Last  Administrative  Acts 

"On  September  12,  1890,  Bishop  Gilmoiir  purchased  a  parcel  of 
land  on  Detroit  Avenue  for  a  much  needed  hospital,  to  sei've  the 
Catholic  population  on  the  west  side.  This  purchase  was  made  pos- 
sible by  the  gift  of  $5,000  from  W.  J.  Gordon,  now  deceased. 

"For  nearly  two  years,  prior  to  1891,  Bishop  Gilmour  had  been  a 
sufferer  from  intestinal  troubles.  In  March,  1891,  his  physician  urged 
him  for  a  while  to  go  to  the  milder  climate  of  Florida.  Before  leaving 
he  approved  the  plans  for  St.  John's  Hospital  and  for  the  mother 
house  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  at  Lakewood.  These  were  his  last  ad- 
ministrative acts  as  Bishop  of  Cleveland.  On  April  13,  1891,  he  died. 
His  remains  were  brought  to  Cleveland,  where  an  immense  concourse 
of  people  awaited  them  at  the  union  station  and  accompanied  them  to 
the  cathedral.    Funeral  services  were  held  April  21st. 

Appointment  of  Rev.  Ignatius  Horstmann 

"The  appointment  of  Rev.  Ignatius  F.  Horstmann,  chancellor  of 
the  diocese  of  Philadelphia,  was  made  November  29,  1891,  and  pub- 
lished December  14,  1891.  The  consecration  took  place  in  the  cathedral 
at  Philadelphia,  February  25,  1892.  Bishop  Horstmann  arrived  in 
Cleveland  on  tlie  evening  of  March  8  and  on  the  following  morning 
his  installation  as  the  third  Bishop  of  Cleveland  took  place  in  the  ca- 
thedral. 

"Familiar  as  Bishop  Horstmann  was  with  the  routine  work  of  gov- 
erning a  diocese  while  chancellor  of  the  Philadelphia  diocese,  he  very 
soon  familiarized  himself  with  his  new  surroundings.  Churches  were 
established,  others  dedicated,  confirmation  administered  and  the  large 
and  varied  interests  of  the  diocese,  both  spiritual  and  temporal,  admin- 
istered by  him  with  the  greatest  zeal  and  self-sacrifice. 

"It  was  found  in  1892  that  St.  Joseph's  and  St.  John's  cemeteries 
in  Cleveland  were  filling  rapidly  and  Bishop  Horstmann  sought  with 
a  committee  of  city  pastors  a  new  tract  of  land  for  a  cemetery. 
Finally  the  Leand  farm  in  Newburg  township  was  considered  the  best 
possible  site,  because  located  equi-distant  between  East  and  West 
Cleveland. 

Apostolic  Mission  Organized 

"One  of  the  wi.shes  expressed  by  Bishop  Gilmour  before  bis  death 
was  to  inaugurate  in  this  diocese  the  evangelization  of  non-Catholics. 
Owing  to  his  long  illness  nothing  could  be  done  and  it  was  resexwed  for 
his  successor.  Bishop  Ilorslniaun,  to  put  into  effect  this  movement.    As 


1894-1908]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  613 

the  eelebratwl  Paiilist  missionary,  Fatlier  Elliott,  was  engaged  in 
similar  work,  a.ud  therefore  hail  e.xperienue,  perhaps  such  as  no  other 
priest  in  the  country  had.  Bishop  Horstmann  invited  him  to  come  to 
Cleveland  and  train  one  or  more  priests  for  that  purpose.  This  he 
readily  did.  lie  came  in  September,  1894,  and  associated  with  himself 
the  Revs.  William  S.  Kress,  John  H.  Muehlenbeck,  E.  P.  Graham,  and 
I.  J.  Wonderly.  Missions  were  given  to  non-Catholics  in  various  parts 
of  the  diocese  with  much  success.  A  special  feature  of  the  missions 
was  the  'question  box,'  which  soon  became  very  i)()i>ular.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1895,  the  present  Cleveland  Apostolate  was  organized  and  is 
continuing  the  great  work  so  well  begun  by  Father  Elliott. 

Golden  Jubilee  Observed 

"The  year  1897  marked  an  epoch  in  the  annals  of  the  diocese  of 
Cleveland — its  golden  jubilee  as  a  diocese.  Toledo  having  lieen  Bishop 
Rappe's  first  field  of  missionary  labor,  and  St.  Francis  de  Sales'  his 
first  parish,  the  golden  jubilee  services,  ordered  by  Bishop  Horstmann, 
had  special  significance  there.  The  occasion  was  one  of  grand  and  in- 
spiring solemnity.  Splendid  as  was  Toledo's  tribute  to  Bishop  Rappe, 
and  its  observance  of  the  golden  jubilee  of  the  diocese,  they  were 
eclipsed  by  Cleveland,  for  twenty-two  years  the  oificial  home  of  the 
prelate.  "Wednesday,  October  13,  1897,  will  ever  be  a  red-letter  day  in 
the  Catholic  annals  of  Cleveland,  for  on  that  day  merited  honor  and 
due  praise  were  given  him,  whose  unselfish  labors  and  ajiostolic  zeal  had 
made  it  possible  for  the  diocese  of  Cleveland  to  take  front  rank  with 
the  dioceses  of  the  country  in  point  of  Catholic  life  and  vigor,  in  mat- 
ters spiritual  as  well  as  temporal.  The  religious  celebration  of  the 
jubilee  took  place  in  St.  John's  Cathedral,  which  was  packed  to  over- 
flowing. The  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Horstmann  pontificated,  and  the  Rt. 
Rev.  Jlsgr.  T.  P.  Thorpe  preached  the  sermon,  which  was  eloquent  and 
impressive. 

Death  op  Bishop  Horstmann 

"On  the  morning  of  May  13,  1908,  the  diocese  of  Cleveland  was 
stunned  by  the  announcement  of  the  sudden  death  of  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop 
Horstmann,  which  occurred  at  Canton,  where  he  had  gone  to  confirm  a 
number  of  classes.  Without  warning  the  diocese  was  shephcrdless,  and 
its  first  sensation  was  a  kind  of  paralysis  which  left  feeling  nutnb  and 
sorrow  voiceless. 

"The  funeral  services  of  Bishop  Horstmann  were  attended  by 
officials  of  the  city  for  which  he  had  done  so  much.  Two  archbishops, 
eighteen  bishops  and  over  400  priests  were  also  in  attendance. 


614  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Bishop  Horstmann's  Successor  and  Associates 

"On  Suuday  morning,  June  13,  1909,  Rt.  Rev.  John  P.  Farrelly, 
fourth  Bishop  of  Cleveland,  was  installed  at  St.  John's  Cathedral. 
The  address  of  welcome  was  delivered  by  Rev.  J.  T.  O'Connell,  LL.  D. 
In  the  afternoon  the  Right  Reverend  Bishop  reviewed  a  parade  in 
which  everj-  parish  in  the  city  was  represented.  One-third  of  Cleve- 
land's population  witnessed  the  celebration." 

German  Catholic  Churches  op  East  and  West  Sides 

Fi-om  October,  1847,  until  the  seventh  of  November,  1852,  St. 
Mary's  Church  on  the  Flats  sei'ved  as  the  first  cathedral  of  the  dio- 
cese and  as  the  only  Catholic  church  in  Cleveland.  On  the  latter  date, 
the  cathedral  at  the  corner  of  Superior  and  Erie  streets  was  conse- 
crated. St.  Mary's  was  then  assigned  to  the  Germans,  who  were  placed 
in  charge  of  the  Rev.  N.  Roupp,  until  the  advent  of  the  Rev.  John  H. 
Luhr  in  February,  1853.  He  was  their  first  resident  pastor.  In 
November,  1854,  the  Germans  living  west  of  the  river  were  organized 
into  a  church  under  the  title  St.  Mary's  of  the  Assumption  and  those 
ea.st  of  the  river  established  St.  Peter's  congregation.  The  "West 
Side  German  Catholics  occupied  the  "church  on  the  flats"  until  the 
dedication  of  their  new  house  of  worship,  corner  of  Carroll  and  Jer- 
sey streets,  in  1865. 

From  1865  to  1879,  old  St.  Mary's  gave  birth  to  the  following 
Catholic  churches:  St.  Malachy's,  1865;  St.  Wencelas  (Bohemian), 
1867;  Annunciation  (French),  1870.  The  Poles  of  Cleveland  were 
the  last  to  occupy  St.  Mary's  on  the  Flats,  from  1872  to  1879;  in  the 
latter  year,  the.v  organized  St.  Stanislaus  parisli,  which  is  now  the 
strongest  in  membership  of  any  Catholif  churrh  in  tlie  city.  They 
completed  their  present  massive  house  of  worship  in  1881. 

The  last  services  lu'ld  in  tlu>  historic  edifice  known  as  St.  ]\Iary's 
on  the  Flats  were  conducted  l)y  the  Rt.  Rev.  Mons.  F.  M.  Bofif,  vicar 
general  of  the  diocese,  on  the  feast  of  the  Epipliany,  tlie  sixth  of 
January,  1886. 

Irish  Catholics 

In  1854,  Bishop  Rappo  establi.sbcd  St.  Patrick's  Chni-di,  for  llic 
accommodation  of  the  Irish  Catholics  residing  in  Ohio  City,  and 
two  years  later  another  Irish  congregation  was  organized  in  tlie  east- 
em  section  of  the  city  known  as  the  Churdi  of  I  he  Immacuhite  Con- 
ception. St.  Bridget's  Church  was  established  in  1858;  St.  Augus- 
tine's in  1860  and  Holy  Name  in  1862.  The  last  named  was  founded 
for  the  Eiiglisji  speaking  Catholics  of  Newburg. 


1839-1900]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  ^15 

Otiier  Catiiouc  Churches  in  Cleveland 

The  Catholic  churches  of  Cleveland  multiplied  so  rai)idly  from 
the  early  '60s,  especially  in  the  foreign  sections  of  the  city,  that  it 
is  possible  only  to  mention  some  of  the  leading  organizations  now 
inoluded  in  the  list  of  seventy-Hve  or  more  Catholic  cuiigrogations 
which  are  found  in  every  section  of  the  Forest  City. 

In  1862,  from  old  St.  Peter's  Church,  developed  St.  Joseph's;  in 
1865,  St.  IMalachi's  was  formed  by  the  English  speaking  Catliolies 
of  the  West  Side;  the  Bohemians  founded  St.  Weneelas  in  the  same 
year;  St.  Stephen's,  by  the  Germans  west  of  the  river,  in  1869;  St. 
Proeop's,  by  the  Bohemians,  1875;  Holy  Trinity  and  St.  Michael's, 
both  German  Catholic  churches,  in  1880  and  1882,  respectively; 
Italian  Catholics  organized  in  1887  and  the  Slovaks  in  1888,  while 
within  the  following  three  years  the  Poles  formed  three  congregations; 
in  1893,  the  Slovaks  organized  a  second  parish,  St.  Martin's  and  in 
the  same  year  the  Catholic  Hungarians  formed  St.  Elizabeth  ])ai-ish. 
The  United  Greek  Catholics  lirst  organized  in  1894,  and  since  then  the 
multiplication  of  churches  and  Catholic  institutions  engaged  in  re- 
ligious and  benevolent  work  has  progressed  without  intermission. 
Besides  the  American  born,  at  least  thirteen  nationalities  are  repre- 
sented in  the  Catholic  parishes  of  Cleveland — German,  Slovak,  Polish, 
BohemiaJi,  ]Magyar,  Slovenian,  Greek,  Italian,  Lithuanian,  Crnatian, 
Roumanian,  Kuthenian  and  Syrian. 

Jewish  Congregations 

Like  other  members  of  the  religious  faiths  in  Cleveland,  the  Jews 
made  numerous  faithful  efTorts  in  the  community  before  they  estab- 
lished a  permanent  congregation.  In  1839,  when  there  were  prob- 
ably not  a  dozen  Hebrew  families  in  the  city,  the  Israelitic  Society 
was  formed.  In  the  following  year,  it  purcha.sed  a  burial  ground  in 
Ohio  City,  but  in  1842  the  Anshe  Chesed  congregation  was  formed 
from  it.  After  worshiping  separately  until  1846  they  were  reunited 
under  the  name  of  the  Israelitic  Anshe  Chesed  Society  of  the  City  of 
Cleveland.  This  marks  the  beginning  of  the  oldest  Jewish  Congrega- 
tion in  the  city.  Although  Leonard  Case  presented  a  building  lot 
on  Ohio  Street  to  the  congregation,  the  synagogue,  the  first  in  Cleve- 
land, was  erected  on  Eagle  Street  at  a  cost  of  $1,500.  'I'liis  was  en- 
larged and  rededieated  in  1860,  and  the  congregation  has  since 
erected  two  new  and  attractive  temples  at  different  periods,  the  first 
completed  in  1887  on  Scovill  Avenue  and  Henry  (East  Twenty- 
fifth)  Street,  and  the  second,  more  than  twenty  years  later,  at  Euclid 
Avenue  and  East  Eighty-second  Street. 


616  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

The  Tifereth  Israel  congregation  first  worshiped  in  a  house  on 
Lake  Street.  Other  temporary  quarters  were  occupied  until  Decem- 
ber, 1855,  when,  through  the  bequest  of  Judah  Touro,  tlie  temple  on 
Huron  Street  was  completed.  The  original  house  of  worship  was  re- 
peatedly enlarged  until  the  dedication  of  the  handsome  new  temple,  at 
WiUson  (East  Fifty-fifth  Street)  and  Central  avenues,  in  1894.  This 
is  pronounced  the  firet  "open  temple,"  or  institutional  church,  ever 
established  by  the  Jewish  people  in  the  history  of  the  world.  Among 
its  other  democratic  institutions  is  a  free  public  library,  opened  in 
1898. 

The  oldest  of  the  Orthodox  Jewish  congregations  is  that  known  as 
the  Hungarian  Bene  Jeshuiiim,  organized  in  1865  and  reorganized 
in  1886.  In  1905,  it  completed  its  new  temple  at  the  corner  of  Will- 
son  and  Scovill  avenues.  Altogether  there  are  a  score  of  Hebrew  con- 
gregations of  the  Orthodox  type,  mainly  Hungarian,  Russian  and  Pol- 
islL  Strictly  speaking,  the  Jewish  community  has  no  parochial 
schools,  the  secular  instruction  of  its  children  being  supplementary  to 
the  public  school  system. 

The  Jewish-  charities  are  numerous  and  well  organized,  and  com- 
prise the  Hebrew  Relief  Association,  organized  in  1875;  the  Inde- 
pendent Montefiore  Shelter  Home,  founded  in  the  '80s,  for  the 
special  care  of  Russian  Jewish  immigrants  and  now  housed  in  a 
large  building  on  Orange  Street ;  the  Jewish  Orphan  Asylum,  founded 
in  1868  and  now  one  of  the  great  benevoleneies  of  Cleveland,  with 
its  magnificent  property  fronting  on  "Woodland  Avenue;  the  Sir 
Moses  Montefiore  Kosher  Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  Israelites,  estab- 
lished in  1881  and  the  Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  opened  by  the  Jewish 
Women's  Hospital  Society  in  1903. 

Making  Christian  American  Citizens 

Both  the  Catholic  and  Protestant  churches  are  doing  their  utmost 
both  to  Christianize  and  to  Americanize  the  large  foreign  elements 
which  have  filtered  into  Cleveland,  especially  during  the  four  yeare 
of  war  activities  and  industries  which  have  evinced  remarkable  local 
expansion.  In  this  work,  the  organization  known  as  the  Federated 
Churches  of  Cleveland  has  been  very  active,  and  has  made  the  most 
complete  survey  of  the  situation  which  has  been  accomplished,  or,  at 
least,  which  is  accessible.  Its  Comity  Committee  was  designated  to 
study  the  foreign  speaking  pnpuliitioii  of  the  city,  its  composition 
and  distribution ;  to  ascertain  the  cstaltlishcd  methods  of  religious  and 
social  work  carried  on  in  foreign  .speaking  communities,  and  to  propose 
a  program  which  slinuld  piiablo  flic  cliurches  more  adequately  to  meet 


1918]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  617 

the  situation  in  greater  Cleveland.  The  L-ommittee  appointed  several 
commissions  to  carry  out  these  objects,  and  they  made  careful  investi- 
gations accordingly  in  all  the  foreign  districts  of  the  city,  compiling 
invaluable  figures  and  also  platting  the  results  of  their  work  on  a 
large  map.  Such  statistics  and  plattings  constitute  an  absolutely 
unique  presentation  of  the  belts  and  patches  of  the  diverse  national- 
ities which  are  included  in  Cleveland's  limits,  with  a  statement  of 
the  churches  and  missions,  whether  Protestant  or  Catholic,  which 
are  ministering  to  these  foreign  groups.  Examination  and  report 
have  also  been  made  of  the  service  rendered  by  foreign  speaking 
enterprises  and  community  work  carried  on  by  Christian  associations, 
community  houses  and  social  settlements. 

Institutional  or  CoMMUNriY  Churches 

While  recognizing  the  need,  for  some  time  to  come,  of  church 
services  and  society  transactions  being  conducted  in  the  foreign 
languages,  best  understood  by  the  various  nationalities,  the  Federated 
Churches  hold  that  there  should  be  no  relaxation  in  the  determination 
to  educate  the  foreign  young  in  the  English  language  and  to  Ameri- 
canize both  young  and  adults.  For  this  purpose  the  members  of  that 
body  would  use  as  their  prime  agency  the  Institutional  Church.  This 
feature  of  the  situation  is  so  vital  that  an  extract  is  here  made  from 
a  "report  of  the  commission  appointed  to  propose  a  program  for 
work  among  the  foreign  speaking  people  of  Cleveland."      It  reads r 

The  second  form  of  church  service  upon  which  wp  lay  especial  em- 
phasis is  the  Institutional  Church.  We  believe  there  can  be  no  better 
investment  for  the  churches  of  Cleveland  than  to  maintain  large 
institutions  in  strategic  centers  with  a  view  to  carrj-ing  on  all  the 
ministrations  of  the  church  in  the  English  language  and  supplement- 
ing this  work  by  such  foreign  speaking  services  as  are  necessary  to 
reach  the  adult  population.  The  war  has  emphasized  with  appalling 
intensity  that  any  organization  which  tends  to  continue  the  foreign 
spirit  and  foreign  allegiance  is  detrimental  to  the  Kingdom  of  God 
in  America.  Patriotism  and  Christianity  must  not  be  separated. 
To  perpetuate  alien  ideals,  as  the  perpetuation  of  a  foreign  speech 
necessarily  tends  to  do.  is,  of  course,  not  to  be  approved  any  longer. 
We  must,  so  far  as  pwssible,  prevent  the  foreign  group  from  holding 
its  integrity  as  such,  and  we  must  seek  to  have  it  absorbed  as  rapidly 
as  possible  in  an  American  public. 

We  use  this  term,  the  Institutional  Church,  in  a  very  general 
sense.  By  it  we  do  not  mean  that  any  particular  existing  form  of 
church  organization  should  be  rigidly  followed.  We  have  in  mind 
an  enterprise  with  a  large,  attractive,  well-cf|uipped  building,  adapted 
for  any  ministry  which  the  particular  needs  of  the  neighborhood 
challenge  the  church  to  render,  wath  a  capable  staff  of  workers,  and 


618  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Avith  a  spirit  that  is  willing  not  only  to  hold  to  the  abiding  principles 
of  the  ministry  of  the  church,  but  is  perfectly  ready  to  adapt  methods 
to  any  conditions. 

The  fii-st  community  to  be  considered  is  the  district  liounded  by 
Kingsbury  i-un,  East  Fifty-fifth  Street  and  north  and  south  of 
Broadway.  In  this  large  tei-ritory  is  a  population  of  80,000  persons, 
eighty-five  per  cent  of  whom  are  Bohemians,  with  a  few  representa- 
tives from  other  Slavic  nations.  This  is  the  oldest  and  largest 
Bohemian  communitj'  in  the  city,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
the  Bohemian  language  is  being  perpetuated  through  five  private 
schools  and  four  Bohemian  newspapers.  The  Broadway  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  is  about  to  erect  a  large  institution  in  the  center  of 
this  Bohemian  community,  and  it  is  planned  to  invest  between  $200,- 
000  and  .$300,000  in  the  enterprise.  Three  units  are  projected: 
(1)  The  auditoriiun  for  worship  and  Siuiday  school  purposes;  (2)  a 
social  hall  to  minister  to  the  needs  of  the  young  people;  (3)  a  lodg- 
ing house  where  comfortable  rooms  may  be  secured  at  a  nominal 
rental.  When  these  three  units  are  erected  and  equipped,  Cleveland 
will  have  one  of  the  strongest  Americanizing,  Christianizing  and 
socializing  institutions  in  the  country. 

Altogether  this  district  embraces  six  Catholic  and  five  Protestant 
missions.  The  leading  Bohemian  Catholic  church  is  the  Mizpah  con- 
gregation. 

Another  foreign  section  is  that  bounded  by  East  Thirtieth  Street, 
East  Seventieth  Street,  Scovill  Avenue  and  the  Nickel  Plate  Railroad. 
About  70  per  cent  of  its  population  is  Jewish,  although  the  Italians 
and  negroes  are  pressing  the  Hebrews  eastward.  Woodland  Avenue 
Presbyterian  Church  is  the  natural  institutional  center  of  this  com- 
munity. Within  tliis  district  are  also  the  Willson  Avenue  Baptist 
Churcli  and  a  lunnbcr  of  Jewish  temples. 

'J'lie  third  pronounced  foreign  district  may  be  described  as  a 
parish  extending  from  .just  east  of  East  Fifty-fifth  Street  to  the 
boulevard  and  from  Superior  Avenue  to  the  lak(\  Fully  85  per  cent 
of  the  people  in  tliis  section  are  foreign,  including  19,000  Slovenians, 
6,000  Croatians,  10,000  Poles  and  a  number  of  Lithuanians  and 
Slovaks.  It  is  one  of  the  most  densely  jjopulated  portions  of  the  city. 
There  arc  half  a  dozen  Catholic  churches  established  in  the  district 
named,  the  North  Congregational  being  the  proposed  Protestant  com- 
munity center. 

There  are  50,000  Poles  in  Clcvclaiul  from  Union  Street  soutli  to 
the  city  limits,  and  within  that  district  are  eleven  Catholic  churches 


1918]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  619 

and  Baptist  and  Episcopalian  missions.  These  fignres  may  be  too 
high  on  aueoniit  of  tiie  recent  drains  of  lighting  man  power. 

In  the  district  bounded  by  East  Fifty-fourth  Street,  the  C. 
&  P.  Railroad,  Union  Avenue  and  the  city  limits,  are  .some 
25,000  Poles,  among  ulioni  very  little  Protestant  work  is  being  carried 
on.  In  fact,  the  mission  in  connection  with  Trinity  Baptist  Church, 
at  Broadway  and  Fullorton  Road  is  the  oidy  Protestant  center.  The 
Poles,  like  many  other  foreign  groups,  have  a  special  fondness  for 
their  own  language  and  customs.  Their  fraternal,  religious,  musical 
athletic  and  military  organizations  perpetuate  their  language,  litera- 
ture, traditions  and  ideals.  Therefore,  it  is  that  this  Polish  district 
is  considered  fine  soil  in  which  to  sow  the  seed  of  sturdy  American- 
ism and  faithfully  to  cultivate  the  growing  plants. 

Anotlier  extensive  manufacturing  district,  the  futin-e  of  which  is 
somewhat  uncertain,  extends  from  about  East  Sixtieth  Street  to 
Payne  Avenue  to  Ea.st  Fortieth  Street  to  Superior  Avenue  to  East 
Twentieth  Street  to  the  lake.  The  population  is  nearly  all  foreign 
and  is  composed  largely  of  Slovaks,  Croatians,  Slovenians  and  Rou- 
manians, with  the  first  named  predominating  and  numbering  nearly 
20,000.  AVithin  this  area  are  the  North  Presbyterian  Church,  which 
is  the  natural  Protestant  institution,  a  Lutheran  church  and  several 
Catholic  congregations.  The  Martin  Luther  National  Slovak  Church 
is  very  strong. 

The  Pdgrim  Congregational  (Imnli,  corner  of  West  Fourteenth 
Street  and  Starkweather  Avenue,  is  the  comnnuiity  center  of  much 
active  work  among  the  Slovaks,  Poles  and  Lithuanians  of  the  South 
Side. 

Fully  85  per  cent  of  the  district  bounded  by  East  Seventieth  and 
East  One  Hundred  and  Thirtieth  streets,  and  Quincy  Avenue  and 
Kinsman  Road  are  foreigners,  mostly  Hungarians,  Bohemians  and 
Slovaks.  Among  all  the  foreign  communities  the  Protestant  churches 
seem  to  be  strongest  in  this  district.  Three  Catholic  clHirches  are 
active  also.  The  Hungarian  Baptist,  the  Lutheran,  the  Presbyterian 
and  Congregational  churches  are  all  re])resented  in  the  Protestant 
work,  as  well  as  the  East  End  Community  House.  The  Calvary 
Evangelical  Church,  at  the  corner  of  Woodhill  Road  and  the  Shaker 
Boulevard,  is  the  community  center  of  the  Federated  Churches. 

Some  of  the  methods  .suggested  by  the  Federated  Churches  by 
which  this  transfonnation  may  be  best  accomplished  have  been  thus 
formulated : 

1.  That  in  every  foreign  speaking  church  in  the  city  an  oppor- 
tunity shall  be  given  in  the  Sunday  school  for  English  speaking 


620  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

classes  and  that,  as  soon  as  conditions  shape  themselves,  an  increasing 
number  of  English  classes  shall  be  added. 

2.  That  the  foreign  speaking  pastors  themselves  consider  it  a 
privilege  and  an  opportunity  to  become  naturalized  American  citi- 
zens; that  they  encourage  the  members  of  their  congregations  to  take 
out  naturalization  papers ;  and  that  they  deliver  addresses  from  time 
to  time  upon  the  requirements,  duties  and  privileges  of  American 
citizenship. 

3.  That  the  editors  of  the  foreign  speaking  newspapers  of  the 
city  and  the  editors  of  foreign  religious  papers,  be  requested  to  pub- 
lish from  time  to  time  biographical  sketches  of  American  statesmen 
and  a  history  of  the  development  of  democracy  in  this  country. 

4.  That  all  the  national  holidays  of  this  covuitry  be  fittingly  ob- 
served by  patriotic  meetings  in  the  churches ;  that  addresses  be  given 
by  the  pastors  or  by  some  visiting  speaker,  either  layman  or  clergy- 
man, upon  some  phase  of  American  life.  Among  the  holidays  pro- 
posed for  special  observance  ai'e :  Memorial  Day,  Fourth  of  July, 
Thanksgiving  Day,  Lincoln 's  birthday  and  Washington 's  birthday. 

5.  That  the  committee  prepare  a  list  of  topics  for  addresses  upon 
the  fundamental  principles  of  democracy  as  it  has  been  developed 
in  this  country,  and  secure  the  names  of  outstanding  laymen  in 
Cleveland  who,  upon  call,  will  respond  to  an  invitation  from  any  one 
of  the  foreign  speaking  churches  to  speak  upon  these  subjects. 

6.  That  community  conferences,  attended  by  the  pastors  of  both 
English  and  foreign  speaking  churches,  be  held  from  time  to  time  with 
a  view  to  talking  over  the  social  conditions  in  that  part  of  the  city, 
such  as:  housing,  amusements.  Sabbath  observance,  recreational  op- 
portunities, poverty,  labor  and  charity. 

Cleveland's  Foreign  Groups  in  Figures 

A  resume  of  the  census  taken  by  the  Federated  Church  as  to  the 
foreign  groups  in  Cleveland  is  suggestive  of  the  magnitude  of  the 
work  to  be  accomplislied  in  this  matter  of  Americanization  alone. 
The  figures  are : 

Bohemians    46,296 

Italians   23,000 

Hungarians    31,628 

Russian  Jews 30,000 

Croatians    6,000 

Slovenians    li),000 

Slovaks  18,977 


1918]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  621 

Poles    49,000 

Lithuanians    5,6-10 

Roumanians  2,456 


221,997 

The  Work  op  the  Federated  Cuuuciies 

Tlie  union  liuown  as  the  Federated  Churches  of  Gleveland  repre- 
sents full}'  95  per  cent  of  the  225  Protestant  churches  within  the 
limits  of  the  city,  and  since  it  was  organized  in  1911  has  been  the  most 
pronounced  general  force  in  the  work  of  unifying  Christian  activities 
in  the  Forest  City.  In  other  words,  since  its  creation  the  municipal 
territory  has  been  divided  with  a  view  to  systematic  extension  of 
social,  benevolent  and  religious  work;  the  organization  of  new  churches 
has  been  determined  by  a  fraternal  consideration  of  adaptability  and 
the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number;  friction  and  jealousies 
between  the  various  sects  have  been  reduced  to  a  minimum,  and  long 
steps  have  been  taken  toward  real  comity  and  union  of  the  Christian 
forces  thus  associated.  Early  in  the  work  of  the  Federated  Churches, 
their  Comity  Committee  came  to  believe  that  no  new  church  enter- 
prise should  be  established  either  in  new  resident  communities,  or 
in  foreign  speaking  districts,  without  first  consulting  its  members. 
The  principle  of  comity  thus  developed  into  what  became  known  as  the 
Cleveland  plan  to  guide  in  the  selection  of  sites  for  new  mission  en- 
terprises. The  plan  has  resulted  not  only  in  liarmonizing  what  other- 
wise might  have  become  disagreeable  differences,  but  in  safeguarding 
investments  in  church  properties  by  preventing  duplication  and  over- 
lapping. 

As  to  the  Cleveland  plan  of  evangelism,  a  significant  feature  of 
it  is  the  organizing  of  a  group  of  at  least  twelve  laymen  in  each 
church  to  engage  in  parish  visitation  in  the  community  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  pastor  on  one  or  two  evenings  a  month.  The  religious 
work  in  the  public  institutions  and  hospitals  of  the  city  has  been 
carried  on  by  the  ministers  of  the  Federated  Churches  under  the 
superintendency  of  the  Episcopal  City  Mission.  Several  national 
missionarj'  campaigns  have  been  conducted  in  Cleveland  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Religious  Work  Committee  of  the  Federated  Churches. 
In  1912,  the  Woman's  Council  was  organized  and,  in  1915,  the 
Woman's  Missionary  Union  of  Cleveland,  which  for  twenty  years  had 
held  regular  meetings  in  the  interest  of  home  and  foreign  missions,  was 
merged  into  the  Council.  The  year  1914  resulted  in  great  steps 
toward  harmony  and  unity  being  taken  by  the  Federated  Churches, 


622  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

since,  on  the  eightli  of  February  of  that  year,  occurred  the  first  annual 
inter-denominational  exchange  of  pastors  who  all  preached  on  "The 
World's  Challenge  to  a  United  Church,"  and  in  November,  1914,  the 
young  people's  religious  societies  of  Protestant  Cleveland  met  through 
their  delegates,  and  organized  the  Young  People's  Council  of  the 
Federated  Churches.  The  Educational  Committee  of  the  federation 
has  taken  up  the  work  of  Bible  study  in  the  public  schools ;  the  Civic 
Committee  has  consistently  urged  upon  citizens  their  dutj'  to  judge 
at  least  local  measures  from  a  nonpartisan  standpoint  and  has  rec- 
ommended specific  measures ;  and  the  Social  Betterment  Committee, 
in  cooperation  with  the  Civic  Committee,  was  one  of  the  strongest 
agencies  which  forced  the  closing  of  the  segregated  vice  district  of 
Cleveland  in  1915.  The  Social  Betterment  Committee  has  also  been 
closely  associated  with  such  institutions  as  the  Juvenile  Court,  Con- 
sumers League,  The  Cleveland  Welfare  Federation  and  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  and  has  accomplished  much  in  the  way  of  regulating 
dance  halls,  pool  rooms,  variety  theaters  and  motion  picture  shows,  so 
as  to  bring  them  into  the  class  of  healthful  recreations  and  amuse- 
ments. 

With  the  spread  of  the  World's  war  to  the  United  States,  the  War 
Relief  Committee  has  also  assumed  a  place  among  the  leading  activi- 
ties of  the  Federated  Churches.  It  has  systematized  and  promoted 
Red  Cross  work,  and  has  been  especially  active  in  furnishing  relief  to 
the  stricken  Armenians,  Syrians  and  other  far-eastern  sufferers. 

The  Church  Women's  War  Committee  of  thirty  members  was 
selected  from  all  the  leading  churches  in  greater  Cleveland,  and  was 
called  into  existence  to  unify  and  systematize  the  war  work  in  the 
churches.  It  represents  an  executive  committee  of  a  larger  group  of 
300  women  who  are  chairmen  of  patriotic  committees  in  the  individual 
churches.  Each  of  the  patriotic  committees  named  has  charge  of  the 
Red  Cross  work,  war  savings  stamps,  food  con.servation,  baby  saving 
and  child  welfare,  the  collection  of  books  and  magazines  for  the 
soldiers  and  sailors  in  cantonments  and  overseas  and  providing  hos- 
pitality and  entertainment  for  the  American  boys  stationed  in  Cleve- 
land whenever  desired  by  the  local  authorities.  The  Committee  of 
Thirty  recommend  to  the  patriotic  committees  from  time  to  time  cer- 
tain features  in  the  war  program  Ihat  are  deemed  specially  worthy  of 
emphasis  so  that  there  may  be  a  unity  of  interest  and  concentration 
of  effort  in  all  the  churches. 

Since  the  organization  of  the  Federated  Churches  in  1911,  the  fol- 
lowing have  served  a,s  presidents:  The  Very  Rev.  Frank  DuMcmlin, 
the  Rev.  Worth  M,  Tippy,  D.  D.,  Judge  P.  A.  Henry,  the  Rev.  Dan 


183()-1!)18]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  623 

F.  Bradley,  D.  D.,  the  Rev.  J.  II.  Bombei-fier,  the  Rev.  Alexander  Me- 
GaflSn,  D.  D.,  and  Frank  ^I.  Gregg.  Edward  R.  Wright  has  been 
executive  secretary  since  the  organization  of  the  federation. 

Growth  Shown  in  Figures 

The  growth  of  churcii  iiiflueiife  and  tiic  real  spread  of  Christianity 
are  not  truly  measured  by  the  increase  of  the  religious  bodies  of 
Cleveland.  Local  Christian  expansion  can  thus  be  gauged  only  super- 
ficially ;  and  yet  this  is  one  of  the  many  ways  to  convey  the  idea. 
"With  only  three  or  four  churches  in  Cleveland  in  1830  there  were  ten 
times  that  many  twenty  years  later.  The  thirty  churches  of  1850 
had  doubled  in  1870,  and  a  decade  later  the  total  had  reached  to 
more  than  160,  Protestaiit,  Catholic  and  Jewish.  By  1900,  there  were 
fully  300  churches  of  all  sects  and  this  number  is  now  close  to  the 
400  mark.  Of  these  the  Catholic  congregations  probably  comprise 
75  or  80,  and  the  most  numerous  of  the  Protestant  denominations 
are  thus  approximately  represented:  Methodist,  44;  Evangelical 
Lutheran,  36;  Presbyterian  and  Congregational,  30  each;  Protestant 
Episcopal,  27 ;  and  Hebrew,  25. 

Charitable  and  Benevolent  Institutions 

The  private  charities  of  Cleveland  have  always  been  active,  among 
their  earliest  organized  manifestations  being  the  Western  Seamen's 
Friend  Society  founded  in  1830.  Later  came  the  planting  of  orphan 
asylums  by  Catholic,  Protestant  and  Jew,  and  often  the  cooperative 
support  of  each  by  all.  The  Children's  Aid  Society  of  1858,  the  aid 
and  charitable  organizations  which  sprung  from  civil  war  activities, 
and  the  various  hospitals  of  Cleveland,  made  a  benevolent  list  in 
the  earlier  period  which  called  for  constant  care  in  the  systematizing 
of  charitable  work  aJid  the  conservation  of  good  labors.  In  fact,  that 
consummation,  so  devoutedly  to  be  wished,  by  earnest  men  and  women 
who  had  the  good  of  the  city  deep  in  their  hearts,  was  not  to  be 
accomplished  for  many  years.  The  Young  ilen's  Christian  Associa- 
tion was  to  be  revived  after  the  civil  war  and,  in  1869,  the  boarding 
house  for  young  women  on  Lake  Street  was  to  be  planted  as  the 
kernel  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association.  The  Jewish 
Orphan  Asylum  and  the  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  both  estab- 
lished in  1869,  and  both  Catholic  and  Jewish  homes  for  the  aged,  with 
other  charities  numeroiis  and  worthy,  sprung  from  fertile  Cleveland 
soil  and  flourished  in  spite  of  the  lack  of  coordinated  efforts. 


624  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Clevkland  Associated  Charities 

But  in  1881,  relief  appeared  in  the  form  of  the  organization  known 
as  the  Society  for  Organized  Charities.  In  1884,  it  was  consolidated 
with  the  Cleveland  Bethel  Union  under  the  title  of  the  Bethel  Asso- 
ciated Charities.  A  wayfarer's  lodging  house  and  wood  yard  were 
established  on  Spring  Street,  but  the  most  decided  advance  in  organ- 
izing the  city  charities  so  that  they  should  not  overlap  each  other, 
was  the  founding  of  a  system  of  registration  and  investigation  by 
which  the  cases  of  those  applying  for  relief  or  work  could  be  ex- 
peditiously investigated  and  the  measure  of  assistance  justly  deter- 
mined. In  May,  1900,  the  society  was  incorporated  as  the  Cleveland 
Associated  Charities,  and  purchased  the  Bethel  Union  Building  for 
its  headquarters.  In  all  of  this  foundation  work  of  the  Associated 
Charities,  as  well  as  in  its  later  development,  the  influence  of  the 
late  General  James  Barnett  was  strong  and  constant.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Benjamin  Rouse,  Amasa  Stone,  Mrs.  Flora  Stone  Mather 
(daughter  of  Amasa  Stone),  John  D.  Rockefeller,  William  H.  Doan, 
Lucius  P.  Mellen  and  others  may  also  be  classed  as  founders  of  the 
Associated  Charities.  Also,  as  a  body,  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  was 
largely  influential  in  formulating  a  plan  by  which  the  unworthy 
were  sifted  from  the  worthy  objects  of  charity  and  practical  regen- 
eration. Prom  the  work  of  United  Charities  have  also  grown  such 
organizations  of  widespread  usefulness  as  the  Visiting  Nurses'  Asso- 
ciation, the  Workingmen's  Loan  Association,  the  Babies'  Dispensary 
and  Hospital  Association  and  the  Anti-Tuberculosis  League. 

The  Children's  Presh  Air  Camp 

In  the  spring  of  1889,  "Father"  H.  M.  Addison,  the  quaint  pio- 
neer who  was  the  founder  of  the  Early  Settlers'  Association  and  rich 
in  good  works,  began  the  Children's  Fresh  Air  Camp  on  "Woodland 
Hills.  The  two  or  three  acres  that  it  occupied,  practically  rent  free, 
belonged  to  Henry  B.  Perkins  of  Warren ;  the  site  is  a  part  of  the 
Luna  Park  of  today.  Nominally,  he  had  a  board  of  directors  but  in 
practice  he  was  the  sole  manager,  soliciting  and  spending  money 
without  any  dictation  or  interference.  In  1895,  the  camp  was  in- 
corporated and  Elroy  M.  Avery  was  elected  president.  Gradually 
the  camp  grew  strong  in  public  confidence  and  sujijiort  and  on  the 
eighth  of  May,  1902,  it  received  a  gift  of  $100,000  from  J.  H.  Wade. 
A  tract  of  about  twenty  acres  was  bought  on  Buckeye  Road  and  a 
model  administration  and  hospital  building  w<ns  erected.  Later,  Mr. 
W^ade  gave  $15,000  for  a  laundry  building  and  equipment.     After 


1889-1918]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  625 

thirteen  years  of  service  as  president,  Mr.  Avery  declined  a  re-elec- 
tion and  Mr.  E.  M.  Williaius  was  chosen  as  his  successor.  Seven 
years  later,  Mr.  Avery  was  again  called  to  the  presidency  and  served 
three  years  when  he  again  "was  forced  b.y  his  literary  labors  to  re- 
sign. In  this  period,  Mr.  R.  R.  Rhodes  bequeathed  $50,000  to  the 
camp.  Among  tlie  other  benefactors  of  the  camp  are  General  James 
Barnett  and  John  D.  Rockefeller.  Doctor  Avery  is  now  honorary 
president  and  has  been  formally  designated  by  the  directors  as  "the 
builder,"  as  "Father"  Addison  was  "the  founder"  of  the  camp. 
At  the  present  time,  Dr.  Avery  is  the  only  person  who  has  been  a 
director  continuously  since  the  camp  was  begun  in  1889.  The  presi- 
dent now  (1918)  is  Mrs.  R.  L.  Ireland,  under  whose  able  admin- 
istration The  Children's  Fresh  Air  Camp  and  Hospital  (its  present 
corporate  name)  is  continuing,  with  gi-eatly  increased  resources,  the 
work  inaugurated  by  "Father"  Addison. 

Other  Institutions 

The  work  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Assoeiation  and  the 
Young  Women's  Christian  A.ssociation,  with  their  various  branches 
in  the  eitj-,  is  probably  as  well  known  as  that  of  any  of  the  religious 
organizations  connected  with  Protestant  extension  in  Cleveland.  For 
that  reason  more  detailed  histories  of  these  organizations  are  given 
elsewhere. 

The  Salvation  Army  and  the  Volunteers  of  America  also  do  a  good 
and  a  practical  work  in  the  way  of  relief  and  Christianization. 
The  Catholic  churches  have  numerous  auxiliary  societies  both  for 
the  spread  of  their  faith  and  the  relief  of  the  suffering  in  body  and 
estate.  If  any  of  these  worthj^  organizations  were  to  be  specially 
mentioned  as  representative  of  the  broadest  Christianity  and  patri- 
otism of  the  Catholic  church,  it  is  safe  to  saj'  that  no  exception  would 
be  taken  to  a  commendation  of  the  Knights  of  Columbus.  In  all  the 
sturdiest  movements  for  the  bulwarking  of  democracy  in  America 
as  against  autocracy  in  Central  Europe,  this  organization  has  been 
right  at  the  front.  A  noteworthy  feature  in  this  connection  is  the 
fact  that  in  the  war  work,  whatever  differences  of  policy  there  may 
be  between  such  organizations  as  the  Federated  Churches  and  the 
Knights  of  Columbus,  when  it  comes  to  questions  of  "winning  the 
war"  for  the  salvation  of  the  people  of  the  world,  they  have  been 
a  unit. 

The  Homes  for  the  Dead 

Modem  Christianity,  as  well  as  the  ancient  religions  of  the  world, 
is  characterized  by  its  tender  care  of  the  aged,  the  young  and  the  weak, 


626  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

and  by  the  preservation  of  sacred  and  beautiful  grounds  in  which 
to  lay  the  earthly  remains  of  those  whose  souls  have  passed.  Jew  and 
gentile,  Catholic  and  Protestant,  the  Hindu,  the  Confucian  and  the 
Mohammedan,  have  almost  univei-sally  considered  burial  places  as 
sacred.  It  is  a  strange  and  fearful  fact  to  remember  for  all  time 
that  the  most  awful  desecrations  of  the  tombs  of  the  dead  were  accom- 
plished by  a  nation  which  had  theretofore  been  considered  high 
minded  and  cultured. 

Turning  sadly  from  the  mined  burial  places  and  sacred  edifices 
of  stricken  Belgium  and  Fi-ance,  the  restful  and  beautiful  homes  of 
the  dead  in  Cleveland  are  all  the  more  to  be  thankful  for.  In  the 
earliest  days  of  the  local  community,  when  the  problem  of  how  best 
to  dispose  of  the  dead  came  up  for  solution,  the  churches  were  not 
strong  enough  to  assume  the  responsibility.  So  it  was  left  to  the 
village  authorities,  who,  in  1826,  secui-ed  a  tract  of  about  ten  acres  on 
Erie  (East  Ninth)  Street  for  burial  purposes.  The  cemetery  was  grad- 
ually platted,  improved  and  sold,  so  that  bj"  1860  the  entire  tract  had 
been  disposed  of.  In  1871,  the  City  or  Erie  Street  Cemeteiy,  as  it  was 
called,  was  surrounded  by  an  iron  fence  and  a  Gothic  gateway 
erected  as  the  main  euti-ance.  It  was  there  that  most  of  the  Cleve- 
land pioneers  were  bui'ied — ^IVIinerva  M.  White,  Lorenzo  Carter,  Abram 
Hickox,  James  Kingsbury,  A.  W.  Walworth,  Charles  R.  Giddings, 
Daniel  Kelley,  Setli  Doan,  Nathan  Perry,  Samuel  Dodge  and  others. 
Some  of  those  who  were  buried  before  the  City  Cemetery  was  estab- 
lished, such  as  Lorenzo  Carter,  were  moved  from  a  little  burial  ground 
at  Ontario  Street  and  Prospect  Avenue,  for  which  provision  had  been 
made  many  years  before.  As  other  cemeteries  were  established,  from 
time  to  time,  the  Erie  Street  burial  grounds  were  decimated  and 
finally  were  abandoned,  as  far  as  further  burials  are  concerned. 

Woodland  Cemetery  originated  in  the  need  of  another  burial 
place  farther  from  the  downtown  district  than  the  Erie  Street  cem- 
etery', the  necessity  for  it  being  ('nij)hasizod  liy  the  fatalities  accom- 
panying the  cholera  epidemic  of  1849.  In  1852,  tlie  city  purchased 
sixty  acres  of  the  Bomford  tract  on  Edwards  Road,  beyond  Willson 
Avenue.  The  former  thoroughfare  was  successively  named  Kinsman 
Street  and  Woodland  Avenue,  although  the  burial  ground  was  always 
known  a.s  Woodland  Cemetery  because  of  the  fine  grove  of  forest  trees 
on  it.  The  grounds  were  dedicated  in  June,  1853,  the  first  twenty 
acres  platted  having  as  a  proniincnt  laiuliiuirk  an  Indian  mound  sixty 
feet  in  diameter.  The  stone  gateway  at  the  main  enfrnnce  with 
chapel  and  waiting  room,  was  built  in  1870.  Otiier  impi-ovemcnts 
have  made  Woodland  a  beautiful  forest  home. 


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628  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Lake  View  Cemeterj^  comprises  200  acres  on  Euclid  ridge  bor- 
deriug  on  Euclid  avenue;  it  was  purchased  in  1869  by  the  associa- 
tion for  that  purpose.  Originally  the  land  cost  $148,000,  and  in- 
eluded  twenty  acres  of  natural  forest  and  a  living  stream  of  water. 
The  surface  of  the  grounds  was  rolling  in  places  and  culminated  in  a 
noble  rise,  upon  which  was  erected  the  stately  Garfield  mausoleum  and 
memorial.  It  is  of  gra}-  granite  and  rises  180  feet  above  the  natural 
elevation,  and  from  the  summit  of  the  tower  a  view  of  Lake  Erie,  the 
City  of  Cleveland  and  the  surrounding  country  may  be  enjoj-ed  of 
unsurpassed  beautj-  and  grandeur.  The  entire  cost  of  the  memorial 
was  $225,000.  The  remains  of  the  beloved  president  are  deposited  in  a 
vault  built  into  the  massive  foundation  of  the  memorial  structure,  and 
beside  his  catafalque  is  the  waiting. coffin  of  his  widow.  j\Iany  other 
distinguished  men  are  buried  at  Lake  View,  as,  bear  witness,  the  im- 
pressive Wade,  Hanna,  Burke  and  Hay  memorials. 

The  Riverside  Cemetery  which  overlooks  the  Cuyahoga  Valley, 
near  Scranton  Avenue  and  Columbus  Street,  contains  more  than  100 
acres  and  was  opened  with  centennial  services  in  November,  1876. 
Among  the  distinguished  guests  present  were  Governor  Rutherford 
B.  Hays  who,  with  others,  planted  various  trees  which  have  since 
matured  into  things  of  beauty  and  joy  to  the  living,  who  come  thither 
to  commune  with  the  souls  of  their  departed. 

Two  other  general  cemeteries  maj-  be  mentioned — Monroe,  at  the 
foot  of  Thirty-second  Street,  opened  in  November,  1841.  Harvard 
Grove  Cemeteiy,  at  Lansing  Avenue  and  East  Fifty-seventh  Street. 
The  latter  is  the  outcome  of  the  old  Axtell  Street  Cemetery  of  New- 
burg,  sometimes  called  the  Eighteenth  Ward  Cemeterj'.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  first  opened  as  early  as  1800,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
nortli  of  Broadway,  and  many  of  the  j)ioneer  families  of  Newburg 
were  buried  in  the  cemeteiy  during  the  succeeding  seventy  or  eighty 
years.  In  1880,  seven  years  after  the  village  had  been  absorbed  by 
Cleveland,  the  city  sold  the  land  comprising  the  Eighteenth  Ward 
Cemeterj'  to  the  Connoton  Railroad  Company.  In  the  following  year 
that  corporation  laid  out  the  IIai-\'ard  Grove  Cemetery  and  more  than 
3,000  bodies  were  transferred  from  the  old  resting  place  to  the  new. 

Among  the  Catholic  cemeteries  are  St.  Joseph's  on  Woodland 
Avenue,  beyond  East  Fifty-fifth,  founded  in  1849;  St.  John's,  near 
Holy  Trinity  and  St.  Edward's  churches,  opened  in  1858;  St.  Mary's, 
Burton  Street  and  Clark  Avenue,  platted  in  1861,  as  well  as  St.  Mary's 
Polish  Catholic;  and  Calvary,  on  Leland  Avenue,  established  in  1893. 

The  Hebrew  cemeteries  are  the  An.sbc  Chesed,  Pulton  Road,  corner 
of   Bailey;   Jewish,   Fulton  Road   and   Siam  Avenue;  Obed-Zedeck, 


1918]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  629 

Ridge  Avenue  in  South  Brooklyn,  and  United  Jewish,  Mayfield  Road 
east  of  tlie  city  limits. 

Besides  these  are  the  following:  Broadview,  Brooklyn  Heights, 
Denison  Avenue,  East  Cleveland,  German  Lutheran,  Highland,  Hun- 
garian, beautiful  and  spacious  Knollwood,  Mayfield,  and  West  Park. 

Social  Development  in  Cleveland' 
By  Ruth  Agiies  Edwards,  of  (he  Associated  Charities 

Because  of  her  eonceni  for  the  development  of  an  efficient  citizen- 
ship, Cleveland  has  eome  to  be  known  as  a  leader  in  social  movements 
— as  a  city  with  a  vision  of  democracy.  The  history  of  how  that 
leadership  came  to  be  will  never  and  can  never  be  written.  Countless 
persons,  through  the  gift  of  money,  their  time  and  themselves,  have 
helped  to  make  this  possible,  and  are  today  in  every  part  of  Cleve- 
land, as  professional  and  volunteer  workers,  sharing  in  many  forms 
of  collective  undertaking,  thus  striving  toward  a  goal  the  location  of 
which  is  becoming  visible  as  the  city  is  made  conscious,  as  never  be- 
fore, of  its  problems  and  possibilities. 

Co-operation,  the  basic  element  of  all  community  endeavor,  has 
reached  a  high  state  of  development  in  Cleveland,  the  most  striking 
evidence  of  which  was  perhaps  the  inauguration  in  Cleveland  in  1913 
of  a  federation  of  social  agencies,  whereby  greater  efiSciency  with 
wider  social  benefit  is  sought  to  meet  the  problems  of  human  welfare 
as  it  presents  itself  in  the  acute  form  incidental  to  the  modern  big 
city. 

The  Cleveland  Federation  for  Charity  and  Philanthropy  came 
into  being  as  the  result  of  the  adoption  by  the  Cleveland  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  the  recommendations  of  its  committee  on  Benevolent 
Associations,  which  for  years  had  been  making  an  intensive  study 
of  local  social  problems  and  the  way  of  meeting  them.  In  its  earliest 
period,  much  emphasis  had  to  be  placed  on  securing  funds  for  carrj'- 
ing  forward  the  work  of  the  agencies  united  in  the  Federation.  "For 
the  institution,  for  the  donor,  and  for  the  citizen  the  plan  is  pro-' 
posed,"  to  quote  Chairman  ]\Iartin  A.  Marks  of  the  committee.  "For 
the  institution,  it  should  mean  a  larger  life  because  of  larger  gifts, 
more  givers  and  broader  and  deeper  public  interest ;'  for  the  donor,  a 
broader  social  knowledge  and  larger  satisfaction ;  for  the  citizen,  a 
better  Cleveland  because  a  better  informed  and  a  more  unified  Cleve- 
land." 

The  years   of  effort   following  the  inception   of  the   Federation 
were  crowned  with  success — more  funds  became  available  to  advance 


630  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

social  work,  the  community  programme  became  more  unified  and 
more  practicable,  while  the  city  as  a  whole  came  to  sliare  more  in- 
tensively the  ideals  of  social  reconstruction.  In  1917,  the  Federation 
and  the  Welfare  Council  merged  into  the  Cleveland  Welfare  Feder- 
ation, coming  into  the  larger  function  as  the  active  clearing  house 
for  all  kinds  of  welfare  work,  public  and  private,  in  the  city.  Sixty- 
one  philanthropies  are  thus  aided  in  securing  funds  for  their  work 
while  the  entire  social  fabric  is  more  firmly  knit  together  and  made 
efficiently  to  serve  the  needs  of  a  great  city. 

In  the  city  every  evil  of  modern  society  presents  itself,  while 
every  material  and  spiritual  resource  is  there  available  also.  The 
organization  of  a  city's  resources  to  overcome  these  evils  has,  in  the 
past,  been  chiefly  the  task  of  private  philanthropy,  which  has  been 
the  pioneer  in  seeking  out  and  ministering  to  social  needs  and  then 
presenting  them  to  the  community  until  a  full  appreciation  of  their 
significance  should  bring  about  the  assumption  of  these  particular 
burdens  by  the  municipality  itself.  The  social  activity  of  the  gov- 
ernment has  thiis  been  ever  widening,  while  private  philanthropy 
has  been  freed  for  further  pioneering.  Such  focusing  of  a  com- 
munity's intelligence  and  humanitarianism  upon  community  pi'ob- 
lems  has  become  perhaps  the  most  dominant  note  in  modern  social 
effort. 

As  early  as  ISSl,  there  had  appeared  an  outward  expression  of 
Cleveland's  spirit  of  working  together  toward  a  common  end  in 
the  formation  of  the  Society  for  Organizing  Charity.  No  relief  was 
to  be  administered  by  this  society  which  was  to  be  an  investigating 
and  eo-ordinating  agent  for  all  relief  societies,  to  the  end  that  dui)li- 
cation  of  effort  might  be  prevented.  As  one  of  the  promoters  de- 
scribed it — "this  was  to  bear  the  same  relation  to  the  charitable 
societies  of  the  city  a.s  a  clearing  house  bears  to  the  banks."  As  an 
integral  part  of  co-operative  effort,  the  Associated  Charities  in  1905 
established  a  central  registration  bureau  for  all  social  agencies,  which 
later  became  the  Charities  Clearing  House,  where  sixty  organiza- 
tions record  names  and  salient  facts,  identifying  150,000  Cleveland 
families  and  assuring  a  maximum  of  accoin|ilishment  to  all  social 
effort. 

General  James  Barnett,  Cleveland's  "fii-st  citizen,"  was  a  leader 
in  social  progress  as  in  other  civic  lines.  He  was  the  chairman  of 
the  relief  committee  of  the  Bethel  Mission,  the  earliest  charitable 
society  in  Cleveland  and  an  outgrowth  of  the  Western  Seamen's 
Friend  Society.  In  1884,  the  Ciiarity  Organization  Society  and  the 
Bethel  Mission  united  in  the  Bethel  Associated  Cliarities,  which  car- 


General  James  Babnett 


632  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

ried  forward  the  aims  of  both  societies.  This  further  crystallized  in 
1900  into  the  Associated  Charities,  dedicated  to  family  rehabilitation 
and  the  conservation  of  normal  living.  All  through  this  period  of 
evolution  and  until  his  death  in  1908,  General  Barnett  was  president. 

In  so  brief  a  sketch  of  Cleveland 's  social  development,  no  adequate 
mention  can  be  made  of  even  the  leaders  therein.  The  trends  of 
social  progress  originated  from  certain  springs  of  thought  and  these 
only  can  be  named  here.  Under  the  leadership  of  Superintendent 
James  F.  Jackson,  the  efforts  of  the  Associated  Charities  of  Cleve- 
land for  the  development  of  normal  family  life  have  assumed  magni- 
tude and  achieved  results  such  as  were  undreamed  of  twenty-five 
years  ago.  Through  its  staff  of  more  than  sixty  highly  trained 
visitors,  working  from  eight  district  offices,  located  at  strategic  points 
throughout  the  city,  the  Associated  Charities  deals  annually  with 
thousands  of  families  in  distress,  aiding  each  individual  to  realize 
the  best  that  lies  in  him,  as  life  and  health  are  conserved,  as  child- 
hood is  safe-guarded,  and  character,  industry  and  initiative  are  de- 
veloped. Its  social  treatment  involves  the  securing  from  the  com- 
munity for  all  full  opportunities  for  health,  education,  mental 
hygiene,  home  economics,  work,  play  and  spiritual  influence,  accom- 
panying mass  reform  in  seeking  large  opportunities  for  all,  but  realiz- 
ing that  the  "essence  of  justice  lies  in  treating  as  unequal  things  which 
are  unequal."  Hence,  its  effort  is  to  secure  unusual  opportunities  for 
the  weakest  members  of  society  whose  need  is  for  something  larger, 
more  personal  than  an  "equal  opportunity." 

Under  George  A.  Bellamy,  Hiram  House  has  become  known 
nationally  for  its  work  for  neighborhood  betterment  through  the  de- 
velopment of  the  settlement.  Tlie  local  work  of  both  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
and  Y.  W.  C.  A.  has  been  noteworthy  of  late  years  especially  and 
has  not  been  exceeded  anywhere  in  the  United  States.  Both  organi- 
zations within  the  past  years  obtained  fine  buildings  and  excellent 
equipment  for  their  work.  Following  the  evangelistic  work  of  the 
earlier  years  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  there  has 
come  a  renaissance  in  scope  combining  with  the  spiritual  emphasis 
the  educational  and  the  recreational. 

"Father"  Addison,  who  founded  the  Cliildren's  Fresh  Air  Camp 
in  1889,  far  in  advance  of  his  time,  npijrcciated  the  vahu>  of  outing 
and  recreation  work  for  children,  as  a  forerunner  to  the  more  modern 
work  in  playgrounds,  vacation  camps,  and  community  recreation 
activities.  The  camp  was  incorporated  in  ]893,  and  as  it,s  work 
became  better  known,  secured  poj)ular  support  and  several  wealthy 


1918]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  633 

benefactors.    It  now  has  large  and  beautiful  grounds  and  constantly 
increasing  equipment  and  usefulness. 

A  notable  work  of  child  earing  and  child  protection  was  carried 
on  in  Cleveland  even  in  the  early  days.  The  Cleveland  Protestant 
Orphanage,  founded  in  1852,  was  a  pioneer  in  home  finding  lot 
orphans  and  friendless  children  and  in  following  up  the  children 
placed  in  homes.  It  inaugurated  a  progressive  move  that  later  was 
accepted  as  a  standard  in  America.  Through  the  recent  gift  of  a 
country  estate,  the  long  desired  cottage  plan  for  the  Home  may  be 
realized,  approximating  as  nearly  as  possible  the  normal  home  and 
providing  an  opportunity  for  studying  intensively  the  needs  of  all 
types  of  children. 

The  Cuyahoga  County  Juvenile  Court  was  one  of  the  early  ex- 
pressions of  the  realization  that  delinquent  children  .should  be  dealt 
with  by  the  state  not  for  punishment  but  for  the  purpose  of  cor- 
rection, training,  and  education.  Individualization  of  treatment 
made  possible  through  the  probation  system  has  from  the  first  been 
carried  on.  Accompanying  this  treatment  of  .iuvcnile  delinquency, 
there  have  come  the  suppression  of  causes  and  conditions  which  make 
for  delinquency  and  the  provision  of  adequate  facilities  which  make 
for  wholesome  juvenile  life  and  education. 

The  development  of  municipal  charities  and  correction  in  Cleve- 
land along  the  lines  of  institutional  care  has  been  noteworthy.  The 
Warrensville  Farms  of  2,000  acres,  including  the  Tuberculosis  Sana- 
torium, the  Infirmary,  and  the  House  of  Correction,  when  built  were 
among  the  most  advanced  of  any  similar  institutions  in  the  United 
States.  The  emphasis  on  "land  and  more  land"  and  the  results  al- 
ready achieved  have  given  nation-wide  publicity  to  the  Rev.  Harris  R. 
Cooley,  its  promoter,  and  to  Cleveland.  Outdoor  Relief  by  the  munic- 
ipality and  the  care  of  families  in  their  homes  has,  however,  never 
been  attempted  with  any  adequacy  but  has  been  left  largely  to 
private  philanthropy. 

Along  the  lines  of  disease  prevention  and  health  education,  the 
city  has  achieved  perhaps  its  greatest  work,  aided  however  by  private 
agencies.  The  City  Ho.spital  group,  with  its  faculties  for  general 
hospital  work  as  well  as  for  the  care  of  tuberculosis,  contagious,  and 
venereal  diseases,  has  a  progressive  program  which  will  be  carried  on 
more  adequately  as  the  new  buildings  are  completed. 

Of  the  eighteen  .special  or  general  hospitals  in  Cleveland,  two 
are  municipal,  and  the  remaining  sixteen  are  operated  "not  for 
profit."  Out-patient  hospital  social  service  is  carried  on  in  certain 
of  these  hospitals  meeting  the  necessity  for  follow-up  work  on  behalf 


634  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

of  the  patient  himself  and  for  its  educatioual  value  and  reaction  on 
the  entire  community.  The  City  Department  of  Health  and  other 
hospital  health  agencies,  aided  by  the  social  service  departments,  has 
carried  on  an  aggressive  campaign  toward  the  prevention  of  disease. 

A  large  plot  of  gi'ouud  adjacent  to  the  Western  Reserve  Univer- 
sity building  has  been  secured,  and  on  this  will  be  erected  a  new 
Lakeside  Hosijital,  a  Babies'  Hospital,  a  I\Iaternity  Hospital,  and  a 
new  Medical  School  Building.  The  number  of  hospital  beds  in 
Cleveland,  now  below  the  number  needed,  will  be  iuci'eased,  and 
bettor  facilities  for  teaching  and  study  will  be  available. 

The  Visiting  Nurses'  Association,  founded  in  1902,  in  its  earlier 
years  provided  bedside  nursing  service  to  those  otherwise  unable  to 
secure  skilled  assistance  in  time  of  illness,  but  it  later  took  on  a 
broader  activity  in  making  its  services  available  to  all  groups  of 
society.  As  an  outgi-owth  of  this  work,  the  assumption  by  the  city 
of  a  large  public  health  teaching  force  illustrates  the  evolution  of 
private  agencies  into  the  activities  of  the  Department  of  Public  Wel- 
fare, after  quality  of  service  had  been  attained  and  a  high  standard 
set.  The  knowledge  of  the  community  need  as  revealed  through 
various  social  and  medical  agencies  in  the  home  brought  about  the 
conception  by  the  city  of  the  public  responsibility  for  the  environ- 
ment of  all  its  citizens. 

The  great  and  varied  business  activities  of  Cleveland,  its  rapid 
growth  and  cosmopolitan  population,  with  its  efficient  fabric  of  social 
organizations  working  for  the  common  welfare  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  a  School  for  Applied  Social  Sciences  as  a  graduate  school  of 
Western  Reserve  University  to  train  workers  for  efficient  social  serv- 
ice in  municipal  administration,  family  welfare,  and  public  health 
work.  This  articulation  of  social  work  as  a  science  and  as  a  pro- 
fession, indicates  the  new  value  and  emphasis  put  upon  training  as 
essential  to  the  solution  of  our  various  social  problems,  numerous, 
varied  and  complex.  The  distinctive  feature  of  this  school  is  that 
it  insists  that  an  appreciable  portion  of  the  training  be  had  in  tield 
work  under  the  skilled  supervision  of  local  social  agencies. 

With  the  entrv^  of  the  United  States  into  llie  world  war,  there 
Iku  come  a  quickening  of  the  social  consciousness — a  more  searching 
analysis  of  our  national  life  as  an  expression  of  the  democracy  we 
are  seeking  1o  plant  throughout  11i(>  world.  ITow  may  we  best  retain 
and  develop  this  democracy  at  home  we  ask  and  in  answer  there 
comes  the  remoulding  toward  higher  ideals  of  all  our  industrial, 
social  and  religious  life.  And  so  Cleveland  pushes  on — a  city  organ- 
ized as  never  before  to  work  toward  tlie  solution  of  its  comi)lex 
problems. 


1844-54]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  635 

Tub  Cleveland  Young  Meosi's  Christian  Assocution 
By  Mrs.  G.  Leonard  Pels 

Prior  to  the  civil  war,  there  existed  a  Young  Men 's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation in  Cleveland,  lutlueuccd  b}'  the  woi'k  of  the  London  Associa- 
tion, foiuided  in  1844,  and  of  the  Boston  Association,  1851,  a  number 
of  Cleveland  men  started  a  young  men's  undenominational  prayer 
meeting  in  a  law  office  in  the  Kelly  Block  on  Sujjerior  Street.  No 
records  of  tliese  early  meetings  have  been  preserved  and  what  knowl- 
edge we  have  is  the  result  of  interviews  with  a  few  of  the  founders 
who  were  still  living  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  centuiy.  The 
participants  in  these  early  prayer  meetings  were:  Horace  Benton, 
Dan  P.  Eells,  Joseph  B.  Merriam,  Solon  L.  Severance,  E.  P.  Young, 
L.  F.  Jlollcn.  Loren  Prentiss,  S.  P.  Churchill,  L.  M.  H.  Battey,  E.  P. 
Cook,  and  Wm.  Gribben.  A  majority  of  these  men  were  then  clerks 
and  their  meetings  were  held  after  nine  o'clock  on  Wednesda.y  eve- 
nings. The  working  hours  for  clerks  in  those  days  were  from  the 
earliest  at  which  the  men  could  get  to  the  stores  until  late  in  the 
evening,  usually  until  nine  o'clock  and  often  until  midnight.  As  a 
result  there  was  little  time  for  reading  and  recreation. 

After  these  young  men's  meetings  were  fairly  well  established,  the 
town  was  divided  off  among  the  men  for  work  in  the  interest  of  the 
poor.  One  of  these  men  was  the  originator  of  what  was  then  known 
as  the  Ragged  School  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  children  living  in  the 
region  of  Champlain  and  South  Water  streets.  Supervision  over 
this  school  was  maintained  for  a  number  of  years. 

In  the  Evening  Herald  and  in  the  riain  Dealer  of  Tuesday,  the 
seventh  of  February,  1854,  we  find  recorded  a  meeting,  the  purpose  of 
which  wa.s  to  organize  a  Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  S.  H. 
Mather,  Loren  Prentiss,  L.  M.  H.  Battey,  E.  "W.  Roby  and  E.  F.  Young 
were  appointed  a  committee  to  draft  a  plan  of  operation  and  a  con- 
stitution and  by-laws.  In  the  Herald  of  the  twenty-eightb  of  Feb- 
ruary, of  the  same  year,  we  find  this  notice : 

Young  Men's  Christian  Assoclvtiox 

The  Association  will  meet  on  Tuesday  evening  at  7  o'clock  in  the 
lecture  room  of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  on  Seneca  Street,  for  the 
election  of  officers  and  other  business.  The  young  men,  and  others 
interested  in  Cleveland  and  Ohio  City  are  invited  to  attend. 

S.  13.  Shaw,  Secretary  Pro  Tern. 

The  records  of  the  secretaries  of  this  early  organization  are  lost, 
but  a  copy  of  the  first  constitution  is  preserved  among  old  pamphlets 


636  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

in  the  library  of  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society.  Sixty- 
names  are  included  in  the  list  of  officers  and  committeemen.  The 
first  president  was  Dr.  John  S.  Newberry,  although  we  find  that  due 
to  the  frequent  absence  of  Doctor  Newberry,  James  M.  Hoyt  acted  as 
president.  The  regular  committees  named  were :  Librarj^  and  Rooms ; 
Lectures ;  Publication ;  and  Finance.  The  standing  committees  were : 
Relief  of  Sick :  Boarding  Houses ;  Employment ;  Semi-Annual  Social 
Gathei'ing:  and  the  Church  Committee. 

The  first  meetings  were  held  in  the  lecture  rooms  of  various 
churches.  How  soon  after  organization  the  association  rooms  were 
secured  is  not  definitely  known.  The  first  available  record  of  a  perma- 
nent location  is  contained  in  the  Herald  of  Monday  evening,  the  tenth 
of  July,  1854:  | 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association 

The  monthly  meeting  of  the  managers  will  be  held  at  the  rooms  of 
the  Association  in  Spangler  and  Northrup's  Block,  on  tomorrow, 
Tuesday,  evening,  at  7i/^  o'clock. 

The  block  mentioned  stood  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Superior 
and  Seneca  (West  Third)  streets.* 

In' an  issue  of  the  Young  Men's  Magazine  for  November,  1858,  is 
recorded : 

Our  Association  is  prospering  finely.  Last  week  we  got  into  our 
new  rooms,  which  are  fitted  up  in  the  most  tasteful  and  attractive 
manner.  They  are  very  accessible,  and  everything  is  so  inviting  that 
we  do  not  believe  the  young  men  will  stay  away. 

Those  rooms  comprised  the  second  floor  of  the  Strickland  Block,* 
the  sixth  store  froilt  west  from  the  Public  Square.  The  rental  was 
$250  per  year.  A  festival  was  given  in  the  Chapin  Block  on  the  corner 
of  Euclid  Avenue  and  the  Public  Square  to  defray  the  expense  of 
furnishing.  The  last  home  of  the  old  association  was  in  the  Perkins 
Block  on  the  west  side  of  the  Public  Square  where  the  American  Trust 
Building  now  stands.     This  was  in  1861. 

During  these  last  years  wc  find  that  there  was  some  dissatisfac- 
tion among  members  in  regard  to  the  amount  of  outside  work  being 
done  by  the  a.ssociation.  The  constitution  defined  the  object  of  the 
organization  to  be  "the  improvement  of  tlie  religious,  moral,  intellec- 
tual, and  social  conditions  of  the  young  men  by  means  appropriate 
and  in  unison  with  the  spirit  of  the  Gospel."  An  effort,  therefore,  was 
put  forth  to  induce  the  churches  to  take  over  the  responsibility  for 


*  See  pictures  on  pages  2.'J1  and  232. 


1861-79] 


RELIGIOUS,  ETC. 


637 


the  "Rago-cd  School"  and  the  riiioii  Missionary  Sunday  school.  The 
early  association  maintained  a  library  of  1,000  voliinies  and  supported 
a  course  of  lectures  each  year.  Among  the  lecturers  we  find  the  names 
of  Bishop  Potter,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  Bayard  Taylor,  Bishop  Mc- 
Ilvaine,  George  AV.  Curtis,  Cassius  M.  Clay,  and  Andrew  U.  White. 
There  are  records  to  show  that  the  men  of  the  as.soeiation  and  the 
women  of  the  Ladies'  Christian  Union  met  in  tliese  days  to  pack  liooks 
and  newspapers  I'or  the  soldiers. 

1867-1879 

After  the  close  of  the  civil  war,  the  population  of  Cleveland  in- 
creased with  great  rapidity.     Young  men  from  all  over  the  country 


Pkukins  Bh)ck 


were  locating  in  the  city.  Among  these  was  C.  E.  Bolton,  who  soon 
formed  a  circle  of  acquaintances  among  the  young  men  of  the  church 
with  which  he  was  connected.  These  men  became  interested  in  the 
work  of  the  Ydung  Men's  Christian  Association  of  other  cities.  With 
the  approval  of  the  ministers  of  the  cit.y,  they  formed  a  new  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  in  Cleveland.  Prominent  in  this  group 
were  C.  E.  Bolton,  J.  W.  Walton,  E.  B.  Holden,  J.  W.  Clarke,  J.  J. 
Wilson,  S.  P.  Fenn,  S.  H.  Stilson,  C.  J.  Dockstader,  and  E.  C.  Pope. 
In  May,  1867,  a  constitution  was  approved  and  later  rooms  were  se- 
cured in  a  brick  building  on  the  corner  of  Superior  and  Seneca  (West 


638  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Third)  streets.  The  first  meeting  was  held  iu  October  of  the  same 
year.  In  January,  1868,  a  man  was  employed  to  keep  one  room  open 
daih".  In  September,  constitutional  provision  was  made  for  an  ex- 
ecutive board,  consisting  of  officers  of  the  association  and  chainuen  of 
the  standing  committees,  they  to  have  the  general  management  and 
supervision.    Mr.  H.  J.  Herrick  was  the  first  president. 

During  1868  and  1869,  the  advisability  of  an  association  building 
was  discussed,  and,  in  1870,  the  frame  dwelling  of  J.  F.  Clarke  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Public  Square  east  of  Ontario  Street  was  secured 
for  that  purpose.  In  1871,  Mr.  Lang  Sheaff  became  the  first  general 
secretary.     The  underlying  spirit  that  promj^ted  the  activity  of  the 


Northwest  Corner  of  Sitekior  Avenue  and  Seneca  Street 

workers  in  this  period  of  the  association,  was  a  great  desire  to  uplift 
mankind.  This  missionary  spirit  prompted  the  members  to  broaden 
their  field  of  activity.  The  Missionary  Labor  Committee  had  as  objec- 
tive points  for  work:  "The  County  Jail,  "Wilson  Street  Hospital, 
Monumental  Park,  West  Side  Market,  etc." 

As  a  result  of  the  open  air  meetings,  the  Nalidnal  Railroad  Men's 
Christian  Association  movement  was  founded  in  Cleveland.  After 
attending  one  of  these  meetings,  Henry  W.  Stager,  a  Lake  Sliore  and 
Michigan  Southern  Railroad  train  dispatcher,  asked  that  the  associa- 
tion conduct  a  similar  i)rogram  in  the  Union  Depot.  These  informal 
meetings  thus  begun  in  1870,  were  continued  i'or  some  time  and  ex- 
tended to  other  railway  depots  and  shops.    Mr.  G.  W.  Cobb  became 


1870-89] 


RELIGIOUS,  ETC. 


6;{9 


the  first  railroad  secretary.  During  the  great  railroad  strike  of  a  few 
yeare  later,  it  is  claimed  that  only  the  influence  of  this  movemeut 
prevented  the  sacking  of  Euclid  Avenue  by  a  group  of  strikers.  In 
January,  1875,  the  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  shops  were 
moved  to  Collinwood.  Thereafter,  the  Sunday  aftei'uoon  meetings 
were  held  there  and,  in  consequence,  the  Railroad  Branch  in  due  time 
was  established  in  that  locality. 

The  spii-it  of  moi'al  uplift  was  further  carried  on  in  the  founding 
of  the  Newsboys'  and  Bootblacks'  Home,  in  the  rear  of  the  association 
headquarters.     Objection  by  the  city  authorities  to  the  use  of  the 


Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building,  1875 

Public  Square  for  missionary  meetings  led  to  tlie  opening  of  the  On- 
tario Street  Tabernacle.  Successful  action  against  the  indecent  shows 
that  were  menacing  the  morals  of  the  young  men  of  the  city  was  carried 
out  by  the  association. 


1879-1889 

This  period  differed  from  the  preceding  in  that  its  energies  were 
devoted  to  the  formation  rather  than  the  reformation  of  character. 
The  association  home  on  the  Public  Square  had  become  a  rendezvous 
for  indolent  and  dissipated  Jramps,  who  sought  the  building  not  as  a 
place  for  character  betterment,  but  simply  as  a  lounging  place.  The 
respectable  members  could  find  no  home  there.  In  order  to  get  away 
from  this  disagreeable  atmosphere.  President  J.  B.  Merriam  insisted 


640 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 


that  new  headquarters  should  be  sought.  The  residence  of  G.  A.  Stan- 
le.y,  on  Euclid  Avenue  a  little  above  Bond  (East  Sixth)  Street  was  con- 
sidered. The  property  was  not  purchased  because  it  was  thought  to 
be  "too  far  up  town."  Later  option  on  the  Windsor  and  Waverlj' 
blocks  on  the  corner  of  Euclid  Avenue  and  Sheriff  (East  Fourth) 
Street  was  secured.  The  purchase  was  reported  at  a  board  meeting 
in  October,  1880.     Through  the  personal  efforts  of  Mr.  Merriam,  the 


Building  on  J'jIci-ii>  A\i>m  k  .\mi  E.vst  Fourth  Street 


$25,000  necessary  in  addition  to  the  $20,000  received  from  the  sale  of 
the  old  building,  were  secured;  and  he  advanced  from  liis  own  pocket 
the  sum  necessary  to  have  the  remodeling  of  the  building  completed 
for  the  International  Convention  in  the^pring  of  1881. 

In  the  spring  of  1883,  the  "Young  Men's  Christian  Association  of 
Cleveland"  was  incorporated  for  "the  improvement  of  the  spiritual, 
moral,  mental,  social,  and  physical  condition  of  young  men  by  means 


1883-1900] 


RELIGIOUS,  ETC. 


641 


ill  harmony  with  the  spirit  of  the  Gospel."  Other  events  of  this 
period  wei-e  the  appointment  of  the  first  superintendent  of  gymna- 
sium; the  organization  of  educational  classes;  the  rental  of  two  rooms 
on  Euclid  Avenue  for  an  East  Cleveland  branch;  the  formation  of 
the  Alabama  Street  Railroad  branch ;  the  formal  organization  of  a 
junior  department  in  1887;  the  beginning  of  Our  Young  Men,  the 
association  paper ;  and  tlie  organization  of  the  Broadway  branch. 

1889-1900 

At  the  close  of  the  last  period,  land  was  purchased  on  the  corner  of 
Prospect  and  Erie  (East  Ninth)  streets  as  the  site  of  a  new  building. 


^JJlW; , 


Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building,  1891 


The  corner  stone  of  this  structure  was  laid  in  1889  by  Gov.  J.  B. 
Foraker.  The  building  was  formallj^  opened  in  1891.  The  addresses 
were  given  by  Governor  Campbell,  S.  A.  Taggart  and  J.  R.  Mott. 
This  period  wa.s  marked  by  development  from  a  simple  organization 
into  specialized  organs  necessary  to  satisfy  the  needs  of  a  rapidly  in- 

Vol.     1—41 


o 

< 


m 


H 
OS 

w 
n 
o 


1892-1918]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  643 

creasing  and  diversified  membci-sliii).  In  1S92,  tlio  presidency  of  Mr. 
Scraiu)  P.  Fenn  began.  Jlr.  Fcnu  served  in  tliis  rapacity,  generously 
and  wisely,  for  the  next  twenty-five  years,  a  pci'iod  of  service  and  use- 
fulness unparalleled  in  association  history.  On  retirement,  he  did 
not  sever  his  connection  with  tlie  association,  but  became  the  honorary 
president.  TJie  recent  period  of  Cleveland  Association  history  may 
be  considered  as  dating  from  the  appointment  in  1893  of  Mr.  Glen  K. 
Shurtlcff,  as  general  secretary.  "A  broadness  of  policy,  a  lessening 
conservatism,  an  earnest  liberalism,  effort  for  an  attractive  presenta- 
tion of  religions  interests,  and  a  development  of  the  Association  for 
those  who  need  wliat  it  can  give,"  mark  this  period.  In  1899,  a  Re- 
ligious Work  Secretaryship  was  established  and  the  selection  of  the 
best  available  man  for  the  office  was  made.  Mr.  Augustus  Nash  began 
work  in  the  department  this  same  year.  In  this  same  year,  began  the 
support  of  a  general  secretary  for  the  woi-k  in  Siiangliai,  China.  Mr. 
Robert  E.  Lewis  held  the  office  at  that  time.  In  October,  1899,  Mr. 
Joseph  PI.  Peek  w-as  appointed  auditor  of  bookkeeping  for  all  depart- 
ments to  secure  a  uniform  system  of  accounts.  In  1900,  Robert  Wal- 
lace presented  the  building  that  made  possible  a  home  for  the  West 
Side  Boys'  Branch.  A  Broadway  Branch,  a  new  St.  Clair  Street 
building,  and  a  railroad  building  at  Ijindale  were  opened  at  this 
time.  Due  to  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Shurtleff,  greater  emphasis  was  placed 
upon  the  better  organization  of  the  junior  department  and  a  special 
secretary  was  appointed. 

1900-1918 

The  social  spirit  evei'ywhere  pervades  the  association,  in  every  de- 
partment, in  every  activity.  It  predominates  in  the  class  rooms,  read- 
ing rooms,  recreational  departments,  and  in  the  restaurants  of  all 
buildings.  All  sorts  of  clubs  and  classes,  religious,  educational,  recrea- 
tional, indoor  and  outdoor,  are  maintained  for  the  social  betterment 
of  men  and  boys.  It  has  always  been  the  policy  of  the  association  to 
connect  its  members,  especially  young  men  coming  as  strangers  to  the 
city,  with  some  church.  Every  department  enters  into  this  important 
work.  IVIaturc  business  men  have  been  enlisted  to  hold  personal  inter- 
views with  young  men  in  regard  to  their  life  problems.  In  1909,  Mr. 
Robert  E.  Lewis,  who  had  been  general  secretary  in  Shanghai,  China, 
for  ten  years,  became  general  secretary  of  the  Cleveland  Association. 
Under  his  influence,  the  expansive  policy  of  the  association  took  on 
new  growth  and.  as  a  result  of  its  increased  activities,  gained  a  greater 
hold  upon  the  community  than  it  had  ever  had  in  its  previous  history. 


64-4  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Among  the  many  lines  of  communitj-  and  social  service,  in  which  the 
officers  of  the  association  have  been  called  upon  to  play  an  important 
and  leading  part,  have  been  the  following: 

(1)  Sex  Hj-giene  Campaign. 

(2)  Dance  Hall  Ordinance  for  the  control  of  the  130  public  dance 

halls  of  the  city. 
{3)   The  executive  responsibility  for  organizing  the  movement  which 
has  culminated  in  tlie  Reserve  iMission. 

(4)  The  inauguration  of  two  successful  apprenticeship  and  higher 

accounting  schools. 

(5)  The  executive  promotion  of  the  Laymen's  Missionary   Move- 

ment. 

(6)  Leadership  in  the  unique  Boys'  Exposition. 

(7)  Factory  Men  and  Religion  Movement. 

(8)  English  for  Foreigners. 

(,9)   Co-operative  apprentice  schools. 
'(10)   Vocational  advice. 

The  years  1910-1912  might  be  styled  the  era  of  new  buildings. 
Early  in  1911,  ground  for  the  East  End  Boys'  building  on  East  One 
Hundred  and  Fifth  Street  near  Euclid  Avemie  was  broken.  The 
tuilding  was  dedicated  in  December  of  the  same  j'ear. 

The  new  West  Side  Boys'  building  on  the  corner  of  Franklin 
Avenue  and  West  Thirty-second  Street  was  begun  in  the  same  year 
and  completed  in  the  spring  of  1912. 

Ground  for  the  new  Central  building,  Prospect  Avenue  and  East 
'Twenty-second  Street,  was  broken  on  the  twentieth  of  April,  1911. 
The  building  was  dedicated  on  the  twenty-ninth  of  December,  1912. 

In  1911,  a  camp  of  forty-eight  acres  and  a  lake  at  Centerville  Mills 
were  purchased.  It  is  an  ideal  spot  for  a  boys'  camp,  well  away 
from  the  city. 

The  problem  of  housing  large  numbers  of  men  and  boys  in  the 
Central  and  the  West  Side  buildings  was  one  of  deep  concern,  but 
after  several  years  of  practice  and  experience,  the  result  is  reassuring. 
The  percentage  of  rooms  filled  has  reached  pi-actieally  100  per  cent. 
Preference  has  been  given  to  young  men,  particiilarly  to  those  just 
coming  to  the  cit}'.  The  apartments  are  conducted  upon  a  self-gov- 
erning basis. 

With  the  erection  of  the  West  Side  and  the  East  End  Boys'  build- 
i)igs,  and  the  establishment  of  boys'  departments  at  the  Central  and 
the  Broadway  buildings,  and  under  the  expert  leadership  of  Mr.  M. 
1).  Crackel,  the  junior  work  of  the  association  has  made  great  progress. 
Summer  camps  and  long  hikes  have  all'ordcd  opportunity  for  sharing 
life  with  the  boys.    The  secretaries  are  called  upon  to  serve  as  foster 


1891-1918] 


RELKMOUS,  ETC. 


645 


fathers  to  youths  who  luive  not  been  suitably  fathered  at  home. 
Xeiyhborhood  elubs  for  street  and  working  boys  have  been  organized. 
By  the  promotion  of 'the  "Father  and  Sous"  movement,  more  busj' 
fathers  luive  been  persuaded  t«  fake  greater  interest  in  the  problems 
of  the  boys. 

In  1891,  the  student  department  was  established,  "at  the  request 
of  the  nuHlieal  students  in  reference  to  a  more  intimate  connection 
with  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Work."  In  April,  1900, 
an  iiiter-eollegiate  department  was  organized  iiiul  a  <'Ounnittee  of  man- 
agement appointed;  in  lf)18,  it  was  IVdcrated  as  a  hram-h  of  the  City 


^^.^^                     ..    si    "     ..         ' 

i; 

] 

: ': :; ;; "  '1 ;; .  ^ « • '   1 

f "":...    . 

Iff: si    ^1     iii.  -^  !ii     ill^     ill!      ill!          'f  I'lV 

The  V.  :J.  C.  A.  Biilding,  1918 

Association.  In  the  following  year,  the  Railway  Young  lien's  Chris- 
tian Association  became  a  part  of  the  general  Association  of  Cleve- 
land. 


The  Gre.\t  War 

With  a  program  seemingly  full  to  overflowing,  the  question  arises, 
"What  is  the  work  of  the  Y.  il.  C.  A.  in  the  Great  War?"  The 
answer  is,  "Boundless  and  Limitless."     The  immediate  work  of  the 


o 


1918] 


RELIGIOUS,  ETC. 


647 


local  association  has  been  to  give  more  than  2,000  members  to  tlie 
nation's  army  and  still  to  keep  the  membership  up  to  the  usual 
number  of  eight  or  nine  thousand  ;  to  increase  the  scope  of  the  already' 
fully  occupied  educational  tlcpartmcut ;  to  include  subjects  valuable 
to  army,  navy,  and  signal  service  men ;  to  prove  the  ability  of  the 
well  organized  physical  department  in  caring  for  the  thousands  of 


Ambrose  Swasky 

soldiers  and  sailors  who  cagerlj-  seek  its  comforts;  and  to  tax  the 
commissary  department  of  the  association  to  provide  meals  for  the 
men  in  sei-vice.  A  soldier's  uniform  is  his  membership  ticket  and 
secures  all  privileges.  Aside  from  this,  club  rooms  have  been  estab- 
lished in  local  camps.  Every  train  carrying  recruits  out  of  Cleveland 
has  been  accompanied  by  Y.  M.  C.  A.  secretaries.  Business  men 
have  been  sent  to  Camp  Shennan  to  interview  soldiers,  ilore  than 
100  volunteer  workers  have  been  recruited  by  the  association  to  aid 
the  district  selective  ser\'ice  board.    Forty -four  men  have  gone  from 


648  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 

Cleveland  into  association  war  work  at  home  and  overseas.  Invalu- 
able aid  has  been  given  to  the  war  fund  campaign.  At  present,  the 
Central  building  is  being  used  as  a  recruiting  center  for  men  for  over- 
seas association  work. 

In  April,  1917,  Mr.  Ambrose  Swasey  was  chosen  as  president  of 
the  association,  and  Mr.  F.  S.  McGowan  as  treasurer. 


The  Last  Year's  Record 

I.  Membership: 

8,203  members,  March^,  1918. 
12,493  men  and  boj^s  have  held  membership  in  the  association  dur- 
ing the  year. 
282  clubs,  groups  and  teams. 

II.  Educational: 

1,651  students  enrolled. 

40  different  subjects  taught. 
75  instructors. 

III.  Employment: 

1,479  positions  secured. 

IV.  Restaurants: 

968  daily  average  number  of  meals  served. 
355,956  total  number  of  meals  served. 

V.  Apartments: 

418  daily  average  in  use. 
2,947  different  men  cared  for  in  year. 

VI.  Physical: 

46  different  gymnasium  classes. 
6,123  men  in  Central  Branch  using  department. 
6,092  class  sessions. 
238,5f)6  total  gymnasium  attendance. 

VII.  Religious: 

108  different  Bible  Classes  for  Central  men. 
1,519  boys  in  Bible  Classes. 
2,878  Bible  Class  sessions. 
68,818  Bible  Cla.ss  attendance. 
454  other  religions  meetings. 
39.148  attendance  at  other  meetings. 

11.")  business   and    pi-ofessional   men   interviewing  young  men 
about  personal  and  religious  problems. 
2,358  religious  interviews. 
516  referred  to  churches. 


1868-76]  RELIGIOUS,  ETC.  649 

VIII.  Miscellaneous: 

63  Father  and  Son's  banquets. 
115  lectures  and  popular  talks. 
104  receptions  and  social  affairs. 
7,054  attendance  at  paid  entertainments. 
944  used  association  camps. 
141  men  on  association  hikes. 
778  other  events. 

The  Young  Women's  Christian  Assocution 
By  Margaret  C.   iVeddell 

The  Young  "Women's  Christian  Association  of  Cleveland  was  the 
sixth  association  of  its  kind  to  be  organized  in  tlie  United  States  and 
today  stands  in  the  front  rank  among  the  261  eitj^  a.ssociations  of  the 
country.  The  organization  had  its  beginning  in  Cleveland  in  1868 
when  a  group  of  far-seeing  women  realized  the  growing  need  for  a 
co-operative,  democratic  organization  for  women  and  established  the 
Women's  Christian  Association  which  .subsequently  1)ccamo  tlio  Youjig 
Women's  Chi'istiau  Association. 

The  first  undertaking  of  the  new  organization  was  the  building 
and  furnishing  of  a  boarding  home  for  working'  girls  of  the  city. 
Fifty  years  ago  wlien  women  were  .just  beginning  to  take  a  place  in 
industry  and  while  the  community  was  not  yet  alive  to  the  peculiar 
need  created  by  this  move,  the  establishing  of  such  a  home  was  a 
progressive  and  ditlieult  step,  but  through  tlie  generosity  of  Mr.  Still- 
man  Witt  a  boarding  home  for  girls  was  opened  in  1869,  the  pred- 
ecessor of  the  present  Stillman  Witt  Home  at  Prospect  Avenue  and 
East  Eighteenth  Street,  which  accommodates  two  hundred  and  thirty- 
five  girls  at  a  time.  The  second  endeavor  of  the  Association  was 
no  less  important — the  founding  of  a  Retreat  for  unfortimate  girls 
which  was  opened  in  1873  and  has  given  shelter  and  a  friendly  hand 
to  thousands  of  girls.  In  1876,  by  the  gift  of  Mr.  Amasa  Stone,  a 
third  branch  was  added,  the  Home  for  Aged  Protestant  Women,  now 
the  Home  for  Aged  Women,  at  2206  East  Forty-sixth  Street ;  in  1887, 
the  Eliza  Jennings  Home,  named  for  its  donor,  was  dedicated  for  the 
comfort  of  invalid  women. 

These  four  homes,  ministering  to  needs  among  women  and  gii'ls 
who  had  not  been  provided  for  before,  were  established  in  the  first 
twenty  years  of  the  Association's  life  in  Cleveland.  ITnder  the  foster- 
ing of  the  Association  during  the  same  period.  The  Women's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union  of  Cleveland,  the  Day  Nurserj-  and  Kinder- 


650 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIII 


garten  Association,  and  the  Educational  and  Industrial  Union  were 
organized.  With  the  phenomenal  demand  for  women  in  the  business 
and  industrial  world  and  the  initiation  of  every  kind  of  activity 
for  the  city  girl,  the  work  of  this  exclusively  woman's  organization 


^^'^ 


■"^"^ 


Y.  \V.  C.  A.  Building,  1918 

expanded  rapidly  until  today  the  Association  has  three  Branches 
with  a  membci'ship  of  5,000  girls  and  women ;  incorporates  ten  depart- 
ments ;  administers  $176,000  a  year ;  and  touches  directly  an  average 
of  25,000  women  yearly. 

The  present  building  winch  opened  eleven  years  ago  as  a  board- 
ing home  and  class  center  now  includes,  besides  the  rooms  for  guests, 


1918] 


RELIGIOUS,  ETC. 


651 


a  gyiiiiui.siniii,  hydroiiatliic  department,  two  diniiij?  rooms,  private 
parlors,  club  rooms,  library,  and  olKices.  The  Annex,  added  in  1917, 
contains  the  offices  and  club  rooms  of  the  International  Institute,  a 
school  for  foreifin-born  and  foreign-speaking  women  of  Cleveland,  and 
the  studios  of  the  ilusic  Department.  The  building  has  lately  proved 
quite  inadequate  to  the  increasing  activities  and  funds  are  in  hand 
and  plans  made  for  an  enlargement  of  the  structure  at  the  close  of  the 
present  war.  Two  Branch  Association  buildings,  one  at  8321  Broad- 
way, and  one  at  3117  Franklin  Avenue  on  the  West  Side  accommodate 


Thk  Dixixg  Kdom 


the  girls  in  these  districts.  In  1913,  the  Association  purchased  the 
Mary  Eells  Vacation  Farm,  one  of  its  most  prized  possessions.  It 
is  an  80  acre  tract  of  land  on  the  Lake  front  at  Madison,  Ohio,  and 
is  equipped  with  bungalow,  recreation  hall,  dining  room,  shop  ,nnd 
sleeping  cottages  to  accommodate  125  girls. 

At  the  present  time  the  Association  offers  clubs  with  recreational 
and  educational  advantages  to  (1)  young  business  women;  (2)  in- 
dustrial girls;  (3)  high  school  and  grade  school  girls;  it  offers  to  all 
women  day  and  night  classes  under  expert  instructors,  in  commercial 


652 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIII 


courses,  eooking:,  dressmaking  and  millinery ;  it  provides  gymnasium 
traiuing,  outdoor  athletics,  folk  dancing  and  military  drilling;  it 
manages  a  hydropathic  department  with  Turkish  and  electric-light 
baths  at  moderate  rates  for  business  women ;  it  sustains  a  first  class 
school  of  music  with  instruction  in  piano,  voice  and  stringed  instru- 
ments: and  it  provides  instruction  in  English  to  foreign-speaking 
women  of  twelve  nationalities.  In  the  planning  of  these  activities, 
especial  thought  is  given  to  the  limited  time  of  the  girl  who  works 
eight  or  nine  hours  a  day,  six  days  in  the  week.  As  a  result  the 
Association  building  at  East  Eighteenth  Street  and  Prospect  Avenue 


Si'MMER  Camp 


is  most  alive  after  5  o'clock  at  night  when  gym  classes,  study  groups, 
millinen-  and  dressmaking  clubs,  cooking  classes,  and  club  meetings 
arc  in  full  swing. 

A  (lci)artiiK'nt  deserving  of  special  note,  because  it  is  rather  unique 
among  associations  and  is  a  valuable  factor  in  a  city  of  such  a  large 
foreign  popnlatidn  as  Clcvclaiid's,  is  the  Tntcrnalional  Institute  which 
exists  to  aid  foreign-l)orn  women  in  every  possible  way.  The  four 
secretaries,  speaking  twelve  languages,  visit  homes  in  the  foreign 
districts,  inviting  the  w-orkiug  girls  to  ICiiglish  night  classes,  the 
mothers  to  classes  in  cooking  and  nursing  and  care  of  tlic  liome,  direct- 
ing the  families  to  reliable  lawyers  in  ca.se  of  legal  diflicultics,  explain- 
ing American  customs,  and  giving  a.ssistance  wherever  it  is  wanted. 


1918J  KELIGIOUS,  ETC.  653 

This  dopartment,  sinec  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  lias  been  called  upon 
by  the  city  authorities  to  aid  in  interpreting  at  the  draft  boards  and 
in  canvassing  the  homes  in  the  search  for  available  rooms  for  war 
workers.  In  a  city  of  lai'ge  foreign  population,  the  value  of  an  in- 
stitute of  this  sort  is  patent. 

The  developing  of  a  sense  of  leadership  and  responsibility  in  high- 
school  age  girls  by  the  fomuition  of  self-governing  clubs;  the  pro- 
vision of  an  attractive  and  inexpensive  home  for  girls  working  in  the 
city;  the  supplying  of  wholesome  and  healtliful  recreation  and  fun 
to  girls  of  all  ages  and  circumstances;  the  offering  of  vocational,  educa- 
tional and  religious  training  to  any  who  seek  it — in  .short  the  filling 
of  every  need  that  is  felt  by  the  young  women  of  our  city  to-day,  is 
the  motive  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  As.soeiation  of  Cleveland. 
In  tlie  accomplishment  of  this  purpose,  great  credit  is  due  to  the  five 
women  who  have  led  the  Association  through  its  first  fifty  years: 
Miss  Sarah  Fitch,  Mi-s.  Dan  P.  Eells,  Mrs.  Levi  T.  Sehoficld,  Mrs. 
William  P.  Champncy  and  Mrs.  Francis  F.  Prentiss. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV 

MILITARY  AND  WAR  MATTERS 

By  H.  G.  Cutler 

It  would  almost  seem  as  if  Providence  since  this  universe  was 
created  has  been  keeping  America  in  reserve  to  lead  the  waj'  to 
international  justice,  democracy  and  eventual  brotherhood;  and  this 
small  section  of  it  called  Cleveland  may  fitlj-  be  advanced  to  illustrate 
the  text.  It  M'as  founded  by  hardy,  intelligent,  educated  men  and 
women,  who  sought  more  freedom  of  movement  and  more  elastic 
circumstances  than  they  had  in  their  old  homes,  just  as  the  first  New 
Englanders  sought  a  freer  life  and  broader  acres  across  the  ocean. 
As  a  protection  against  the  Red  Man,  the  yeomanry  of  Britain,  and 
even  its  gentlemen  and  gentlewomen,  learned  the  use  of  firearms, 
mastered  all  the  wiles  of  Avoodcraft,  and  soon  met  the  Indians  on  a 
fearless  eciuality.  So  a  nation  of  wonderful  marksmen  and  soldiers 
was  raised  up,  each  trained  to  rely  upon  his  personal  ingemiity  as 
well  as  his  hardihood  to  circumvent  any  foe  whom  he  should  meet 
who  threatened  his  life  or  the  security  of  his  home.  Then  there 
came  the  time  when  young  America  was  opposed  by  a  great  nation, 
powerful  on  sea  and  land.  But  the  British  of  those  days  were  not 
used  to  fighting  in  the  forests  of  New  England,  or  the  swamps  of  the 
South.  The  American  boys  were,  and  they  asked  nothing  better 
than  to  have  before  their  trusty  rifles  the  massed  redcoats  of  Great 
Britain.  This  advantage,  with  the  invaluable  assistance  brought  by 
France,  preserved  America  so  that  in  the  thirty  years  to  come  the 
■  nation  might  develop  into  a  ship-building  and  a  naval  power  able 
to  cope  with  Great  Britain  upon  Ihe  water. 

As  the  states  ever  stretched  westward  and  the  means  of  the 
government  increased,  forts  were  founded  upon  the  lake  frontiers 
both  to  oeeu])y  military  points  of  strategy,  in  case  of  war,  and  to 
protect  the  settlers  from  Indian  uprisings.  The  civilian  population 
thus  still  breathed  a  military  atmosphere,  which  was  intensified  in 
every  community  by  the  pi'osence  of  retired  Revolutionary  officers, 
who  .still  preached  preparedness  for  another  war  with  Great  Britain. 
Thus  for  two  buiidrcd  years  and  more,  or  niilil  the  completion  of  the 


1796-1812]  MILITARY  AFFAIRS  655 

last  war  with  Great  Britain,  the  Unilcil  States  was  virtually  a  nation 
in  arms. 

Captains  Lorenzo  Carter  and  Nathaniel  Doan 

It  was  during  the  later  years  of  that  period,  when  the  Cleveland 
reirion  was  a  section  of  the  lakes  frontier,  that  the  villages  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  commenced  to  get  into  military  training  for 
what  might  come.  In  ilay,  1804,  a  military  company  was  organized 
with  the  doughty  Lorcn/.o  Carter  captain,  and  in  the  following  year 
Nathaniel  Doan  was  elected  to  head  the  "Seventh  Company  of  the 
Second  Battalion  of  the  First  Regiment  of  the  Fourth  Division  of 
the  Ohio  Militia."  Elijah  Wadsworth  was  major-general  of  this 
division.  The  officers  of  the  companies  were  elected,  and  some  of  the 
campaigns  were  very  heated.*  When  Captain  Carter  was  elected  in 
1804  it  was  charge,d  that  he  was  ineligible  because  some  of  the  voters 
had  been  under  age,  others  were  not  residents  of  the  town  and, 
moreover,  he  had  given  spirituous  liquors  to  the  voters  previous  to 
the  eleetioti"  and  had  "frequently  threatened  to  set  the  savages 
against  the  inhabitants."  Nathaniel  Doan,  who  was  elected  lieu- 
tenant, was  chosen  captain  in  1805.  The  organization  appears  to 
have  remained  intact  until  the  war  of  1812  when  it  was  absorbed 
by  larger  movements. 

Cleveland  in  the  War  of  1812 

During  that  period  of  general  warfare  and  military  activity, 
Cleveland  was  an  important  military  station  for  the  lake  region  and 
was  a  rallying  point  for  northea.stern  Ohio.  General  Wadsworth 
was  still  in  command  of  the  district.  A  month  before  war  had  been 
declared  on  Great  Britain,  Capt.  Stanton  Sholes,  of  the  I'nitcd  States 
army,  had  marched  a  company  of  regulars  to  Cleveland  and  estab- 
lished Fort  Huntington,  at  the  foot  of  Seneca  Street.  Major  Jessup 
was  afterwards  placed  in  command  of  the  garrison.  There  wore  also 
several  local  companies  of  militia,  who  patroled  the  shore  and  the 
interior  on  the  alert  for  either  British  or  Indians.  In  June,  1812, 
a  part  of  the  British  fleet  appeared  off  the  harbor,  but  the  ships  were 
first  becalmed  and  then  dispersed  by  a  heavy  storm.  Then  in  the 
following  month.  Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison,  commander  of  the 
northwestern  army,  visited  Fort  Huntington  and  remained  for  three 


•  See  page  66. 


656  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIV 

days.  News  of  Hull's  surrender  reached  Cleveland  in  August  *  and 
General  Wadsworth  gathered  the  troops  of  his  division  at  Cleveland 
in  anticipation  of  a  British-Indian  attack.  The  local  militia  com- 
panies also  anxiouslj'  scouted  along  the  lake  shore  and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Doan's  Corners,  and  the  families  were  sent  further  in- 
land, although  Mi-s.  John  Wadsworth,  Jlrs.  George  "Wallace  and 
]\Irs.  Dr.  Long  remained  at  the  front  to  act  as  nurses,  should  their 
services  be  required.  Colonel  Lewis  Cass  had  also  arrived  from  Detroit, 
indignant  at  Hull's  surrender.  There  were  no  hostilities  at  Cleve- 
land, but  several  resident  soldiers  came  in  wounded  and  one  Cleve- 
land soldier,  named  James  S.  Hills,  was  killed  near  the  Huron  River 
in  the  battle  of  the  Peninsula.  In  the  following  year,  through  Com- 
modore Perry's  operations,  the  war  was  brought  to  the  very  doors 
of  Cleveland.  Two  of  his  boats  which  helped  win  the  battle  of  Lake 
Erie  were  built  on  the  Cuyahoga  River,  they  were  fitted  out  at 
Cleveland,  the  commodore  anchored  his  fleet  off  the  Cuyahoga  on 
his  way  to  Put-in-Bay ;  Clevelanders  heard  the  cannon  boom  which 
heralded  the  historic  victory  and,  after  all  was  over  and  the  enemy 
were  his,  with  General  Harrison  and  staff,  he  w-as  banqueted  in  what 
was  soon  to  become  the  little  village  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga. 
So,  two  centuries  and  five  years  after  the  founding  of  Jamestown, 
both  the  professional  soldiers  and  sailors  and  the  civilian  populace  • 
were  still  being  fed  and  electrified  by  warlike  deeds  of  American 
prowess. 

Mexican  W.\r  Organizations 

The  moi-e  tlian  twenty  years  of  peace  which  followed  covered  a 
l")criod  of  marvelous  western  exjiansion,  some  of  which  was  visionary 
and  nuich  of  which  was  substantial.  But,  although  dormant,  the 
American  military  instinct  was  vital  and  only  awaiting  a  spark  to 
coax  it  into  flame.  Even  before  the  Texas-Mexican  quarrels  solidi- 
fied into  a  national  war  issue,  Cleveland  village  was  organizing  her 
Light  Horse  Troops,  tlie  City  Guards,  Cleveland  Light  Artillery, 
and  the  Cleveland  Grays  and,  when  the  war  witli  IVIcxico  became  a 
certaint}^,  tliey  shot  up  like  muslirooms  or  asparagus — over  night. 
Of  the  special  war  ci-o))  the  Hibernian  (iuards  maintained  its  organ- 
ization the  lonijest.  and  of  all  the  local  military  bodies  cstablislied 
previous  to  the  Mexican  war  the  Cleveland  Grays  and  the  Cleveland 
Light  Artillery  were  tlie  most  stable  and  famous.  As  organizations 
tlipy  did  not  serve  in  the  Mexican  war,  although  sevei'al  of  its  mem- 
bers did,  but  not  a  few  leading  officers  of  the  civil  war  received 


'  See  page  91. 


1848-61J  JULITAKY  AFl-'AiliS  657 

their  training  in  them,  and  they  were  absorbed  as  a  whole,  by  otlier 
units  of  the  Union  army.  For  the  ilexioan  war,  Clevehuid  and 
Cincinnati  together  raised  Company  H,  Fifteenth  United  States 
Infantry.  It  participated  in  most  of  the  leading  engagements  on 
Mexican  soil,  suffered  a  nuiiihcr  of  deaths  and  was  mustered  out  of 
service  and  returned  to  Ohio  in  August,  1848. 

Cleveland  Grays  axd  Cleveland  Light  Artilleby 

Tlie  Cleveland  Grays  had  been  organized  in  1837,  with  Timothy 
Ingraham  as  their  first  captain,  and  in  all  parades,  and  banquets, 
and  public  occasions  of  whatever  nature,  they  were  in  the  front. 
They  were  presented  with  flags  and  other  numerous  evidences  of 
local  admiration,  and  finally  proved  their  true  metal  when  they  be- 
came the  first  Union  soldiers  to  leave  Cleveland.  But  they  changed 
their  uniforms,  which  had  become  so  familiar  and  so  much  admired, 
from  gray  to  blue  and  were  lost  as  an  independent  company  in  the 
Union  ranks.  Their  gun  squad,  which  was  formed  in  1839, 
developed  into  the  Cleveland  Light  Artillery.  Both  furnished 
their  own  uniform,s  as  long  as  they  were  independent  comi)anies, 
and  the  artillery  gladly  met  the  additional  expenses  of  hiring 
horses  and  equipment,  whenever  required.  The  membership  of 
both  was  drawn  from  the  best  families.  Captains  A.  S.  Sanford  and 
T.  S.  Paddock  are  recalled  a.s  popular  ante-civil-war  commanders 
of  the  Grays,  and  among  the  well  known  members  of  the  Cleveland 
Light  Artillery  were  James  Barnett,  E.  S.  Flint,  W.  H.  Hayward, 
Amos  Townsend,  C.  J.  Merriam  and  Edward  A.  Scovill.  In  1859, 
under  legislative  enactment,  the  four  Cleveland  companies  of 
artillery  and  those  formed  in  Brooklyn  and  Geneva  were  organized 
into  a  regiment,  under  the  following  oflficers :  James  Barnett,  colonel ; 
Stephen  B.  Sturgess,  lieutenant-colonel ;  Clark  S.  Gates,  major ;  Dr. 
C.  E.  Ames,  surgeon;  Amos  Townsend,  quartermaster. 

Of  these  two  noted  organizations,  the  Grays  were  the  first  to  leave 
for  the  front,  on  the  sixteenth  of  April,  1861,  but  the  Light  Artillery 
were  first  in  battle  and  in  its  ranks  was  killed  the  first  Cleveland 
man. 

FiBST  Ohio  Light  Artillery 

On  the  twenty-second  of  April,  1861,  Colonel  Barnett  with  his  six 
companies  of  artillery  reported  at  Columbus  and  went  into  the  service 
as  commander  of  the  First  Ohio  Light  Artillerj'.  Its  three-months' 
service  was  in  West  Virginia  and  at  the  engagement  of  Laurel  Hill, 

Vol.  I— 4S 


658  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIV 

on  the  seventh  of  July,  George  H.  Tillotson  was  killed,  the  first  soldier 
from  Cleveland  thus  to  offer  up  his  life.  It  was  at  Carrick's  Ford,  a 
week  later,  that  the  First  Ohio  Light  Artillery  made  the  captures 
of  men  and  materials  which  enabled  Colonel  Barnett  to  present  his 
home  city  with  the  Confederate  cannon  which  still  is  featured  on 
the  Public  Square.  After  the  regiment  was  reorganized  for  three 
years'  service,  its  former  colonel  became  General  Barnett,  chief  of 
artillerj^  on  the  staff  of  General  Rosecraus,  a  leading  figure  of  the 
civil  war.  David  L.  Wood,  sergeant  of  the  old  Graj-s  and  major  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cleveland  Light  Artillery,  was  quarter- 
master-general when  the  civil  war  broke  out.  As  he  requested  active 
service  he  was  soon  commissioned  captain  in  the  Eighteenth  regi- 
ment of  the  regular  armj",  was  wounded  at  Stone  River  and  died  at 
Cleveland  in  1881. 

In  the  three-years'  service  the  batteries  of  the  regiment,  with 
their  captains,  were  A,  Charles  W.  Scovill ;  B,  Norman  A.  Baldwin ; 
C,  James  Storer;  C,  Albert  Edwards;  E,  Albert  G.  Ransom;  G, 
Joseph  Bartlett ;  K,  Louis  Heekman ;  I,  John  A.  Bennett ;  L,  William 
Walforth,  and  M,  Martin  L.  Paddock.  Independent  batteries: 
Nineteenth  Ohio,  Captain  Joseph  C.  Shields;  Twentieth  Ohio,  Captain 
William  Backus.  Harrison  B.  York  was  also  captain  of  the  Ninth 
Battery,  Ohio  Light  Artillery,  and  James  Burdiek,  captain  of  the 
Fifteenth  Battery.  So  the  artillery  was  well  represented  by  men 
from  Cleveland  and  vicinity.  Its  service  was  principally  in  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee  and  Georgia. 

Company  D,  First  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  (Cl.evel.and  Grays) 

The  Cleveland  Grays  started  for  the  defense  of  Washington  via 
Columbus  on  the  sixteenth  of  April,  the  day  following  Lincoln's  call 
for  volunteers,  and  was  mustered  into  the  service  as  Company  D/ First 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry.  On  the  seventeenth  of  June,  it  repelled  a 
Confederate  attack  on  the  train  which  was  carrying  them  toward  Bull 
Run,  in  which  it  participated.  Soon  afterward,  the  Grays  re-enlisted 
for  three  years  and  l)ocaine  Company  E,  Thomas  S.  Paddock,  captain. 
Its  members  at  tin-  front  pai'ticipated  in  all  the  l>loody  engagements 
in  Tennessee  and  Georgia,  and  its  incuibers  at  home  raised  two 
companies  for  the  Eiglity-fonrtli  Ohio  Infantry  and  five  companies 
for  the  One  I  Inmli'i'd  ;iiid  I'MfticlIi  and  I'lirnislied  nearly  all  the  reg- 
imental offi('(>rs.  The  latter  regiment  was  i)ra('tically  a  Cleveland 
command.  The  Cleveland  Grays,  first  and  last,  furnished  to  the 
T'nion  armies  eightv  commissioned  officers. 


1861-65]  :\IILITARY  AFP^AIRS  659 

Other  Commands  in  Which  Cleveland  Men  Served 

In  the  Seventh  Ohio  Infantry  were  610  Cleveland  men,  with 
William  R.  Creighton  as  colonel.  The  Twenty-third,  with  which 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes  and  William  McKinley  were  identified,  drew 
341  of  its  soldiers  from  the  Forest  City.  Company  A,  Capt.  Eugene 
Clark,  wa-s  entirely  recruited  from  Cleveland.  The  Thirty-seventh, 
a  German  regiment,  of  which  Edward  Siber  was  colonel,  had  152 
Cleveland  men.  More  than  400  Clevelanders  went  into  the  Forty- 
first  and  its  oflficers  number  many  prominent  men  of  the  city. 
Captain  William  B.  Ilazeu  of  the  regvilar  army  was  made  its  colonel, 
and  he  afterwards  became  a  notable  figure,  being  one  of  the  stand- 
bys  of  the  rugged  Thomas,  the  Rock  of  Chiekamauga.  The  One  Hun- 
dred and  Third  Infantry,  Col.  Philip  C.  Hayes,  drew  461  Cleveland 
men,  and  made  one  of  the  brilliant  Union  charges  of  the  war  at 
Resaca.  Oliver  H.  Payne,  colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty- 
fourth,  had  567  Cleveland  men  under  him.  It  lost  heavily  at  Chiek- 
amauga, where  its  colonel  was  wounded  and  won  special  honors  at 
Missionary  Ridge  under  Phil  Sheridan.  The  One  Hundred  and 
Twenty-eighth  was  a  development  of  the  old  Hoffman  battalion  and 
their  main  duties  were  to  guard  the  Confederate  prisoners  in  the 
camp  at  John.son's  Island.  It  contained  about  300  men  from  Cleve- 
land. There  were  801  residents  of  the  Forest  City  who  joined  the 
One  Hundred  and  Fiftieth  Regiment  of  veterans,  organized  as  one 
hundred  day  men  to  guard  the  defenses  of  Washington.  They  were 
in  one  engagement  against  Early's  troops  in  July,  1864.  The  One 
Hundred  and  Seventy-seventh  Regiment  comprised  399  Clevelanders 
and  its  commander  was  Colonel  Arthur  T.  Wilcox. 

Cleveland  was  largely  represented  in  the  Second  Ohio  Cavalry, 
of  which  Charles  Doubleday  w-as  colonel.  It  is  a  branch  of  the 
service  which  is  supposed  to  be  in  rapid  motion,  liut  the  Second  had 
an  luuisual  record  for  both  fighting  and  traveling.  It  fought  under 
twenty-three  generals,  including  Custer,  Sheridan  and  Grant.  Tts 
horses  drank  from  twenty-five  great  American  rivers.  It  campaigned 
through  thirteen  states,  traveled  27,000  miles  and  fought  in  ninety- 
seven  battles.  The  local  representatives  in  the  Si.xth,  Tenth  and 
Twelfth  Ohio  Cavalry  were  small  in  number,  altliougb  Thomas  W. 
Sanderson  was  commander  of  the  Tenth  and  John  F.  Ilerrick  was  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  Twelfth.  Numerous  Cleveland  men  were  also 
officers  in  other  regiments.  The  following  were  colonels :  Charles 
Whittlesey,  of  the  Twentieth  Infantry ;  Oscar  W.  Sterl,  of  the  One 
Hundred  and  Fourth,  and  Robert  L.  Kimberly,  of  the  One  Hundred 


660  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIV 

and  Ninety-first.  The  lieuteuant-eolouels  from  Cleveland  were  as 
follows:  Frank  Lj-ncli  and  Z.  S.  Spaulding,  Twenty -seventh  In- 
fantry; Thomas  Clark,  Twenty -ninth ;  Wilbur  F.  Hinman,  Sixty- 
fifth;  John  J.  Wiseman,  Eighty-fourth;  George  L.  Hay  ward,  One 
Hundred  and  Twenty-ninth ;  Mervin  Clark,  One  Hundred  and 
Eighty-third;  LlewelljTi  R.  Davis,  One  Hundred  and  Eighty-seventh; 
Eben  S.  Coe,  One  Hundred  and  Ninetj^-sixth ;  Gershom  M.  Bar])er, 
One  Hundred  and  Ninety -seventh  Infantry,  and  George  G.  iliuor, 
Seventh  Ohio  Cavalr^^ 

The  leading  staff  officers  from  Cleveland  included:  Brigadier- 
general  S.  H.  Devereaux,  superintendent  of  military  railroads ;  Brevet- 
Brigadier-general  J.  J.  Elwell,  A.  Q.  M. ;  Brevet-Brigadier-general 
Anson  Stager,  A.  Q.  M.,  and  superintendent  military  telegraph ; 
Colonel  Calvin  Goddard,  A.  A.  G.,  and  Lieutenant-colonel  John  Dol- 
man, paymaster. 

Toll  of  Death  and  Maimed 

When  the  toll  of  civil  war  casualties  had  finally  been  condensed 
for  tliis  section  of  the  state,  it  vv^as  found  that  1.700  men  and  youth 
who  went  from  Cuyahoga  County  had  died,  either  outright  on  the 
battlefield,  of  wounds  there  suffered  or  in  Confederate  prisons,  while 
2,000  had  returned  crippled  and  disabled  for  life;  which  about 
equaled  the  ratio  of  casualties  to  the  total  number  of  Union  soldiers 
in  service,  1  to  3. 

Women  's  Relief  Work 

Tlie  woi'k  of  llie  Ladies'  Aid  Society,  wliich  Iiecame  a  branch  of 
the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  before  the  end  of  the  first 
year  of  the  war,  was  but  a  repetition  of  what  women  have  alwaj'S 
done  in  an  emergency.  The  Cleveland  society  was  one  of  the  first 
relief  organizations  to  get  into  working  order,  being  ready  for  what- 
ever might  be,  on  tlie  twentieth  of  April,  1861.  Among  other  note- 
worthy enterprises  which  its  members  established  and  maintained  were 
the  .soldier's'  home  and  the  military  hospital  near  the  Union  depot,  and 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  they  ajipropriated  .1<.''),000  toward  the 
erection  of  the  Ohio  State  Soldiers'  Home  at  Columbus. 

OinciXAi.iTV  OF  Civil,  War  Campaigns 

The  cami)aigns  of  tlie  civil  war  asloniided  tlie  military  leaders 
of  ]']ur()pe  by  the  l)rilliaiiicy,  dash  and  originality  with  which  they 


1861-65]  ]\11L1TAKV  AFFAIRS  661 

were  eoiuliieted  on  hotli  sides,  ami  for  years  afterward  they  studied 
the  literature  dealing  with  such  uiovements  with  care  and  ealhusi- 
asni.  A  great  military  nation  had  heen  born  from  the  efforts  of  men 
and  women  who  luid  known  only  jieaee  for  more  than  a  dozen  years. 
But  the  fighting  spirit  and  the  military  genius  were  in  the  l)lood  of 
the  ranks  and  did  not  require  years  of  training  to  make  them  avail- 
able. It  is  said  that  not  a  few  of  the  movements  in  Prussia's  wars 
against  Austria  anil  France  were  founded  ujxjn  i)liases  of  the  eivil 
war  campaigns. 

From  the  Civn.  "War  to  the  "War  with  Sp.vin 

But  the  fearful  deeinuition  of  man-power  in  the  "United  States 
caused  by  that  unhappy  war,  witli  the  after  work  of  political,  com- 
mercial and  industrial  reconstruction,  was  such  a  lesson  as  to  cause 
a  naturally  aggressive  spirit  to  recoil  from  the  repetition  of  such 
horrors.  For  many  years,  the  militarj'  spirit  was  almost  dormant, 
and  the  memories  of  the  war  were  revived  only  so  far  as  they  tended 
to  relieve  and  honor  those  who  had  fought  and  often  suffered.  G.  A. 
R.  posts  were  formed,  supplemented  by  the  "Women's  Relief  Corps. 
Loyal  Legions  were  organized,  and  the  Sons  of  "Veterans  came  into 
being.  Soldiers'  and  sailors'  monuments,  soldiers'  and  sailors'  homos 
and  hundreds  of  other  like  evidences  that  the  community  mourned 
its  brtfve  dead  were  on  every  hand.  That  the  eivil  war  had  given 
birth  to  the  armored  ship  and  the  submarine  and  that,  in  the  after 
years,  American  genius  and  science  were  taking  the  first  flights 
toward  the  mastery  of  the  air,  were  events  which  seemed  to  have  little 
bearing  on  military  prestige  or  the  wars  of  the  future.  The  Gatling 
giui  had  also  been  invented  late  enough  so  that  its  possibilities  were 
not  tested  in  our  eivil  war. 

The  Spanish-American  "War 

Over  thirty  years  of  peace  gave  the  countrv  an  opportunity  not 
only  to  heal  its  own  wounds  and  develop  its  internal  resources 
enormouslj',  but  to  become  so  indispensable  to  the  comfort  and  pros- 
perity of  other  countries  of  both  homis|iheres,  that  they  said  "Come 
join  us."  But  the  United  States  was  fearful  of  war;  not  fearful 
for  its  own  territorial  integrity,  but  it  recoiled  before  bloodshed, 
excepting  when  some  great  and  vital  principle  was  involved.  The 
nation  had  become  the  strong  brother  of  Soiith  American  republics 
and  their  protector  as  against  the  territorial   ambitions  of  strong 


662  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIV 

European  eoimtries.  Thus  when  a  weak  people  were  oppressed 
and  many  of  them  enslaved  at  her  very  doors  by  a  covetous  mon- 
archy overseas,  she  protested,  and  might  even  have  gone  to  war  with- 
out the  sinking  of  tlie  Maine. 

With  tlie  unparalleled  expansion  of  the  national  wealth  and 
resources  there  arose  an  uneasy  sentiment  that  our  small  standing 
aimy  and  navy  were  quite  inadequate  for  their  protection  in  case 
of  foreign  wars;  for  against  civil  war  we  had  long  since  closed  the 
door.  Ohio,  like  most  of  the  other  states  of  the  Union,  revived  her 
old  militia  laws  and  organized  a  state  national  guard,  comprising 
about  a  hundred  companies  of  infantry,  two  batteries  of  artillery, 
two  troops  of  cavalry,  a  corps  of  engineers  and  two  divisions  of  naval 
reserves.  The  regulars  and  the  national  guard,  which  were  sworn 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States  as  a  national  army,  were  what 
the  United  States  threw  against  Spain  on  the  land,  a  country  sup- 
posed to  be  a  military  nation.  We  felt  that  our  navy  was  prepared. 
This  is  no  place  to  review  the  Spanish-American  war;  but  Cleveland 
did  what  it  could  to  give  America  the  victory. 

About  1,000  volunteers  went  from  the  Forest  City.  The  principal 
officers  from  Cleveland  who  served  in  Cuba  were  General  George  A. 
Garretson,  Majors  Charles  F.  Cramer  and  Arthur  K.  A.  Liebich, 
Adjutant  Fred  B.  Dodge,  and  Captains  Joseph  C.  Beardsley,  Daniel 
H.  Pond,  Cliarles  X.  Zimerman,  Edwiu  G.  Lane,  Edward  A.  Noll 
and  Walter  S.  Bauder,  of  the  Fifth  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry ;  Captain 
John  C.  Fulton,  Company  D,  Ninth  Battalion,  0.  N.  G. ;  ^Major  Otto 
M.  Schade,  Quartermaster  H.  W.  Morganthaler,  and  Captains  John 
R.  McQuigg,  Edward  N.  Ogram,  Henry  Frazee,  Clifford  W.  Fuller 
and  Edward  D.  Shurmer,  Tentli  Ohio  Infantry;  Captain  George  T. 
McConnell,  Fii-st  Battalion,  Ohio  Light  Artillery;  Major  Webb  C. 
Hayes,  Adjiitants  Arthur  C.  Rogers  and  Paul  Howland,  Surgeon 
Frank  E.  Bunts  and  Cajitains  Russell  E.  Bnrdick,  Carlylp  L.  Burridge, 
Henry  W.  Corning  and  William  31.  Scolield,  First  Ohio  Volunteer 
Cavalry. 

The  late  Brigadier-general  George  A.  Garretson  was  a  native  of 
Ohio,  a  graduate  of  West  Point  (1867),  and  a  civil  war  veteran.  For 
several  years  after  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  he  served  as  a  lieutenant 
in  the  United  States  Artillery  and  was  a  captain  in  the  Oliio  National 
Guai'ds.  When  the  Sijanisli-American  war  oi)ened,  he  was  president 
of  the  Bank  of  Commerce,  Cleveland,  and  in  May,  1898,  was  commis- 
sioned brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  serving  thus  until  bis  honor- 
able discharge  in  November.     General  Garretson  died  in  1917. 

The  result  of  the  Spanish-American  war,  especially  our  acquisi- 


ISOS-lDll 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS 


663 


tion  of  the  Fhilippiues,  brought  the  Uuited  States  territorially  into 
the  international  comity.  Our  shipping  interests  revived,  our  navy 
expanded,  the  Panama  Canal  commenced  to  mean  more  to  us  than 
ever,  and  yet,  after  Europe  had  been  engulfed  in  blood  for  nearly 
three  years,  it  seems  almost  inconceivable  that  the  covetousness  and 
cold-bloodedness  of  a  great  .military  nation  across  the  Atlantic  could 
draw  the  United  States  into  the  vortex.  And  when  long-suffering 
threatened  to  become  national  humiliation,  if  not  suicide,  the  United 
States  acted  as  she  always  liad  when  resolved  upon  a  course. 

Military  Org.\nization  AViien  the  World  "War  Opened 

In  1917,  when  President  Wilson  declared  that  a  state  of  war 
existed  with  Germany,  Cleveland  liad  a  number  of  efficient  military 


Fifth  Ohio  Infantry  in  the  Stadium  at  El  Paso,  Texas 

organizations  whicli  had  been  largely  maintained  by  legislation 
supporting  and  developing  the  National  Guard  since  the  conclusion 
of  the  Spanish-American  war.  Two  armories  had  been  built  and 
faithfully  used.  The  Grays,  which  had  never  died,  had  their  head- 
quarters on  Bolivar  Road  southea.st,  and  the  Central  Armory,  a  fine 
building  at  East  Sixth  Street  and  Lakeside  Avenue,  northeast,  was 
the  grand  drilling  center  and  the  nucleus  of  local  military  activities 
in  general.  The  naval  militia  had  its  armory  on  Carnegie  Avenue 
southeast  and  Troop  A  Cavalry  on  East  Fifty-fifth  Street. 


Training  School  for  Civilians 

Even  before   the  war   clouds  broke,   Cleveland   had   commenced 
systematicalh-  to  prepare  for  the  coming  storm.    In  the  fall  of  1915 


66-i 


CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIV 


was  organized  the  Ohio  National  Guard  J\'Iilitary  Training  School 
for  Civilians,  which  was  conducted  by  officers  of  the  National  Guard. 
Over  700  responded  on  the  opening  night,  the  second  of  December. 
In  the  spring  of  1916,  it  was  stated  in  the  Plain  Dealer,  regarding  this 
first  civilian  military  school  organized  in  the  United  States,  and 
military  matters  in  general:  "Most  of  the  men  have  conscientiously 
remained  at  their  weekly  drills.  The  course  of  twenty-five  lectures 
and  drills  will  be  concluded  in  June,  and  the  men  will  be  taken  to 
camp  early  in  Juh*.  National  guard  officers  all  over  the  state  have 
donated  their  services  and  have  given  lectures  to  the  school.  Adjt.- 
Gen.  B.  W.  Hough  has  promised  state  aid,  and  Governor  F.  B.  Willis, 


CENTBiVL  Armory 


who  lias  inspected  the  class,  enthuses  over  the  project.  Out  of  this 
school  grew  several  similar  schools  in  many  parts  of  the  state,  all 
based  on  the  Cleveland  plan.  And  branches  in  Cleveland  were 
formed,  too,  consisting  of  classes  in  signal  corps  work,  hospital  corps, 
artillery  and  engineering.  Schools  have  taken  up  the  work,  and 
hundreds  of  boj's  are  getting  military  training. 

"Later  came  organization  of  the  Women's  Auxiliary  of  the  Oliio 
National  Guard  Military  Training  School.  Over  200  appeared  for 
the  first  night  of  this  school,  and  women  are  continuing  to  prepare 
to  do  their  part  if  war  should  come.  This  was  the  first  class  formed 
in  the  country. 

"Interest  in  military  afTairs  in  Cleveland  in  the  past  year  ex- 


1917-18]  .MILITARY  AFFAIRS  665 

ceedcd  records  since  the  Spanish  war  and  here,  in  time  of  peace, 
this  city  is  diligently  prejiariny;.  Congressional  consideration  of  a 
preparedness  program  leads  military  men  of  Cleveland  to  feel  Cleve- 
land will  have  still  more  militia  than  at  present." 

Reckless   Americanism 

With  the  coming  of  the  spring  of  IHIT.  and  the  taking  of  the 
momentous  national  step  which  inad(>  the  United  States  the  real 
leader  of  democracy,  repuhlicanism  and  everything  else  which  stands 
for  universal  faii'-play,  events  multiplied  in  Cleveland  with  such 
rapidity  that  they  could  not  then,  and  never  can  be,  recorded  in 
every  detail.  ]\Ien,  women  and  children  rushed  to  every  known 
center  of  organization  to  recruit  for  service.  No  one  imagined  when 
war  was  first  mentioned  as  a  certainty  that  there  would  be  any 
dangerous  number  of  slackers,  but  the  response  was  so  overpowering 
and,  in  some  cases,  so  devoid  of  a  reasonable  caution  in  the  protec- 
tion of  the  weak,  dependent  and  helpless,  that  the  selective  plans 
were  put  in  force  bj'  the  government.  The  situation  was  much  like 
that  of  the  fresh,  intrepid  fighting  Tanks  when  they  joined  their 
wearied  allies  overseas  to  go  "over  the  top"  with  them.  They  in- 
sisted on  leading  them  "over  the  top,"  in  recklessly  throwing  away 
their  lives  if  they  could  gain  a  foot  of  ground  or  inspire  in  any  way 
to  victory.  Unlike  the  Germans,  they  were  not  driven  into  battle 
before  the  revolvers  and  sabers  of  their  officers,  but  often  had  to  be 
driven  back  by  those  in  command  who  valued  their  properly  eon- 
served  strength  and  their  eager,  hard.y  young  lives  more  than  they 
did  themselves.  It  has  ever  been  so.  America  aroused  in  a  good 
cause  is  a  goddess  who  must  be  restrained  by  wise  keepers  in  order 
that  her  strength  may  be  put  forth  best  to  accomplish  the  ends  for 
which  she  wages  war.  ^fany  volunteered  before  the  selective  drafts 
were  organized  and  enforced.  Not  a  few  men,  repeatedly  rejected 
as  volunteers,  were  finally  selected  and  trained.  The  Regulars,  the 
National  Guard,  the  civilian  volunteers,  the  selected  men  were  soon 
merged  into  a  grand  national  army,  so  uniform  in  spirit  of  self- 
sacrifice  that  when  a  year  had  passed  all  distinction  as  to  military 
sources  of  supply  were  formally  blotted  out  by  the  government.  So 
that  now  all  are  proud  to  be  simply  known  as  soldiers  of  the  United 
States  army. 

Pex  Picture  op  Cleveland's  Military  Service 

Passing  over  the  details  bj'  which  Cleveland  has  accomplished 
such  marvels  of  war  work  in  the  raising  of  man-power  and  the  organ- 


666  CLEA'-ELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIV 

ization  and  application  of  every  material,  inspirational,  moral  and 
spiritual  resource  at  its  command,  the  writer  presents,  with  thanks, 
in  this  late  autumn  of  1918,  a  summary  of  several  vital  phases  of  the 
situation  as  prepared  for  hira  by  Harold  T.  Clark,  one  of  the  prom- 
inent Cleveland  workers  in  the  war  activities  at  home.  In  some  por- 
tions of  the  statement  his  language  is  used;  in  other  cases,  made  to 
fit  the  case;  but,  at  all  events,  the  facts  and  salient  features  of  his 
well-drawn  picture  are  retained. 

It  is  impossible  to  state  at  this  time  (autumn  of  1918)  the  exact 
number  of  men  who  have  entered  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the 
United  States.  The  Cleveland  War  Service  is  endeavoring  to  compile 
such  a  record  and  indeed,  to  have  preserved  in  one  place,  a  per- 
manent card  catalog  giving  the  most  important  facts  in  regard  to 
each  man  and  his  family.  Much  progress  has  been  made  but  there 
have  been  so  many  channels  through  which  men  and  women  from 
Cleveland  have  entered  the  service,  not  only  through  enlistments  at 
home  but  elsewhere,  that  the  problem  of  gathering  the  scattered  in- 
formation is  a  tremendous  one.  The  complexities  will  be  somewhat 
appreciated  when  it  is  known  that  men  and  women  from  Cleveland 
have  entered  and  are  constantly  entering  service  through  some  or  all 
of  the  following  channels : 

Twenty  draft  boards  in  various  parts  of  the  city. 

Ohio  National  Guard. 

Ohio  Naval  ililitia — the  Dorothea  Company. 

Reserve  Officers  Training  Camps. 

Regular  Army. 

Navy. 

Marine  Corps. 

United  States  Naval  Auxiliary  Reserve. 

United  States  Shipping  Board. 

Military  Training  Camps  Association. 

Lakeside  Unit  (hospital). 

Westei-n  Reserve  i\nil)ulance  Company. 

Red  Cross. 

Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Knights  of  Columbus. 

.Y.  M.  II.  A. 

Again,  the  various  recruiting  .stations  accept  mon  regardless  of 
their  place  of  residence,  so  that  it  is  necessary  to  pick  out  from  their 
records  men  coming  from  Cleveland. 

Taking  into  consideration  all  the  facts,  one  is  safe  in  saying  that 


1918]  MILITARY  AFFAIRS  667 

up  to  the  first  of  September,  1918,  Cleveland  sent  at  least  35,000  men 
and  women  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

If  one  wishes  to  consider  also  those  who  are  serving  in  the  ranks 
of  our  allies,  another  5,000  siiould  be  added  to  cover  those  who  have 
gone  through  the  following  channels:  British  and  Canadian  Re- 
cruiting mission,  Italian  reservists,  Polish  army  in  France,  Czecho- 
slovak army,  Jugo-Slavs  (Croats,  Serbs,  Slovenes),  and  Jewish 
legion. 

The  camps  to  which  the  largest  number  of  Cleveland  men  have 
been  sent  have  been :  Camp  Sheridan,  Montgomery,  Alabama,  for 
the  Ohio  National  Guard  men. 

Camp  Sherman,  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  for  the  selective  service  men. 

Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  for  the  Reserve 
Officers'  Training  Corps. 

Allentown,  Pennsylvania,  Western  Reserve  Ambulance  Company. 

Considerable  numbers  of  Cleveland  men  have  also  been  sent  to 
Camp  Upton.  Yaphank,  Long  Island;  Camp  Pike,  Little  Rock,  Ar- 
kansas; Camp  Nichols,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana;  Camp  Stuart,  New- 
port News,  Virginia;  Columbus  Barracks  (for  regular  army  re- 
cruits) ;  Paris  Island,  South  Carolina  (for  Marine  Corps  recruits)  ; 
and  Great  Lakes  Training  Station,  Chicago,  for  men  in  the  Navy 
and  United  States  Naval  Auxiliary  Reserve. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  Cleveland  men  have  been  sent  as 
individuals  or  in  groups  to  camps  and  training  stations  in  every 
part  of  the  country. 

The  most  typically-Cleveland  military  organizations  in  existence 
at  the  present  time  are  believed  to  be : 

(1)  The  One  Hundred  and  Forty-fifth  United  States  Infantry 
Regiment  of  the  Thirty-seventh  Division.  This  includes  several 
companies  drawn  chiefly  from  the  Fifth  Regiment  Ohio  National 
Guard. 

(2)  One  Hundred  and  Twelfth  U.  S.  Engineers  Regiment  of  the 
Thirty-seventh  Division.  This  includes  several  companies  drawn 
chiefly  from  the  First  Regiment  Ohio  National  Guard. 

(3)  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-fourth  U.  S.  Field  Artillery  of 
the  Thirt.y-seventh  Division.  This  includes  Battery  A  of  the  First 
Ohio  Artillery. 

(4)  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-fifth  U.  S.  Field  Artillery  of  the 
Thirty -seventh  Division.  This  includes  several  companies  from  the 
Second  Ohio  Field  Artillery. 

(5)  One  Hundred  and  Forty-eighth  U.  S.  Infantry,  Company 
F.    This  includes  part  of  the  Cleveland  Grays. 


668  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIV 

(6)  Three  Hundred  aud  Thirty-first  U.  S.  Infantry  of  the 
Eighty-third  Division;  includes  a  large  number  of  the  selective 
service  men  who  went  to  Camp  Sherman. 

(7)  Three  Hundred  and  Forty-eighth  U.  S.  Infantry  of  the 
Eighty-seventh  Division,   included  several  hundred   Cleveland  men. 

(8)  One  Hundred  and  Sixty -sixth  U.  S.  Infantry,  "The  Rain- 
bow Division,"  includes  fifteen  men  taken  from  each  company  of 
the  Fifth  Regiment,  0.  N.  G. 

(9)  Three  Hundred  and  Seventy-second  U.  S.  Infantry,  in- 
cludes many  colored  men  from  Cleveland. 

(10)  U.  S.  Base  Hospital  No.  4;  the  Lakeside  Unit. 

(11)  Western  Reserve  Ambulance  Company  No.  4. 

"Your  request,"  writes  Mr.  Clark,  "for  the  names,  present  ad- 
dresses and  rank  of  the  most  prominent  officers  who  were  residents 
of  Cleveland,  is  a  difficult  one  to  answer.  The  i^resent  addresses  are 
in  most  cases  unknown.  Take  for  example  the  large  number  of  men 
who  received  commissions  at  the  first  and  second  officers'  training 
camps ;  they  have  been  distributed  among  many  organizations  and 
ai-e  constantly  being  shifted.  Again,  I  hardly  know  who  should  be 
included  among  'the  most  prominent  officers,'  and  I  fear  that  no 
record  is  yet  available  which  would  make  it  possible  to  get  a  com- 
plete list  of  those  holding  even  the  highest  ranks.  The  problem  is 
an  extremely  complex  one  because  a  considerable  number  of  men 
have  been  given  commissions  in  order  to  secure  their  services  in 
some  branch  necessary  for  the  prosecution  of  the  war,  but  not  in  the 
strictly  fighting  line. 

"The  number  of  captains  and  even  majoi's  among  Cleveland  men 
is  large.  Many  of  these  men  attended  an  officers'  training  camp 
and,  being  men  of  education  and  standing,  are  apt  to  become  prom- 
inent before  tlie  war  is  over,  but  speaking  as  of  the  first  of  September, 
1918,  I  do  not  see  how  you  could  safely  pick  out  part  of  them.  Tak- 
ing the  higher  ranks  at  the  present  time  I  can  give  you  a  partial, 
but  not  a  complete  list: 

"Major-general  Clarence  R.  Edwards,  who  w«s  boi-n  in  Cleveland, 
and  is  a  brother  of  Harry  R.  Edwards  of  the  Wm.  Edwards  Company, 
and  of  Mrs.  Charles  A.  Otis,  is  undoubtedly  the  most  prominent 
Cleveland  officer  now  in  the  war.  He  was  in  connnand  of  tlie  Twenty- 
sixth  Division  of  New  England  troops  that  has  already  made  an 
excellent  record  in  France." 

As  General  Edwards  was  born  on  New  Year's  day  of  1860,  he 
is  a  few  inouths  older  than  General  Pershing.  He  has  gradually 
advanced  in  militarj'  rank  since  he  wa.s  graduated  from  the  "West  Point 


1918]  :\IILITARY  AFFAIRS  669 

Military  Academy  in  1883  until  he  became  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  United  States  Army  in  1906  and  a  major-general  in  May,  1917. 
General  Edwards  was  with  the  brave  General  Lawton  in  the  Philip- 
pines campaign,  and  when  the  World  war  broke  out  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  United  States  troops  in  the  Panama  Canal  Zone.  He 
was  one  of  Pei-shing's  bowers  in  the  wonderful  hand  now  held  against 
the  Huns  by  the  American  Expeditionary  Force.  Because  of  ill-health, 
he  was  recalled  for  service  in  America,  in  October,  1918. 

Brigadier-general  Charles  X.  Zimerman  is  serving  in  France  as 
commander  of  the  Seventy-third  Infantry  Brigade,  which  includes  the 
old  Fiftii  Regiment  of  Cleveland,  of  which  he  was  colonel. 

Colonel  John  R.  ilcQuigg,  a  former  Cleveland  lawyer,  obtained 
his  first  military  experience  in  Company  A,  of  the  Fifth,  and  the 
Cleveland  Grays.  He  was  identified  with  the  latter  for  seven  years, 
organized  the  engineer  battalion  for  service  in  the  Spanish-American 
war,  of  which  he  was  commissioned  major.  During  the  first  of  the 
war  he  was  a  captain  in  the  Tenth  Ohio  Infantry.  Three  years  be- 
fore he  became  identified  with  the  war  activities  of  the  present  he 
was  named  chief  engineer  officer  of  the  state  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. After  organizing  an  engineer  regiment  for  service 
abroad  he  was  commissioned  its  colonel,  his  command  being  desig- 
nated as  the  One  Hundred  and  Twelfth  U.  S.  Engineers.  In  July, 
1918,  after  several  moriths  of  training  at  Camp  Sheridan,  Illinois, 
the  engineers  under  Colonel  McQuigg  arrived  overseas  and  have  since 
given  a  fine  account  of  themselves. 

The  Cleveland  Grays,  Company  F,  One  Hundred  and  Forty- 
eighth  U.  S.  Infantry,  arrived  about  the  same  time.  The  regiment 
was  in  command  of  Colonel  George  Wood,  form<»r  adjutant-general  of 
the  state. 

Among  those  who  have  made  fine  records  in  the  artillery  service 
are  Lieutenant-colonel  Ba.seom  Little,  who  is  on  the  staff  of  Major- 
general  C.  C.  Williams,  chief  of  the  ordnance  department  of  the  Ameri- 
can army  "over  there." 

Among  the  Clevelanders  who  have  become  lieutenant-colonels 
may  be  mentioned  ]\I.  A.  Fanning,  Chester  C.  Bolton,  F.  B.  Richards 
and  L.  W.  Blyth. 

Captain  J.  F.  Devereaux  is  in  service  and  is  well  known  as  a  major 
of  artillery,  and  Lieutenant  Daniel  Willard,  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Second  Field  Artillery,  has  been  decorated  with  the  Croix  de  Guerre. 

Captain  H.  P.  Shupe,  formerly  the  commanding  officer  of  the 
Cleveland  Grays,  is  one  of  the  leading  military  veterans  of  Cleveland. 
For  several  vears  he  has  served  as  chairman  of  the  militarv  com- 


670  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS  [Chap.  XXXIV 

mittee  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  has  held  the  same  position 
under  the  mayor's  Advisory  War  Committee. 

Prominent  War  Ch'ilians 

Cleveland  has  furnished  many  prominent  officials  and  civilians 
who  are  specially  identified  with  war  work.  The  name  of  Newton  D. 
Baker,  secretary  of  war,  and  foi*merly  mayor  of  Cleveland,  will  at 
once  occur.  When  he  reaches  his  forty-seventh  birthday  in  Decem- 
ber of  the  year  1918,  he  will  have  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that 
what  the  American  army  has  done  on  the  western  front  is  one  answer 
to  those  who  doubted  his  abilities  at  an  earlier  period  of  this  stu- 
pendous game  of  war. 

Benedict  Crowell,  Secretary  Baker's  assistant,  is  a  native  of 
Cleveland  and  was  long  connected  with  the  iron  ore  business  before 
he  became  a  member  of  the  General  Miinitions  Board  of  the  govern- 
ment which  had  charge  of  the  work  of  steel  production  as  it  related 
to  the  World  war.  Upon  his  appointment  as  assistant  secretary  of 
war  in  November.  1917,  he  resigned  his  commission  of  commanding 
major  of  the  Engineer  Reserve  Corps,  in  charge  of  the  Washington 
office  of  the  Panama  Canal,  which  he  had  held  since  the  preceding 
August.  Major  Crowell  has  special  charge  of  industrial  matters 
coming  before  the  war  department,  and  is  designated  officially  as 
director  of  munitions. 

Dr.  Frank  E.  Spaulding,  who  had  been  superintendent  of  schools 
for  varioTis  cities,  both  East  and  West,  for  more  than  twenty  years 
before  he  assumed  a  like  position  in  Cleveland,  in  1917,  assumed 
in  August  of  that  year  one  of  the  most  important  duties  in  connec- 
tion with  the  educational  acfivitics  of  the  war  period.  He  was  ap- 
pointed head  of  the  commission  organized  by  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  which, 
in  cooperation  with  General  Pershing,  is  to  establish  war  zone  schools 
for  the  benefit  of  American  soldiers  at  the  front.  Doctor  Spaulding 
is  admirably  fitted  for  the  great  task. 

Big   Work   in   General 

What  Cleveland  and  Clevelanders  have  been  doing  at  home  to 
win  the  war  is  so  much  and  involves  so  many  details  that  it  is  im- 
possible completely  to  cover  tlie  subject.  It  is  estimnti'd  lliat  since 
1914  Ihc  diirerent  war  industries  have  turned  out  $750,000,000  worth 
of  munitions.  Tliou.sands  of  tons  of  iron  ore  and  coal  have  been 
transported  by  Cleveland  ships,  and  the  old  days  have  been  revivecl 
wlicn  the  city  was  one  of  the  gi'catest  shi])building  centers  in  the 
United  States.    Large  ship.s  are  being  l)uilt  in  Cleveland  to  carry  the 


1918]  JIILITARV  AFFAIRS  671 

tinislicd  product  of  its  irou  and  steel  industries  to  Berlin  by  way  of 
Lake  Erie  and  Welland  Caiuil,  and  freighters,  originally  built  for 
lake  service  and  too  long  to  pass  the  canal  locks  are  being  sawed 
in  two  and  put  together  on  the  Atlantic  I'oast.  At  this  writing  (.the 
fall  of  1918)  Cleveland  is  making  $300,000,000  worth  of  munitions 
of  war  from  shells  to  gas.  Behind  its  war  industries  are  175,000 
workmen,  wlio  ai-e  making  thousands  of  motor  trucks  and  tools  for 
munitions;  120,000  uniforms;  tractors  for  artillery,  range  and  i)0si- 
tion  finders,  submarine  chasers,  cannon  and  shell  forgings,  shrapnel 
cases  and  time  fuses,  chemicals  for  explosives  and  rifles,  airplanes, 
army  shoes  and  hats,  tents  and  farm  tractors,  bayonets  and  revolvers. 

Individual  Home  Workeks 

As  to  individual  workers  among  the  strong  and  patriotic  men  and 
women  of  Cleveland,  the  list  is  so  long  as  to  forbid  all  but.  mere  men- 
tion of  some  of  them,  and  even,  at  that,  many  worthy  names  will  be 
omitted.  Charles  A.  Otis,  the  banker,  has  been  a  leader  in  the  work 
of  increasing  the  production  of  local  factories  engaged  in  war  in- 
dustries. Muuson  Havens,  secretary  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  since  September,  1918,  county  fuel  administrator,  has  been  a 
home  pillar  in  war  and  peace.  Christian  Girl  has  done  much  to  aid 
in  the  development  of  the  Liberty  Motor  truck.  F.  H.  Goff,  member 
of  the  Capital  Lssucs  committee;  B.  W.  Housum,  of  the  Food  Admin- 
istration ;  ]\Ialeolm  L.  McBride,  in  the  movement  organizing  recre- 
ations at  army  camps;  Samuel  Seovil,  in  connection  with  the  local 
War  Industries  board;  George  A.  Schneider,  as  an  inspiring  speaker 
at  factories,  mines  and  shipyards;  J.  Robert  Grouse,  as  director  of 
the  first  great  W.  S.  S.  campaign,  which  ended  in  December,  1918; 
John  A.  Kling,  Robert  J.  Bulkley,  Wilford  C.  Saeger,  Parmely  W. 
Herrick  and  a  host  of  other  good  Cleveland  citizens  have  put  their 
shoulder  to  the  war  wheel,  which  never  had  so  many  spokes  in  it  as 
has  tha  one  of  1917-18. 

First  Army  Unit  to  Go  Abroad 

None  of  the  civilians,  and  certainly  none  of  the  professions,  have 
done  so  much  pioneer  war  work  as  that  accomplished  by  the  local 
physicians  and  surgeons.  In  fact,  to  Cleveland  belongs  the  proud 
distinction  of  sending  to  France  the  first  unit  of  the  United  States 
army  to  go  into  active  service  after  the  declaration  of  war.  In  a 
recent  statement.  Secretary  of  War  Baker  says:  "The  first  ship  bear- 
ing military  personnel  sailed  May  8,  1917,  having  on  board  Base 
Hospital  Unit  Number  Four."    Base  Hospital  No.  4  is  more  gener- 


672  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIV 

all}-  known  as  the  Lakeside  Base  Hospital  Unit.  It  was  organized 
in  accordance  with  a  plan  conceived  by  Dr.  George  W.  Crile  as  a 
result  of  his  experience  and  observations  in  the  war  zone  during 
three  months'  service  in  the  American  Ambulance  in  Paris  during 
the  fii-st  year  of  the  war.  Upon  his  return,  he  presented  the  unit 
plan  of  organization  to  the  surgeon-general,  with  certain  modifica- 
tions. The  plan  presented  by  Dr.  Crile  was  adopted  by  the  surgeon- 
general's  department,  and  all  over  the  country  base  hospitals  were 
organized  from  existing  civil  hospitals. 

Lakeside  Base  Hospital 

In  an  article  by  Colonel  Jefferson  R.  Kean,  in  the  Militari)  Surgeon 
of  May,  1916,  occurs  the  following  statement:  "Nowhere  do  I  re-' 
call  prior  to  the  appearance  of  Doctor  Crile 's  article  on  surgical 
units,  a  few  months  ago,  the  conception  of  an  organization  drawn 
from  an  existing  civil  hospital  M'hose  personnel  embraces  the  best 
medical  and  surgical  talent  in  the  country,  and  is  able  from  the  start 
to  work  together  by  reason  of  their  association  in  civil  life.  When 
we  add  to  this  conception  a  complete  standard  equipment  stored  and 
ready  for  shipment,  so  tliat  there  will  be  no  delay,  the  result  is  an 
organization  of  transcendent  value  such  as  no  army,  except  perhaps 
Germany's,  has  been  to  my  knowledge  blessed  with  at  the  beginning 
of  a  war — certainly  no  American  army." 

In  accordance  with  this  plan,  the  organization  of  the  Lakeside 
Base  Hospital  L^nit,  the  personnel  of  which  for  the  most  part  consisted 
of  doctors  and  nurses  connected  with  the  staff  of  Lakeside  Hospital, 
was  started  in  the  early  part  of  1916.  The  full  personnel  of  profes- 
sional, nursing  and  civilian  staff  was  complete  in  the  summer  of  that 
year.  Recognition  of  tlic  inception  of  this  idea  by  a  Cleveland  sur- 
geon was  given  by  the  surgeon-general  when  Base  Hospital  No.  4,. 
the  Lakeside  Unit,  was  a.sked  to  mobilize  on  Pairmount  Field,  Phila- 
delphia, in  connection  with  the  Clinical  Congress  of  the  Surgeons 
of  North  America  in  .session  there  in  October,  1916.  Surgeons, 
nurses  and  oi'derlies  were  ready  in  a  remarkably  short  time  after  the 
request  for  mobilization  was  received,  and  within  twenty-four  hours 
from  the  time  they  left  Cleveland  they  wore  on  duty  at  Pairmount 
Pield,  and.  had  there  been  patients  to  be  received,  could  have  cared 
for  them.  This  mobilization  was  viewed  by  regular  army  officials, 
surgeons  and  Red  Cross  officials.  Criticisms  and  suggestions  were 
asked  for,  and  crystallized  by  a  special  committee  aiipointed  for  that 
purpose,   in   order   that   the   base   hosjiital    idea   might  be   perfected 


1918] 


-MILITARY  AFFAIRS 


673 


in  the  sliortest  possible  time,  since  tlie  war  clouds  were  drawing  nearer 
and  it  became  increasingly  obvious  that  war  with  Cienuany  would 
not  be  long  delayed  and  that  hospitals  might  soon  be  called  for. 

On  the  twenty-eighth  of  April,  1917,  Dr.  Crilo,  the  profes.sional 
director  of  Base  Hospital  No.  4,  received  instructions  from  "Washing- 
ton ordering  the  immediate  mobilization  of  this  ba.sc  hospital  for  serv- 
ice abroad.  ]\Ia.inr  IT.  L.  Gilchrist  of  the  ^fodical  Corps,  United  States 
Army,  was  appointed  commanding  officer  of  the  unit,  and  came  at  onee 


Lakeside  Hcspital 
(War  Unit  No.  4) 


to  Cleveland  to  assume  charge  of  tlie  mobilization  of  the  lio.spital, 
and  it  is  a  matter  of  proud  record  that  on  the  sixth  of  April,  the  eighth 
day  from  the  receipt  of  the  mobilization  orders,  the  personnel  ready 
for  foreign  service  entrained  in  Cleveland  to  sail  from  New  York  two 
days  later. 

In  England,  this  Cleveland  unit  was  welcomed  by  high  officials 
of  the  English  army,  the  cordial  reception  culminating  in  a  reception 
to  the  officers   and  nurses   at   Buckingham   palace,   when   the  king 


674  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIV 

made  the  following  address:  "It  is  with  the  utmost  pleasure  aud 
satisfaction  tliat  the  queen  and  I  welcome  you  here  to-day.  We 
greet  you  as  the  first  detachment  of  the  American  army  which  has 
landed  on  our  shore  since  the  gi-eat  republic  resolved  to  join  in  the 
world-struggle  for  the  ideals  of  civilization.  "We  deeply  appreciate 
this  prompt  aud  generous  response  to  our  needs.  It  is  characteristic 
of  the  humanity  and  chivalry  which  have  ever  been  evinced  by  the 
American  nation  that  the  first  assistance  rendered  to  the  allies  is 
in  connection  with  the  profession  of  healing  and  the  work  of  mercy." 
This  base  hospital,  with  five  from  other  cities  which  followed  it 
at  short  intervals,  was  assigned  to  service  in  English  base  hospitals, 
thus  releasing  medical  officers  and  members  of  the  Koyal  Army 
Medical  Corps  for  much  needed  other  service.  The  record  of  service 
of  members  of  this  unit  up  to  the  present  time  has  been  cause  for 
great  pride. 

First    University  War  Unit 

Even  earlier  in  the  war,  Cleveland  offered  service  to  the  allies 
by  sending  from  Western  Reserve  University  a  unit  the  identification 
of  which  with  the  American  Ambulance  in  Paris  was  made  possible 
by  the  generosity  of  residents  who  were  trustees  of  Lakeside  hospital. 
This  was  the  first  university  unit  to  render  such  service  in  the  country 
and  was  followed  by  similar  organizations.  The  University  unit  idea 
also  originated  with  Dr.  Crile,  who  was  requested  by  Ambassador 
Herrick  to  serve  for  a  time  at  the  American  Ambulance.  He  then 
conceived  the  idea  of  tlie  University  unit  by  which  such  service  was 
greatly  extended.  Tluis  was  Dr.  George  W.  Crile  the  pioneer  of 
Cleveland  and  America  in  bringing  vital  assistance  from  the  United 
States  to  the  hard-pressed  allies  overseas,  going  thus  abroad,  as  tlie 
personification  of  tlie  national  spirit  of  huinanity  and  chivalry,  on 
his  mission  of  healing  and  mercy. 

Consolidation  op  War  Funds 

Wilh  the  progress  of  tlie  war,  after  the  United  States  became  a 
party  to  the  conflict,  one  war  fund  after  another  was  pressed  by 
various  organizations,  such  as  the  Red  Cross,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  Knights 
of  Columbus  and  the  Jewish  War  Relief.  All  presented  worthy 
objects  for  consideration,  but  as  there  was  no  cooperation  between 
tlie  associations  which  solicited  the  support  of  the  patriotic  public, 
the  lines  of  the  difTercnt  interests  necessarily  crossed  and  there  was 


1918]  MILITARY  AFFAIRS  675 

much  conflicting:  work.  The  organizers,  promoters  and  workers  con- 
nected with  the  numerous  funds  which  were  purely  charitable,  there- 
fore got  together  to  form  a  general  body  of  control  with  a  single 
head  and  siiu'c  that  time,  like  the  aifairs  of  the  allies,  the  activities 
connected  with  the  raising  of  the  local  war  funds  have  progressed 
with  system,  smoothness  and  increased  force.  To  borrow  an  ath- 
letic sporting  term,  "the  team-work"  has  been  wonderful. 

In  the  spring  of  1918,  sixteen  Cleveland  organizations  agreed  to 
combine  and  raise  a  grand  war  fund  which  should  be  apportioned 
according  to  a  prearranged  plan.  The  War  Council  of  Cleveland 
and  Cuyalioga  County  was  thus  formed,  and  the  $6,000,000  origin- 
ally proposed  to  be  raised,  to  cover  the  war  contributions  of  that 
section  for  the  last  seven  months  of  1918,  was  duly  apportioned  ac- 
cording to  the  following  anuouneeraent : 

"Red  Cross,  $2,500,000— Of  this  amount,  $625,000  will  be  spent 
in  Cleveland  to  supply  materials  to  workers  on  knitted  garments 
and  hospital  essentials;  and  lo  relieve  needy  families  of  soldiers  and 
sailors.  The  balance  will  be  spent  in  America  and  Europe  to  build 
and  maintain  hospitals,  to  carry  on  ambulance  service  and  to  aid 
distressed  families. 

"Army  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  $1,200,000— To  provide  facilities  for  soldiers 
and  sailors  in  camps  and  bases  and  trendies,  in  the  United  States 
and  overseas,  and  in  the  armies  of  our  Allies. 

"Knights  of  Columbus,  $300,000~To  carry  forward  activities 
similar  to  those  of  the  Army  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Open  to  soldiers  of  all 
religious  denominations. 

"Y.  W.  C.  A.  War  Work,  $150,000— Much  of  this  money  will  be 
spent  for  the  building  and  maintenance  of  'hostess  houses'  at  camps 
and  cantonments.  At  the  'hostess  houses'  accommodations  for  wuves 
and  mothers  of  soldiers  are  provided  and  places  are  afforded  where 
women  can  meet  tlieir  .soldier  sons  and  brothers. 

"War  Camp  Community  Service,  $150,000 — To  aid  the  Posdick 
commission  in  its  efforts  to  provide  clean  moral  conditions  in  towns 
and  cities  near  the  camps,  and  to  make  camp  surroundings  whole- 
some. 

"Jewish  War  Relief  and  Soldiers'  Welfare — Cleveland's  quota 
of  the  $10,000,000  National  Fund  to  relieve  Jews  in  devastated  war 
areas  of  Russia,  Poland,  Palestine  and  other  sections — $300,000. 
Welfare  work  for  American  soldiers  in  camps  and  cantonments,  $30,- 
000— total  $.330,000. 

"Armenian  Relief,   $100,000— The  city's  portion  of   a  national 


676  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIV 

contribution  to  bring  succor  to  hundreds  of  thousands  of  Armenians 
who,  according  to  former  President  Taft,  are  suffering  greater 
agonies  than  those  visited  upon  the  Belgians. 

"Serbian  Aid  Fund,  $15,000 — Cleveland's  quota  of  a  national 
fund,  much  of  which  will  be  used  to  provide  physicians  and  otiier 
professional  men  vitally  needed  in  Serbia. 

"Allied  Prisoners,  $10,000 — To  be  the  city's  contribution  to  a 
national  fund  which  the  American  commission  for  the  relief  of  such 
prisoners  who  are  interned  in  Switzerland  will  spend.  Many  such 
prisoners  are  lame  and  blind  and  must  be  fitted  for  vocations. 

Salvation  Army,  $25,000 — The  city's  share  of  the  nation's  dona- 
tion for  the  regular  Salvation  Army  work  among  soldiers  and  sailors. 

"Camp  Libraries,  $40,000 — To  provide  transportation  and  dis- 
tribution of  books  to  soldiers  and  sailors;  and  to  purchase  for  them 
technical  volumes  treating  of  modern  warfare  methods. 

"Camp  Sherman  Community  Building.  $30,000 — To  furnish  and 
maintain  a  camp  building  for  the  accommodation  of  civilian  visitors 
to  the  camp. 

"Mayor's  War  Advisory  Board,  $250,000 — To  be  expended  for 
various  local  war  relief  activities,  especially  those  of  an  emergency 
nature,  and  for  co-ordination  of  the  city's  war  work. 

"Thrift  Stamp  Educational  Campaign,  $100,000— To  carry  for- 
ward the  Thrift  Stamp  campaign  in  Cleveland  and  immediate  vi- 
cinity. 

"Cleveland  Welfare  Federation,  $150,000 — To  make  good  a  cor- 
responding deficit  created  In'  use  of  the  federation's  funds  for  wair 
relief  work,  and  to  enable  the  federation  to  carry  forward  its  custom- 
ary charitable  work. 

"Undesignated  War  Relief,  $650,000— From  this  sum,  to  ])e  held 
in  reserve,  worthy  and  approved  rociuirements  for  unela.ssified  relief 
funds  will  bo  met,  as  such  needs  develop  during  the  balance  of  the 
year. 

"The  budget  of  the  campaign  has  been  worked  out  by  a  very  able 
investigation  committee,  imder  the  leadership  of  M.  B.  Johnson, 
chairman,  and  Paul  Feiss,  vice-chairman.  The  amount  listed  for 
the  Cleveland  Welfare  Federation  does  not  take  the  place  of  their 
regular  sub.scriptions,  but  is  to  provide  for  the  deficit  in  local  char- 
ities due  to  war  conditions.  The  public  is  urged  to  continue  its 
regular  gifts  to  all  local  charities  and  philanthropies  and  churches. 

"It  is  too  early  to  talk  about  the  possibilit.v  of  oversubscribing 
the  Six  IMillion  Dollar  Viclorv  Fund,  but  if  bv  hard  work  and  united 


1918]  MILITARY  AFFAIRS  677 

co-operatiou  there  should  be  a  surplus,  it  will  be  held  in  Cleveland  by 
the  \Yar  Council  to  apply  upon  the  next  call." 

Samuel    Mather, 

Chairman. 
W.   H.    Prescott, 

Chairman  Campaign  Committee. 
Robert  E.  Lewis, 

Campaign  Secretary." 

The  campaign  licadqnarters  were  fixed  at  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce on  the  twentieth  of  May  and  the  special  "drive"  for  subscrip- 
tions continued  for  a  week.  The  Cleveland  war  fund  has  been  pop- 
ularly christened  a.s  the  Victory  Cliest  fund,  and  the  War  Council 
which  controls  it  and  has  raised  it,  is  officered  as  follows:  Samuel 
ilather,  chairman :  Charles  K.  Adams,  vice-chairman ;  ]\lyrou  T.  Her- 
riek,  treasurer;  John  H.  Dexter,  assistant  treasurer,  and  Henry  E. 
Sheffield,  secretary.  The  several  cliairmcn  of  the  leading  committees 
are :  C.  E.  Adams,  Executive  committee ;  Myron  T.  Herriek,  Budget 
committee;  M.  B.  Johnson,  Investigating  committee;  W.  H.  Prescott, 
Campaign  committee. 

The  all-imx)ortant  cooperation  of  the  churches  and  temples  with 
the  work  of  the  War  Council  was  arranged  by  the  Rev.  E.  R.  Wright, 
secretary  of  the  Federated  Churches;  Dr.  W.  A.  Sci;llen,  chan- 
cellor of  the  Catholic  diocese,  and  Rabhi  Abba  H.  Silver,  of  the 
Temple. 

The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  War  Work 

All  the  bodies  which  had  merged  their  interests  to  the  extent 
indicated  in  the  War  Council  of  Cleveland  and  Cuyahoga  County  • 
retained,  of  course,  their  separate  organizations  for  the  winning  of 
the  war.  The  following  concise  statement  prepared  by  Robert  E. 
Lewis,  general  secretary  of  the  Cleveland  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association,  is  complete  and  to  the  point: 

"The  Cleveland  Y.  M.  C.  A.  has,  up  to  September  1st,  1918, 
sent  over  2,000  of  its  members  into  the  armed  forces  of  the  United 
States. 

"The  Cleveland  association  is  headquarters  of  the  State  War 
Work  Treasury,  there  having  been  raised  in  the  state  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
campaign  of  November,  1917,  $4,268,91.5,  for  the  work  among  the 
American  armed  forces.  This  work  was  carried  on  with  the  com- 
plete approval  and  direct  connection  of  the  armj^  and  navy. 


678  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIKONS   [Chap.  XXXIV 

"The  Cleveland  Y.  M.  C.  A.  campaign  in  November,  1917,  raised 
$1,321,433,  $100,000  of  which  was  paid  over  to  the  War  Camp  Com- 
munity Recreation  Association  with  headquarters  at  Washington, 
and  $75,000  of  which  was  paid  over  to  the  national  treasury  of  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A. 

"The  Cleveland  association  is  headquarters  of  the  Ohio  Recruit- 
ing Committee  for  war  service  where,  during  the  past  year,  over 
2,000  Ohio  candidates  have  been  sifted  and  several  hundred  of  thera 
recommended  for  the  association's  war  service  iu  France,  Italy, 
England,  Russia  and  the  home  camps.  The  Central  Association 
building  is  headquarters  of  the  War  Mothers  of  America,  Cleveland 
Chapter.  The  West  Side  branch  is  the  draft  board  headquarters 
for  that  district  and  the  Broadway  branch  buildiug  is  the  head- 
quarters for  the  draft  board  of  the  south  end. 

"The  first  preparation  for  the  Victory  Chest  campaign  which  took 
place  in  IMay.  1918,  was  made  by  joint  action  of  the  Cleveland  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  trustees  and  the  Cleveland  Red  Cross  Council,  both  of  whom 
voted  to  co-operate  in  creating  the  Cleveland  War  Council  and  they 
merged  their  campaign  teams  and  campaign  organizations  into  one 
united  body.  .  .  .  The  balance  from  the  previous  Red  Cross 
campaign  and  the  War  Y.  M.  C.  A.  campaign  in  Cleveland,  about 
equally  divided  nnd  amounting  to  over  $600,000.  was  handed  over  to 
the   Cleveland  War  Council  to  be  disbursed  by  it. 

P.\cTs  About  tue  Victory  Chest  Campaign 

"The  result  of  the  Victory  Chest  campaign  of  May,  1918,  was  a 
total  of  $10, Gl 6,032.  A  i)lieiiomcnal  factor  iu  the  campaign  was  the 
.subscriptions  made  by  tlio  industrial  wage  earners  who  pledged 
$2,671,461  to  be  collected  out  of  their  pay  checks  and  turned  over 
b}^  their  various  employing  offices  on  eacli  pay  day  during  the  seven 
months  to  tlic  Cleveland  War  Council.  The  house-to-house  division 
collected  from  the  i-esidences  and  rural  districts  $280,668.  The  reg- 
ular team  organization  secured  from  the  persons  who  had  been  rated 
upon  the  'Grateful  Quota'  basis,  ,$7,024,902. 

"A  study  of  the  number  of  subscribers  gives  an  indication  of  the 
high  patriotism  of  Cleveland;  99,328  persons  who,  for  the  most 
part,  wonld  be  said  to  be  in  the  salaried  and  employed  class,  sub- 
scribed to  the  Victory  Chest;  30,586  other  persons  subscribed  through 
the  house-to-house  visitation.  No  cash  was  taken  at  the  residences ; 
only  signed  pledges  were  taken.  But  the  wage  earners  of  Cleveland 
capped  the  climnx.    Not  counting  cnsh  colloctions  on  the  streets  and 


1918J  .MllJTARY  AFFAIRS  679 

in  various  ways,  203.000  wage  earners  subscribed.  In  1,400  i'ac- 
tories  and  other  larsre  establishineuts,  every  single  employee  sub- 
scribed to  the  Victory  Chest.  No  factory  turned  in  its  pledges  un- 
less 100  i)er  pent  of  its  employees  particijiatcd  in  the  patriotic  giving. 
"In  the  Victory  Chest  campaign,  Cleveland  rose  to  a  high  posi- 
tion of  leadership.  The  campaign  had  a  great  spiritual  effect  in 
binding  our  people  of  all  cla.sses  and  occupations  and  race-stocks 
together  in  the  great  undertaking  of  winning  tlic  war." 

Speci.\l  Contributions  from  the  Foreign   Sections 

The  Poles  of  Cleveland  have  raised  over  $200,000  for  the  500  or 
600  men  whom  they  have  sent  to  France;  the  Czeeho-Slovaks  have 
raised  a  substantial  sum  to  supplement  the  allowances  paid  to  the 
wives  and  ciiildrcn  of  the  300  men  who  have  gone  from  Cleveland 
to  fight  for  liberty,  and  the  Croatians,  Serbs  and  Slovenes  have  done 
likewise  to  support  the  families  of  their  soldiers  (about  the  same 
number)  who  have  left  the  Forest  City  for  service  in  the  Balkan 
area. 

Investments  in   Government  Securities 

In  the  foregoing,  no  account  has  been  taken  of  the  enormous  sums 
raised  in  Cleveland  for  the  support  of  the  war  through  investments 
in  such  golden  securities  as  are  represented  by  the  Liberty  loans 
and  War  Savings  stamps.  The  contributions  to  the  other  funds 
mentioned  stand  for  pure  patriotism  and  benevolence,  for  sym- 
pathy and  heartaches,  unsoiled  by  the  dollar  mark.  It  is  impossible 
to  go  into  details  as  to  the  complex  organization  of  the  effective  local 
machinery  employed  in  the  four  Liberty  loan  campaigns  which  have 
so  stirred  Cleveland  and  its  tributary  territory.  The  general  results 
were  to  raise  from  these  sources,  for  the  conduct  of  the  war.  the 
following  amounts  :  First  loan,  $68,711,350 ;  .second  loan.  $101,724,100  ; 
third  loan,  $112,106,550.  The  third  loan  was  especially  notable  for 
the  number  of  its  subscribers  (252,000).  A  similar  statement  held 
true  throughout  the  United  States  and  was  an  overwhelming  indica- 
tion of  the  popular  confidence  in  the  stability  of  the  government  and 
its  current  administration.  Cleveland's  quota  for  the  fourth  loan  was 
$113,000,000.  The  campaign  for  funds  (September  28  to  October  19, 
1918)  was  very  vigorous  and  had  a  whirlwiiid  finish  that  put  the  city 
"over  the  top"  and  on  schedule  time,  with  a  total  of  about  $225,- 
000,000.  All  of  the  loans  were  similarly  over-subscribed  in  char- 
acteristic Cleveland  style. 


680  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIV 

Municipal  "War  Work 

The  nninicipal  work  in  eonnectiou  with  the  war  is  conducted  by 
the  Mayor's  Advisory  War  Committee,  of  which  Myron  T.  Herrick 
is  chairman  and  Harry  L.  Vail  executive  secretary.  It  occupies  ex- 
tensive quarters  in  the  city  liall  and  is  one  of  the  busiest  depart- 
ments of  the  municipal  government.  Its  history  and  its  accomplish- 
ments cannot  be  better  presented  than  through  Secretary  Vail's  re- 
port presented  at  the  committee's  general  meeting,  held  on  the  tif- 
teenth  of  July,  1918,  as  follows: 

"Three  days  after  war  was  declared,  Mayor  Harry  L.  Davis 
appointed  what  is  known  as  the  Mayor's  Advisory  War  Committee 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  care  of  any  extraordinarj-  mattei"s  which 
might  arise  during  the  period  of  the  war.  This  committee  imme- 
diately organized  and  selected  an  executive  committee,  of  which  the 
Hon.  Myron  T.  Herrick  was  chairman,  and  of  which  Mr.  Charles  A. 
Otis,  Mr.  M.  P.  Mooney,  Mr.  Charles  E.  Adams,  Mr.  Paul  L.  Feiss,  Mr. 
Andrew  Squire,  Mv.  Otto  Miller,  Mr.  F.  H.  Goff,  Mr.  W.  A.  Green- 
limd,  Mr.  Muuson  Havens  and  Mr.  Warren  G.  Hayden  are  members. 
Sub-committees  were  immediately  appointed  such  as  the  Women's 
committee,  the  Military  committee,  War  Garden  committee,  Com- 
mittee on  Patriotism  and  Aliens,  the  Americanization  committee,  Fuel 
Supply  committee,  Committee  on  Labor  Employees,  Committee  on 
Recreation  for  Training  Camps,  etc. 

"In  order  to  effectively  carry  out  the  objects  for  which  these  com- 
mittees were  appointed,  it  was  agreed  that  in  the  Red  Cross  campaign 
the  sum  of  $2.50,000  should  be  set  aside  for  the  purpose  of  financing 
the  activities  that  might  come  naturally  to  these  committees.  There 
immediately  arose  many  demands  upon  the  committee. 

"When  the  troops  were  mobilized  here  last  June  and  July  no 
arrangements  had  been  made  to  take  care  of  them.  The  result  was 
that  the  Military  committee  of  the  war  board,  at  its  own  expense, 
installed  sewer  and  water  connections  and  electric  lighting  and  a 
number  of  other  important  features  necessary  for  the  care  and 
comfort  of  1lie  officers  and  men  in  the  new  camps  that  were  estab- 
lished in  the  parks  of  this  city.  They  purchased  several  thousand 
blankets  for  the  soldiers,  as  the  government  was  unable  to  furnish 
soldiers  with  this  equipment.  They  financed  and  managed  advertis- 
ing and  publicity  campaigns  for  enlisted  men  and  draft  registration. 

"Tliey  purchased  2.700  suits  of  warm  flaniiclcttc  pa.iamas  for  Cleve- 
land ])oys  stationed  at  Camp  Slieridan,  which  the  government  had  also 
failed  to  provide  for  the  soldiers.     The  committee  furnished  box 


1918]  MILITARY  AFFAIRS  681 

lunches  for  every  drafted  man  going  to  Camp  Sheridan  and  for 
many  a  eontiiigent  of  volunteers  for  whom  no  provisions  had  been 
made  for  food  while  enroute  to  cantonments.  Forty-five  men  of 
military  expciienee  distjualified  for  active  service  are  daily  drilling 
selective  service  men  \n-\ov  to  their  departure  for  cantonments:  has 
committees  that  attend  all  funerals  of  men  who  have  died  in  service, 
and  furnishes;  flowers  and  proper  military  escort.  Committees  from 
the  war  board  investigated,  through  proper  military  agencies  all  situa- 
tions in  camps  for  tlie  health  and  comfort  of  Cleveland  soldiers,  and 
secured  in  every  case,  proper  attention  on  tlie  part  of  the  authorities. 
In  all  .$30,000  has  been  appropriated  for  this  committee. 

"The  war  board  financed  the  American  Protective  League,  an  es- 
sential part  of  the  Department  of  .Justice,  in  which  1,.570  business  and 
professional  men  reporting  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and  night  are  inves- 
tigating the  cases  of  desertion,  slackers,  food  profiteers,  food  hoarding, 
etc.  To  date,  there  has  been  35,000  of  these  ca.ses  before  this  Protective 
League  of  which  25,000  were  slackers,  4,500  pro-German,  1,400  L  W. 
W.  and  Socialists,  and  875  wireless  stations  investigated.  Six  hundred 
dollars  a  month  has  been  set  aside  for  this  particular  work.  It  estab- 
lished a  central  draft  board  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  not  only  the 
drafted  men,  but  the  parents,  and  wives  of  drafted  and  enlisted  men. 
For  this  work  $500  a  month  was  set  aside.  It  underwrote  the  salaries 
for  the  clerks  of  the  provost  marshal's  department. 

"The  war  board  financed  and  managed  with  experts,  the  war 
garden  campaign  which  resulted  last  year  in  the  cultivation  of  3,100 
acres  of  city  backyards,  alone,  and  it  is  estimated  that  the  war  garden 
produced  $.^50  000  worth  more  of  food  than  would  have  been  raised 
had  this  committee  not  been  in  existence.  For  this,  $10,000  was  set 
aside  of  which  $4,800  still  remains  in  the  treasury  to  help  carry  on 
the  work  this  year. 

"The  "Women's  committee  was  also  organized.  This  committee, 
representing  60,000  women  in  this  city,  has  some  fifteen  diflPerent 
departments  of  work  and  is  federated  with  the  diffei-cnt  women's 
clubs  and  organizations  in  Cleveland  engaged  in  war  work.  This 
committee  has  sub-committees  on  food  production,  food  conservation, 
child  welfare,  care  of  infants,  women  and  children  in  industry,  nurs- 
ing, public  health,  providing  nurses  and  encouraging  young  women 
to  encas'e  in  the  nursing  profession  and  maintaining  four  social 
agencies  in  .'ichools  in  the  city  that  are  located  where  there  are  a 
great  manv  foreigners. 

"Thpse  centers  are  open,  not  only  to  the  children,  but  to  the 
parents.    Entertainments  are  given  with  a  lecture  on  food  eonserva- 


682  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXIV 

tion,  food  saviug.  care  of  home,  and  lessons  on  patriotism.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  35,000  women  and  children  have  attended  these  centers. 
The  war  board  set  aside  the  sum  of  $3,000  to  be  used  as  a  summer 
school  for  nurses,  now  being  maintained  at  Western  Reserve  Uni- 
versity, and  the  further  sum  of  $2,500  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 
scholarships  of  nursing  so  that  the  girls  ■\\ho  were  unable  to  attend 
on  account  of  any  expense,  could  be  helped  by  the  War  Board.  Fif- 
teen thousand  dollars  has  been  appropriated  for  the  Women's  com- 
mittee. 

"The  board  is  financing  and  managing  all  the  Americanization 
work  in  this  city  and  county.  This  committee  has  33  evening  schools 
in  English,  24  in  factory  schools,  4  in  churches,  3  in  public  halls,  1 
in  foreign  schools,  5  in  libraries,  and  5  in  social  centers.  It  conducts 
two  Americanization  Information  bureaus,  one  in  connection  with  the 
County  Draft  board  and  the  other  at  the  court  house  for  the  benefit 
of  foreigners  seeking  naturalization.  The  appropriation  for  this 
committee  is  approximately  $23,000. 

"It  is  financing  the  Federal  Food  Administration  Bureau,  under 
the  supervision  of  Dr.  Robert  H.  Bishop,  Jr.*  This  committee  has 
entire  charge  of  the  food  situation  in  Cleveland,  carries  out  the  in- 
struction of  the  federal  government  in  regard  to  food  substitutes  and 
food  conservation,  and  has  also  taken  charge  of  cars  of  perishable 
food,  flour,  sugar  and  cereals  that  are  shipped  into  Cleveland. 

"This  committee  has  full  governmental  authority  to  move  freight, 
prevent  hoarding  and  to  take  such  action  against  those  violating 
the  food  laws,  as  the  head  of  this  department  considers  necessary. 
This  department  in  conjunction  with  the  Women's  committee  has 
divided  the  city  into  zones  or  districts  in  which  food  centers  have 
been  established  where  the  women  of  the  neighborhoods  may  take 
advantage  of  expert  advice  on  food  conservation,  canning,  prepara- 
tion of  food  substitutes,  etc.  It  is  teaching  the  people  of  these  par- 
ticular centers  to  appreciate  the  two  most  important  things  that  the 
national  administration  is  now  interested  in — the  elimination  of 
waste  and  the  conservation  of  food. 

"This  department  has  recently  organized  a  bureau  for  fixing  the 
price  of  all  Foods  and  vegetables,  a  most  essential  thing  for  the  con- 
sumer. Salaried  and  volunteer  inspectors  are  sent  into  every  section 
of  the  city  to  see  that  the  list  of  prices  are  observed  by  all  grocers  and 
dealers.     TTndcr  the  supervision  of  this  committee  a  milk  survev  was 


•Dr.   Bisliop,   nt    ii   later   date,    went    (o   Tialy    as   a    moiiibor   of   tlio    .Aiiti- 
tuberculosis   commission. 


1918]  MILITARY  AFFAIRS  683 

recently  taken  to  determiue  what  justification  there  was  for  tive 
raise  in  price  of  this  very  essential  product.  The  appropriation  for 
this  committee  is  $2,000  a  month. 

"It  has  nnanced  the  Committee  on  Patriotism  and  Four  Minute 
Men.  This  committee  is  under  the  direction  of  the  authorities  at 
Washington  and  is  the  medium  for  presenting  throughout  the  city  in 
the  different  picture  houses,  messages  that  are  being  sent  out  by  the 
president  and  the  membei's  of  his  cabinet.  In  tlie  last  Liberty  Loan, 
tlie  members  of  the  Four  Minute  Jlen's  organization  spoke  to  720,000 
people. 

"It  is  financing  the  three  boys'  camps  in  the  county  where  city 
boys  are  given  tlie  benefit  of  life  in  the  country  and  the  farmers  are 
given  the  benefit  of  their  service  in  farm  work.  These  boys  live  in 
camps  under  a  director  who  watches  over  their  health  and  their  com- 
fort, and  are  sent  out  to  the  farms  in  the  immediate  neighborhood 
for  the  purpo.se  of  helping  the  farmers  husband  their  crops. 

"It  has  donated  the  sum  of  $5,000  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
housing  survey  in  Cleveland.  In  some  of  the  congested  districts  the 
situation  is  so  appalling  that  the  government  is  going  to  be  asked  to 
set  aside  one  million  dollars  for  the  purpose  of  providing  homes  in 
Cleveland  for  the  people  to  live  in  and  for  the  purpose  of  doing  away 
with  this  congestion. 

"It  has  set  aside  $15,000  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  'Save  the 
Babies'  campaign.  A  census  will  be  taken  of  all  the  babies  in  the 
city  between  the  ages  of  on'?  and  two  months  and  five  years.  The 
mothers  of  these  children  will  be  taiight  the  proper  care  and  protec- 
tion of  their  infants.  It  has  been  arranged  to  give  proper  medical 
attention  to  all  the  mothers  and  families,  who  by  reason  of  lack  of 
funds,  might  neglect  their  babies.  An  automobile  dispensary,  prop- 
erly equipped  with  a  nurse  and  physician,  will  go  into  these  districts 
where  dispensaries  have  not  been  established. 

"Last  October  the  national  administration  requested  this  com- 
mittee to  finance  a  campaign  for  food  con.servation.  The  campaign 
was  immediately  organized— food  shows  and  exhibitions  held  in  dif- 
ferent sections  of  the  city.  This  campaign  of  practical  food  conserva- 
tion cost  this  committee  $14,000.  It  was  the  first  time  that  the  fact 
had  been  brought  home  to  our  people  what  conservation  of  food  meant 
in  this  war. 

"This  committee  also  financed  the  pageant  recently  held  in  Wade 
Park,  the  great  patriotic  demonstration  held  on  the  Fourth  of  July, 
and  the  most  appropriate  and  beautiful  ceremony  held  yesterday 
in  commemoration  of  our  alliance  and  la.sting  obligations  to  France — 


684  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIV 

Bastille  Day,  was  also  financed  by  this  committee.  It  also  provided 
for  the  entertainments  of  the  Serbian  commission  and  the  Blue  Devils, 
and  has  agreed  to  advance  the  money  to  purchase  10,000  tons  of  coal 
to  be  stored  in  Cleveland  and  disposed  of  through  the  eitj'  adminis- 
tration the  coming  winter,  to  provide  for  any  coal  shortage  that  might 
occur.  It  also  furnished  a  fund  to  Librarian  Brett  to  conduct  his 
campaign,  'Books  for  Soldiers.' 

;'The  Mayor's  Advisory  War  Board  has  become  a  center  not  only 
for  the  financing  of  all  those  activities  that  are  es.sential  for  the 
health,  safety  and  welfare  of  our  people  but  is  the  one  great  agency 
of  Cleveland  that  the  national  administration  looks  to  to  carry  out 
its  policies  and  enforce  its  regulations,  a  bureau  of  information 
which  all  may  come  to  for  advice  and  information,  for  the  whole 
support  of  the  organization  is  one  of  sympathy  and  helpfulness. 

"I  was  elected  executive  secretary'  on  the  fourteenth  of  last  Feb- 
ruary. Since  that  time  the  work  of  the  office  has  increased  75  per  cent. 
The  office  is  now  on  a  strictl,y  business  basis.  All  our  bills  ai"e  dis- 
counted and  the  Cleveland  Trust  Co.  allows  us  3  per  cent  on  all  our 
daily  balances.  The  books  are  audited  by  a  firm  of  expert  auditors  each 
month.  Among  the  different  sub-committees  there  is  a  great  har- 
mony and  I  cannot  speak  too  highlj^  of  the  services  of  Drs.  Bishop 
and  Roueche,  Mrs.  Sanford,  Mr.  Harold  Clark,  Capt.  Shupe,  ]\Ir. 
Archie  Klumph,  Mr.  Geo.  Schneider,  Mr.  Knirk,  Mr.  Marks,  Mr.  Cad- 
wallader  and  all  the  efficient  members  of  the  organization.  There  is 
a  splendid  co-operation  between  the  Mayor's  Advisory  War  Board 
and  other  local  and  governmental  agencies  in  the  city,  the  Red  Cross, 
Y.  M.  C.  A..  Cleveland  War  Council,  tlio  Army  and  Navy  Recruiting 
Office,  the  different  offices  of  the  Federal  Government,  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  and  Chamber  of  Industry,  man_y  organizations  among  our 
foreign  born  citizens.  Mayor  Harry  L.  Davis,  and  the  city  adminis- 
tration. All  onr  combined  energies  are  devoted  to  one  single  purpose 
— the  winning  of  the  war. 

"There  arc  one  hundi-ed  and  ten  salaried  ciniiloyees  and  there  are 
twenty-eight  Inuulred  and  twelve  men  and  women  directly  connected 
with  a  part  of  your  connnittee,  whose  services  are  available  at  any 
time  and  who  are  giving  their  services  without  any  compensation, 
and  I  take  this  occasion  to  thank  all  these  volunteer  workers  for  their 
efficient  and   patriotic  services." 

At  the  meeting  where  the  foregoing  report  was  I'ead,  Myron  T. 
Herrick,  chairman  of  the  War  committee,  made  the  statement,  which 
is  worthy  of  record,  that  until  the  fifteenth  of  February,  I  PI  8.  that 
bodj''  emploj'ed  an  executive  secretary  at  $4,000  per  aninim,  but  that 


1918]  MILITARY  AFFAIRS  685 

Mr.  Vail,  his  successor,  refused  to  accept  tlie  position  except  upon  the 
condition  that  he  should  receive  no  compensation  for  his  services. 

Lack  only  of  space,  not  of  inclination,  prevents  the  publication 
of  the  very  niteresting  and  instructive  reports  presented  by  the  fol- 
lowing: chairmen  of  the  sub-committees :  Captain  Henry  P.  Shupe, 
Military  Atl'aii's;  George  Schneider,  War  Gardens;  Miss  Helen  Bacon, 
Americanization;  Mrs.  Henry  L.  Sanford,  Women's  Committee; 
Archie  Klumph,  American  Protective  League ;  Dr.  R.  C.  Roueche,  in 
behalf  of  ciiainnaii  of  Cuyahoga  County  Food  Administration;  Starr 
Cadwallader,  Central  Draft  Board ;  J.  C.  Marks,  Patriotism. 

A  Hint  of  the  Women's  War  Work 

Mrs.  Henry  L.  Sanford,  chairman  of  the  Women's  committee 
of  the  flavor's  Advisory  War  Board,  represented  the  presidents  of 
all  the  women's  organizations  in  the  city,  fraternal,  religious,  patriotic 
and  philanthropic,  or  some  60,000  women  of  Cleveland.  Its  cam- 
paign of  education  in  food  conservation  composed  the  great  ex- 
hibit; the  study  on  food  subjects  projected  through  all  the  clubs  of 
the  Women's  Federation  and  tlie  establishment  of  bureaus  of  food 
facts  and  cla.sses  in  various  sections  of  the  city;  the  publication  of  a 
patriotic  cook  book  and  demonstrations  of  various  recipes  in  foreign 
neighborhoods.  The  committee  co-operated  in  its  work  with  sm  h  exist- 
ing social  agencies  as  the  city  division  of  health,  the  outdoor  relief 
department  and  the  hospital  council  and  training  courses  in  social 
service  were  given  at  the  Western  Reserve  University.  Another  im- 
portant work  undertaken  by  the  committee  was  the  stabilizing  of  in- 
dividuals, families  and  neighborhoods  which  the  war  had  tended  to 
disintegrate.  Four  community  centers  were  established,  under  the 
supervision  of  the  school  board,  and  thousands  (nearly  35,000)  joined 
the  classes  for  instruction  and  fraternization.  Among  the  most  in- 
teresting results  in  this  experiment  was  that  in  a  very  pro-German 
community  the  women  became  so  interested  that  they  canva.ssed 
enthusiastically  for  thrift  stamps,  liberty  loans  and  the  war  chest, 
and  that  in  another  neighborhood  where  there  had  been  great  warring 
of  nationalities  a  complete  reconciliation  was  effected.  Says  the  com- 
mittee on  the  subject  of  "Women  in  Indu.stry": 

"This  committee  aims  to  enable  women  to  fill  the  places  of  men 
called  to  war  from  factories  and  shops,  to  see  that  they  fill  these 
places  adequately,  and  to  assure  them  the  proper  working  hours, 
wholesome  working  conditions,  adequate  wages  and  safeguards  for 
health  which  will  insure  their  fullest  working  capacity.     Thus  the 


686  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXIV 

committee  is  immediateh'  working  for  tlae  highest  possible  war  pro- 
duction. The  first  work  of  the  committee  was  to  discover  violations 
of  the  existing  labor  laws,  and  to  work  towards  their  better  enforce- 
ment. The  committee  is  constantlj*  studying  tlie  entrance  of  women 
into  industry  and  into  new  and  unusual  occupations.  There  has  been 
a  particular  study  of  women  in  the  messenger  service  and  in  elevator 
work,  in  the  hardware  business  and  as  taxi  drivers.  Detailed  studies 
of  women  at  work  in  hazardous  occupations  has  been  made,  and  the 
information  so  collected  will  be  furnished  to  the  U.  S.  Public  Health 
Service.  The  committee  has  done  a  great  deal  of  work  on  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  Child  Labor  Law,  and  has  found  that  the  violations  of 
this  have  greatly  increased  during  the  last  year." 

The  speaker's  bureau  was  active,  as  was  the  endeavor  to  supply 
the  demand  from  "Washington  for  expert  stenographers  and  typists, 
the  calls  exceeding  the  supply  2  to  1.  The  recruiting  of  nurses  both 
for  war  work  and  in  co-operation  with  the  child  welfare  department 
has  been  vigorously  prosecuted.  In  this  connection:  "The  attention 
of  the  country  is  at  present  focused  on  the  section  of  nursing  of  the 
"Women's  Conunittee  of  the  Mayor's  Advisory  "War  Board  of  Cleve- 
land, because  of  several  points  in  which  we  are  leading  at  this  time. 
For  example,  the  Mayor's  Ward  Board  Scholarship  Fund  for  pupil 
nurses  has  aroused  great  interest  elsewhere,  and  much  favorable  com- 
ment. "Washington  has  written  us  for  further  particulars  on  our  plan 
by  means  of  which  we  provide,  tlirough  co-operation  with  the  board  of 
education,  for  the  necessary  training  for  desirable  applicants  who 
are  without  the  required  amount  of  schooling.  The  chairman  of  our 
nursing  section  was  chosen  as  the  cluurman  of  a  national  committee 
to  secure  a  hcai'ing  before  the  secretary  of  war,  and  to  discuss  a  plan 
for  army  nurse  schools,  at  which  hearing  the  plan  was  approved,  and 
is  already  being  put  into  effect.  The  National  Cotuicil  of  Defense, 
by  direction  of  Dr.  Franklin  Martin,  has  written  to  the  nursing  sec- 
tion of  the  Cleveland  "Women's  Committee,  asking  that,  under  tlieir 
direction,  Cleveland  should  undertake  an  experiment  in  community 
nursing,  with  the  idea  of  reducing  the  amount  of  unnecessary  nurs- 
ing, care  and  work  now  being  done  by  trained  nurses,  and  at  the  same 
time  provide  for  all  the  nur.sing  care  really  needed  in  the  community. 
The  results  of  this  experiment  in  Cleveland  will  be,  if  found  satis- 
factory, used  as  a  plan  throughout  the  country.  The  nursing  section 
has  gallantly  accepted  this  challenge  and  has  already  started  a  sur- 
vey to  collect  accurate  information  as  to  the  unnecessary  nursing  by 
trained  and  registered  nurses  in  the  various  fields,  and  to  make  plans 
for  the  installation  of  volunteer  or  paid  service  to  supplant  the  work 


191S]  .MII.ITAKV  AFFAIRS  687 

of  the  nurse  in  those  directions  that  do  not  require  professional  skill. 
Dr.  ^lartin  replies  as  follows  to  this  plan  which  was  presented  in 
"Washington:  'Your  letter  was  presented  to  the  Committee  on  Nursing 
and  was  received  with  great  appreciation  and  gratification.  The  com- 
mittee is  convinced  that  Cleveland  is  again  inaugurating  an  extremely 
important  and  forward  looking  piece  of  work,  which  is  almost  certain 
to  be  the  basis  of  a  nation-wide  effort." 

But  women's  activities  are  so  many  and  complex  that  they  cannot 
always  be  distinetlj-  separated  from  those  conducted  by  the  men. 
As  stated  by  Harold  T.  Clavk:  "For  several  months  after  our  en- 
trance into  the  war,  Jliss  Belle  Sherwin  was  chairman  of  the  Women's 
Committee  of  the  Cleveland  Branch  of  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense. She  was  succeeded  by  Mrs,  Henrj^  L.  Sanford.  Miss  Ruth 
F.  Stone  is  secretary  of  the  committee.  There  have  been  many  activi- 
ties of  women  wholly  outside  of  tho.se  conducted  by  the  Council  of 
National  Defense,  and  it  is  impossible  to  find  any  one  woman  who  is 
familiar  with  more  than  a  portion  of  the  entire  field.  Mrs.  J.  N. 
Fleming,  who  has  been  president  of  the  Federation  of  Women's  clubs, 
is  well  informed  and  helpful.  Mrs.  E.  S.  Burke  is  well  posted  in 
regard  to  the  Red  Cross,  although  the  work  of  that  organization 
alone  is  so  far-reaching  tliat  it  is  difficult  for  any  one  person  to 
have  an  intimate  knowledge  of  all  its  departments." 


CHAPTER  XXXV 

TRADE,  COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY 

B;j  n.  G.  Cutler 

The  details  involved  in  the  material' development  of  Cleveland  are 
so  numerous  as,  in  some  ways,  to  defy  classification.  During  the  ear- 
lier period  of  its  growth  in  ti'ade,  commerce  and  industry,  the  record 
was  wholly  personal,  but  as  the  city  increased  in  business,  manufac- 
tures and  transpoi'tation  facilities,  and  secured  a  broader  contact  with 
outside  communities,  states  and  countries,  the  individual  was  gradu- 
ally absorbed  by  the  store,  the  factory  and  the  great  movements  of 
commerce.  But  through  all  these  pi-ocesses  of  development,  the  foun- 
dation necessity  stood  forth  of  providing  adequate  means  of  com- 
munication and  transportation  as  a  prerequisite  of  expansion.  It  was 
obviously  iiseless  to  build  large  stores  and  factories,  wharves  and  ware- 
houses, unless  means  were  provided  to  liaudle  the  goods  which  were 
required  both  by  home  and  distant  communities.  At  fir.st  Cleveland 
depended  on  slow  and  defective  transportation  by  lake  and  ovei'land. 
Then  came  the  canal  and  that  was  succeeded  by  the  railroad.  Tiiere- 
fore,  the  chronological  divisions  of  this  chapter  are  not  entirely  arbi- 
trary. 

The  Ante-Canal  Period 

A  period  of  more  than  forty  years  passed  from  the  time  local 
traders  erected  a  small  hut  near  the  spring  at  the  foot  of  .Main  Street, 
in  1786,  until  the  Ohio  canal  was  pronounced  completed  from  Cleve- 
land to  Akron  in  1827.  It  was  a  sea.son  of  struggles  in  a  \^ilderness 
by  hardy  and  intelligent  Yankees  to  make  it  blossom  into  a  fruitful 
abiding  place.  Came  Edward  Paine,  the  pioneer  merchant,  the  Bry- 
ants, as  distillers,  and  others  to  furnish  both  the  essentials  and  the 
non-essentials  to  the  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyalioga  River. 
The  log  distillery  utilized  the  fine  living  spring  at  the  foot  of  Superior 
Street  in  the  manufacture  of  its  fire  water  for  both  the  r-d  ;iiid  the 
white  men  of  the  neighborhood.  It  seemed  to  attract  some  local  trade 
in  furs  and  other  articles  and,  without  much  thought  as  to  other  re- 
sults, was  pronounced  good.     Previous  to  1812,  the  el'"     iMile  of 

688 


1796-1827]  COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  689 

Cleveland,  wliieli  could  not  then  be  digrnificd  as  "commerce,"  cov- 
ered salt  and  furs  from  the  southwest  and  the  upper  lakes  region,  and 
flour,  pork,  whiskey  and  wines  from  Pittsburgh.  Much  of  the  latter 
was  re-shipped  to  Detroit.  Nathan  Perry,  who  located  in  1808,  was 
the  first  Cleveland  merchant  of  broad  caliber.  He  erected  a  large 
store  at  the  corner  of  Superior  and  Water  streets  and  previous  to 
the  canal  era  his  transactions  covered  the  old  Western  Rcsei've.  In  the 
town  itself  the  business  virtually  revolved  around  "Perry's  Cor- 
ners." During  the  later  portion  of  the  ante-canal  period,  Major 
Lorenzo  Carter  commenced  to  cut  a  large  figure,  with  his  big  log 
warehouse  and  his  Rod  Tavern,  his  energy,  blunt  honesty  and  prac- 
tical ability.  Still  later,  in  the  early  '20s  came  Orlando  Cutter,  an- 
other merchant,  with  his  vast  capital  of  $20,000,  and  good  "Uncle" 
Abram  Hickox,  the  first  blacksmith. 

In  the  meantime,  several  industries  had  taken  root  along  Mill 
Creek,  at  and  near  Xcwburg.  The  first  was  the  flour  mill  of  W.  W. 
Williams,  which  he  built  in  that  locality  in  1799  and  which  passed  to 
Samuel  Huntington  a  few  years  afterwards.  Other  industries  were 
established  in  that  portion  of  the  Cleveland  area;  and  in  1817  Abel 
R.  Garlick  commenced  to  manufacture  burr  millstones  which  were 
quarried  from  the  Mill  Creek  region.  This  wa.s  the  first  of  the  local 
industries  to  ship  its  products  abroad  in  commercial  quantities. 

The  only  bank  yet  established  was  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Lake 
Erie,  founded  in  1816,  but  the  local  transactions  were  not  yet  suffi- 
cient to  maintain  it,  and  the  enterprise  went  under  in  1820.  It  was 
reorganized  in  1832,  and  the  directors  offered  the  position  of  cashier 
to  a  bright  young  man  who  was  then  a  teller  in  the  Bank  of  Buffalo. 
Truman  P.  Handy — for  such  he  was — then  settled  in  Cleveland,  bring- 
ing his  young  bride  with  him.  When  the  charter  of  the  bank  expired 
in  1842  he  had  made  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Lake  Erie  a  solid  insti- 
tution and  entrenched  himself  in  the  confidence  of  all  Clevelanders. 
Mr.  Handy  carried  on  a  private  banking  business  until  1845  when, 
under  the  new  state  law,  he  organized  the  Commercial  Branch  of 
the  State  Bank  of  Ohio  and  became  its  cashier.  In  1861  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  Merchants'  Branch,  and  continued  its  head  when 
it  was  organized  as  a  national  bank  and,  in  1885,  as  the  Mercantile 
National  Bank.  Until  his  death,  he  wa.s  considered  one  of  tJie  great 
bankers  of  the  middle  West. 


The  Decade  1827-37 

The  opening  of  the  canal  in  1827,  with  the  famous  celebration  at 
Cleveland,  has  been  fully  described  in  preceding  pages.    For  a  dozen 


690  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXV 

yeai-s,  tlie  local  benefits  of  this  imperfect  addition  to  Cleveland's 
means  of  communication  and  transportation  were  quite  evident. 
Some  of  the  increased  facilities  were  real  and  some  were  hoped-for, 
but  the  psychological  effect  was  advantageous  and  spelled  advance- 
ment in  both  instances.  As  time  passed,  the  advantages  developing 
from  the  canal  and  the  entire  scheme  of  internal  improvements  did 
not  materialize  to  the  extent  anticipated,  and  this  widespread  and 
profound  disappointment  was  largely  responsible  for  the  collapse 
of  1837.  During  that  period,  shipbuilding  and  chandlery  made  Cleve- 
land a  leading  lake  port.  As  to  local  aspects,  Superior  Street  had 
become  the  division  between  the  bxisiness  and  the  residence  districts, 
and  so  continued  for  years  afterwards. 

The  Worthington  Interests 

The  oldest  business  house  in  Cleveland,  which  has  been  in  unin- 
terrupted existence,  is  represented  by  the  George  "Worthington  Com- 
pany, dealers  in  hardware.  The  founder  of  the  business,*  whose  name 
is  retained  in  the  corporate  title,  was  a  New  Yorker  who,  in  1829, 
brought  $1,000  worth  of  hardware  from  Utiea  and  opened  a  little 
store  at  what  is  now  Superior  and  West  Tenth  street.  The  business 
was  a  success  from  the  first,  for  George  Worthington  always  care- 
fully studied  the  needs  of  the  local  community  and  then  supplied 
them.  In  1849,  with  others,  he  formed  the  Cleveland  Iron  Companj^, 
which  manufactured  bar  iron  and  sold  its  products  through  the 
Worthington  store,  thus  making  the  house  an  industrial  as  well  as  a 
selling  institution.  He  also  organized  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Cleveland,  of  which  he  was  president  until  his  death  in  1871.  Gen- 
eral James  Barnett  succeeded  Mr.  Worthington  as  president  of  the 
company,  and  served  until  his  own  death  in  1911,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  W.  D.  Taylor,  its  present  head.  Since  the  fire  of  1874, 
which  destroyed  the  1868  building  at  the  corner  of  St.  Clair  Avenue 
and  West  Ninth  Street,  eleven  warehouses  and  other  buildings  have 
been  erected  to  accommodate  the  expanding  business,  and  today  the 
Worthington  Company  occupies  in  its  opei-ations  more  than  twenty 
acres  of  floor  space,  and  is  a  leading  factor  in  making  Cleveland  one 
of  the  greatest  hardware  centers  in  the  country.  This  represents  an 
expansion  of  nearly  ninety  years. 

The  year  1834  is  noted  in  the  industrial  and  financial  antials  of 
Cleveland  a.s  marking  the  incorporation  under  state  laws  of  the  Cuy- 


•  See  page  138. 


1834-53]  COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  691 

ahoga  Steam  Furnace  Company  and  the  cstablislimcut  of  tlie  Bank 
of  Cleveland.  The  latter  was  flattened  by  the  panic  of  1837,  but  the 
industry  developed  and  remained  stable  for  manj'  years.  It  was  the 
first  manufactoiy  to  be  incoi-porated  by  the  state,  was  Cleveland's 
first  steam  furnace  and  general  foundry,  and  at  its  plant,  at  the 
corner  of  Detroit  Avenue  and  Center  Street,  was  fabricated  the  first 
locomotive  west  of  the  Allegheny  mountains  as  a  portion  of  the  rolling 
stock  of  the  Cleveland,  Cohimbus  and  Cincinnati  Railroad  Company. 

iNDUSTRIiVL    AND    ORNAMENTAL 

After  the  panic  of  1837,  and  the  business  and  industrial  depres- 
sion following,  another  period  of  activity  ensued  which  continued 
until  the  early  '50s.  At  that  time  the  most  impressive  outward  evi- 
dence of  Cleveland's  business  prominence  was  the  Atwater  block. 
This  era  of  prosperity  also  happened  to  be  the  period  when  the  foun- 
dation was  laid  to  make  Cleveland  one  of  the  most  attractive  cities 
in  the  United  States.  What  were  then  the  residence  streets,  including 
the  lower  stretches  of  Euclid  Avenue,  were  planted  with  elms,  oaks 
and  maples,  which,  added  to  the  natural  growths,  suggested  the  name 
which  has  clung  to  her,  the  Forest  City. 

Origin  op  Two  Great  Iron  Industries 

Earl3-  in  this  period,  Whittaker  &  Wells  established  a  furnace  near 
the. lake  pier  and,  late  in  it  (1853)  was  organized  the  Cleveland 
Iron  ^Mining  Company,  with  W.  J.  Gordon  as  president  and  Samuel 
L.  Mather  as  vice-president.  The  latter  had  been  chartered  four 
years  previously.  With  the  passing  of  years,  it  has  developed  into 
the  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company.  In  1852,  two  iron  industries 
were  established  which  developed  into  gi-eat  enterprises.  Henry  Chis- 
holm  founded  the  firm  of  Chisholm,  Jones  &  Co.  to  manufacture 
railway  and  bar  iron ;  the  small  1852  plant  has  expanded  into 
the  great  works  of  the  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company.  Wil- 
liam A.  Otis  and  J.  M.  Ford  founded  the  foundry  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  iron  castings  on  W^liiskey  Island  which  has  become  the  two 
immense  establishments  of  the  Otis  Steel  Company.  The  father  of 
these  gi'cat  industries,  which  were  born  in  1852,  was  the  pioneer  rail- 
road which  first  connected  Cleveland  with  the  remainder  of  the 
United  States  in  1851.  Five  years  later  there  was  a  general  awaken- 
ing of  the  leading  men  of  Cleveland  over  the  great  possibilities  of  the 
city  as  a  center  of  iron  and  steel  mannfacturcs.  Cheap  ore  and  cheap 
fuel  were  at  its  threshold.    What  more  could  be  asked  ? 


692  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXV 

Three  Good  Banks 

Three  banks  were  also  in  operation  to  finance  enterprises  in  that 
line.  The  Commercial  Bank  of  Lake  Erie  had  weathered  the  finan- 
cial storms  and  depressions  of  1837-39,  and  the  City  Bank  of  Cleve- 
land and  the  Merchants'  Bank  of  Cleveland  had  been  in  operation 
since  1845.  The  latter  was  especially  prosperous  and  occupied  the 
finest  banking  rooms  in  Clevelan4. 

Stabilizing  Cleveland's  Finances 

This  is  a  good  place  and  year  at  which  to  pause,  since  they  mark 
events  which  accomplished  much  toward  stabilizing  the  finances  of 
Cleveland  and  logically,  all  its  commercial  and  industrial  interests. 
No  Clevelander  did  more  to  bring  aboiit  this  important  reform  than 
Alfred  Kelley,  the  city's  first  permanent  lawyer,  president  of  its  pio- 
neer bank  and  grand  promoter  of  everything  best  for  Cleveland. 
Chiefly  through  his  efforts  in  the  legislature,  a  comprehensive  bank- 
ing law  was  passed  in  1845,  and  the  banks  chartered  under  it  pros- 
pered until  1857.  Under  the  law  of  1845,  the  State  Bank  of  Ohio 
was  founded  with  independent  branches  in  various  Ohio  cities.  The 
Commercial  branch  was  organized  in  Cleveland  with  a  capital  of 
$175,000,  with  Truman  P.  Handy  as  cashier.  A  few  j^ears  later  he 
was  elected  president.  The  Merchants'  Bank  was  also  a  branch  of 
the  state  institution,  but  the  City  Bank  was  incorporated  as  an  inde- 
pendent concern.  The  latter  continued  in  business  for  twenty  years, 
or  until  it  joined  the  ranks  of  the  national  banks.  The  Canal  Bank, 
another  institution  of  1845,  suspended  within  less  than  a  decade. 

Other  Early  B.vnks  of  Stability 

In  1849,  the  Society  for  Savings  received  a  special  charter  from 
the  legislature,  and  opened  for  business  in  a  room  twenty  feet  square 
at  the  rear  of  the  Merchants'  Bank,  corner  of  Superior  and  Water 
streets.  In  1867,  it  occupied  new  quarters  on  the  Square  where  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  is  now  located,  and  twenty  years  later  moved 
into  its  present  brown-stone  palace. 

The  Bank  of  Commerce  was  organized  in  1853,  in  1864  it  sur- 
rendered its  .state  charter  and  became  the  Second  National  Bank  of 
Cleveland  and,  when  its  national  charter  was  renewed  in  1884,  it 
assumed  the  name  National  Bank  of  Commerce. 


1828-57]  COlVaiEECE  AND  INDUSTRY  693 

P^VNic  OP  1857  "Gets"  but  One  Cleveland  Bank 

In  the  panic  of  1857,  banks  throughout  Ohio,  as  elsewhere, 
began  to  close  their  doors,  and  this  period  of  financial  and  business 
uncertainty  continued  for  some  six  years,  or  until  the  general  gov- 
ernment came  to  the  rescue  with  the  passage  of  the  national  bank- 
ing act.  In  that  period  there  were  sixty-five  bank  failures  in  Ohio, 
only  one  of  which  occurred  in  Cleveland. 

Cleveland  Industries  of  1840  and  1860 

In  1840,  which  marked  the  commencement  of  tlie  industrial  re- 
vival succeeding  the  panic  of  1837,  the  leading  manufactories  of 
Cleveland  included  two  cast-iron  furnaces,  four  woolen  mills,  two 
distilleries,  six  flour  mills  and  fifteen  grist  mills. 

The  panic  of  1857  was  also  followed  by  several  years  of  business 
and  industrial  depression,  which  was  beginning  to  be  fairly  overcome 
by  1860.  In  that  year,  there  were  27  clothing  factories  in  Cleveland 
and  the  value  of  their  product  was  .$621,000;  19  boot  and  shoe  plants, 
with  an  output  of  $222,000;  21  flour  mills,  $1,008,000;  13  furniture 
factories,  $111,000;  6  grindstone  plants,  $58,000;  50  lumber  mills, 
$158,000;  17  shops  for  tlie  manufacture  of  machinery  and  engines, 
$318,000  and  9  soap  and  candle  factories,  $230,000. 

Iron  and  Steel  Industries  up  to  the  Civil  War 

Most  of  the  Cleveland  industries  of  importance  have  developed 
since  1860,  and  a  general  review  of  the  founding  and  growth  of  its 
iron  and  steel  interests  up  to  the  civil  war  period  seems  necessary  to 
bring  the  record  to  that  time.  It  is  supplied,  as  follows,  by  the  Iron 
Trade  Review,  of  Cleveland: 

In  1828,  John  Ballard  &  Company  started  a  little  iron  foundry, 
and  somewhat  later  Henrj'  Newberry  shipped  from  his  land  near  the 
canal  a  few  tons  of  coal.  An  attempt  was  made  to  introduce  coal  as 
the  fuel  of  Cleveland.  A  wagon  load  was  driven  from  door  to  door, 
and  its  good  qualities  explained.  "No  one,"  says  one  chronicler, 
"wanted  it.  Wood  was  plenty  and  cheap  and  the  neat  housewives 
of  Cleveland  especially  objected  to  the  dismal  appearance  and  dirt- 
creating  qualities  of  the  new  fuel." 

Following  a  period  of  inflation  and  financial  disaster,  Cleveland 
emerged  and  looked  hopefully  to  the  future  in  1840,  when  her  popu- 
lation was  about  7,000.     In  that  year,  William  A.  Otis  established 


694  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

an  iron  works,  the  fii'st  of  any  importance  in  the  city,  and  thus 
encouraged  local  manufacturing.  Coal  mining  had  developed  some- 
what and  Cleveland  had  become  something  of  a  market  for  that  prod- 
uct. A  more  important  development  in  the  iron  business  was  inau- 
gurated in  1857,  of  which  Charles  A.  Otis,  son  of  AVm.  A.  Otis,  long 
a  prominent  iron  manufacturer  of  Cleveland,  has  written:  "The 
first  rolling  mill  at  Cleveland  was  a  plate  mill,  worked  on  a  direct  ore 
process,  which  was  a  failure.  It  went  into  operation  in  1854  or  1855. 
The  mill  is  now  (1884)  owned  by  the  Britton  Iron  &  Steel  Company. 
The  next  miU  was  built  in  1856,  bj'  A.  J.  Smith  and  others,  to  reroll 
rails.  It  was  called  the  Railroad  Rolling  ilill,  and  was  later  owned  by 
the  Cleveland  Rolling  Mill  Company.  At  the  same  time,  a  man  named 
Jones,  witb  several  associates,  built  a  mill  at  Newburg,  six  miles  from 
Cleveland,  also  to  reroll  rails.  It  was  afterward  operated  by  Stone, 
Chisholm  &  Jones,  and  is  now  owned  by  the  Cleveland  Rolling  ^lill 
Company.  In  1852,  I  erected  a  steam  forge,  to  make  wrought  iron 
forgings,  and  in  1859,  I  added  to  it  a  rolling  mill,  to  manufacture 
merchant  bar,  etc.  The  Union  Rolling  Mills  were  built  in  1861  and 
1862,  to  roll  merchant  bar  iron." 

The  service  of  Henry  Chisholm  was  indeed  very  gi-eat  and  he 
occupies  a  foremost  place  in  the  history  of  the  iron  industries  of 
Cleveland.  He  was  a  sturdy  Scotchman,  born  in  the  land  of  the 
heather  in  1822,  and  came  to  America  when  twenty  years  of  age.  He 
was  a  carpenter  and  followed  that  trade  in  Montreal.  In  1850,  he 
was  employed  in  Cleveland,  and  soon  after  settled  permanently  in 
this  city.  His  start  in  the  manufacture  of  iron  was  made  in  the  old 
town  of  Newburg,  where  he  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  bar  iron 
and  established  the  foundation  of  what  became  the  great  Cleveland 
Rolling  Mill  Company,  which  in  time  came  to  employ  a  large  number 
of  men  and  to  turn  out  annually  150,000  tons  of  finished  product.  The 
plant  is  now  a  part  of  the  property  of  the  American  Steel  &  Wire 
Company. 

Speaking  of  Mr.  Chisholm,  one  who  was  thoroughly  familiar  with 
his  career  has  said:  "He  was  among  the  early  ones  to  see  that  steel 
rails  would  entirely  take  the  place  of  iron,  and  one  of  the  first  to 
make  a  commercial  success  of  the  Bessemer  process  in  this  country. 
But  where  his  signal  ability  most  completely  displayed  itself  was  in 
recognizing  the  fact  that,  for  the  highest  prosperity,  a  steel  mill 
should  have  more  than  'one  string  to  its  bow,'  and  that  to  run  in 
all  times,  under  all  circumstances,  Bessemer  steel  must  be  adapted  to 
other  uses  than  the  making  of  rails.  Holding  tenaciously  to  this 
idea,  he  was  the  first  to  branch  out  into  the  manufacture  of  wire, 


1846-54] 


COMJMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY 


695 


screws,  agricultural  and  inerclumt  shapes,  from  steel.  To  the  pro- 
gress iu  this  clircetion  must  be  imputed  a  large  share  of  the  success  of 
his  eorapauy,  and  it  further  entitles  Mr.  Chisholm  to  be  regarded  as 
one  of  the  greatest,  if  not  the  greatest  man,  who  has  been  engaged  in 
the  Bessemer  steel  manufacture  iu  this  country.  It  is  rare,  indeed, 
that  mechanical  skill  and  business  ability  are  united  in  one  and  the 
same  individual  and  it  was  to  this  exceptional  combination  of  talents 
that  IMr.  Chisholm  owed  his  more  than  splendid  success.  A  Scotch- 
man by  birth  and  nature,  and  loving  the  poems  of  his  nation's  bard 
with  an  ardor  that  only  a  Scot  can  fciO,  he  became  as  thorough  an 


Iron  Ore  Docks  of  the  Present 


American  citizen  as  if  he  had  drawn  his  inspiration  from  Plymouth 
Rock,  and  he  performed  his  civic  duties  with  an  ever-serene  confi- 
dence in  the  merit  of  our  institutions." 

Although  the  auspicious  beginning  in  the  manufacture  of  iron 
was  made  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Chisholm,  it  was  not  until  ore 
shipments  were  started  from  the  Lake  Superior  regions  that  the  in- 
dustry began  to  assume  large  proportions.  It  was  in  1846  that 
Cleveland  parties  appeared  on  the  scene  and  opened  the  way  for  the 
immense  business  that  has  grown  up  between  that  region  and  this 
city.  Dr.  J.  Lang  Cassels,  of  Cleveland,  visited  Lake  Superior  in 
1846,  and  took  ".squatter's  possession"  in  the  name  of  the  Dead  River 
Silver  &  Copper  Mining  Company  of  Cleveland — an  enterprise  in 
which  were  many  of  the  men  afterward  found  in  the  Cleveland   Iron 


696  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXV 

Company.  He  was  guided  to  the  desired  location  by  an  Indian, 
and  made  the  journey  thereto  and  return,  from  the  nearest  settled 
point,  in  a  birch  bark  canoe.  In  the  following  year,  he  left  that 
country  and  returned  to  Cleveland,  where  he  made  a  mild  prophecy 
as  to  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  Superior  region,  which  was  received 
with  general  incredulity. 

The  Cleveland  Iron  Company  was  formed  in  18-19,  but  did  lit- 
tle business  in  the  Superior  country  until  1S53.  Its  first  organization 
was  under  a  special  Michigan  charter,  but  on  the  twenty-ninth  of 
March,  1853,  it  filed  articles  of  association  under  the  name  of  the  Cleve- 
land Iron  Mining  Company,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000.  The  in- 
corporatore  were  John  Outhwaite,  Morgan  L.  Hewitt,  Selah  Chamber- 
lain, Samuel  L.  Mather,  Isaac  L.  Hewitt,  Henry  F.  Brayton  and  E.  M. 
Clark.  The  office  was  located  at  Cleveland,  and  some  of  the  lands  of 
which  it  became  possessed  now  comprise  the  principal  part  of  the  city 
of  Marquette.  In  1854,  the  Cleveland  company  mined  4,000  tons  of 
ore,  which  was  made  into  blooms  at  the  diiferent  forges  in  the  vicin- 
ity, and  sent  to  the  lower  lake  points,  some  of  it  coming  to  this  city. 

This  company,  from  the  daj^  of  its  origin,  was  looked  upon  as  one 
of  the  most  solid  and  important  of  the  commercial  concerns  of  Cleve- 
land. It  had  much  to  do  with  creating  and  fostering  the  iron  intei'- 
ests  of  Ohio  and  western  Pennsylvania.  The  first  cargo  of  ore  to  this 
point  was  brought  in  1856,  and  sold  in  small  lots  to  such  parties  as 
were  willing  to  give  it  a  trial. 

It  should  also  be  said  in  this  connection  that  the  first  ore  from 
that  section  was  shipped  to  Cleveland  in  1852,  by  the  Marquette  Iron 
Company,  in  a  half  dozen  barrels,  aboard  the  ship  "Baltimore." 
The  low  estimation  in  which  the  ore  was  held  by  this  business  com- 
munitj'  during  the  experimental  stages  is  illustrated  by  the  follow- 
ing incident  related  by  George  H.  Ely.  He  was  living  in  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  where  he  held  the  position  of  president  of  the  Lake  Supe- 
rior Iron  Company.  A  small  cargo  of  ore  had  been  shipped  to  a 
Cleveland  party  who  was  unable  to  pay  the  freight  and  so  little  com- 
mercial value  was  attached  to  the  iron  that  the  whole  cargo  was  not 
considered  sufficient  security  for  the  freight  charges  and  ]\Ir.  Ely 
was  drawn  on  before  they  could  be  paid. 

Mining  and  Handling  Iron  Ore 

For  many  years,  Cleveland  has  been  noted  not  only  for  its  iron 
and  steel  manufactures,  but  for  its  companies  which  mine  and  sell 
the  ore.    In  this  connection  the  Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Company  has 


1857-1904]  C0:MMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  697 

beeu  mentioned,  and  other  large  interests  in  this  field  were  also  de- 
veloped, such  as  Pickards,  Mather  &  Company,  E.  N.  Breitung  & 
Companj-,  Oglebay,  Norton  &  Company,  Tod-Stambaugh  Company 
and  M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company.  The  last  named  is  especially  familiar 
to  residents  of  Cleveland,  because  of  the  great  public  prominence  at- 
tained by  its  senior  partner.  The  details  of  his  public  career  are  re- 
served for  his  general  biography,  found  on  other  pages  of  this  work. 

Marcus  A.  Hanna  in  Business 

In  the  development  of  mining  and  shipping  of  Lake  Superior  ore, 
one  of  the  most  conspicuous  figures  was  Marcus  Alonzo  Hanna.  While 
the  political  career  of  Senator  Hanna,  who  died  in  Washington  on  the 
fifteenth  of  February,  1904,  was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  eountrj',  the  story  of  the  development  and  progress  of  the 
great  firm  of  M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company,  of  which  he  had  been  the  senior 
member  for  nearly  thirty  years,  is  not  less  interesting.  It  is  a  narration 
of  modest  beginning,  steadj-  progress  and  adaptation  to  new  conditions 
such  as  have  seldom  been  witnessed  in  the  business  world.  While 
the  properties  and  business  of  the  firm  have  undergone  many  changes, 
each  change  has  brought  greater  strength,  until  today  it  is  a  more 
important  factor  in  the  commercial  and  industrial  affairs  of  the  cen- 
tral west  and  of  the  Great  Lakes  than  ever  before.  Mr.  Hanna 's 
business  career  began  in  1857  when  he  became  an  employe  of  the 
wholesale  grocery  house  of  Hanna,  Garretson  &  Company,  of  which 
his  father  was  the  senior  member.  In  1867,  when  the  pioneer  iron 
and  coal  firm  of  Rhodes  &  Card  retired  from  business,  Mr.  Hanna 
became  the  senior  member  of  the  succeeding  firm,  Rhodes  &  Com- 
panj',  dealers  in  coal  and  iron.  The  firm  was  dissolved  in  1885  and 
was  succeeded  by  that  of  M.  A.  Hanna  &  Company,  the  members 
then  being  IM.  A.  Hanna,  L.  C.  Hanna  and  A.  C.  Saunders.  In  1872, 
Mr.  Hanna  with  other  capitalists  organized  the  Cleveland  Transpoi-- 
tation  Company,  which  owned  and  operated  a  line  of  steamers  in 
the  iron  ore  trade.  He  was  for  several  years  general  manager  as 
well  as  a  director  of  the  company,  and  throughout  his  active  busi- 
ness career  he  was  a  powerful  factor  in  the  lake  transportation  busi- 
ness. During  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life,  Mr.  Hanna  devoted  his 
attention  almost  exclusively  to  politics. 

Cleveland  Clearing  House  Association 

The  year  after  Marcus  Hanna  broke  into  Cleveland  business  cir- 
cles (in  1858),  the  different  local  banks  organized  under  the  name 


698  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXV 

of  the  Clearing  House  Association,  but  for  maiij^  years  that  body 
was  little  more  than  a  social  gathering  and  had  weak  financial  in- 
fluence. In  fact,  until  it  was  reorganized  under  a  new  constitutiou, 
in  1902,  it  did  not  lose  its  inconsequential  character  But  since  then 
it  has  been  growing  in  importance,  year  by  year,  and  is  recognized 
as  one  of  the  prime  safeguards  for  local  financial  stability.  In 
1907,  especiaUj-,  the  cooperation  of  the  local  banks,  through  the 
Clearing  House  Association,  went  far  toward  averting  the  embarrass- 
ment of  the  financial  situation. 

The  Cleveland  Federal  Reserve  Bank 

On  the  sixteenth  of  November,  1914,  under  the  new  national  laws, 
the  Fourth  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  with  Cleveland  as  its  headquar- 
ters, was  established  by  the  United  States  Federal  Reserve  Board. 
There  are  more  than  760  banks  included  in  the  division  of  which 
the  Forest  City  is  the  center.  The  territory  embraces  all  of  Ohio, 
parts  of  western  Pennsylvania  and  eastern  Kentucky  and  six  coun- 
ties in  West  Virginia.  Besides  Cleveland,  Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati, 
Columbus  and  Toledo  are  among  the  larger  cities  in  the  distri'it. 
Supervision  of  the  banks  by  a  local  examiner  has  also  added  to  the 
safety  of  the  system.  It  is  believed  that,  with  these  safeguards 
thrown  around  the  banks,  such  currency  panics  as  those  of  1893 
and  1907  are  virtually  impossible. 

Co^vL,  Mining  and  Trade 

The  coal  industry  and  trade — the  mining  and  sale  of  coal — are 
responsible  for  many  large  fortunes  made  by  Cleveland  men.  It  is 
said  that  the  first  coal  brought  to  the  city  was  accorded  the  chilly 
reception  which  is  the  lot  of  all  unobtrusive  but  important  pioneers. 
Henry  Newberry  brought  the  first  coal  to  Cleveland  in  1828  from  the 
Tallmadge  banks,  just  after  the  completion  of  the  Ohio  canal.  New- 
berry tried  for  a  whole  day  to  dispose  of  the  coal  to  the  villagers, 
but  wood  was  cheap  and  no  one  would  use  the  novel  fuel.  Pliilo  Sco- 
vill,  at  that  time  proprietor  of  the  Franklin  House,  was  induced  to 
try  some  of  it. 

The  first  coal  to  be  offered  for  sale  in  Cleveland  was  displayed  at 
the  woodyard  of  George  Fisher  in  1829.  As  lato  a.s  1851,  "Tallmadge 
coal"  sold  for  $2.50  a  ton.  All  coal  came  to  Cleveland  by  way  of 
the  canal. 

The  Brier  Hill  mines  were  opened  in  1845.  Mahoning  coal  later 
came  in  great  quantities,  because  the  completion  of  the  Cleveland  & 


1845-65]  COJBIERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  699 

Mahoning  Railroad  oftVrcd  cheaper  transportation.  The  completion 
of  the  Cleveland  &  Pitt-shurg  Railroad  in  1852  opened  the  Columbiana 
county  and  other  adjacent  mines. 

The  Massillon  district  was  opened  in  1860,  and  the  coal  was 
brought  to  Cleveland  by  canal  until  the  Valley  Railroad  was  opened 
to  traffic.  Later,  the  building  of  the  Wheeling  &  Lake  Erie  Rail- 
road opened  the  fields  further  south. 

The  history  of  the  coal  ti-ade  has  kept  the  pace  set  by  the  consoli- 
dation of  big  industries  and  the  growth  of  trade  in  this  section. 
Three  names  which  stand  out  with  particular  prominence  in  the 
early  coal  trade  of  Cleveland  are  those  of  Charles  Hiekox,  Steven- 
son Burke  and  James  Corrigan.  Judge  Burke  made  Cleveland 
known  as  a  coal  center  before  the  iron  ore  industry  came  into  promi- 
nence. 

Cleveland's  position  on  the  lakes  makes  her  a  prime  factor  in  the 
coal  industry,  it  has  been  said,  but  this  fact  cannot  be  appreciated 
until  tlie  general  trend  of  the  coal  movement  in  recent  years  is 
shown.  The  invention  by  Clevelanders  of  automatic  car  dumps  has 
helped  to  put  Cleveland  in  the  center  of  the  coal  map  of  the  coun- 
try. 

Cleveland's  first  coal  men  in  the  very  early  days  of  the  expan- 
sion of  Cleveland  capital  invested  in  coal  land  south  of  Columbus  and 
formed  a  company  to  develop  it.  As  there  were  no  railroad  facili- 
ties, they  consolidated  three  companies  into  the  Hocking  Valley  Coal 
Company  and  built  the  Hocking  Valley  Railroad,  the  first  instance  in 
the  history  of  railroading  when  the  railroad  espoused  any  other 
interest. 

Oils  and  Paints 

For  many  years,  the  interests  of  Cleveland  capitalists  in  these 
specialties  have  given  the  city  a  high  standing  throughout  the  world. 
As  early  as  1865,  there  were  thirty  refineries  along  the  banks 
of  Walworth  and  Kingsbury  runs.  Cleveland  in  1869  received  more 
crude  oil  for  refining  than  any  other  city  in  the  country,  even  sur- 
passing Pittsburgh,  up  to  that  time  regarded  as  the  natural  oil  cen- 
ter of  the  country.  Cleveland  at  that  time  had  about  .$4,000,000 
invested  in  the  refining  business  and  an  annual  output  of  petroleum 
products  valued  at  about  $15,000,000. 

As  stated  in  a  more  detailed  account  of  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany given  in  a  later  portion  of  this  chapter,  John  D.  Rockefeller 
entered  the  oil  industry  in  1865,  selling  his  share  in  the  commission 
firm  of  Clark  &  Rockefeller  to  enter  the  oil  refining  business  with 


700  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

Samuel  Andrews.  After  five  j^ears  of  phenomenal  gi-owth,  the  firm 
of  Rockefeller  &  Andrews,  then  the  largest  in  the  city,  combined 
■with  the  firm  of  William  A.  Rockefeller  &  Co.,  which  John  D.  Rocke- 
feller had  also  organized  and  of  which  he  was  later  president,  and 
formed  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000. 

Since  that  time,  the  Standard  Oil  Company  has  grown  to  enor- 
mous proportions,  with  a  sales  system  that  now  encircles  the  globe. 
Kerosene  oil  and  other  petroleum  products  are  sold  to  the  natives 
of  far-away  China,  India  and  the  Poh-nesian  Islands. 

In  the  matter  of  petroleum  production,  Cleveland's  share  is  in- 
significant and  of  purely  local  interest.  The  twelve  or  fifteen  wells 
in  "West  Park  and  Berea  produce  between  ten  and  fifteen  barrels  a 
daj'  each.  Estimating  on  the  basis  of  an  average  price  of  two  dollars 
a  barrel,  the  petroleum  produced  annually  is  worth  about  $85,000. 

In  the  refining  of  oil,  Cleveland  occupies  an  important  place, 
although  the  marketing  of  petroleum  products  far  surpasses  even 
this  branch  of  the  business.  There  are  about  six  refineries,  in  the 
strict  sense  of  the  term,  in  Cleveland  at  present.  These  refineries 
utilized  2,312,000  barrels,  or  97,104,000  gallons,  of  crude  oil  last 
year  and  predictions  are  current  in  refining  circles  that  more  than 
100.000.000  gallons  will  be  refined  this  year  (1918). 

In  the  marketing  branch  of  the  oil  industry,  there  are  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  firms  in  the  city  now  engaged  principally  in  selling 
to  the  local  trade.  Many  of  these  firms  maintain  plants  for  com- 
pounding and  blending  specialty  products  in  accordance  with  the 
demands  of  their  patrons. 

These  marketers  or  jobbers  sell  everything  produced  from  petro- 
leum, including  gasoline,  benzine,  naphtha,  illuminating  oils,  tar, 
fuel  oil,  paraffin  wax,  paraffin  lubricating  oils,  greases  of  great 
variety,  pitch,  roofers'  wax  and  coke.  The  best  grade  of  petroleum 
will  produce  19  per  cent,  residue,  15  per  cent,  lubricating  oil,  50  per 
cent,  kerosene  oil  and  16  per  cent,  gasoline. 

It  is  claimed  that  about  25  per  cent,  of  all  the  paints  and  varnishes 
made  in  the  world  are  manufactured  either  in  Cleveland,  or  in  plants 
owned  by  Cleveland  capitalists.  Although  the  industry  is  of  early 
origin,  the  Forest  City  has  been  its  national  hub  for  only  about 
twenty  years. 

The  Carbon  Industry 

For  a  period  of  more  than  forty  years,  the  manufacture  of  car- 
bon into  definite  shapes  for  industrial  purposes  has  assumed  special 


1858-76]  COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  701 

interest.  Its  birth  and  growth  have  been  coincident  with  the  inven- 
tion and  perfection  of  the  arc  s.vstem  of  lighting  by  Charles  F. 
Brush. 

Carbon  in  the  form  of  slabs  had  been  used  for  battery  purposes 
many  years  prior  to  the  use  of  carbon  for  lighting  purposes,  and  at 
first  these  slabs  were  sawed  out  of  gas  retort  carbon. 

In  1858,  a  United  States  patent  was  granted  to  DeGra.sse  B. 
Fowler  of  New  York  for  a  method  of  making  carbon  plates  for  bat- 
tery and  other  purposes  by  the  mixing  of  coal  tar  or  other  bituminous 
or  gummy  substances  with  pure  pulverized  coke,  charcoal,  bones, 
sawdust,  lampblack  or  any  other  carbon,  carbonized  or  carbonizable 
material,  then  subjecting  the  mixture  to  pressure  in  molds  and  after- 
wards packing  it  in  lime  and  heating  slowly  in  air-tight  fireproof  re- 
torts or  ovens  to  drive  off  the  volatile  matter.  This  is  the  first  patent 
covering  the  manufacture  of  carbon  into  definite  shapes  from  pre- 
pared plastic  materials,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  process 
is  fundamentally  the  same  as  that  used  today. 

Charles  F.  Brush  of  Cleveland,  the  inventor  of  the  method  of 
generating  electricity  by  mechanical  means  and  a  lamp  in  which  the 
arc  was  controlled  by  the  current,  entered  the  field  of  practical  and 
commercial  electricity  in  1876.  A  practical  demonstration  was  made 
in  the  summer  of  1876  on  the  Public  Square  in  Cleveland  and  after- 
ward in  the  fall  of  the  same  year  the  apparatus  was  set  up  at  the 
Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia.  The  exhibition  on  the  Square 
had  been  extensively  advertised  in  the  newspapers  and  on  the  even- 
ing when  it  took  place  there  were  thousands  of  pei"son,s  assembled, 
nearlj'  everyone  carrying  a  piece  of  colored  or  smoked  glass  so  that 
his  eyes  might  not  be  affected  by  the  intense  rays  which  were  ex- 
pected to  rival  those  of  the  sun. 

Prior  to  1876,  a  demonstration  of  commercial  arc  lighting  was 
installed  on  one  of  the  streets  of  Paris;  the  current  being  furnished 
bj'  wet  cells  and  the  lamps  were  said  to  be  practically  devoid  of  reg- 
ulating mechanism.  The  electrodes  were  made  of  gas  retort  carbon 
sawed  into  narrow  slabs,  the  positive  and  negative  carbons  being 
arranged  parallel  to  each  other  and  held  apart  by  a  layer  of  plaster  of 
paris.  The  wires  were  fastened  to  one  end  of  the  carbons  and  the 
arc,  after  being  formed,  usually  by  personal  attention,  played  acro« 
the  other  two  ends.  This  lamp  was  very  far  from  a  commercial  suc- 
cess, but  was  a  meritorious  demonstration  of  what  was  to  come. 

Immediately  after  this,  thorough  investigations  were  made  to 
find  a  material  best  suited,  and  at  the  same  time  cheap,  for  forming 
by  some  other  method  electrodes  for  arc  lamps. 


702  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  this  material  was  finall}'  found  in 
Cleveland  in  the  form  of  petroleum  coke,  a  residue  of  oil  refining. 

The  carbons  first  made  from  this  material  cost  about  two  dollars 
each,  but  the  process  used  was  crude,  and  improvements  in  the  method 
of  manufacturing  soon  reduced  the  price  to  twenty-four  cents  each. 
j\Iodern  manufacturing  methods  and  extensive  laboratory  research 
have  reduced  this  price,  until  today  a  carbon  for  this  same  lamp 
can  be  purchased  for  one  cent,  and  this  carbon  is  gi-eatlj^  superior 
to  the  old  crude  ununiform  product. 

Since  then  also  great  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  sj'stem  of 
electric  lighting,  the  old  system  of  open  arc  lamps  being  almost 
entirely  replaced  by  the  new  system  of  inclosed  and  flaming  arc 
lamps.  These  new  types  require  a  different  and  more  expensive  kind 
of  carbon,  but  these  carbons  under  the  impi'oved  methods  of  manu- 
facturing are  produced  and  sold  at  less  prices  than  the  common  coke 
carbons  for  open  arc  lamps  were  produced  in  the  early  days. 

Another  product  which  has  been  so  essential  to  the  development 
of  the  electrical  industry  has  been  the  manufacture  of  brushes  for 
motor  and  generator  work,  and  it  has  been  stated  that  the  success  of 
power  for  transmission  purposes  has  been  largely  due  to 'the  devel- 
opment of  the  carbon  brush. 

Manufacture  of  Auto  Accessories 

The  greatest  specialized  industi-y  which  has  been  developed  in 
Cleveland,  and  in  whicli  the  city  leads  the  world,  is  the  making  of 
auto  accessories;  and  the  manufacture  is  less  than  twenty  years  of 
age.  On  the  twenty-fourth  of  March,  1898,  the  first  American-built 
gasoline  automobile  was  sold  in  Cleveland  and  appeared  on  its  streets. 
It  was  sold  by  its  inventor,  Alexander  Winton,  to  Robert  Allison, 
mechanical  engineer  of  Port  Carbon,  Pennsylvania.  Within  the 
two  following  years  were  formed  such  companies  as  the  Winton,  the 
Peerless,  the  Stearns  and  the  White,  in  the  gasoline  field,  and  the 
Baker  and  the  Ranch  &  Lang  concerns  in  electric  vehicle  manufacture. 
Other  cities,  notably  Detroit,  have  passed  Cleveland  in  the  number 
and  value  of  entire  automobiles  placed  upon  the  market,  but  the  city 
is  supreme  in  the  manufacture  of  auto  springs,  frames,  spark  plugs 
and  other  accessories,  literally  "too  numerous  to  mention." 

It  is  also  believed  that  there  is  no  city  of  its  population  in  the 
country,  the  citizens  of  which  own  so  many  high-grade  machines  as 
Cleveland.  It  has  the  largest  automobile  club  in  the  United  States. 
The  roads  in  and  around  Cleveland  are  finely  improved,  and  mem- 


1876-1918] 


COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY 


703 


bers  of  such  cluhs  as  the  Union  and  the  Country  not  only  take  con- 
stant advantage  of  tlicin,  but  liave  a  widespread  reputation  for  the 
liberalitj-  with  which  they  share  the  pleasures  of  their  machines 
with  residents,  especially  children,  of  the  congested  districts.  The 
benefits  of  the  great  accessories  industry  and  trade,  therefore,  are 
not  shared  by  the  Cleveland  wealthy  alone.  As  to  actual  figures, 
according  to  the  United  States  census  no  important  industry  in 
Cleveland  shows  such  a  large  percentage  of  increase  for  the  decade 


1^^ 

iMSWiiiW 

'■jr'^Pw^ 

tt!:|^^2F  -'4!fe:-'-t  -^  i»^»»* 

The  Union  Club  House 

1904-14  as  the  manufacture  of  automobile  bodies  and  other  parts. 
The  value  of  these  products  in  1914  was  $27,117,000,  an  increase  of 
486.4  over  the  output  of  1904. 


Increase  in  Manuf.a.ctured  Products,  1904-14 
The  showing  of  other  leading  industries  was  as  follows: 

Iron    and   steel    $58,752,000  82.0 

Foundry  and  machine  shop  products  50,951,000  112.0 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing  24,737,000  133.0 

Women's  clothing   16,243,000  118.7 

Printing  and  publishing   14,099,000  129.6 

Electrical  machinery,  supplies,  etc 11,858,000  328.1 

Paints  and  varnishes 10,093,000  172.8 


704  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXV 

The  number  of  industrial  establishments  of  all  kinds,  in  1914, 
was  2,346;  capital  invested,  $312,967,000;  salaries  and  wages  paid, 
$92,909,000;  cost  of  materials  used,  $198,515;  value  added  by  man- 
ufacture (products  less  cost  of  materials),  $154,016,000;  value  of 
products  manufactured,  $352,531,000;  average  number  of  wage  earn- 
ers employed  during  1914,  103,334. 

Finances  and  Commerce  Since  1876 

For  various  periods  since  1876,  the  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce has  been  collecting  and  preserving  statistics  covering  numer- 
ous subjects  showing  the  material  growth  of  the  city.  Such  figures, 
■with  those  compiled  by  the  United  States  census  experts,  are  con- 
sidered authoritative. 

The  most  complete  continuous  record  prepared  by  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  is  that  showing  the  movements  of  iron  ore  through  the 
Cleveland  district  (including  Cleveland,  Ashtabula,  Couneaut,  Fair- 
port  and  Lorain).  The  following  comparison  is  made  by  years, 
some  two  decades  apart: 

Receipts  Shipments 

Years                                         Gross  tons  Gross  tons 

1876    309,555  992,764 

1896    6,166,236  9,934,828 

1917    34,200,642  62,498,906 

The  grain  trade  of  Cleveland  has,  on  the  whole,  declined,  in  com- 
parison with  the  great  growth  of  its  manufactures  and  increase  in 
population  and  wealth.  Everybody  who  reads  and  obsei'ves  knows 
that  the  trade  has  gravitated  to  the  west  and  northwest.  The  re- 
ceipts of  flour,  wheat,  corn  and  oats,  and  the  total  reduced  to  bushels 
(including  liarley,  rye  and  other  cereals),  were  for  the  years  men- 
tioned as  follows: 

Grand  Total 
Flour  Wheat  Corn  Oats       of  all  cereals 

Years  barrels         bushels         bushels         bushels         bushels 

1894 568,130      2,527,105         831,996      2,002,456        8,712,850 

1904 680,800       1,057,026       9,532,215       8,815,461       23,389,623 

191Y 804,039      2,094,953      2,023,555      4,575,497      13,037,254 


lOliSl 


CO.M.MKKCE  AND  INDUSTRY 


705 


Tlie  grain  sliipiuciits  fur  tlie  siune  years  were: 


Flour 
Years  barrels 

1894 016,660 

1904 269,520 

1917 262,084 


Grand  Total 

^Vllcat 

Corn 

Oats 

of  all  cereals 

bushels 

bushels 

bushels 

bushels 

377.066 

28,750 

150,937 

2,978,828 

297,383 

4,763,262 

3,002,947 

9,297,362 

598,595 

1,226,335 

1,888,681 

5,190,256 

Cuyahoga  Kivkr  sScexe 


The  total  freight  movement  at  Cleveland,  in  net  toas,  is  indicated 
below.  The  j-ears  selected  for  comparison  being  the  same  as  given  for 
the  commerce  in  grain: 

Received  Forwarded                 Total 

Yeai-s                             by  rail  and  lake  by  rail  and  lake  Movement 

*1894    5,276,501  2,91.5,955  13,720,445 

1904     15,654,908  11,013,201  26,668,109 

1917  24,964,223  12,342,036  37,306,259 


*  The  movement  by  lake  was  not  reported  until  1896.  In  that  year  the 
receipts  were  3.474,479  net  tons,  and  2,053,510  were  forwarded.  Adding  these 
figures  to  movements  by  rail,  as  given  in  1894,  makes  the  total  approximately, 
13,000,000  tons. 


Surplus 

and 

Undivided 

Profits 

Deposits 

Total 

Clearings 

$  3,508.216 
7,399,872 
19,510.315 
31,470,863 

$  36,276,731 
87,272.585 
230.737.583 
522.229.391 

$  48.297.947 
110.331,707 
272.242.411 
580.682,591 

%    163.043.775 

317.454.607 

897.170.783 

3.730,204,000 

706  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap,  XXXV 

The  wonderful  financial  progress  made  by  Cleveland  during  the 
past  thirty  years  is  shown  by  the  following  comparative  table,  which 
covers  the  items  indicated  for  the  national  and  savings  banks: 


Years  .  Capital 

1S87 $  8,515.000 

1S97 15.659.250 

1907 21.994.513 

1917 26.982.337 

Comparative  Summary,  1907-17 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  has  recently  prepared  a  comparative 
summary,  covering  numerous  subjects  which  have  given  Cleveland 
high  standing  as  a  typical  American  community,  and  which  is  pub- 
lished with  no  commentary  other  than  that  a  few  of  the  items  have 
already  appeared  in  special  tables: 


1907  1917 

Population  to  April  15th (1)472.368  (1)687.475 

Area    (square  miles) 41,16  56.65 

Assessed  valuation,  real  property (4)$176,819,230  (5)$747,785,510 

Numl>er  of  establishments (2)1,616  (3)2,346 

Capital  invested  in  manufarturlng (2)5156,321,000  (3)$312,967.444 

Value  of  manufactured  products (21$171,924,000  (3)$352,531,109 

Factors-  payroll (2)$41.749,000  (3)192,909,888 

Ret-eipts  of  iron  ore  (Cleveland  district).,  (6)24,9.i2.468  (6)34.21)0.642 

BanktnB  capital $21,994,513  $26,982,337 

Banl<  deposits $230,737,583  $522,229,391 

Banks,  surplus  and  undlvidwl  proHts $19,510,315  $31,470,863 

Bank  clearings   (Cleveland  Clearing  House 

Association ).... $897.170.7.53  $3,730,204,000 

Building  ci-nstniction   (estimated  cost) $15,888,407  $30,483,750 

Street  railway — nuratjer  of  passengers  car- 
ried   136.252.501  398,378,894 

Street   railway— miles   of   track  operated.,  245.05  384.36 

Number  of  trunk  line  railroads 7  7 

Numlier  of  interurban  railroads 5  6 

Public    schools — number 88  116 

Pul^lic  wliools— teacliers 1.823  3.017 

Public  schools — scholars   (elementary) 63.064  91,983 

Public  schi»il4—iHwt  of  instnictlon $1„582.773  $3,213,805 

Senior     High     Si-hooi     pupils      (including 

Normal  School) 5.253  10.191 

Junior   Higli   Scliool  pupils 5.236 

PariK^hial   sc1i«>1b 45  58 

Parochial  ScliooI  pupils 18.711  32,181 

Number  of  parks,  playgrounds  and  boule- 
vards   29  52 

Acreage  of  jmbllc  parks  and  pIayground.s. .  1,692  2,420 

Mlies  of  strocta 651  917 

Mll(«  of  paved  streets 328  603 

Miles  of  sewers 507.79  791.93 

Water— dally  capa/'lty  of  pumps   (gallons)  115,000.000  150,000,000 

Water — daily  arerago  consumption  (gal- 
lons)   58,880,350  103,882,227 

(1)  Estlmatod  by  U.   S.   Census  Bureau  Method.  (4)    607o  basis. 

(2)  1904.  (5)  100%  basis. 

(3)  1914    (Last  U.  S.   Census  of  M(r».  1.  (6)  Gross   tons. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce 

The  ('levclaiid  Cliaiiilier  of  Commerce  is  more  than  seventy  years 
old  and  it  was  never  more  vigorous  or  prosperous.  For  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  this  representative  body  of  business  and  profes- 
sional men  ha.s  stood  for  all  that  was  most  ti'uly  ])rogressive  in 
iiiiinicipiil  life  and  civic  sjiiril.     The  coniiiu'rcial  and  industrial  inter- 


Per  Cent. 

of 

Increase 

Increase 

215.107 

45.5 

15.49 

37.6 

$570,966,280 

322.9 

730 

45.2 

$156,646,444 

102.1 

$180,007,109 

105.1 

$51,160,888 

122.5 

(619.248.174 

37.0 

$4,987,824 

22.6 

$291,491,808 

126.3 

$11,900,548 

61.3 

$2,833,033,217 

315.7 

$14,595,343 

91.9 

262,126,333 

192.4 

139.31 

56.8 

1 

20.0 

28 

31.8 

1.194 

65.5 

28.919 

45.9 

$1,631,032 

103.0 

4.9.38 

94.0 

5.236 

13 

28.S 

13.470 

72.0 

23 

79.3 

728 

43.0 

266 

40.9 

275 

83.8 

284.11 

55.9 

35,000,000 

30.4 

45,001,877 

70.4 

1848-1918]  CUMMEKCE  AND  INDUSTRY  707 

ests  of  the  city  liave  lieeii  pi-dtei'ted  and  developed,  reformatory  and 
benevolent  movements  encouraged  and  a  broad  civic  pride  and  lib- 
eral American  patriotism  propagated  from  it  as  a  powerful  radial 
eenter.  Its  committee  on  labor  disputes  lias  done  whatever  it  could 
to  mediate  between  employer  and  employe.  Through  its  committee 
ou  agricultural  development  much  momentum  has  been  given  the 
very  commendable  movement  throughout  the  state  tending  toward 
the  a]>|)oiiitment  of  expert  agents  who  cooperated  with  the  farmers 
and  the  schools  in  educating  both  young  and  old  in  advanced  agri- 
eultural  methods.  Cuyahoga,  Summit,  Ashtabula,  Huron.  Lake, 
Lorain,  Medina  and  Trumbull  counties,  in  the  immediate  sphere  of 
Cleveland's  influence,  have  received  particular  benefits  in  this  direc- 
tion. :Milk  investigation,  home  gardening  and  many  other  matters 
were  handled  to  advantage  by  this  committee. 

The  military  committee  has  been  among  the  busiest  bodies  of  the 
Chamber  and  cooperated  to  the  utmost  with  the  mayor's  War  Coun- 
eil  and  other  associations  connected  with  the  home  conduct  of  the 
war.  The  committee  on  city  finances  concerns  itself  with  state 
legislation,  advises  with  similar  bodies  of  the  common  council,  and 
makes  its  recommendations  as  to  public  school  finances  and  street 
improvements.  There  are  also  special  committees  on  education,  in- 
dustrial welfare,  and  public  safety,  on  transportation  and  annexa- 
tion, housing  and  sanitation,  river  and  harbor  improvements,  industrial 
development  and  even  on  foreign  trade.  A  mere  reading  of  these 
titles  indicates  the  wide  scope  of  activities  attending  the  work  of  the 
Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce.  In  a  word,  it  is  the  most  repre- 
sentative body  of  men  which  exists  in  the  Forest  City,  although  it 
was  not  always  so. 

The  early  records  of  the  old  Board  of  Trade,  from  which  the 
Chamber  was  developed,  were  destroyed  by  fire.  It  is  known,  how- 
ever, that  it  was  founded  on  the  seventh  of  July,  1848,  and  various 
doings  of  the  early  body  have  been  recorded.  The  formal  record  of 
organization  is  thus  published: 

Ata  large  meeting  of  the  merchants  of  this  citv.  iield  pursuant 
to  notice  at  the  Weddell  House,  on  Friday  evening,  7th  inst..  Wil- 
liam Milford,  Esq.,  was  called  to  the  chair'  and  S.  S.  Coe  api)ointed 
secretary. 

After  a  statement  from  the  chair  of  the  object  of  tiie  meeting,  it 
wa.s  on  motion  of  Joseph  L.  Weatherly,  Esq., 

Resolved:  that  the  merchants  of  this  city  now  organize  them- 
selves into  an  a.s,sociation,  to  be  called  the  Board  of  Trade  of  the 
City  of  Cleveland,  and  that  we  now  proceed  to  the  election  by  bal- 
lot of  officers  therefor. 


708  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

Whereupon,  the  following  gentlemen  were  elected  for  the  ensuing 
year : 

President,  Joseph  L.  Weatherly. 

Vice  President,  William  P.  Allen,  Jr. 

Secretary,  Charles  W.  Coe. 

Treasurer,  Richard  T.  Lyon. 

A  committee,  consisting  of  Richard  Hilliard,  John  B.  Waring, 
William  Milford,  Jona.  Gillett  and  L.  il.  Hubby,  were  appointed  to 
prepare  and  report  at  a  subsequent  meeting  a  constitution,  by-laws, 
etc.,  for  the  aissociation  and  call  a  meeting  when  ready  to  report. 

E.  il.  Fitch,  William  P.  Allen,  Jr.,  and  A.  Handy  were  appointed 
a  committee  to  procure  a  suitable  room  for  the  purposes  of  the  asso- 
ciation, and  report  at  same  meeting. 

William  Milford,  President. 
S.  S.  Coe,  Secretar\'. 
Cleveland,  July  7th,  1848. 

The  incorporation  of  the  Board  of  Trade  dates  from  the  fifth  of 
April,  1866,  when  the  certificate  was  ofScially  approved  by  the  sec- 
retary of  state.  On  the  previous  day,  twenty  leading  citizens  of 
Cleveland  appeared  before  J.  F.  Freeman,  in  the  Atwater  block,  and 
acknowledged  that  they  signed  the  certificate  of  incorporation,  which 
read  as  follows : 

We,  the  undersigned  citizens  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  residents 
of  the  City  of  Cleveland,  do  hereby  associate  ourselves  together  as 
a  Board  of  Trade,  under  the  name  and  title  of  the  "Board  of  Trade 
of  the  City  of  Cleveland,"  to  be  located  and  situated  in  the  City  of 
Cleveland,  County  of  Cuyahoga,  and  State  of  Ohio,  where  its  busi- 
]iess  is  to  be  transacted. 

The  objects  of  said  Association  are  to  promote  integi-ity  and  good 
faith;  just  and  equitable  princij)les  of  business;  discover  and  correct 
abuses;  establish  and  maintain  uniformity  in  commercial  usages;  ac- 
quire, preserve  and  disseminate  valuable  business  statistics  and 
information :  prevent  or  adjust  controversies  and  misunderstandings 
which  may  arise  between  persons  engaged  in  trade;  and  generally  to 
foster,  protect  and  advance  the  commercial,  mercantile  and  maiuifac- 
turing  interests  of  the  city,  in  confonnily  with  an  act  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  the  State  of  Oliio  entitled  "An  Act  to  authorize 
the  iiicorjxii-ation  of  boards  of  trade  and  cliambcrs  of  commerce," 
passed  April  .3rd,  1866. 

The  incorporators  were  Philo  Chamberlin,  R.  T.  Lyon,  J.  C. 
Sage,  A.  Hughes,  C.  W.  Coe,  II.  S.  Davis,  J.  E.  White,  J.  H.  Clark, 
S.  W.  Porter,  IT.  D.  Woodward,  A.  V.  Cannon,  E.  D.  Childs,  W.  F. 
Otis,  M.  B.  Clark,  W.  Murray,  S.  F.  Ijcster,  A.  Quinn,  (ieorgc  W. 
Gardner,  E.  C.  Hardy,  Geo.  Sinclair. 

The  iricorpoi'ation  and  resuscitation  of  the  old  Board  of  Trade 
in  1866  comprised  the  second  distinct  step  in  the  history  of  the 
organization. 


1892-1918]  COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  709 

The  tliird  .stfj),  aiul  tliat  wliirli  k'tl  directly  to  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  as  an  epitome  of  the  city  of  Cleveland,  was  the  appoint- 
ment of  tiie  Board  of  Trade  of  the  CM.iniiiittec  on  the  Promotion  of 
Industry,  of  which  Wilson  M.  Day  was  chairman,  L.  E.  Holden, 
vice-chairman  and  George  T.  Mcintosh,  secretary.  That  event  oc- 
curred in  1802  and  from  it  dated  the  birth  of  a  new  and  broader 
spirit  within  the  body  of  the  Board  of  Trade.  Light  dawned  upon 
the  business  men  of  Cleveland,  at  first  shed  abroad  by  a  chosen  few, 
that  a  business  organization  may  appropriately  concern  itself  in 
matters  which  are  not  directly  tied  to  dollars  and  cents.  On  the 
sixth  of  Febniarj-,  1893,  at  a  special  meeting  held  by  the  Boai'd  of 
Trade,  its  name  was  changed  to  the  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. Three  days  afterward,  the  secretary  of  state  approved  such 
action,  and  that  body  has  .since  been  known  under  the  name  indi- 
cated. A  revised  constitution  had  l>ecn  adopted  and  a  complete 
reorganization  effected.  At  tiiat  time,  the  membership  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  was  about  one  thousand ;  it  has  now  an  active  mem- 
bership of  three  times  that  number.  In  June,  1893,  the  new  rooms 
in  the  Arcade  building  were  occupied,  and  the  land  had  already  been 
purchased  on  the  north  side  of  the  Public  Square  >(the  site  of  the 
Western  Reserve  Historical  Society)  for  the  erection  of  the  pres- 
ent Chamber  of  Commerce  building.  From  that  time  on,  the  rule 
of  the  Chamber  has  been  progress  without  a  set-back. 

Official  Rostek,  1848-1918 

Presidents:  1848,  Joseph  L.  Weatherly;  1864,  S.  F.  Le.ster;  1865, 
Philo  Chamberlin;  1867,  W.  F.  Otis;  1868,  George  W.  Gardner,  1869, 
R.  T.  Lyon;  1870,  A.  J.  Begges;  1871,  Thomas  Walton;  1872,  Chas. 
Hickox;  1873,  B.  H.  York;  1874,  F.  IT.  Morse;  1875,  H.  Pomerene; 
1877,  B.  A.  DeWolf;  1879,  Daniel  Martin;  1886,  William  Edwards; 
1888,  George  W.  Lewis;  1889,  William  Edwards;  1893,  Henry  R. 
GrofF;  1894,  Luther  Allen;  1895,  Wilson  M.  Day;  1896,  John  G.  W. 
Cowles;  1897,  Worcester  R.  Warner;  1898,  Harry  A.  Garfield;  1899, 
M.  S.  Greenough;  1900,  Ryerson  Ritchie;  1901,  Charles  L.  Pack; 
1902,  Harvey  D.  Goulder;  1903,  J.  J.  Sullivan;  1904,  Amos  B.  Mc- 
Nairy;  1905,  Ambrose  Swasey;  1906,  Francis  F.  Prentiss;  1907,  Ly- 
man H.  Treadway;  1908,  Charles  S.  Howe;  1909,  Charles  F.  Brush; 
1910,  George  W.  Kinney:  1911,  Charles  E.  Adams;  1912,  H.  H.  John- 
son;  1913,  Warren  S.  Ila.vden ;  1914,  Morris  A.  Black;  1915,  Ba.s- 
eom  Little;  1916,  Ralph  L.  Fuller  (resigned  in  office);  1916-18, 
Charles  A.  Otis ;  and  1918,  Myron  T.  Herriek. 


710  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

From  1848  to  1865,  inclusive,  the  following  served  as  vice  presi- 
dents: 1848,  Wm.  F.  Allen,  Jr.;  1849,  P.  Anderson;  1851,  Levi 
Rawson;  1854,  Arthur  Hughes;  1860,  Levi  Rawson;  1862,  M.  B. 
Scott;  1S64,  H.  Harvej';  1865,  R.  T.  Lyon.  Commencing  with  the 
reorganization  of  the  old  Board  of  Trade  and  the  incorporation  of 
the  Chamljer  of  Commerce  in  1866,  there  were  six  vice  presidents 
in  annual  service  until  1889,  and  since  the  latter  year,  two. 

Treasurers:  1848,  R.  T.  Lyon;  1865,  J.  H.  Clark;  1867,  J.  F. 
Freeman:  1870,  J.  D.  Pickands;  1871,  A.  Wiener;  1872,  S.  S.  Gard- 
ner; 1879,  Theo.  Simmons,  Sec.;  1844,  X.  X.  Crum,  Sec.;  1887,  A. 
J.  Begges,  Sec;  1893,  A.  J.  Beggs;1894,  Geo.  S.  Russell;  1896, 
Samuel  ilather ;  1897,  Geo.  W.  Kinney ;  1898,  Joseph  Colwell ;  1900, 
Thos.  H.  Wilson ;  1901,  H.  C.  Ellison ;  1903,  Geo.  A.  Garretson ;  1904, 
Chas.  A.  Post;  1905,  Demaline  Leuty;  1906,  F.  A.  Scott;  1907, 
Charles  A.  Paine;  1909,  Charles  E.  Farnsworth;  1911,  Stephen  L. 
Pierce;  1912,  Geo.  A.  Coulton;  1914,  J.  A.  House;  1916,  J.  R.  Kraus; 
and  1917— 

Secretaries:  1848,  Charles  W.  Coe;  1849,  S.  S.  Coe;  1854,  H. 
B.  Tuttle;  1860,  C.  W.  Coe;  1862,  H.  B.  Tuttle;  1864,  Arthur  H. 
Quinn ;  1865,  J.  C.  Sage ;  1879,  Theo.  Simmons ;  1884,  X.  X.  Crum ; 
1887,  A.  J.  Begges;  1893.  Ryerson  Ritchie;  1898,  F.  A.  Scott;  and 
1905,  Munson  Havens.. 

The  officers  and  dircctoi><  of  tlie  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce 
for  the  term  1918-19  are  as  follows:  ^Myron  T.  Herrick,  president; 
F.  W.  Ramsey,  first  vice  president ;  Paul  L.  Feiss,  second  vicQ  presi- 
dent; P.  H.  Goff,  treasurer;  Munson  Havens,  secretary;  E.  E.  Allyne, 
Amos  N.  Barron,  Alva  Bradley,  E.  S.  Burke.  Jr..  Alvah  S.  Chis- 
holm,  E.  C.  Henn,  John  6.  Jennings,  Arch  C.  Klumph,  J.  R.  Kraus, 
and  Minot  O.  Simons,  directors ;  Ho.vt,  Dustin,  Kelley,  McKeehan 
&  Andrews,  legal  counsel. 

The   Cll.VMHKR  ok    i.NDrSTKY 

The  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Industry  was  iueorjxjrateil  on  the 
twenty-eighth  of  January,  1907,  with  the  following  charter  members: 
Isaac  P.  Lamson,  president  of  the  Lamson  &  Sessions  Comiiany ;  the 
Hon.  Paul  Ilowland,  attorney  and  congressman-elect :  Chas.  Ranch, 
president  of  the  Rauch  &  Lang  Carriage  Company;  William  Grief, 
president  of  the  Grief  Bros.  Company;  the  IIoii.  Thomas  P.  Schmidt, 
attorney  and  memlier  of  Ohio  senate;  the  Hon.  E.  W.  Doty,  clerk 
of  Ohio  house  of  representatives;  George  B.  Koch,  of  Koch  &  Henke, 
fui'iiiture   dealers;   John   Meckes,   dr.v   goods   merchant;    A.   F.   Leo- 


1907]  COMJMERC'E  AND  INDUSTRY  711 

jxiUl,  president  ol'  tlir  llt'ury  Leopdld  l''ui'iiiturc  Company;  David 
McLean,  president  of  the  Herrraan-MeLean  Company;  John  G.  Jen- 
nings, treasurer  of  the  Lainson  &  Sessions  Company;  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Francis  T.  Moran,  pastor  of  St.  Patrick 's  Church ;  the  Rev.  Dan 
F.  Bradley,  pastor  of  the  Pilgrim  Congregational  Church;  J.  V. 
IMcGorray,  sheriff;  Herman  C.  Baelir,  county  recorder;  E.  Wie- 
benson,  secretary  of  the  United  Banking  and  Savings  Company; 
J.  M.  Curtiss,  president  of  the  Curtiss-Ambler  Realty  Company; 
E.  E.  Admire,  president  of  the  ^Metropolitan  Business  College;  Frank 
C.  Case,  vice-president  of  the  Lanison  &  Sessions  Company ;  H. 
M.  Farnsworth,  secretary  of  the  Brooklyn  Savings  &  Loan  Com- 
pany ;  Chas.  IT.  ^liller,  president  of  the  Cliampion  Steel  Range 
Company ;  G.  A.  Tinnerman,  president  of  the  Lorain  Street  Sav- 
ings Bank  Company;  Henry  Kiefer,  secretary  of  the  People's  Sav- 
ing.s  Bank  Company ;  John  M.  Hirt,  secretary  of  the  Lincoln  Savings 
&  Banking  Company;  J.  M.  Blatt,  real  estate  dealer;  H.  Grombacher, 
secretary  of  the  Ohio  Savings  &  Loan  Company ;  John  L.  Stadlei-, 
president  of  the  J.  L.  &  IT.  Stadler  Fertilizer  Company;  F.  V.  Faul- 
habcr,  of  the  F.  V.  Ilaulhaber  Tn.surance  Company ;  E.  L.  Hes- 
senmueller,  attorney,  etc. ;  and  J.  V.  Chapek,  of  the  Cuyahoga  Ab- 
stract Company. 

This  organization  came  into  existence  to  foster  and  promote  the 
general  interests  of  the  part  of  the  City  of  Cleveland  that  lies  west 
of  the  Cuyahoga  River.  Ever  since  the  days  of  Ohio  City  there  had 
remained  a  sort  of  Chinese  Wall  between  the  east  and  the  west 
shores  of  the  Cuyahoga  River  and  it  was  evident  that  this  barrier 
should  be  broken  down  and  a  more  cordial  feeling  established  if  the 
city  as  a  whole  was  to  prosper  as  it  should  and  especiall.y  the  "West 
Side."  Public  improvements  west  of  the  river  had  fallen  behind 
those  of  the  rest  of  the  city  and  even  those  that  had  been  begun  lan- 
guished. Under  these  conditions  the  leading  citizens  of  the  West 
Side  recognized  the  necessity  for  combined  effort  to  make  their  sec- 
tion of  the  city  as  desirable  as  a  place  of  residence  and  of  business 
as  was  the  East  Side.  AVith  this  as  the  master  motive  the  organiza- 
tion was  formed  and  in  a  sane,  but  insistent  manner  set  about  its 
work.  It  has  lived  up  to  the  motto  on  its  seal,  "Industry,  Progress, 
Achievement." 

The  Chamber  has  been  fortunate  in  having  for  its  officers  and 
directors,  men  with  broad  and  progressive  ideas.  It  has  been  ani- 
mated with  the  constructive  spirit,  rather  than  with  one  of  carp- 
ing criticism  over  conditions  which  were  bej'ond  the  control  of  the 
various  city   admini.strations.   If  a  large   improvement   involving  a 


712  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS   [Chap.  XXXV 

great  expenditure  was  needed,  and  a  bond  issue  was  proposed,  the 
Chamber  set  about  educating  the  public  and  securing  its  cooperation 
and  support.  In  this  work,  the  Chamber  found  it  very  important 
and  useful  to  have  an  organ  of  publicity.  From  its  incorporation, 
the  Chamber  has  issued  a  weekly  newspaper.  The  Enterprise,  which 
has  become  a  power  in  the  community  and  promotes  all  of  the  best 
interests  of  the  city. 

The  Chamber  of  Indiistry  is  truly  democratic  in  its  form  of  gov- 
ernment and  in  its  methods.  Its  territoi'y  is  divided  into  nine  geo- 
graphical districts,  with  two  directors  elected,  one  each  year  from 
each  district,  and  for  a  term  of  two  years;  i.  e.,  nine  new  directors 
are  elected  each  year.  The  eighteen  district  directors  elect  one  di- 
rector-at-large.  This  form  of  government  is  perhaps  unique  among 
civic  bodies,  but  it  prevents  "the  tail  from  wagging  the  dog"  at  any 
time.    Officers  are  elected  by  the  board  from  their  own  number. 

For  three  years,  the  organization  maintained  its  offices  and  general 
headquarters  on  tlie  fourth  floor  of  the  United  Banking  &  Savings 
Company's  building.  West  Twenty-fifth  Street  and  Lorain  Avenue. 
These  were  tlie  acid  test  years.  Many  spasmodic  "improvement" 
associations,  leagues,  etc.,  had  led  the  West  Side  public  to  look  with 
distrust  upon  such  efforts.  However,  never  before  had  so  many  influ- 
ential business  and  industrial  interests  banded  together  for  the  gen- 
eral welfare  of  all,  rather  than  for  tlie  special  purposes  of  the  few. 
The  organization  began  to  achieve  success  and  its  future  was  assured. 
It.s  member.ship  was  rapidly  augmented  by  the  best  citizens  and  ex- 
pansion for  the  Chamber  as  well  as  the  West  Side  was  demanded. 
The  completion  of  the  Carnegie  West  Branch  of  the  public  library 
gave  the  Chamber  the  opportiuilty  to  secure  the  substantial  build- 
ing formerly  occupied  by  the  library  on  Franklin  Avenue.  This 
property  was  purchased  and  altered  to  meet  tlie  requirements  of  the 
organization,  the  dedication  taking  place  on  the  twenty-fifth  of  Octo- 
ber, 1910.  Additions  have  since  been  made,  giving  today  a  complete 
plant,  consisting  of  ample  room  for  the  executive  offices,  an  audi- 
torium with  a  seating  capacity  of  600,  a  stage  well  stocked  with  scen- 
ery, a  large  restaurant  rooni  and  kitchens  completely  equipped,  a 
billiai'd  room  with  seven  tables,  and  an  additional  room  containing 
four  bowling  alleys.  The  Chamber  occupies  the  entire  linilding.  The 
membership  has  grown  to  1,200  and  is  of  the  solid  and  enthusiastic 
character  that  counts  when  called  upon  to  jjush. 

While  the  membership  is  limited  to  residents  of  the  West  Side, 
the  policy  of  the  Chamber  has  been  to  give  its  hearty  support  to  all 
great  city   movements,   and   that   aid   is  often   asked.     The  Chamber 


1918]  COMJMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  713 

eiuleavors  ami  siu'ci-cds  in  living  up  to  its  uaiiie,  The  Cleveland  Cham- 
lier  of  Industry. 

In  a  work  of  an  historical  character  it  is  certainly  proper  to  men- 
tion the  presidents  who  have  thus  far  guided  the  organization. 
In  chronological  order  they  are:  Thos.  P.  Schmidt,  attorney;  Hei-- 
man  C.  Baehr,  former  mayor;  Capt.  C.  E.  Benham,  marine  surveyor; 
H.  M.  Farnswortli.  attorney;  II.  E.  Ilackonberg,  vice-president  of 
the  National  Carlwn  Company;  E.  A.  Murphy,  president  of  the 
Cleveland  Union  Stock  Yards;  P.  D.  Lawrence,  auditor  of  the  Na- 
tional Carbon  Company ;  C.  J.  Neal,  treasurer  of  the  Neal  Fire- 
proof Storage  Company;  L.  Q.  Rawson,  attorney;  M.  F.  Fisher, 
president  of  the  Fisher  Bros.,  grocers.  Mr.  A.  E.  Hyre,  whose  en- 
ergy brought  about  the  incorporation  of  the  Chamber,  has  annually 
been  elected  its  secretary  and  still  enjoys  the  usufruct  of  that  posi- 
tion. 

The  present  officers  (1918)  are:  President,  Henry  G.  Schaefer, 
vice-president  of  the  Gustav  Schaefer  Wagon  Company;  Vice-presi- 
dents, John  H.  Cox,  attorney,  and  M.  F.  Bramley,  president  of  the 
Cleveland  Trinidad  Paving  Company ;  Treasurer,  Chas.  L.  Wasmer, 
president  of  the  Cleveland  Wrought  Products  Company;  Secretary, 
Alonzo  E.  Hyre.  The  Directors  are  W.  C.  Astrup,  W.  R.  Coates, 
F.  M.  Farnsworth,  W.  H.  Fay,  Geo.  F.  Hart,  R.  C.  Heil,  Wm.  Hughes, 
F.  T.  Kedslie,  Chas.  W.  Lapp,  Louis  Meier,  Wm.  L.  Meyer,  Ber- 
nard Millei-,  Jas.  T.  Miskell,  Dr.  Jno.  Neuberger,  and  Henry  Waibei. 

The  things  accomplished  by  the  Chamber  of  Industi-y  range  from 
the  simplest  affairs  of  every  day  civic  housekeeping  to  great  bridge 
projects  involving  millions  of  dollars.  Among  the  more  important 
and  outstanding  achievements  may  be  mentioned  the  Detroit-Supe- 
rior high  level  brige,  the  Denison-Harvard  bridge,  the  Brooklyn- 
Brighton  bridge,  the  Lorain-IIuron  high  level  bridge;  the  Clark  Ave- 
nue bridge:  the  West  Sixty-fifth  Street  extension  and  the  street  car 
belt  line;  the  removal  of  the  Lake  Avenue  "Double  Tunnels,"  the 
Bulkley  and  the  West  boulevards ;  the  encircling  county  boulevard ; 
the  completion  of  the  monumental  West  Side  market  house ;  three 
large  industrial  expositions;  the  increase  of  fire  and  police  protec- 
tion: the  elimination  of  grade  crossings;  the  extension  of  street  rail- 
way lines;  an  improved  mail  delivery  and  collection;  the  West 
Technical  high  school  and  athletic  field ;  the  completion  of  branch 
library  buildings;  with  better  paved  and  liglited  streets,  etc.,  etc. 
The  work  of  the  Chamber  is  carried  on  by  committees,  regular  and 
special,  the  labors  of  which  are  never  ceasing;  results  follow. 

Finally,  while  concrete  achievements  of  great  value  and  benefit 


714  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

may  be  "pointed  to  with  pride,"  the  gi-eatest  and  most  valuable 
result  of  the  life  and  labors  of  the  Chamber  has  been  the  arousing 
of  the  proper  eivie  and  unselfish  spirit  of  the  people,  a  spirit  demo- 
cratic in  the  wide  scope  of  its  sympathies  and  cooperation  for  what- 
ever goes  to  make  a  bigger,  better  and  brighter  city  for  the  comfort, 
convenience  and  progress  of  its  inhabitants. 


The  Standard  Oil,  Company 
Bij  P.  C.  Boyle,  Editor  of  the  Oil  City  (Pemia.)  Derrick 

The  Standard  Oil  Company  was  incorporated  in  January,  1870, 
with  $1,000,000  capital,  ilr.  John  D.  Rockefeller,  the  leading  spii'it 
in  the  interests  comprising  the  corporation,  was  elected  its  president. 
This  was  the  parent  corporation,  and  the  nucleus  of  the  vast  aggrega- 
tion of  interests  and  capital  known  as  the  Standard  Oil  Company. 

At  the  time  of  its  incorporation,  the  Standard  was  the  largest 
single  manufacturing  concern  in  the  oil  business.  Its  ti'ade  position 
naturally  was  a  leading  one.  Before  any  consolidations  had  taken 
place,  its  capital  was  increased  to  $3,500,000.  From  its  beginning, 
the  Standard  was  an  industrial  leader.  Its  corporate  fonu  of  organi- 
zation was  made  necessary  by  a  rapidlj'  developing  world-wide  trade. 
A  manufacturing  corporation  from  the  outstart,  it  soon  became  neces- 
sary to  create  ways  aiid  to  provide  means  for  the  prosecution  of  its 
large  business.  The  .sale  and  distribution  of  its  products  involved 
transportation,  and  called  for  facilities  of  a  nature  unknown  to  com- 
merce.    These  in  due  course  were  devised  and  provided. 

The  production  of  crude  petroleum  by  artesiau  process  began  in 
1859.  Ill  the  following  year,  Mr.  John  D.  Rockefeller  made  his 
first  investment  in  oil.  By  1862  he  was  trading  under  the  firm  name 
of  Rockefeller  &  Andrews.  In  1865  the  firm  was  e.xpantlcd  by  the 
accession  of  Mr.  William  Rockefeller.  A  connecting  house  in  New 
York  being  desirable,  it  was  established,  and  Mr.  William  Rockefeller 
was  placed  in  charge.  The  Standard  by  this  step  was  the  first  anu)ng 
the  western  refiners  to  locate  permanently  in  New  York. 

Success  crowned  the  efforts  of  the  young  firm.  To  secure  addi- 
tional capital,  in  1867  Mr.  S.  V.  Ilarkness  and  Mr.  II.  M.  Flagler 
were  admitted  as  partners,  and  the  firm  style  became  Rockefeller, 
Andrews  and  Flagler.  Mr.  Flagler  proved  to  be  a  fortunate  accjui- 
sition,  not  only  to  his  firm,  but  to  the  trade  at  large.  For  the  rapid 
and  wide  expansion  of  the  oil  trade  much  is  due  to  Mr.  Flagler.  The 
growing  demands  of  the  firm's  business  making  additional  capital 


Entrance  to  Forest  Hill 

Summer  Home  of 

f\r.  John  D.  Rockefeller 


Cleveland  Home  of  the  Oil  King 
(Destroyed  by  fire  in  1917) 


716  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

imperative,  having  reached  the  reasonable  limit  for  safety  of  a  busi- 
ness conducted  as  a  partnership,  it  was  decided  as  the  next  step  to 
incorporate.  The  lai-ge  profits  secured  by  refineries  in  the  early  days 
of  the  industry  attracted  capital  and  stiuuilated  enterprise.  Oil  com- 
manded high  prices,  and  the  business  as  a  whole  was  prosperous  and 
profitable  even  as  then  conducted  by  wasteful  methods. 

But  overproduction  was  slowly  yet  surely  reducing  the  value  of 
the  crude  oil  at  the  wells,  and  a  refining  capacity  had  gi'own  thi'ee 
times  as  great  as  was  necessary  to  supply  the  demand.  Ruinous  com- 
petition was  depressing  refiners'  profits  to  the  vanishing  point.  The 
railroads  were  competing  sharply  for  the  oil  trade  without  profit. 
Tills  was  the  condition  in  1872,  soon  after  the  Standard  was  incor- 
porated. The  situation  was  one  demanding  immediate  relief.  In  its 
extremity,  the  industry  sought  relief  through  combinations  to  effect 
economies  and  to  place  the  trade  on  a  paying  basis.  Producers  had 
considered  the  desirability  of  a  combination  to  restrain  the  output  to 
regulate  prices.  Pipe  lines  on  the  verge  of  bankruptcy  were  easting 
about  for  some  form  of  combination  that  would  stop  rate  cutting  and 
rebates,  which  had  proved  destructive  to  profit.  Refiners  were  enter- 
ing combinations  to  regulate  the  trade.  Railroads  were  seeking  means 
for  an  agreement  upon  a  division  of  the  freight  on  a  basis  that  left 
some  profit  to  the  carrier  for  the  service. 

Previous  to  the  reorganization  of  the  industrj-  in  the  later  70s, 
the  Rockefeller  interest  was  confined  to  manufacturing.  Necessities 
forced  it  into  other  branches  of  the  business,  such  as  the  operation 
of  pipe  lines  and  steamships.  The  ownership  of  oil  wells  followed  in 
due  course  of  time. 

When  the  Standard  Oil  Trust  was  formeil  in  1882,  forty  persons 
had  associated  themselves  as  stockholders  in  fifteen  eoi'porations,  be- 
sides holding  stock  in  a  number  of  others.  They  were  the  men  who, 
through  their  individual  enterprise,  had  come  to  the  front  by  sheer 
merit  in  the  va.st  body  of  those  who  had  engaged  in  the  industry. 

The  actual  cost  of  refining  was  reduced  from  1872  to  1892,  about 
sixty-six  per  cent.  "This  has  been  accomplished,"  said  Mr.  S.  C.  T. 
Dodd,  "partly  by  the  discovery  and  use  of  l)ctter  processes  and  better 
machinery,  partly  by  the  elimination  of  tlie  waste  once  incident  to 
the  business,  and  partly  by  the  refiners  manufacturing  for  their  own 
purposes,  and  cheapening  tlie  cost  of  the  nuiterials  used  in  manufac- 
turing oils." 

When  the  Standard  Oil  Trust  was  formed  in  1882  it  was  cajiital- 
ized  at  .1;70,()00,000.  Later  the  capilal  was  increased  to  .$i)r),O()O,00(). 
and  within  seven  or  eigiil  years  the  (rust  canic  into  ixissessidii  ol'  the 


1870-92] 


COJOIERCE  AND  INDUSTRY 


717 


companies  controlling  tlio  greater  part  of  the  i)etrnl('uin  leliniiitj  busi- 
ness in  the  United  States. 

Ill  ]\rar('h,  1892,  the  supreme  court  of  the  state  of  Ohio  decitled 
that  the  Standard  Oil  Trust  was  illegal,  and  it  was  dissolved,  the 
business  being  conducted  by  the  separate  companies  that  had  com- 
posed the  trust. 

From  1870  to  1880  was  the  period  of  regulation  and  combination, 
and  bringing  of  the  chaotic  conditions  which  surrounded  the  oil  indus- 
trj'  into  something  systematic.  It  reqviired  an  immense  amount  of 
detail  work  to  accomplish  this.     The  pipe  lines  which  took  the  crude 


iiiK  Rockefeller  .\nd  Andrews  Building 


petroleum  from  the  tanks  of  the  producers  had  different  systems  and 
different  methods;  producers  were  not  satisfied  that  they  received  all 
they  should,  and  refiners  were  not  always  satisfied  with  the  condition 
of  the  oil  when  it  was  received.  It  might  contain  residuum,  or  part 
of  tlie  run  miglit  be  water. 

There  was  tiieii  no  way  of  safeguarding  oil  in  transit.  When  the 
oil  reached  the  pipe  lines  a  record  was  made  at  once.  But  when  the 
oil  was  transported  by  teams  it  was  possible  by  collusion  for  a  dis- 
honest teamster  to  appropriate  by  wagonloads.  With  the  crude  sys- 
tem of  checks  and  balances  it  was  not  possible  to  keep  track  of  the  oil, 
as  a  smgle  shipper  might  have  scores  of  teams  on  the  road  at  one  time. 
If  there  was  a  shortage,  it  was  supposed  the  team  had  not  yet  reached 
its  destination.     The  quotation   of  the  dump   men   not   infrccjucntly 


718  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

made  the  market,  precisely  as  the  speculative  operations  of  the  brokers 
subsequently  made  prices  in  the  oil  exchange.  When  the  seller  was 
in  doubt  about  values  and  the  buyer  unwilling  to  enlighten  him  by 
naming  a  price,  the  nearest  "dump"  man  was  appealed  to,  and  his 
quotation  made  a  price  governing  the  transaction.  The  same  process 
was  repeated  again  and  again  in  the  course  of  a  business  day.  The 
purchasing  agents  of  the  refiners  were  migratoiy.  They  would  meet 
on  the  cars  or  in  hotel  lobbies  and  discuss  trade  conditions. 

That  out  of  all  this  a  system  was  finally  developed  which  has  stood 
the  test  of  time  and  been  adopted  in  the  oil  fields  over  the  whole 
world,  is  a  credit  to  John  D.  Rockefeller  and  his  associates.  Confidence 
was  restored  in  pipe  line  certificates,  and  they  were  accepted  at  their 
market  value  by  the  banks,  and  were  available  for  collateral.  This 
assured  the  pi-oducers  that  they  were  being  given  a  square  deal  by 
the  pipe  line  transportation  system,  and  they  soon  became  content  to 
accept  the  statements  as  shown  on  the  books  of  the  pipe  lines. 

It  has  always  been  the  claim  of  the  Standard  that  it  has  spared 
no  expense  in  securing  the  best  resiilts  in  the  conduct  of  its  business. 
The  elements  of  economy  that  have  entered  into  the  production,  trans- 
portation and  marketing  of  petroleum  and  its  products  are  numerous. 
Sufficient  skill  and  capital  to  develop  new  markets,  and  to  adopt 
any  form  of  improvement  in  manufacture  and  transportation  in  seiw- 
ing  the  trade,  are  among  the  chief  factors  in  securing  and  maintaining 
a  steady  market  for  petroleum.  A  steady  market  has  encouraged  the 
production  of  crude  oil  on  a  basis  of  a  fair  return  on  the  capital 
invested.  The  thousands  of  producers  need  only  raise  their  oil  to  the 
earth's  surface  to  sell  it  at  a  remunerative  price  at  the  tanks  into 
which  they  pump  it.  From  that  moment  until  it  is  delivered  at  the 
door  of  the  consumers  all  over  the  woi'ld,  the  most  economical  methods 
are  used  in  its  handling. 

The  Standard  Oil  ('ompaiiy  has  not  claimed  any  exclusive  credit 
as  an  inventor  of  devices  for  chcai)ening  the  processes  incident  to  its 
business,  but  it  has  fostered  inventive  genius  by  adopting  any  device 
that  involved  an  element  of  economy  or  an  improvement  of  commer- 
cial value.  Above  all,  it  has  placed  oil  at  the  door  of  all  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  globe,  and  made  it  so  clicai)  that  few  are  unable  to  pur- 
chase it.  Others  might  liave  done  the  same  tiling,  but  others  did  not 
do  it.  So  wofld-wide  an  industrial  organization  liad  never  before 
been  formed.  The  best  evidence  that  if  has  served  tlie  |)ul)lic  well  is 
the  volume  of  its  business.  It  has  won  its  way  to  its  present  ti-ade 
position  because  of  the  quality  and  ))rice  of  its  ])roduct.  The  wortli 
of  its  methods  is  attested  bv  the  i'aci   tliat   its  (lunoncnts  have  aban- 


1870-19001  COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  719 

doned  tln'ir  fdi-iiicr  Imsiiu'ss  iduas  and,  as  far  as  i)(>ssil)k>,  have  i'ailli- 
fully  copied  the  organization  and  distributing  system  of  the  Standard. 
In  this  connection,  tiie  words  of  John  I).  Rockefeller  in  the  Report 
of  the  Industrial  Commission  (WOO,  vol.  1,  p.  7!»6),  are  illuminating 
as  revealing  the  idea  which  was  uppermost  in  the  mind  of  the  founder 
of  the  Standard  Oil  Company.    lie  said : 

I  ascribe  the  success  of  the  Standard  to  its  consistent  policy  to 
make,  the  volume  of  the  business  large  through  the  merits  and"  the 
cheapness  of  its  products.  It  has  spared  no  expense  in  finding,  secur- 
ing and  utilizing  the  best  and  cheapest  methods  of  manufacture.  It 
has  sought  for  the  best  superintendents  and  workmen  and  paid  the 
best  wages.  It  has  not  hesitated  to  sacrifice  old  machinery  and  old 
plants  for  new  and  better  ones.  It  has  placed  its  manufactories  at  the 
points  where  they  could  supply  markets  at  the  least  expense.  It  has 
not  only  sought  nmrkets  for  its  principal  products,  but  for  all  possible 
by-products,  sparing  no  expense  in  introducing  them  to  the  public. 
It  has  not  hesitated  to  invest  millions  of  dollars  in  methods  for  cheap- 
ening the  gathering  and  distribution  of  oils  by  pipe  lines,  special  cars, 
tank  steamers  and  tank  wagons.  It  has  erected  tank  stations  at  every 
important  railroad  station,  to  cheapen  the  storage  and  delivery  of  its 
products.  It  has  spared  no  expense  in  forcing  its  products  into  the 
markets  of  the  world  among  people  civilized  and  uncivilized.  It  has 
had  faith  in  American  oil,  and  has  brought  together  millions  of  money 
for  the  purpo.se  of  making  it  what  it  is,  and  holding  its  market  against 
the  competition  of  Russia  and  all  the  many  countries  which  are  pro- 
ducei-s  of  oil.  and  competitors  against  Amei'ican  Oil. 

When  at  times  the  overproduction  of  crude  petrolemn  caused  prices 
to  decline  until  they  reached  a  very  low  figure,  the  producers  attempted 
to  regulate  the  supply  by  shutting  down  pumping  wells  and  stopping 
the  drill.  The  first  of  these  was  in  1862.  This  was  followed  by  another 
in  1866.  Neither  of  these  was  successful.  In  1872  the  producers  agi- 
tated a  .suspension  of  operations,  and  this  had  some  slight  effect,  but 
in  1873  flowing  wells  had  so  reduced  the  price  that  small  wells  were 
abandoned.  In  1874  a  local  shut-down  originated  in  Clarion  County, 
but  the  region  at  large  did  not  join.  In  1876  a  plan  for  pooling  sur- 
plus oil  was  started,  but  this  failed  because  conditions  improved  so 
rapidly  that  the  price  reached  $4  by  the  end  of  the  year.  This  advance 
caused  such  rapid  development  that  again  the  market  was  flooded 
and  the  price  dropped.  In  1877-1879  the  Producers'  Protective  Union 
was  started,  and  maintained  its  efforts  to  control  the  output  for  two 
years.  Similar  movements  occurred  in  1881-82  and  1884,  but  were 
only  partially  successful.  Then  came  the  shut-down  of  1887,  the  most 
successful  movement  of  the  kind  undertaken  in  the  oil  regions,  yet  it 
failed  to  realize  the  expectations  of  the  producers.     Natural  causes 


720  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

contributed  to  that  failure,  such  as  flowing  wells  and  the  uueoutrol- 
lable  energj'  of  the  producers.  This  movement  was  assisted  by  the 
Standard  Oil  Company,  which  at  the  request  of  a  committee  of  the 
producers,  set  aside  6.000,000  barrels  of  crude  oil  at  62  cents  a  barrel, 
to  be  sold  at  the  highest  prices  to  result  from  the  shut-down,  and  the 
proceeds  to  go  for  the  benefit  of  the  producers,  drillers,  pumpers  and 
othei-s  who  became  idle  as  a  result  of  the  shutting  down  of  the  wells. 
The  first  contract,  on  November  1,  1887,  between  the  producers'  com- 
mittee and  the  Standard,  called  for  5,000,000  barrels,  of  which  the 
profits  on  4,000,000  barrels  were  to  go  to  the  producers;  the  profits 
on  1,000,000  barrels  were  to  be  distributed  to  the  drillers,  pumpers, 
etc.  Later  the  Standard  agreed  to  set  aside  an  additional  1,000,000 
barrels  for  the  workers. 

The  action  of  the  producers  in  bringing  about  a  shut-down  indi- 
cated their  realization  of  the  fact  that  the  price  of  oil  was  dependent 
upon  the  law  of  suj^j^ly  and  demand.  Their  action  did  increase  the 
price  from  62  cents  when  they  signed  the  contract  to  90%  cents.  At 
the  same  time  the  Standard,  in  providing  a  cheap  distribution  of  oil 
throughout  the  world,  made  possible  the  disposition  of  the  enormous 
production,  and  prevented  it  from  being  clogged  in  the  oil  region  and 
disorganizing  the  market.  It  was  in  1888  that  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  first  began  to  purchase  oil  properties,  as  it  found  the  pro- 
ducers were  inclined  to  deny  the  company  tlie  petroleum  necessary  for 
their  refineries. 

The  shut-down  movement  of  1887  was  largely  instrumental  in 
showing  that  the  speculation  on  the  oil  exchanges  was  detrimental 
to  the  producer.  This  speculation  was  op]iosed  by  the  Standard  and 
by  the  large  body  of  pi'oducers  who  desired  good  prices  for  their 
product,  and  were  embarrassed  by  the  speculative  movements.  The 
Standard  found  it  necessary  to  protect  itself  from  the  manipulations 
of  the  market,  and  on  January  22,  1S95,  there  was  posted  in  the 
various  offices  of  the  Seep  Purchasing  Agency  tliroughout  tlic  oil 
region  the  following  notice : 

The  small  amount  of  dealings  in  certificate  oil  on  the  exchanges 
renders  the  ti'ansactions  tlicre  no  longer  a  reliable  indication  of  the 
value  of  the  product.  This  necessitates  a  change  in  my  custom  of 
buying  credit  balances.  Hereafter  in  all  such  juirchases  the  price 
paid  will  be  as  high  as  the  markets  of  the  world  will  justify,  but  will 
not  necessarily  be  the  price  bid  on  the  exchange  for  certificate  oil. 
Daily  quotations  will  be  fui-nished  rroni  this  office. — Joseph  Seep. 

This  closed  the  exchanges  within  a  I'cw  months,  and  there  came 
a  more  licalthv  coiiditioii   foi-  llir  IimcIc.  Ici  tlir  advantage  of  both   tlic 


1870-1918] 


COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY 


721 


producers  who  were  interested  in  securing  a  stable  i)rice  and  to  the 
refiners  who  had  the.  same  purpose  in  view. 

Previous  to  188!),  the  Standard's  intere.st  in  the  production  of 
crude  oil  was  small.  When  it  was  decided  to  extend  its  activities  to 
production,  that  branch  of  the  industry  had  been  long  suffering  from 
low  prices,  extending  jiraetically  from  1872.  The  depression  had 
been  relieved  temporarily  in  1876,  when  prices  recovered,  only  to 
resume  a  downward  course  at  the  clo.se  of  that  year,  and  go  lower 
than  ever  before.  The  depression  contiinied  with  little  variation  for 
twenty  veal's.     It  was  the  result  of  increasing  activities  on  the  part 


St.vxdard  Oil  Works  in  Cleveland 


of  the  producers,  diligently  maintained  throughout  the  long  period, 
and  the  successive  discoveries  of  new  fields  of  supply,  while  the  older 
fields,  still  productive,  were  far  from  being  exhau.sted.  These  condi- 
tions culminated  in  the  discovery  in  1891  of  the  rich  ilcDonald  pool, 
which  added  for  a  limited  period  80,000  barrels  daily  to  a  production 
already  unwieldy  and  topheavy.  The  operations  of  the  Standard 
being  small,  were  without  special  bearing  on  values,  and  prices  being 
fixed  by  open  transactions  in  the  oil  exchanges,  it  was  without  influ- 
ence on  the  market. 

In  1890,  the  Standard  produced  24.44  per  cent  and,  in  1894,  28.21 
per  cent  of  all  the  crude  petroleum  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.  Its 
production  in  1890  was  chiefly  in  Ohio,  although  in  1894  it  was  about 
the  same  in  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania. 

Vol.  1—46 


722  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

From  the  time  the  Standard  acquired  a  considerable  interest  in 
production  territory  the  tendency  of  prices  was  downward.  In  1889 
the  average  price  of  Pennsylvania  oil  was  94  cents  per  barrel.  The 
Standard's  interest  in  oil  was  then  insignificant.  In  1890,  when  it 
produced  8.71  per  cent  of  the  oil  of  Pennsylvania  grade,  the  price 
went  to  87  cents.  In  1891  its  interest  had  increased  to  13.74  per  cent 
and  the  average  price  fell  to  67  cents.  The  year  following  it  went 
down  to  56  cents.  In  1895  its  interest  was  21.45  per  cent  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania production,  yet  oil  maintained  an  average  price  of  but  64 
cents.  In  1894  the  Standard's  production  was  23.49  per  cent,  and 
the  price  was  84  cents.  These  were  lower  average  prices  than  in  the 
preceding  five  j'eare. 

In  1894,  the  petroleum  production  of  the  United  States  was  49,- 
344,516  barrels.  In  1916  it  was  302,000,000  barrels,  and  in  1917  it 
will  exceed  that  figure  and  probably  reach  over  320.000,000  barrels. 
These  figures  show  a  remarkable  growth  of  the  producing  industry; 
one  which  can  hardly  be  appreciated,  since  the  amounts  are  so  large 
and  beyond  the  grasp  of  the  ordinary  human  mind.  A  better  idea 
can  be  obtained  by  saying  that  from  less  than  a  million  barrels  a  week 
in  1894,  the  output  has  reached  nearly  a  million  barrels  a  day,  or  that 
for  each  one  barrel  bi-ought  to  the  surface  in  1894  there  are  now  seven 
barrels  recovered.  It  must  be  evident,  therefore,  that  the  refining, 
transporting  and  marketing  facilities  must  have  also  been  increased 
more  than  seven  times,  since  they  have  had  to  care  for  the  surplus  of 
1894,  as  well  as  the  increased  production.  This  has  been  accomplished 
through  ,  following  the  system  inaugurated  by  the  Standard  at  its 
inception,  a  system  which  has  been  imitated  by  all  its  competitors. 
The  Standard  canned  into  the  producing  branch  of  the  industry  the 
same  careful  attention  to  details  that  it  applied  to  the  other  branches. 
It  entered  new  fields,  and  followed  the  trend  of  production  towards 
the  West,  until  it  i-eached  the  Pacific.  And  in  each  field  it  took  its 
part  in  adding  to  the  world's  supply.  At  the  same  time  it  was  extend- 
ing the  markets  for  petroleum  products  everywhere  over  the  globe. 
But  for  the  Standard's  persistent  development  of  fresh  territories  for 
consumption,  the  energy  of  the  producers  would  have  swamped  the 
market  again  and  again  with  crude  oil.  The  low  prices  which  followed 
the  opening  of  gusher  fields  helped  to  enlarge  the  market  for  the  refined 
products,  and  to  this  the  Standard  contributed  by  having  agents  in 
all  parts  of  the  world. 

The  same  energv-,  the  same  carefully  considered  system  that  estab- 
lished the  great  corporation  and  made  it  the  wonder  of  the  business 
world,  is  still  maintained.    Its  methods  arc  praised  by  others  through 


1825]  COJIMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  723 

their  imitation  of  them,  and  its  conservative  yet  energetic  business 
policy  shows  no  change  except  such  as  is  called  for  by  the  increasing 
demands  of  the  business. 


The  Canal  Pkriod  in  Cleveland's  History 

l>ij  John  A.  Alburn, 

Formerly  Attorney  for  the  Public  Works  of  Ohio 

While  it  seems  preposterous  today  to  sugp;est  that  Die  great  City 
of  Cleveland  has  been  aided  in  its  growth  and  development  by  the 
old  canals  constructed  by  the  State  of  Ohio  about  a  century  ago,  an 
investigation  into  the  history  of  our  city  and  state  will  convince  us 
that  Cleveland  owes  much  to  this  ancient  mode  of  transportation, 
which  was  of  vital  importance  to  our  conuuunity  during  the  first  half 
of  the  last  centurj'. 

When  we  recall  that  in  1825,  when  the  building  of  canals  was 
undertaken  in  Ohio,  the  total  real  estate  of  Ohio  amounted  to  only 
$45,000,000  and  the  total  personal  property  to  less  than  $14,000,000, 
while  almost  $10,000,000  was  spent  by  the  state  upon  the  construction 
of  the  Ohio  Canal  and  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal,  we  can  appreciate 
the  relatively  tremendous  undertaking  in  those  early  days  of  small 
things  when  canal  transportation  at  three  to  four  miles  an  hour  was 
the  predecessor  of  the  great  railway  transportation  systems  which 
have,  since  1850,  succeeded  the  older  and  slower  modes  of  transpor- 
tation. 

"When  Ohio  was  admitted  to  the  Union,  she  had  a  population  of 
only  50,000,  widely  scattered  and  almost  without  means  of  communica- 
tion. Agriculture  was  the  main  and  practically  the  sole  occupation, 
but  access  to  markets  was  so  difficult  that  farm  products  were  neces- 
sarily consumed  locally  and,  for  like  reasons,  few  products  of  manu- 
facture were  sold  to  our  people.  As  late  as  1820,  Cincinnati,  Ohio's 
largest  city,  contained  9,642  inhabitants,  while  the  population  of 
Cleveland  in  1820  was  only  606.  Cleveland's  rapid  gi'owth  from  1830 
to  1860,  was  due  in  a  great  measure  to  its  being  the  terminus  of  the 
Ohio  Canal. 

The  attention  of  Ohio  people  was  first  called  to  the  matter  of 
canals  by  the  creation  of  the  Erie  Canal  Commission  in  New  York  in 
1810,  with  DeWitt  Clinton  at  its  head.  New  York  attempted  to  pro- 
cure federal  aid  for  the  construction  of  the  Erie  Canal.  Failing  in 
this,  she  sought  co-operation  from  Ohio  and  Ohio  thus  became  in- 
terested in  a  public  way  in  this  question.    While  Ohio  urged  federal 


724  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

aid  to  New  York  as  to  the  Erie  Canal,  she  soon  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  Ohio  as  well  as  New  York  needed  better  means  of  trans- 
portation; and,  after  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal,  legislation 
began  to  take  form  in  Ohio,  resulting  in  the  pa.ssing  of  an  act  of  the 
legislature  in  February,  1825,  committing  the  state  to  the  construc- 
tion of  canals. 

The  reasons  why  Ohio  entered  upon  this  great  enterprise,  in  view 
of  her  small  wealth  and  population,  were  many.  Ohio  was  logically 
situated  for-  better  means  of  transportation  than  oxen  and  teams  of 
horses.  IMany  canal  routes  were  available.  Land  was  cheap,  miich 
of  it  worth  only  .$1  per  acre.  The  Federal  government  was  generous 
with  its  donations  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  for  such  pur- 
poses. On  the  other  hand,  roads  were  poor  and  infrequent,  railroads 
and  steam  locomotives  undreamed  of.  The  cost  of  transporting  crops 
or  products  of  manufacture  was  so  great  as  to  be  prohibitive.  For 
example,  it  cost  $3  to  haul  a  cord  of  wood  twenty  miles  and  $5  to 
transport  a  barrel  of  flour  150  miles,  and  other  costs  were  in  propor- 
tion. The  only  important  market  for  Ohio  products  at  this  time  was 
New  Orleans  and  by  the  time  our  products  reached  this  market, 
prices  for  such  products  were  so  reduced  as  to  make  their  sale  un- 
profitable. In  view  of  this  and  other  conditions,  we  can  readily  see 
why  the  people  of  Ohio  in  these  pioneer  days  were  so  intent  upon, 
creating  arteries  of  communication  which  would  develop  the  agricul- 
ture and  commerce  of  our  people  locally,  and  also  give  them  access 
to  the  eastern  markets  and  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  the  products 
of  the  eastern  states.  With  these  ideas  in  view,  the  constraetion  of 
the  Ohio  Canal,  extending  from  Cleveland,  through  what  is  now  Akron 
(a  city  that  was  founded  by  the  laborers  on  this  canal),  thence  through 
Newark  to  Columbus,  and  down  the  Scioto  River  to  Portsmouth,  was 
begun  in  1825.  Two  years  later  the  northern  section  of  this  canal 
from  Cleveland  to  Akron  was  completed  and  the  first  canal  boat  ar- 
rived in  Cleveland  from  Akron  on  the  fourtli  of  July,  1827.  How 
important  tliis  event  was  to  our  early  citizens  is  set  out  in  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  event  in  Govei'iior  Trunibcll's  message  to  the  general  as- 
sembly the  following  December,  when  he  states  that  his  boat  "was 
cheered  in  her  j)assage  by  thousands  of  dur  delighted  fellow-citizens 
who  had  assembled  from  the  adjacent  country  at  different  points  on 
the  Canal  to  witness  the  novel  and  interesting  sight." 

In  1833,  400  miles  of  the  Oliin  Canal,  including  its  branches,  had 
been  comjileted  and  it  was  not  long  after  that  date  when  the  Ohio 
Canal  had  a  length  of  over  .'")00  miles  and  it  was  possible  to  luivigate 
it   from  Cleveland  to  Columbus  and  Portsmouth. 


1827-1850J  COJNDIERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  725 

After  the  I'onstruetiou  of  the  Ohio  Canal  was  well  under  way,  the 
state  began  at  Cineinnali  to  construct  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal 
tliroiiirh  niiytim  to  Tok'ilo ;  this  canal  was  later  built  to  a  length  of 
300  miles,  while,  during  the  same  period  of  canal  development,  about 
200  miles  of  private  canals  were  constructed  in  Ohio. 

The  net  receipts  above  expenditures  fi-om  the  Ohio  canals  from 
tolls,  whicli  were  relatively  small,  rose  from  $800  in  1828  to  $227,000 
in  1838,  and  to  a  half-million  dollars  in  1848;  these  figures  reflect  the 
general  growth  ami  develoimient  of  the  state  along  its  canal  systems. 
By  1850,  however,  tlie  competition  of  the  railroads  began  to  be  felt 
and,  in  1856,  for  tlie  first  time  since  the  construction  of  the  canals, 
the  receipts  fell  below  the  expenditures.  At  the  time  of  the  civil  war, 
the  competition  of  the  raili-oads  had  become  so  great  and  the  state 
had  become  so  intensely  interested  in  the  ])rosecution  of  the  war,  that 
lack  of  public  confidence  in  the  canals  caused  the  leasing  of  them  to 
private  parties  for  a  period  of  ten  years,  which  lease  was  subse- 
quently renewed.  The  lessees,  operating  the  canal  solely  for  private 
profit,  failed  to  maintain  their  efficiency,  and  abandoned  their  lease 
about  the  year  1877,  at  which  time  the  state  took  back  the  canals  in  a 
dilapidated  condition,  in  which  they  continued  initil  1904,  when  a 
great  public  movement  resulted  in  the  appropriation  of  large  sums  of 
money  to  rebuild  the  Ohio  and  the  Miann  and  Erie  canals.  After  the 
expenditure  of  several  million  dollars  upon  this  work  and  at  -a  time 
when  both  canals  were  nearly  ready  for  navigation,  political  issues, 
railroad  competition,  and  other  causes  resulted  in  preventing  their 
completion  in  such  a  way  that  canal  boats  could  be  operated  upon 
them  or  the  public  could  feel  justified  in  building  canal  boats  ajid 
making  business  arrangements  for  their  operation.  The  question 
before  the  state  during  the  past  few  years  with  reference  to  the  canals 
has  been  whether  the  canals  should  be  completed  for  navigation  pur- 
poses, or  wliether  the  canal  system  should  be  maintained  for  the  pur- 
pose of  providing  water  facilities  for  mills  and  manufacturers,  or 
whether  canal  lands,  with  the  exception  of  the  reservoirs,  which  are 
now  used  as  public  parks,  should  be  abandoned  and  sold. 

Coming  now  to  some  of  the  more  important  influences  of  these 
canals  upon  the  City  of  Cleveland,  we  should  consider  first  the  gen- 
eral benefits  to  the  state,  which  were  shared  in  a  large  measure  by  the 
City  of  Cleveland.  The  state  gained  in  the  first  instance  by  the  energy 
and  enterprise  required  in  the  construction  and  management  of  a 
transportation  system  of  such  relative  importance,  compared  with  the 
other  property  of  the  state.  The  state  gained  further  in  the  abolish- 
ment of  sectional-  feeling  and    in   the  more   frequent   exchange   of 


726  CLEVELAND  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS    [Chap.  XXXV 

products  and  ideas,  by  reason  of  the  increased  transportation  facili- 
ties. Whereas  it  had  been  impossible  for  Ohio  to  exchange  its  agri- 
cultural products  for  the  products  of  other  states,  this  exchaaige 
readilj-  increased  upou  the  development  of  the  canal  system,  and  Ohio 
benefited  in  this  increase  in  a  financial  way,  because  its  people  were 
enabled  to  receive  larger  net  prices  for  their  products,  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  to  buy  products  of  other  states,  at  much  less  than  their 
previous  cost.  This  resulted  in  stimulating  local  industry-,  raising 
the  value  of  Ohio  real  estate,  and  making  Ohio  more  desirable  for 
settlement.  Such  influences  to  some  extent  were  responsible  for  the 
growth  of  population  in  Ohio  from  900,000  in  1830  to  1,500,000  in 
1840,  and  to  2,000,000  in  1850,  during  the  period  of  greatest  canaJ 
activity.  During  a  like  period,  from  1826  to  1859,  the  real  estate  of 
thirty-seven  canal  counties  in  Ohio  increased  in  value  from  $25,000,000 
to  .$350,000,000.  That  a  large  part  of  this  increase  in  wealth  and 
population  was  due  to  the  canals  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that,  during 
the  canal  period,  hundreds  of  flour  mills  were  erected  along  the  canals, 
that  canal  water  and  water  power  were  used  by  hundreds  of  small 
manufacturing  plants,  that  such  canal  cities  as  Cleveland,  Akron, 
Dayton,  Columbus,  Toledo  and  Cincinnati  increased  in  wealth  and 
population  far  in  excess  of  other  cities  of  the  state,  and  that  thei 
beginnings  of  these  cities,  as  centers  of  importance,  are  largely  due  to 
the  influence  of  the  canals  in  making  such  cities  terminals  for  the 
receipt  and  shipment  of  the  various  products  of  the  farm  on  the  one 
hand  and  the  manufacturing  and  mining  industries  on  the  other. 

With  more  particular  reference  to  our  city,  we  find  that  Cleve- 
land was  the  most  favorably  located  of  all  the  cities  on  the  canal 
sj-.stem,  with  the  possil)le  exception  of  Cincinnati,  which  was  at  the 
southern  terminus  of  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal  and  an  important 
transhipment  city  with  reference  to  Ohio  Uiver  navigation.  Cleve- 
land, on  the  other  hand,  was  the  most  important  city  upon  the  Ohio 
Canal,  wliii-h  extended  for  over  500  miles  through  the  state;  thai 
terminus  of  the  Ohio  Canal,  at  a  point  in  the  Cuyahoga  River  only 
a  few  feet  from  the  site  of  the  Supei'ior  Avenue  viaduct,  was  exceed- 
ingly advantageous  in  connection  willi  lake  transportation  and  trans- 
portation facilities  by  tlie  Eric  Canal  to  New  York  City.  No  little  of 
Cleveland's  growth  in  popidation  from  1830  to  1850  was  due  to  the 
facilities  afforded  Cleveland  as  an  important  transportation  terminal 
connected  with  the  canal  system.  Cleveland  derived  considerable 
revenue  as  a  place  for  the  interchange  of  products  of  the  farm,  the 
iiiinc,  and  llir  factory.  Further  than  this,  the  accessibility  of  Cleve- 
land 1o  the  agricultural  and  mining  districts  of  Ohio,  as  well  as  to  the 


1850-79]  COl^EMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY  727 

manufacturing  sections  of  other  states,  made  it  a  favorable  city  iu 
which  both  products  for  manufacture  and  products  for  home  con- 
sumption coukl  be  had  at  reasonable  prices  as  compared  with  other 
localities,  and  these  advantages  had  much  weight  in  increasing  the 
industrial  growth  of  the  city. 

Among  tlie  products  arriving  in  Cleveland  via  the  canal. as  early 
as  1833,  were  387,000  bushels  of  wheat,  75,000  bushels  of  corn,  49,000 
bushels  of  coal,  98,000  barrels  of  flour  and  23,000  barrels  of  pork.  On 
the  other  hand,  there  were  shipped  from  Cleveland  on  the  canal,  in 
the  same  year,  28,000  barrels  ol'  salt  and  10,000,000  pounds  of  mer- 
chandise. In  later  years,  the  shipments  to  Cleveland  rose  as  high  as 
3,000,000  bushels  of  wheat,  1,500,000  bushels  of  corn,  4,000,000  bushels 
of  coal,  750,000,000  barrels  of  Hour,  and  50,000  barrels  of  pork,  while 
the  exports  of  salt  in  1839  amounted  to  110,000  barrels. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  in  the  period  from  1833  to  1860, 
Cleveland  received  by  canal  forty  times  as  much  wheat  as  Cincinnati 
and  shipped  more  than  twice  as  inucli  nierchandise,  whereas,  Cincin- 
nati far  outdistanced  Cleveland  in  the  nuiiiber  of  barrels  of  whiskey 
received. 

After  the  decadence  of  the  canal  systems,  Cleveland  received  a 
railroad,  largely  by  the  reason  of  the  abandonment  of  a  part  of  the 
Ohio  Canal  extending  from  the  Superior  Avenue  viaduct  about  three 
miles  up  the  riglit  bank  of  the  Cuyahoga  River.  This  part  of  the 
canal  was  deeded  to  the  City  of  Cleveland  for  certain  purposes  and 
was,  in  1879,  leased  by  the  city  to  the  Valley  Railway  Company,  later 
the  Cleveland  Terminal  and  Valley  Railway  Company;  this  railway 
property  is  now  a  part  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  system. 

Whatever  the  future  may  be  as  to  the  Ohio  Canal,  whether  it  shall 
be  abandoned,  or  sold,  or  transformed  into  a  deeper  canal,  we  may 
rest  assured  that  Cleveland  owes  many  of  its  beginnings  and  much 
of  its  strength  to  the  various  influences  of  this  old  canal  system,  which 
laid  the  foundations  of  her  commercial  and  industrial  supremacy. 


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